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<span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Part_one:_Founding_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_one:_Founding_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Part one: Founding principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_one:_Founding_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_Two:_Individual_and_Group_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_Two:_Individual_and_Group_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Part Two: Individual and Group Rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_Two:_Individual_and_Group_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Equality_of_citizens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equality_of_citizens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Equality of citizens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equality_of_citizens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Freedom of expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Group rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_three:_Fundamental_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_three:_Fundamental_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Part three: Fundamental organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_three:_Fundamental_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislative_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Legislative power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judiciary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judiciary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Judiciary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Executive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3.1</span> <span>National security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revision_and_amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revision_and_amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Revision and amendments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revision_and_amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Critique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Critique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Critique subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Critique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ethnic rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_expression_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_expression_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Freedom of expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_expression_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_the_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_the_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Influence of the military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_the_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitution of Turkey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="دستور تركيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دستور تركيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiy%C9%99_Respublikas%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Konstitusiyas%C4%B1" title="Türkiyə Respublikasının Konstitusiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkiyə Respublikasının Konstitusiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تورکیه جومهوریتی آنایاساسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورکیه جومهوریتی آنایاساسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конституция на Турция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конституция на Турция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3_de_Turquia" title="Constitució de Turquia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Constitució de Turquia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verfassung_der_Republik_T%C3%BCrkei" title="Verfassung der Republik Türkei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verfassung der Republik Türkei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_de_Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Constitución de Turquía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constitución de Turquía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="قانون اساسی ترکیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون اساسی ترکیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_turque_de_1982" title="Constitution turque de 1982 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constitution turque de 1982" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Թուրքիայի սահմանադրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքիայի սահմանադրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitusi_Turki" title="Konstitusi Turki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konstitusi Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costituzione_della_Turchia" title="Costituzione della Turchia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costituzione della Turchia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94" title="חוקת טורקיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוקת טורקיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="თურქეთის კონსტიტუცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქეთის კონსტიტუცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcijas_konstit%C5%ABcija" title="Turcijas konstitūcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turcijas konstitūcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6korsz%C3%A1g_alkotm%C3%A1nya" title="Törökország alkotmánya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Törökország alkotmánya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grondwet_van_Turkije" title="Grondwet van Turkije – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grondwet van Turkije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstytucja_Turcji" title="Konstytucja Turcji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konstytucja Turcji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Turquia" title="Constituição da Turquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Constituição da Turquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Конституция Турецкой Республики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конституция Турецкой Республики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushtetuta_e_Turqis%C3%AB" title="Kushtetuta e Turqisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kushtetuta e Turqisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Төркия конституциясе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төркия конституциясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_Cumhuriyeti_Anayasas%C4%B1" title="Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Supreme law of the Republic of Turkey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Turkish constitution" redirects here. For another use, see <a href="/wiki/1838_Constitution_of_Serbia" title="1838 Constitution of Serbia">1838 Constitution of Serbia</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_T%C3%BCrkiye_(1982).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_T%C3%BCrkiye_%281982%29.pdf/page1-220px-Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_T%C3%BCrkiye_%281982%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_T%C3%BCrkiye_%281982%29.pdf/page1-330px-Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_T%C3%BCrkiye_%281982%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_T%C3%BCrkiye_%281982%29.pdf/page1-440px-Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_T%C3%BCrkiye_%281982%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1752" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">18 October 1982</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presented</th><td class="infobox-data">20 October 1982</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratified</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1982_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1982 Turkish constitutional referendum">7 November 1982</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Effective_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Effective date">Date effective</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9 November 1982</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Government structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Government branch">Branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Three (executive, legislative, judicial)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">Chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data">One (<a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Executive_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive government">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Presidential Cabinet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial system of Turkey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey#Supreme_courts" title="Judicial system