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href="#Use_of_the_song_during_the_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Use of the song during the Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_the_song_during_the_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use elsewhere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_text_of_"John_Brown's_Body"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_text_of_"John_Brown's_Body""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History of the text of "John Brown's Body"</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>"Tiger" Battalion writes the lyrics; Kimball's account</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Tiger"_Battalion_writes_the_lyrics;_Kimball's_account-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_claims_of_authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_claims_of_authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other claims of authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_claims_of_authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-William_Steffe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_Steffe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>William Steffe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_Steffe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thomas_Brigham_Bishop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomas_Brigham_Bishop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Thomas Brigham Bishop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomas_Brigham_Bishop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_claimants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_claimants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Other claimants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_claimants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_other_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_other_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Creation of other versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_other_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_related_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_related_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other related texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_related_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lyrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lyrics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lyrics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lyrics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lyrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Say,_Brothers"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Say,_Brothers""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>"Say, Brothers"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Say,_Brothers"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"John_Brown's_Body"_(a_number_of_versions_closely_similar_to_this_published_in_1861)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"John_Brown's_Body"_(a_number_of_versions_closely_similar_to_this_published_in_1861)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>"John Brown's Body" (a number of versions closely similar to this published in 1861)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"John_Brown's_Body"_(a_number_of_versions_closely_similar_to_this_published_in_1861)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Version_of_William_Weston_Patton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_of_William_Weston_Patton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Version of William Weston Patton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_of_William_Weston_Patton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Version_of_Pete_Seeger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_of_Pete_Seeger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Version of Pete Seeger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_of_Pete_Seeger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%E2%80%99s_Body" title="John Brown’s Body – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Brown’s Body" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Brown's Body" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Brown's Body" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%8B%9C%EC%B2%B4" title="존 브라운의 시체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 브라운의 시체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Brown's Body" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%E2%80%99s_Body" title="John Brown’s Body – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Brown’s Body" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%E2%80%99s_Body" title="John Brown’s Body – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Brown’s Body" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%E2%80%99s_Body" title="John Brown’s Body – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="John Brown’s Body" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John Brown's Body" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Brown's Body" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E4%B9%8B%E8%BA%AF" title="约翰·布朗之躯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·布朗之躯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States marching song</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John Brown's Body (disambiguation)">John Brown's Body (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Original-john-brown-words-george-kimball-1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Original publication of the text of the John Brown Song from 1861[1]: 373 " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Original-john-brown-words-george-kimball-1890.jpg/220px-Original-john-brown-words-george-kimball-1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Original-john-brown-words-george-kimball-1890.jpg/330px-Original-john-brown-words-george-kimball-1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Original-john-brown-words-george-kimball-1890.jpg/440px-Original-john-brown-words-george-kimball-1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1713" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Original publication of the text of the "John Brown Song" in 1861<sup id="cite_ref-Kimball_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 373">: 373 </span></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lyrics</th><td class="infobox-data">James E. Greenleaf, C. S. Hall, <br /> C. B. Marsh, and others, 1861</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Music</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk song</a>, 1856</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #E6E8FA">Audio sample</th></tr><tr class="haudio"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-top:1em"><div style="display:inline-block;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="170" data-mwtitle="John_Brown's_body_(1902_recording).mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/John_Brown%27s_body_%281902_recording%29.mp3/John_Brown%27s_body_%281902_recording%29.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/John_Brown%27s_body_%281902_recording%29.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="description">1902 sound recording by <a href="/wiki/J._W._Myers" title="J. W. Myers">J. W. Myers</a> of <i>John Brown's Body</i></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:John_Brown%27s_body_(1902_recording).mp3" title="File:John Brown's body (1902 recording).mp3">file</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">help</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"<b>John Brown's Body</b>" (<a href="/wiki/Roud_Folk_Song_Index" title="Roud Folk Song Index">Roud</a> 771), originally known as "<b>John Brown's Song</b>", is a United States <a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">marching</a> <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">song</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>. The song was popular in the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The song arose out of the folk hymn tradition of the American <a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting#Music_and_hymn_singing" title="Camp meeting">camp meeting</a> movement of the late 18th and early 19th century. According to an 1889 account, the original John Brown lyrics were a collective effort by a group of Union soldiers who were referring both to the famous John Brown and also, humorously, to a Sergeant John Brown of their own battalion. Various other authors have published additional verses or claimed credit for originating the John Brown lyrics and tune. </p><p>The "flavor of coarseness, possibly of irreverence"<sup id="cite_ref-Kimball_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 374">: 374 </span></sup> led many of the era to feel uncomfortable with the earliest "John Brown" lyrics. This in turn led to the creation of many variant versions of the text that aspired to a higher literary quality. The most famous of these is <a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a>", which was written when a friend suggested, "Why do you not write some good words for that stirring tune?" Kimball suggests that President Lincoln made this suggestion to Howe, though other sources<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> do not agree on this point.<sup id="cite_ref-Kimball_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 376">: 376 </span></sup> </p><p>Numerous informal versions and adaptations of the lyrics and music have been created from the mid-1800s to the present, making "John Brown's Body" an example of a living <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> tradition. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_tune">History of the tune</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the tune"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John-brown-song-cs-hall-1861-librofcongress.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/John-brown-song-cs-hall-1861-librofcongress.gif/220px-John-brown-song-cs-hall-1861-librofcongress.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/John-brown-song-cs-hall-1861-librofcongress.gif/330px-John-brown-song-cs-hall-1861-librofcongress.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/John-brown-song-cs-hall-1861-librofcongress.gif/440px-John-brown-song-cs-hall-1861-librofcongress.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>According to George Kimball, the second publication of the John Brown Song and the first including both music and text, with music arranged by C.S. Marsh, dated 1861. See George Kimball, "Origin of the John Brown Song", <i>New England Magazine</i>, new series 1 (1890):371–376</figcaption></figure> <p>"Say, Brothers, Will You Meet Us", the tune that eventually became associated with "John Brown's Body" and the "<a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a>", was formed in the American <a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting#Music_and_hymn_singing" title="Camp meeting">camp meeting</a> circuit of the late 18th century and the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These meetings were usually held in frontier areas, when people who lacked regular access to church services would gather together to worship before traveling preachers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These meetings were important social events, but developed a reputation for wildness in addition to wild religious fervor experienced by attendees.