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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State institution in Turkey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Council of Higher Education</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Yükseköğretim Kurulu</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_-_T%C3%BCrkischer_Hochschulrat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Logo_-_T%C3%BCrkischer_Hochschulrat.svg/220px-Logo_-_T%C3%BCrkischer_Hochschulrat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Logo_-_T%C3%BCrkischer_Hochschulrat.svg/330px-Logo_-_T%C3%BCrkischer_Hochschulrat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Logo_-_T%C3%BCrkischer_Hochschulrat.svg/440px-Logo_-_T%C3%BCrkischer_Hochschulrat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">1981<span class="noprint">; 43 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1981</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ankaya,_Ankara_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Çankaya, Ankara (district)">Çankaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">₺</a>95.630.000 <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yok.gov.tr">yok<wbr />.gov<wbr />.tr</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Council of Higher Education</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Yükseköğretim Kurulu</i>, YÖK; also translated as <i>Higher Education Board</i>) is responsible for the supervision of <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">universities in Turkey</a>, in a capacity defined by article 130 of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Constitution of 1982">1982 constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current president of the council is Erol Özvar, a former professor of the <a href="/wiki/Marmara_University" title="Marmara University">Marmara University</a> and was appointed by <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Higher_Education_(Turkey)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the 24 members seven are nominated by the president of Turkey, seven by the Inter University Council, seven by the Council of Ministers, one by the Armed Forces and two by the Ministry of Education.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All nominations had to be confirmed by the president of Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main task of the YÖK is to receive and approve the budgets from the Universities and suggest people to a University rectorship to the president.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The YÖK also receives reports from the Universities and their performances.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Higher Educational Supervisory Council supervises the universities and consists of ten members.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the five members from the YÖK, one is appointed by the Ministry of Education, one by the Armed Forces, one by the Supreme Court, another from the State Accounting Bureau and one by the Council of State.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Higher_Education_(Turkey)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The YÖK was founded in the immediate aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">12 September 1980 coup d'état</a>, which established military rule. It reorganised education along strict military lines and throughout the 1980s, professors were encouraged to instill the values of family, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">nationalism</a> and 'Turkishness' in the students, who were urged to put patriotic duties and responsibilities into practice.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, the YÖK established a scholarship program to be able assign qualified professors to the 24 newly established Universities outside of the cities <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">Izmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It selected students to study abroad who in exchange would teach at Turkish universities for the double amount of years their studies abroad were supported.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program was initiated by Mehmet Sağlam, the president of the YÖK at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Higher_Education_(Turkey)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Turkish Academy of Sciences">Turkish Academy of Sciences</a> (TÜBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_and_Technological_Research_Council_of_Turkey" title="Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey">Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey</a> (TÜBİTAK)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Higher_Education_(Turkey)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerva&rft.atitle=Changing+Models+of+University+Government+in+Turkey&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=164&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41820968%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0026-4695&rft.aulast=Gedlko%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Tokay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41820968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Higher+Education+%28Turkey%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/president-appoints-marmara-university-rector-as-yok-chair-166695">"President appoints Marmara University rector as YÖK chair - Türkiye News"</a>. <i>Hürriyet Daily News</i>. 30 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=President+appoints+Marmara+University+rector+as+Y%C3%96K+chair+-+T%C3%BCrkiye+News&rft.date=2021-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fpresident-appoints-marmara-university-rector-as-yok-chair-166695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Higher+Education+%28Turkey%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreely2012" class="citation journal cs1">Freely, Maureen (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0306422012456477">"Crossing the Line"</a>. <i>Index on Censorship</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 56–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306422012456477">10.1177/0306422012456477</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-4220">0306-4220</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148073684">148073684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Index+on+Censorship&rft.atitle=Crossing+the+Line&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=56-65&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148073684%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0306-4220&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0306422012456477&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0306422012456477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Higher+Education+%28Turkey%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mathews, Julie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29735077">"Predicting International Students' Academic Success... May Not Always Be Enough: Assessing Turkey's Foreign Study Scholarship Program"</a>. <i>Higher Education</i>. <b>53</b> (5): 645–673. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10734-005-2290-x">10.1007/s10734-005-2290-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F23588">11693/23588</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-1560">0018-1560</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29735077">29735077</a>. <a 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Higher_Education_(Turkey)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yok.gov.tr/en">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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