of Turkey">4 supreme courts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">Electoral college</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Entrenched_clause" title="Entrenched clause">Entrenchments</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">First legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/17th_Parliament_of_Turkey" title="17th Parliament of Turkey">6 November 1983</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/45th_government_of_Turkey" title="45th government of Turkey">13 December 1983</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">Amendments</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last amended</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">16 April 2017</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commissioned by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Turkey,_1980)" title="National Security Council (Turkey, 1980)">National Security Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Parliament_of_Turkey" title="Advisory Parliament of Turkey">Advisory Parliament of Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1982_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1982 Turkish constitutional referendum">83% of the electorate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Supersedes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1961" title="Turkish Constitution of 1961">Constitution of 1961</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">Constitution of the Republic of Turkey</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/tr:T%C3%BCrkiye_Cumhuriyeti_Anayasas%C4%B1_(1982)" class="extiw" title="s:tr:Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası (1982)">Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası</a></i></span></i> at Turkish <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0stanbulAnadoluJusticePalace2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%C4%B0stanbulAnadoluJusticePalace2.jpg/290px-%C4%B0stanbulAnadoluJusticePalace2.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%C4%B0stanbulAnadoluJusticePalace2.jpg/435px-%C4%B0stanbulAnadoluJusticePalace2.jpg 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/110px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/165px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/220px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey#Legislative_branch" title="Politics of Turkey">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a> (Parliament) <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Speaker of the Grand National Assembly">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Numan_Kurtulmu%C5%9F" title="Numan Kurtulmuş">Numan Kurtulmuş</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Main_Opposition_Leaders_of_Turkey" title="List of the Main Opposition Leaders of Turkey">Leader of the Main Opposition</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_%C3%96zel" title="Özgür Özel">Özgür Özel</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey#Executive_branch" title="Politics of Turkey">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Turkey" title="List of presidents of Turkey">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Turkey" title="Vice President of Turkey">Vice President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cevdet_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Cevdet Yılmaz">Cevdet Yılmaz</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_Turkey" title="List of cabinets of Turkey">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Erdo%C4%9Fan_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Erdoğan V">Current cabinet (67th)</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Turkey" title="Ministries of Turkey">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Turkey)" title="National Security Council (Turkey)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(Turkey)" title="Governor (Turkey)">Governors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/wiki/Kadir_%C3%96zkaya" title="Kadir Özkaya">Kadir Özkaya</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Akarca" title="Mehmet Akarca">Mehmet Akarca</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_System_in_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Turkish_Court_of_Accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal System in the Republic of Turkey">Court of Accounts</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metin_Yener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metin Yener (page does not exist)">Metin Yener</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeki_Yi%C4%9Fit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeki Yiğit (page does not exist)">Zeki Yiğit</a></dd></dl></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_cycle_of_Turkey" title="Electoral cycle of Turkey">Electoral cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Election_Council_(Turkey)" title="Supreme Election Council (Turkey)">Supreme Election Council</a></li> <li>Recent elections <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Turkish_general_election" title="November 2015 Turkish general election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Turkish_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Turkish parliamentary election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Turkish_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Turkish parliamentary election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2014 Turkish presidential election">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2018 Turkish presidential election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2023 Turkish presidential election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey#Local_elections" title="Elections in Turkey">Local</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Turkish_local_elections" title="2014 Turkish local elections">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_local_elections" title="2019 Turkish local elections">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Turkish_local_elections" title="2024 Turkish local elections">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendum</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Turkish constitutional referendum">2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Turkish constitutional referendum">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">2017</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hakan_Fidan" title="Hakan Fidan">Hakan Fidan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_foreign_affairs_of_Turkey" title="List of ministers of foreign affairs of Turkey">list</a>)</dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Turkey" title="List of diplomatic missions of Turkey">Diplomatic missions of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Turkey" title="List of diplomatic missions in Turkey">Diplomatic missions in Turkey</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationality_law" title="Turkish nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_passport" title="Turkish passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Turkish_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Turkish citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Turkey" title="Visa policy of Turkey">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey%27s_membership_of_international_organizations" title="Turkey's membership of international organizations">Membership of international<br />organizations</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_United_Nations" title="Turkey and the United Nations">Turkey and the United Nations</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Turkey_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations">Permanent Representative</a></dd></dl></li> <li>European Union <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Accession</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey–European Union relations">relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_Customs_Union" title="European Union–Turkey Customs Union">Customs Union</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">History of the Republic</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Turkey" title="Template:Politics of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Politics of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional history of<br />Turkey</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg/225px-Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg/338px-Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg/450px-Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="505" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">First Ottoman Parliament at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Dar%C3%BClf%C3%BCnun_building" title="Old Darülfünun building">Old Darülfünun building</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Constitutional documents</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Alliance" title="Charter of Alliance">Charter of Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane" title="Edict of Gülhane">Edict of Gülhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856">Edict of 1856</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Constitutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">1876</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1921" title="Turkish Constitution of 1921">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1924" title="Turkish Constitution of 1924">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1961" title="Turkish Constitution of 1961">1961</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1982</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Referendums</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1961_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1961 Turkish constitutional referendum">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1982 Turkish constitutional referendum">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1987 Turkish constitutional referendum">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1988 Turkish constitutional referendum">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Turkish constitutional referendum">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Turkish constitutional referendum">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">2017</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Constitution of Turkey</b>, formally known as the <b>Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası</i>), and informally as the <b>Constitution of 1982</b> (Turkish: <i lang="tr">1982 Anayasası</i>), is <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">fundamental law</a>. It establishes the organization of the government, and sets out the principles and rules of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>'s conduct along with its responsibilities in regards to its <a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizens</a>. The constitution also establishes the <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a> and responsibilities of the latter while setting the guidelines for the delegation and exercise that sovereignty belongs entirely and without doubt to the people. </p><p>The constitution was ratified on 7 November 1982. It replaced the earlier <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1961" title="Turkish Constitution of 1961">Constitution of 1961</a>. The constitution was amended 21 times, three of them through a referendum: <a href="/wiki/2007_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Turkish constitutional referendum">2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Turkish constitutional referendum">2010</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">2017</a>, one of them partly through referendum: <a href="/wiki/1987_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1987 Turkish constitutional referendum">1987</a>. As of April 2016, 113 of the 177 articles of the Constitution of 1982 were amended overall.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (August 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_History_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional History of Turkey">Constitutional History of Turkey</a></div> <p>The first constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was adopted in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">1876</a> and revised in <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)">1908</a>. </p><p>Since its founding, the modern Turkish state has been governed under four documents: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1921" title="Turkish Constitution of 1921">Constitution of 1921</a>,</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1924" title="Turkish Constitution of 1924">Constitution of 1924</a>,</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1961" title="Turkish Constitution of 1961">Constitution of 1961</a>, and,</li> <li>The current Constitution of 1982.</li></ul> <p>The current constitution was ratified by popular <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Military_coup_in_Turkey,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup in Turkey, 1980">military junta of 1980-1983</a>. Since its ratification in 1982, the current constitution has overseen many important events and changes in the Republic of Turkey, and it has been modified many times to keep up with global and regional geopolitical conjunctures. Major amendments were made in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minor amendment to Article 59, on the permissible means for challenging "decisions of sport federations relating to administration and discipline of sportive activities," was made in March 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">2017 constitutional referendum</a>, fundamental changes were introduced including changing the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> in Turkey to a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The executive, legislative and judiciary power under control by the president may cause less democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_one:_Founding_principles">Part one: Founding principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Part one: Founding principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The Constitution asserts that Turkey is a <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#2.1" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">2.1</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#2.1" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">2.1</a>) <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#1.1" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">1.1</a>) that derives its <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#6.1" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">6.1</a>) from the people. The sovereignty rests with the Turkish Nation, who delegates its exercise to an elected unicameral parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Grand_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Grand National Assembly">Turkish Grand National Assembly</a>. </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_(T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg/330px-Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg/440px-Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the Assembly</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#4" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">Article 4</a> declares the immovability of the founding principles of the Republic defined in the first three Articles and bans any proposals for their modification. The <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Preamble" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">preamble</a> also invokes the principles of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, defined as the "material and spiritual well-being of the Republic". The basic nature of Turkey is <a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">laïcité</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#2" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">2</a>), <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#2" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">2</a>), <a href="/wiki/Legal_egalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal egalitarianism">equality before law</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#10" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">10</a>), <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">the Republican form of government</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#1" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">1</a>), the indivisibility of the Republic and of the Turkish Nation (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#3.1" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">3.1</a>)." Thus, it sets out to found a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Secular_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular democracy">secular democracy</a>. </p><p>Fundamental Aims and Duties of the State is defined in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#5" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">Article 5</a>. Constitution establishes a <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> between the Legislative Power (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#7.1" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">7.1</a>), Executive Power (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#8.1" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">8.1</a>), and Judicial Power (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#9.1" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">9.1</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a>. The separation of powers between the <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> is a loose one, whereas the one between the executive and the legislative with the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> is a strict one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_Two:_Individual_and_Group_Rights">Part Two: Individual and Group Rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Part Two: Individual and Group Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights in Turkey</a></div> <p>Part Two of the constitution is the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">bill of rights</a>. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#12" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">Article Twelve</a> guarantees "fundamental rights and freedoms", which are defined as including the: </p> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_(2017)#I._Personal_inviolability,_corporeal_and_spiritual_existence_of_the_individual" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)">Article 17</a>: Personal Inviolability, Material and Spiritual Entity of the Individual (<a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_(2017)#II._Prohibition_of_forced_labour" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)">Article 18</a>: Prohibition of Forced Labour</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_(2017)#III._Personal_liberty_and_security" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)">Article 19</a>: Personal Liberty and Security (<a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">security of person</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_(2017)#A._Privacy_of_private_life" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)">Article 20</a>: Privacy of Individual Life</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_(2017)#B._Inviolability_of_the_domicile" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)">Article 21</a>: Inviolability of the Domicile</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_(2017)#C._Freedom_of_communication" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)">Article 22</a>: Freedom of Communication</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_(2017)#V._Freedom_of_residence_and_movement" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)">Article 23</a>: Freedom of Residence and Movement</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_(2017)#VI._Freedom_of_religion_and_conscience" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)">Article 24</a>: Freedom of Religion and Conscience</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_(2017)#VII._Freedom_of_thought_and_opinion" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)">Article 25</a>: Freedom of Thought and Opinion</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_(2017)#VIII._Freedom_of_expression_and_dissemination_of_thought" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)">Article 26</a>: Freedom of Expression and Dissemination of Thought</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_(2017)#IX._Freedom_of_science_and_the_arts" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)">Article 27</a>: Freedom of Science and the Arts</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_(2017)#XII._Right_to_property" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)">Article 35</a>: <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li></ul> <p><b>Article Five</b> of the Constitution sets out the <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/raison_d%27%C3%AAtre" class="extiw" title="wikt:raison d'être">raison d'être</a></i> of the Turkish state, namely "to provide the conditions required for the development of the individual's material and spiritual existence". </p><p>Many of these entrenched rights have their basis in international <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">bills of rights</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, which Turkey was one of the first nations to ratify in December 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Equality_of_citizens">Equality of citizens</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Equality of citizens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg/270px-Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg/405px-Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg/540px-Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court of Turkey</a> is placed in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Besides the provisions establishing Turkey as a secular state, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey_(2017)#X._Equality_before_the_law" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)">Article 10</a> goes further with regards to equality of its citizens by prohibiting any discrimination based on their "<a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">color</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">political opinion</a>, philosophical convictions or <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious beliefs</a>" and guaranteeing <a href="/wiki/Legal_egalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal egalitarianism">their equality in the eyes of the law</a>. Borrowing from the French Revolutionary ideals of the nation and the Republic,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Article 3 affirms that "The Turkish State, with its territory and nation, is an indivisible entity. Its language is <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>". Article 66 defines a Turkish civic identity: "everyone bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship is a Turk". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freedom_of_expression">Freedom of expression</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Freedom of expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 26 establishes <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> and Articles 27 and 28 the freedom of the press, while Articles 33 and 34 affirm the freedom of association and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Group_rights">Group rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Group rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Classes</a> are considered irrelevant in legal terms (A10). The Constitution affirms the right of workers to form <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor unions</a> "without obtaining permission" and "to possess the right to become a member of a union and to freely withdraw from membership" (A51). Articles 53 and 54 affirm the right of workers to <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">bargain collectively</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a>, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_three:_Fundamental_organs">Part three: Fundamental organs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Part three: Fundamental organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg/270px-Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg/405px-Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg/540px-Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a> is the last instance for reviewing verdicts given by courts of criminal and civil justice in Turkey.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislative_power">Legislative power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legislative power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article Seven provides for the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> parliament as the sole organ of expression of sovereign people. Article Six of the Constitution affirms that "sovereignty is vested fully and unconditionally in the nation" and that "the Turkish Nation shall exercise its sovereignty through the authorised organs as prescribed by the principles laid down in the Constitution". The same article also rules out the delegation of sovereignty "to any individual, group or class" and affirms that "no person or agency shall exercise any state authority which does not emanate from the Constitution". Article 80 (A80) affirms the principle of <a href="/wiki/National_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="National sovereignty">national sovereignty</a>: "members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly represent, not merely their own <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">constituencies</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/constituent" class="extiw" title="wikt:constituent">constituents</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a> as a whole". </p><p><i>Part Three, Chapter One</i> (Articles 75–100) sets the rules for the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">election</a> and functioning of the Turkish Grand National Assembly as the legislative organ, as well as the conditions of eligibility (A76), <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity" title="Parliamentary immunity">parliamentary immunity</a> (A83) and general legislative procedures to be followed. Per Articles 87 and 88, both the government and the parliament can propose laws, however it is only the parliament that has the power to enact laws (A87) and ratify <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> of the Republic with other sovereign states (A90). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President of the Republic</a> is elected by <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct election</a> and has an executive role as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</a>, "representing the Republic of Turkey and the unity of the Turkish Nation" (A104). The President was elected by the parliament until 2007, and had a ceremonial role until 2017. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics of Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President of Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">Prime Minister of Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Turkey">Council of Ministers of Turkey</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judiciary">Judiciary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Judiciary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PalaceOfJusticeIstanbul_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PalaceOfJusticeIstanbul_%281%29.jpg/240px-PalaceOfJusticeIstanbul_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PalaceOfJusticeIstanbul_%281%29.jpg/360px-PalaceOfJusticeIstanbul_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PalaceOfJusticeIstanbul_%281%29.jpg/480px-PalaceOfJusticeIstanbul_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3752" data-file-height="2486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Justice_Palace" title="Istanbul Justice Palace">Istanbul Justice Palace</a> is a courthouse in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli" title="Şişli">Şişli</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Article Nine affirms that the "<a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial power</a> shall be exercised by independent <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a> on behalf of the Turkish Nation". <i>Part Four</i> provides the rules relating to their functioning and guarantees their full independence (A137-140). The judiciary conforms to the principle of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> not only through its independence from the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a> branches of government but by being divided into two entities, <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative Justice</a> and Judicial Justice, with the <i><a href="/wiki/Dan%C4%B1%C5%9Ftay" class="mw-redirect" title="Danıştay">Danıştay</a></i> (The Council of State) the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_last_resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of last resort">highest court</a> for the former (A155) and <i><a href="/wiki/Yarg%C4%B1tay" class="mw-redirect" title="Yargıtay">Yargıtay</a></i> (High Court of Appeals) the highest court for the latter (154). </p><p><i>Part Four, Section Two</i> allows for a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a> that rules on the conformity of <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">governmental decrees</a> to the Constitution. It may hear cases referred by the President of the Republic, the government, the <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">members of Parliament</a> (A150) or any <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a> before whom a constitutional issue has been raised by a <a href="/wiki/Defendant" title="Defendant">defendant</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff">plaintiff</a> (A152). The Constitutional Court has the right to both <i>a priori</i> and <i>a posteriori</i> review (respectively, before and after enactment), and can invalidate whole laws or decrees and ban their application for all future cases (A153). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal system of the Republic of Turkey">Legal system of the Republic of Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court of Turkey</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Council_of_State_(Turkey).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Council_of_State_%28Turkey%29.jpg/240px-Council_of_State_%28Turkey%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Council_of_State_%28Turkey%29.jpg/360px-Council_of_State_%28Turkey%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Council_of_State_%28Turkey%29.jpg/480px-Council_of_State_%28Turkey%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3503" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a> in Ankara</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Executive">Executive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Executive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per Article Eight, the executive power is vested in the President of the Republic and the Council of Ministers. <i>Part Three, Chapter One, Section Two</i> (Articles 109–116) lays out the rules for the confirmation and functioning of the executive, consisting of the President of the Republic and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Turkey">Council of Ministers</a> (A109). Executive power was shared between <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">the Prime Minister</a> and the Council of Ministers until 2017. </p><p><i>Part Three, Chapter Two, Section Four</i> organizes the functioning of the central administration and certain important institutions of the Republic such as its <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> (A130-132), <a href="/wiki/Local_administrative_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Local administrative unit">local administrations</a> (A127), fundamental <a href="/wiki/Public_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Public services">public services</a> (A128) and <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> (A117-118). Article 123 stipulates that "the organisation and functions of the administration are based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Centralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralization">centralization</a> and local administration". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="National_security">National security</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: National security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> (TAF) are subordinate to the President, in the capacity of Commander-in-Chief. The <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Turkish_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Turkish General Staff">Chief of General Staff</a> of the TAF is responsible to the President in the exercise of his functions, and the latter is responsible, along with the rest of the Council of Ministers, before the parliament (A117). </p><p><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Turkey)" title="National Security Council (Turkey)">National Security Council</a> is an advisory organization, comprising the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Turkish_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Turkish General Staff">Chief of General Staff</a>, the four main Commanders of the TAF, the President and select members of the Council of Ministers, to develop the "national security policy of the state" (A118). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revision_and_amendments">Revision and amendments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Revision and amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Article 175, it also sets out the procedure of its own <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_revision" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional revision">revision</a> and amendment by either <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Qualified_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualified majority">qualified majority</a> vote of 2/3 in the National Assembly. It does not recognize the right to popular initiatives: Only the members of Parliament can propose modifications to the Constitution. </p><p>A revision of the Constitution was approved on September 13, 2010, by a 58 percent approval given by the 39 million people who voted. The change would allow the National Assembly to appoint a number of high-court judges, would reduce the power of the military court system over the civilian population and would improve human rights. The changes also remove the immunity from prosecution the former leaders of the early 1980s military coup gave themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>#</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Notes <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>17 May 1987</td> <td>Voting age lowered from 21 to 19, Number of MPs raised from 400 to 450, Lifted <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980</a> ban on politicians, <a href="/wiki/1987_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1987 Turkish constitutional referendum">1987 Turkish constitutional referendum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>8 July 1993</td> <td>Public radio and televisions allowed </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>23 July 1995</td> <td>Voting age