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that atmosphere, where <a href="/wiki/Hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymns">hymns</a> were taught and <a href="/wiki/Rote_learning" title="Rote learning">learned by rote</a> and a spontaneous and <a href="/wiki/Improvisation_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvisation (music)">improvisational element</a> was prized, both tunes and words changed and adapted in true <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> fashion: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Specialists in nineteenth-century American religious history describe camp meeting music as the creative product of participants who, when seized by the spirit of a particular sermon or prayer, would take lines from a preacher's text as a point of departure for a short, simple melody. The melody was either borrowed from a preexisting tune or made up on the spot. The line would be sung repeatedly, changing slightly each time, and shaped gradually into a stanza that could be learned easily by others and memorized quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Early versions of "Say, Brothers" included variants, developed as part of this call-and-response hymn singing tradition such as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Oh! Brothers will you meet me<br /> Oh! Sisters will you meet me<br /> Oh! Mourners will you meet me<br /> Oh! Sinners will you meet me<br /> Oh! Christians will you meet me </p> </div></blockquote> <p>This initial line was repeated three times and finished with the tag "On Canaan's happy shore".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first choruses included lines such as </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>We'll shout and give him glory (3×)<br /> For glory is his own<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The familiar "Glory, glory, hallelujah" chorus—a notable feature of the "John Brown Song", the "Battle Hymn of the Republic", and many other texts that used this tune—developed out of the oral camp meeting tradition sometime between 1808 and the 1850s. </p><p>Folk hymns like "Say, Brothers" circulated and evolved chiefly through oral tradition rather than through print.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In print, the camp meeting song can be traced back as early as 1806–1808, when it was published in camp meeting song collections in South Carolina, Virginia, and Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tune and variants of the "Say, brothers" hymn text were popular in southern camp meetings, with both African-American and white worshipers, throughout the early 1800s, spread predominantly through Methodist and Baptist camp meeting circuits.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the southern camp meeting circuit died down in the mid-1800s, the "Say, brothers" tune was incorporated into hymn and tune books and it was via this route that the tune became well known in the mid-1800s throughout the northern U.S. By 1861, "groups as disparate as Baptists, Mormons, Millerites, the American Sunday School Union, and the Sons of Temperance all claimed 'Say Brothers' as their own."<sup id="cite_ref-Google_Books_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_Books-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, in 1858 words and the tune were published in <i>The Union Harp and Revival Chorister</i>, selected and arranged by Charles Dunbar, and published in Cincinnati. The book contains the words and music of a song "My Brother Will You Meet Me", with the music but not the words of the "<a href="/wiki/Glory,_Glory_(Lay_My_Burden_Down)" title="Glory, Glory (Lay My Burden Down)">Glory Hallelujah</a>" chorus; and the opening line "Say my brother will you meet me". In December 1858 a Brooklyn Sunday school published a hymn called "Brothers, Will You Meet Us" with the words and music of the "Glory Hallelujah" chorus, and the opening line "Say, brothers will you meet us".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Brown%27s_Song_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/John_Brown%27s_Song_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg/220px-John_Brown%27s_Song_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/John_Brown%27s_Song_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg/330px-John_Brown%27s_Song_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/John_Brown%27s_Song_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_21566.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Cover of an 1861 sheet music score for "John Brown's Song"</figcaption></figure> <p>Some researchers have maintained that the tune's roots go back to a "Negro folk song",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an African-American wedding song from Georgia,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to a British <a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">sea shanty</a> that originated as a Swedish drinking song.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anecdotes indicate that versions of "Say, Brothers" were sung as part of African American <a href="/wiki/Ring_shout" title="Ring shout">ring shouts</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appearance of the hymn in this call-and-response setting with singing, clapping, stomping, dancing, and extended ecstatic choruses may have given impetus to the development of the well known "Glory hallelujah" chorus. Given that the tune was developed in an oral tradition, it is impossible to say for certain which of these influences may have played a specific role in the creation of this tune, but it is certain that numerous folk influences from different cultures such as these were prominent in the musical culture of the camp meeting, and that such influences were freely combined in the music-making that took place in the revival movement.