lowered from 19 to 18, Number of MPs raised from 450 to 550 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>18 June 1999</td> <td>Appointment of civilian judges to State Security Courts in place of military judges </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>13 August 1999</td> <td>Introduced <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>3 October 2001</td> <td>Changes in accordance with <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> acquis and <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>21 November 2001</td> <td>Changes for rights and retirement of MPs </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>27 December 2002</td> <td>Introduced interim elections </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>7 May 2004</td> <td>Second changes made in accordance with <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> acquis </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>21 June 2005</td> <td>Changes on election of <a href="/wiki/Radio_and_Television_Supreme_Council" title="Radio and Television Supreme Council">Radio and Television Supreme Council</a> members </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>29 October 2005</td> <td>Changes on budget laws </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>13 October 2006</td> <td>Age of candidacy lowered from 30 to 25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>10 May 2007</td> <td>Temporary law on independent politicians for <a href="/wiki/2007_Turkish_general_election" title="2007 Turkish general election">2007 elections</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>31 May 2007</td> <td>Parliamentary term is lowered from 5 to 4, President would be elected with popular vote, <a href="/wiki/2007_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Turkish constitutional referendum">2007 Turkish constitutional referendum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>9 February 2008</td> <td>Changes for public office holders' usage of public services </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>7 May 2010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2010_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Turkish constitutional referendum">2010 Turkish constitutional referendum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>17 March 2011</td> <td>Arbitration on sports activities<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>20 May 2016</td> <td>Reducing <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary immunity in Turkey">parliamentary immunity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially for opposition and pro-Kurdish parties<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>21 January 2017</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">2017 Turkish constitutional referendum</a>, introducing a presidential system and abolished the parliamentary system<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critique">Critique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Critique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_rights">Ethnic rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethnic rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution of 1982 has been criticized as limiting individual cultural and political <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberties</a> in comparison with the previous <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1961" title="Turkish Constitution of 1961">constitution of 1961</a>. Per the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> which established the Turkish Republic, legally, the only minorities are <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Turkey">Jews</a>, which also have certain privileges not recognized to other ethnic communities, per the treaty. According to the European Union, the constitution denies the fundamental rights of the <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurdish</a> population because some articles, especially article 42, are against minority rights.<sup id="cite_ref-prg2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prg2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>’s European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) published its third report on Turkey in February 2005. The commission has taken the position that the parliament should revise Article 42 of the Constitution, which prohibits the teaching of any language other than Turkish as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkish constitutional <a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">principle</a> of not allowing the teaching of other languages as first languages in schools to its <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizens</a>, other than the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official one</a> is criticized by the EU, human rights organizations and minorities of Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-prg2015_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prg2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds</a>, who comprise between 10 and 20% of the Turkish population are not allowed to get education in their mother tongue because of this article.<sup id="cite_ref-prg2015_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prg2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently <a href="/wiki/Circassian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian language">Circassian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a> languages can be chosen as lessons in some public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2003, private courses teaching minority languages can be offered, but the curriculum, appointment of teachers, and criteria for enrollment are subject to significant restrictions. All private Kurdish courses were closed down in 2005 because of bureaucratic barriers and the reluctance of Kurds to have to "pay to learn their mother tongue."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, only 28 schools provided <a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurdish</a> language as a selective course. Also, neither private nor public schools are still allowed to use Kurdish language or other languages than Turkish as a first language.<sup id="cite_ref-prg2015_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prg2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_expression_2">Freedom of expression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Freedom of expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constitution grants freedom of expression, as declared in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Chapter_Two:_Rights_and_Duties_of_the_Individual" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">Article 26</a>. <a href="/wiki/Article_301_(Turkish_penal_code)" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 301 (Turkish penal code)">Article 301 of the Turkish penal code</a> states that "A person who publicly <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/denigrate" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:denigrate">denigrates</a> the Turkish Nation, the Republic or the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a>, shall be punishable by imprisonment of between six months and three years" and also that "Expressions of thought intended to criticise shall not constitute a crime". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a>'s remark "One million Armenians and 30,000 Kurds were killed in these lands, and nobody but me dares talk about it" was considered by some to be a violation of Article 10 of the Constitution and led to his trial in 2005. The complaint against Orhan Pamuk was made by a group of lawyers led by <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Kerin%C3%A7siz" title="Kemal Kerinçsiz">Kemal Kerinçsiz</a> and charges filed by a district prosecutor under the Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code. Pamuk was later released and charges annulled by the <a href="/wiki/Justice_Ministry_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice Ministry of Turkey">justice ministry</a> on a technicality. The same group of lawyers have also filed complaints against other lesser-known authors on the same grounds. Kerinçsiz was indicted in the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergenekon network">Ergenekon investigation</a>, along with many others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_the_military">Influence of the military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Influence of the military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although modified several times in the last three decades, specifically within the framework of <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> reforms, the 1982 constitution is also criticised for giving the military too much influence in political affairs via the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Turkey)" title="National Security Council (Turkey)">National Security Council</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> see themselves as the guardians of the secular and unitary nature of the Republic along with <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> and have intervened by taking over the government three times:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">in 1960</a>, <a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">in 1971</a> and <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">in 1980</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1982_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1982 Turkish constitutional referendum">1982 Turkish constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Turkish constitutional referendum">2007 Turkish constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Turkish constitutional referendum">2010 Turkish constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">2017 Turkish constitutional referendum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odatv.com/n.php?n=177-maddeden-113u-degisti-hangi-82-anayasasi-1110111200">"1982 ANAYASASI'NDA DEĞİŞEN MADDELER"</a>. Odatv.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306091539/http://odatv.com/n.php?n=177-maddeden-113u-degisti-hangi-82-anayasasi-1110111200">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1982+ANAYASASI%27NDA+DE%C4%9E%C4%B0%C5%9EEN+MADDELER&rft.pub=Odatv.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odatv.com%2Fn.php%3Fn%3D177-maddeden-113u-degisti-hangi-82-anayasasi-1110111200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ergun Ozbudun, Turkey's Constitutional Reform and the 2010 Constitutional Referendum, IEMed 2011, available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iemed.org/observatori-en/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2011/Ozbudun_en.pdf">http://www.iemed.org/observatori-en/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2011/Ozbudun_en.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323004156/http://www.iemed.org/observatori-en/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2011/Ozbudun_en.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-03-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed Mar. 3, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, art. 59, official English translation (Turkish Grand National Assembly [TBMM]), available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/constitution_en.pdf">https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/constitution_en.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209123304/https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/docs/constitution_en.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-02-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed Mar. 3, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsenGümüşçü2017" class="citation journal cs1">Esen, Berk; Gümüşçü, Şebnem (3 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2017.1384341?journalCode=fses20">"A Small Yes for Presidentialism: The Turkish Constitutional Referendum of April 2017"</a>. <i>South European Society and Politics</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 303–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13608746.2017.1384341">10.1080/13608746.2017.1384341</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F38208">11693/38208</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1360-8746">1360-8746</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158346672">158346672</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009150255/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13608746.2017.1384341?journalCode=fses20">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+European+Society+and+Politics&rft.atitle=A+Small+Yes+for+Presidentialism%3A+The+Turkish+Constitutional+Referendum+of+April+2017&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=303-326&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11693%2F38208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158346672%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1360-8746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13608746.2017.1384341&rft.aulast=Esen&rft.aufirst=Berk&rft.au=G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%A7%C3%BC%2C+%C5%9Eebnem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F13608746.2017.1384341%3FjournalCode%3Dfses20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM@Rt1n@Sl@n2023" class="citation web cs1">M@Rt1n@Sl@n (2023-01-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ostkonflikt.org/?p=1078">"A referendum for less democracy"</a>. <i>Ost Konflikt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ost+Konflikt&rft.atitle=A+referendum+for+less+democracy&rft.date=2023-01-09&rft.au=M%40Rt1n%40Sl%40n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fostkonflikt.org%2F%3Fp%3D1078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081215170855/http://www.aidh.org/uni/Formation/02Charte_a.htm">"Adoption of the Universal Declaration, 1948 PARIS"</a>. <i>The Universal Declaration of Human Rights</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Adoption+of+the+Universal+Declaration%2C+1948+PARIS&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aidh.org%2Funi%2FFormation%2F02Charte_a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100916180854/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/turkeys-erdogan-ready-to-make-changes-after-reform-referendum-win/article1704693/">"Turkey's Erdogan ready to make changes after referendum win"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cumhuriyet.com.tr&rft.atitle=82+Anayasas%C4%B1%27nda+bug%C3%BCne+kadar+yap%C4%B1lan+de%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fiklikler&rft.date=2010-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cumhuriyet.com.tr%2Fhaber%2F82-anayasasinda-bugune-kadar-yapilan-degisiklikler-142908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/03/20110329-3.htm">"Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü"</a>. <i>www.resmigazete.gov.tr</i> (in Turkish). 29 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211021044/http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/03/20110329-3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Associated Press. 20 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Volume 35, Issue 1, 2016 p. 282, 297, 298</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">Constitution of the Republic of Turkey</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201041755/http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/anayasa.htm">The current constitution</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Grand_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Grand National Assembly">Turkish Grand National Assembly</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anayasa.gen.tr/english.htm">Turkish Constitutional Law Materials in English</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anayasa.gen.tr/gozler.htm">Kemal Gözler</a>, Professor of Constitutional Law, <a href="/wiki/Uludag_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Uludag University">Uludag University</a> Law School.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judiciaries_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judiciaries_of_Turkey" title="Template:Judiciaries of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial courts</a> <ul><li>Civil courts</li> <li>Criminal courts</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Administrative courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Court of Accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Military justice</a> <ul><li>Military courts</li> <li>Military Court of Cassation</li> <li>Military High Court of Administration</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Civilian justice</a> <ul><li>State Security Courts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Tribunal" title="Independence Tribunal">Independence Tribunal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/60px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/80px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions<br />and agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court of Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCht%C3%BC_Arslan" title="Zühtü Arslan">Zühtü Arslan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Main_Opposition_Leaders_of_Turkey" title="List of the Main Opposition Leaders of Turkey">Main Opposition Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Accounts_(Turkey)" title="Court of Accounts (Turkey)">Court of accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Alliance" title="Charter of Alliance">Charter of Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane" title="Edict of Gülhane">Edict of Gülhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856">Edict of 1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Turkey" title="Capital punishment in Turkey">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Turkey" title="Censorship in Turkey">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_of_Kurdish_people_in_Turkey" title="Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey">Kurdish rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Turkey" title="Child marriage in Turkey">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_301_(Turkish_Penal_Code)" title="Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)">Article 301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_of_Wikipedia_in_Turkey" title="Block of Wikipedia in Turkey">Wikipedia ban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitution_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Template:Constitution of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Constitution of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitution_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution of</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey">Constitution of the Republic of Turkey</a>.