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brave_McClellan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Brave_McClellan.jpg/220px-Brave_McClellan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Brave_McClellan.jpg/330px-Brave_McClellan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Brave_McClellan.jpg/440px-Brave_McClellan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Sheet music for "Brave McClellan is Our Leader Now", with words by Mrs. M.A. Kidder, set to the Glory Hallelujah tune and also including "the famous John Brown's song", 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>It has been suggested that "Say Brothers, Will You Meet Us", popular among Southern blacks, already had an anti-slavery sub-text, with its reference to "Canaan's happy shore" alluding to the idea of crossing the river to a happier place.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If so, that subtext was considerably enhanced and expanded as the various "John Brown" lyrics took on themes related to the famous abolitionist and the American Civil War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_the_song_during_the_Civil_War">Use of the song during the Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use of the song during the Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colored_soldiers_singing_%22John_Brown%27s_Body%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Colored_soldiers_singing_%22John_Brown%27s_Body%22.jpg/220px-Colored_soldiers_singing_%22John_Brown%27s_Body%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Colored_soldiers_singing_%22John_Brown%27s_Body%22.jpg/330px-Colored_soldiers_singing_%22John_Brown%27s_Body%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Colored_soldiers_singing_%22John_Brown%27s_Body%22.jpg/440px-Colored_soldiers_singing_%22John_Brown%27s_Body%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Black soldiers, led by white officers, singing "John Brown's Body" as they march into <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, in February 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1861, the new <a href="/wiki/29th_New_York_Infantry_Regiment" title="29th New York Infantry Regiment">29th New York Infantry Regiment</a> was stationed in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Town,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Town, Virginia">Charles Town, Virginia</a> (since 1863, West Virginia), where John Brown was executed. The contemporary abolitionist newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)" title="The Liberator (newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i> wrote that hundreds of soldiers from the unit would visit the site of John Brown's hanging daily, and sing a refrain that went: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>May heaven's smiles look kindly down<br />Upon the grave of old John Brown.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Brown's friend and admirer <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> wrote in an 1874 newspaper piece: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He [John Brown] was with the troops during that war, he was seen in every camp fire, and our boys pressed onward to victory and freedom, timing their feet to the stately stepping of Old John Brown as his soul went marching on.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Andersonville_Prison" title="Andersonville Prison">Andersonville Prison</a>, which held Union prisoners of war, a visiting Confederate soldier describes it thus: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I declined an invitation not very heartily given, as I thought, to go within the stockade, but climbed up to the sentry-walk and looked over. I cannot tell the horror of that scene. It was almost sundown of a hot autumn day. The wretchedness depicted in the faces of that squalid, unprotected multitude was unspeakable. I could hear the soughing of the winds in the pines beyond, but they had neither breath nor shade. The stench even where I stood was sickening. Because I had been a prisoner myself I no doubt pitied them the more. I guessed what they must endure, though I only dimly imagined the horrors of their fate. As I turned away the notes of song arose from the squalid mass. I paused and listened—listened to the very end of that most remarkable paean of self-sacrifice that ever inspired an army or a people to suffer and achieve for another's sake. When I went away in the gloaming that follows quick upon our sunset, the words went with me, and have never left my memory. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:inherit"><div class="poem"> <p>In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born across the sea<br /> With a glory in His bosom that transfigures you and me;<br /> As He died to make men holy, let us die to make men free. </p> </div></blockquote><p> There is an anthem that swallows up in moral grandeur all the songs of patriotic purport from Miriam's time till now. It marks the climax of human devotion. 'Perhaps for a good man some would even dare to die,' is the extreme limit of the apostle's idea of merely human self-sacrifice. But out of that sweltering, fetid prison-pen into the silent night came the excellent chorus of hundreds who stood in the very presence of a lingering and terrible death. 'As He died to make men holy, let us die to make men free!'<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_elsewhere">Use elsewhere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use elsewhere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 1, 1865, in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, recently freed African-Americans and some white missionaries held a parade of 10,000 people, led by 3,000 Black children singing "John Brown's Body". The march honored 257 dead Union soldiers whose remains the organizers had reburied from a mass grave in a Confederate prison camp. This is considered the first observation of Decoration Day, now known as <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American consul in <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladivostok, Russia">Vladivostok, Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Greener" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard T. Greener">Richard T. Greener</a>, reported in 1906 that Russian soldiers were singing the song. The context was the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_text_of_"John_Brown's_Body""><span id="History_of_the_text_of_.22John_Brown.27s_Body.22"></span>History of the text of "John Brown's Body"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History of the text of "John Brown's Body""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saybrotherswillyoumeetus.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Saybrotherswillyoumeetus.gif/220px-Saybrotherswillyoumeetus.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Saybrotherswillyoumeetus.gif/330px-Saybrotherswillyoumeetus.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Saybrotherswillyoumeetus.gif/440px-Saybrotherswillyoumeetus.gif 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>"Say, Brothers" from Hymn and Tune Book of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Round Note Edition, Nashville, TN (1889, reprinted 1903). <b>N.B.</b> The name Mary S. B. Dana refers to the author of Hymn No. 898, not shown, which was the previous hymn in this collection.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_public_performance">First public performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First public performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At a flag-raising ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Warren_(Massachusetts)" title="Fort Warren (Massachusetts)">Fort Warren</a>, near Boston, on Sunday May 12, 1861, the "John Brown" song was publicly played "perhaps for the first time".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> had begun the previous month. </p><p>Newspapers reported troops singing the song as they marched in the streets of Boston on July 18, 1861, and there was a "rash" of broadside printings of the song with substantially the same words as the undated "John Brown Song!" broadside, stated by Kimball to be the first published edition, and the broadside with music by C. S. Marsh copyrighted on July 16, 1861, also published by C.S. Hall (see images displayed on this page). Other publishers also came out with versions of the "John Brown Song" and claimed copyright.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Tiger"_Battalion_writes_the_lyrics;_Kimball's_account"><span id=".22Tiger.22_Battalion_writes_the_lyrics.3B_Kimball.27s_account"></span>"Tiger" Battalion writes the lyrics; Kimball's account</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "Tiger" Battalion writes the lyrics; Kimball's account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1890, George Kimball wrote his account of how the 2nd Infantry Battalion of the Massachusetts militia, known as the "Tiger" Battalion, collectively worked out the lyrics to "John Brown's Body". Kimball wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We had a jovial Scotchman in the battalion, named John Brown ... and as he happened to bear the identical name of the old hero of Harper's Ferry, he became at once the butt of his comrades. If he made his appearance a few minutes late among the working squad, or was a little tardy in falling into the company line, he was sure to be greeted with such expressions as "Come, old fellow, you ought to be at it if you are going to help us free the slaves"; or, "This can't be John Brown—why, John Brown is dead." And then some wag would add, in a solemn, drawling tone, as if it were his purpose to give particular emphasis to the fact that John Brown was really, actually dead: "Yes, yes, poor old John Brown is dead; his body lies mouldering in the grave."<sup id="cite_ref-online_via_Cornell_University_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online_via_Cornell_University-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Kimball, these sayings became bywords among the soldiers and, in a communal effort—similar in many ways to the spontaneous composition of camp meeting songs described above—were gradually put to the tune of "Say, Brothers": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Finally ditties composed of the most nonsensical, doggerel rhymes, setting for the fact that John Brown was dead and that his body was undergoing the process of dissolution, began to be sung to the music of the hymn above given. These ditties underwent various ramifications, until eventually the lines were reached,— <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the grave,<br /> His soul's marching on. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>And,— </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>He's gone to be a soldier in the army of the Lord,<br /> His soul's marching on. </p> </div></blockquote><p> These lines seemed to give general satisfaction, the idea that Brown's soul was "marching on" receiving recognition at once as having a germ of inspiration in it. They were sung over and over again with a great deal of gusto, the "Glory hallelujah" chorus being always added.<sup id="cite_ref-online_via_Cornell_University_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online_via_Cornell_University-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some leaders of the battalion, feeling the words were coarse and irreverent, tried to urge the adoption of more fitting lyrics, but to no avail. The lyrics were soon prepared for publication by members of the battalion, together with publisher C. S. Hall. They selected and polished verses they felt appropriate, and may even have enlisted the services of a local poet to help polish and create verses.