</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Justice (Turkey)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg/100px-Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg/150px-Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg/200px-Logo_of_Ministry_of_Justice_%28Turkey%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1921" title="Turkish Constitution of 1921">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1924" title="Turkish Constitution of 1924">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1961" title="Turkish Constitution of 1961">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Constitution of 1982">1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal system of the Republic of Turkey">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="List of presidents of the Constitutional Court of Turkey">Presidents</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supreme Courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Council of State">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court of Accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Accounts_(Turkey)" title="Court of Accounts (Turkey)">Court of Accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkey_topics" title="Template talk:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Ancient and Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Ottoman Old Regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Regions</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey" title="List of lakes of Turkey">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey" title="List of mountains in Turkey">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The constitutional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey" title="Free trade agreements of Turkey">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people" title="List of Turkish people">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey" title="Crime in Turkey">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women in Turkey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Turkey" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Turkey">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Radio stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Turkish painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkey">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Project page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Turkey" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Turkey">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey" title="Outline of Turkey">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitutions_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitutions_of_Asia" title="Template:Constitutions of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitutions_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Constitutions of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitutions_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Constitutions of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bahrain" title="Constitution of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bhutan" title="Constitution of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brunei" title="Constitution of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_East_Timor" title="Constitution of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt" title="Constitution of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jordan" title="Constitution of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kuwait" title="Constitution of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Constitution of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Laos" title="Constitution of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Maldives" title="Constitution of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mongolia" title="Constitution of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Myanmar" title="Constitution of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Qatar" title="Constitution of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tajikistan" title="Constitution of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkmenistan" title="Constitution of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Constitution of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uzbekistan" title="Constitution of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam" title="Constitution of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yemen" title="Constitution of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Abkhazia" title="Constitution of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Ossetia" title="Constitution of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitutions_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitutions_of_Europe" title="Template:Constitutions of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitutions_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Constitutions of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitutions_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitutions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Andorra" title="Constitution of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Austria" title="Constitution of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bulgaria" title="Constitution of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia" title="Constitution of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Denmark" title="Constitution of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland" title="Constitution of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Latvia" title="Constitution of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Liechtenstein" title="Constitution of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lithuania" title="Constitution of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Luxembourg" title="Constitution of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malta" title="Constitution of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Moldova" title="Constitution of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Monaco" title="Constitution of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Montenegro" title="Constitution of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Macedonia" title="Constitution of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland" title="Constitution of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal" title="Constitution of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania" title="Constitution of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_San_Marino" title="Constitution of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Serbia" title="Constitution of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovakia" title="Constitution of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovenia" title="Constitution of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Vatican_City_State" title="Fundamental Law of Vatican City State">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Abkhazia" title="Constitution of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kosovo" title="Constitution of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Ossetia" title="Constitution of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Transnistria" title="Constitution of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_%C3%85land" title="Constitution of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Gibraltar" title="Constitution of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Guernsey" title="Constitution of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jersey" title="Constitution of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secularism_in_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Template:Secularism in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Secularism in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Secularism in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Secularism_in_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in 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