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official histories of the old First Artillery and of the 55th Artillery (1918) also record the Tiger Battalion's role in creating the John Brown Song, confirming the general thrust of Kimball's version with a few additional details.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_claims_of_authorship">Other claims of authorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other claims of authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bummers-com-and-meet-us-john-brown-song-undated-librofcongress-as200480.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bummers-com-and-meet-us-john-brown-song-undated-librofcongress-as200480.gif/220px-Bummers-com-and-meet-us-john-brown-song-undated-librofcongress-as200480.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bummers-com-and-meet-us-john-brown-song-undated-librofcongress-as200480.gif/330px-Bummers-com-and-meet-us-john-brown-song-undated-librofcongress-as200480.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bummers-com-and-meet-us-john-brown-song-undated-librofcongress-as200480.gif/440px-Bummers-com-and-meet-us-john-brown-song-undated-librofcongress-as200480.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption><i>Bummers, Come and Meet Us</i>, published in New York, H. De Marsan, no date. This version of the text shares many elements with "Say, Brothers" and "Brave McClellan is Our Leader" but few, or even none, with the "John Brown Song".</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="William_Steffe">William Steffe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: William Steffe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In hymnals and folks song collections, the hymn tune for "Say, Brothers" is often attributed to <a href="/wiki/William_Steffe" title="William Steffe">William Steffe</a>. Robert W. Allen summarizes Steffe's own story of composing the tune: </p> <blockquote><p>Steffe finally told the whole story of the writing of the song. He was asked to write it in 1855 or 56 for the Good Will Engine Company of Philadelphia. They used it as a song of welcome for the visiting Liberty Fire Company of Baltimore. The original verse for the song was "Say, <a href="/wiki/Bummers" title="Bummers">Bummers</a>, Will You Meet Us?" Someone else converted the "Say, Bummers" verse into the hymn "Say, Brothers, Will You Meet Us". He thought he might be able to identify that person, but was never able to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Though Steffe may have played a role in creating the "Say, Bummers" version of the song, which seems to be a variant of and owe a debt to both "Say, Brothers" and "John Brown", Steffe couldn't have written the "Glory Hallelujah" tune or the "Say, Brothers" text, both of which had been circulating for decades before his birth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thomas_Brigham_Bishop">Thomas Brigham Bishop</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Thomas Brigham Bishop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> songwriter, musician, band leader, and Union soldier <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brigham_Bishop" title="Thomas Brigham Bishop">Thomas Brigham Bishop</a> (1835–1905) has also been credited as the originator of the John Brown Song, notably by promoter James MacIntyre in a 1916 book and 1935 interview.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Bishop also claimed to have written "Kitty Wells", "Shoo, Fly Don't Bother Me", and "<a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a>", and to have played a role in the composition of "<a href="/wiki/Old_Folks_at_Home" title="Old Folks at Home">Swanee River</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_claimants">Other claimants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other claimants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1800s, during the song's height of popularity, a number of other authors claimed to have played a part in the origin of the song.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources list Steffe, Bishop, Frank E. Jerome, and others as the tune's composer.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the tune's use in the camp meeting circuits in the late 1700s and early 1800s and the first known publication dates of 1806–1808,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long before most of these claimants were born, it is apparent that none of these authors composed the tune that was the basis of "Say, Brothers" and "John Brown".<sup id="cite_ref-Google_Books_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_Books-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Annie J. Randall wrote, "Multiple authors, most of them anonymous, borrowed the tune from 'Say, Brothers', gave it new texts, and used it to hail Brown's war to abolish the centuries-old practice of slavery in America."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This continual re-use and spontaneous adaptation of existing words and tunes is an important feature of the oral folk music tradition that "Say, Brothers" and the "John Brown Song" were embedded in and no one would have begrudged their use or re-use of these folk materials. Some of those who claimed to have composed the tune may have had a hand in creating and publishing some of the perfectly legitimate variants or alternate texts that used the tune—but all certainly wanted a share of the fame that came with being known as the author of this very well known tune. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_other_versions">Creation of other versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Creation of other versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once "John Brown's Body" became popular as a marching song, more literary versions of the "John Brown" lyrics were created for the "John Brown" tune.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/William_Weston_Patton" title="William Weston Patton">William Weston Patton</a> wrote his influential version in October 1861, which was published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>, 16 December of that year. The "<a href="/wiki/Marching_Song_of_the_First_Arkansas" title="Marching Song of the First Arkansas">Song of the First of Arkansas</a>" was written, or written down, by Capt. Lindley Miller in 1864,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although (typical of the confusion of authorship among the variants and versions) a similar text with the title "The Valiant Soldiers" is also attributed to <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The President's Proclamation" was written by Edna Dean Proctor in 1863 on the occasion of the Emancipation Proclamation. Other versions include the "Marching song of the 4th Battalion of Rifles, 13th Reg., Massachusetts Volunteers" and the "Kriegslied der Division Blenker", written for the <a href="/wiki/8th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="8th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment">Blenker Division</a>, a group of German soldiers who had participated in the European revolutions of 1848/49 and fought for the Union in the American Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-hugh_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hugh-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_related_texts">Other related texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other related texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Oh_we%27ll_hang_Jeff_Davis_from_a_sour_apple_tree" title="Oh we'll hang Jeff Davis from a sour apple tree">Oh we'll hang Jeff Davis from a sour apple tree</a></div> <p>The tune was later also used for "<a href="/wiki/The_Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle Hymn of the Republic">The Battle Hymn of the Republic</a>" (written in November 1861, published in February 1862; this song was directly inspired by "John Brown's Body"), "<a href="/wiki/Marching_Song_of_the_First_Arkansas" title="Marching Song of the First Arkansas">Marching Song of the First Arkansas</a>", "<a href="/wiki/The_Battle_Hymn_of_Cooperation" title="The Battle Hymn of Cooperation">The Battle Hymn of Cooperation</a>", "Bummers, Come and Meet Us" (see facsimile), and many other related texts and parodies during and immediately after the American Civil War period. </p><p>The World War II <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratrooper</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Blood_on_the_Risers" title="Blood on the Risers">Blood on the Risers</a>" is set to the tune, and includes the chorus "Glory, glory (or Gory, gory), what a hell of a way to die/And he ain't gonna jump no more!"<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has since also been adapted to <a href="/wiki/Parachuting#In_popular_culture" title="Parachuting">civilian skydiving</a>. </p><p>The tune was used for perhaps the most well-known labor-union song in the United States, "<a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Forever" title="Solidarity Forever">Solidarity Forever</a>". The song became an anthem of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> and all unions that sought more than workplace concessions, but <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">a world run by those who labor</a>. </p><p>Sailors are known to have adapted "John Brown's Body" into a <a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">sea shanty</a>—specifically, into a "<a href="/wiki/Capstan_(nautical)" title="Capstan (nautical)">Capstan</a> Shanty", used during anchor-raising.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "John Brown" tune has proven popular for folk-created texts, with many irreverent versions created over the years. "<a href="/wiki/The_Burning_of_the_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Burning of the School">The Burning of the School</a>" is a well-known parody sung by schoolchildren, and another version that begins "John Brown's baby has a <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">cold</a> upon his chest" is often sung by children at summer camps. The same tune is also used for a children's song that begins "<a href="/wiki/Peter_Rabbit" title="Peter Rabbit">Peter Rabbit</a> had a fly upon his nose", inspired by <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Potter" title="Beatrix Potter">Beatrix Potter</a>'s fictional animal character.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An African-American version was recorded as "We'll hang <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jeff Davis</a> from a sour apple tree".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, a fight song at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> set to the same melody begins, "Hang Jeff Davis from a sour apple tree".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a common soccer chant, it is generally called "<a href="/wiki/Glory_Glory_(football_chant)" title="Glory Glory (football chant)">Glory Glory</a>". The famous German children's song <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">"Alle Kinder lernen lesen"</span></span> ("All the children are learning how to read") is also based on this melody. </p><p>A version of the song was also sung by <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units" title="List of French paratrooper units">French paratroopers</a>: <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"oui nous irons tous nous faire casser la gueule en coeur / mais nous reviendrons vainqueurs"</span></span> meaning "yes, we'll get our skulls broken in choir / but we'll come back victorious". </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> it was adapted into a bilingual (English and <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>) song sung at <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> matches—notably at the <a href="/wiki/Royal-Thomian" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal-Thomian">Royal-Thomian</a>, with the lyrics "We'll hang all the Thomians on the <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cadju</a>-puhulang tree". Another adaptation sung at the annual match between the Colombo Law and Medical colleges went "Liquor arsenalis and the <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_indica" title="Cannabis indica">cannabis indica</a>". This was adapted into a trilingual song by Sooty Banda.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The music is used for a German-language children's song by Frank und seine Freunde called <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">"Alle Kinder lernen lesen"</span></span> translated to "All Children Learn to Read". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Len_Chandler" title="Len Chandler">Len Chandler</a> sang a song called "Move on over" to the tune on <a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Quest" title="Rainbow Quest">Rainbow Quest</a></i> TV show.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lyrics">Lyrics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lyrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lyrics used with the "John Brown" tune generally increase in complexity and syllable count as they move from a simple, orally transmitted camp meeting song to an orally composed marching song to more consciously literary versions. </p><p>The increasing syllable count led to an ever-increasing number of dotted rhythms in the melody to accommodate the increased number of syllables. The result is that the verse and chorus, which were musically identical in "Say, Brothers", became quite distinct rhythmically—though still identical in melodic profile—in "John Brown's Body". </p><p>The trend towards ever more elaborate rhythmic variations of the original melody became even more pronounced in the later versions of the "John Brown Song" and in the "Battle Hymn of the Republic", which have far more words and syllables per verse than the early versions. The extra words and syllables are fit in by adding more dotted rhythms to the melody and by including four separate lines in each verse rather than repeating the first line three times. The result is that in these later versions the verse and the chorus became even more distinct rhythmically and poetically though still remaining identical in their underlying melodic profile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Say,_Brothers""><span id=".22Say.2C_Brothers.22"></span>"Say, Brothers"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: "Say, Brothers""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>(1st verse)<br /> Say, brothers, will you meet us (3×)<br /> On Canaan's happy shore.<br /> <br /> (Refrain)<br /> Glory, glory, hallelujah (3×)<br /> For ever, evermore!<br /> <br /> (2nd verse)<br /> By the grace of God we'll meet you (3×)<br /> Where parting is no more.<br /> <br /> (3rd verse)<br /> Jesus lives and reigns forever (3×)<br /> On Canaan's happy shore. </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""John_Brown's_Body"_(a_number_of_versions_closely_similar_to_this_published_in_1861)"><span id=".22John_Brown.27s_Body.22_.28a_number_of_versions_closely_similar_to_this_published_in_1861.29"></span>"John Brown's Body" (a number of versions closely similar to this published in 1861)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: "John Brown's Body" (a number of versions closely similar to this published in 1861)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the grave; (3×)<br /> His soul is marching on!<br /> <br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">(Chorus)</span><br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Glory_(religion)" title="Glory (religion)">Glory</a>, glory, <a href="/wiki/Hallelujah" title="Hallelujah">hallelujah</a>! Glory, glory, hallelujah!</span><br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">Glory, glory, hallelujah! his soul is marching on!</span><br /> <br /> He's gone to be a soldier in the army of the Lord! (3×)<br /> His soul is marching on!<br /> <br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">(Chorus)</span><br /> <br /> John Brown's knapsack is strapped upon his back! (3×)<br /> His soul is marching on!<br /> <br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">(Chorus)</span><br /> <br /> His pet lambs will meet him on the way; (3×)<br /> They go marching on!<br /> <br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">(Chorus)</span><br /> <br /> They will hang <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jeff Davis</a> to a sour apple tree! (3×)<br /> As they march along!<br /> <br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">(Chorus)</span><br /> <br /> Now, three rousing cheers for the Union; (3×)<br /> As we are marching on! </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>From the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Version_of_William_Weston_Patton">Version of William Weston Patton</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Version of William Weston Patton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Weston_Patton" title="William Weston Patton">William Weston Patton</a>, an influential abolitionist and pastor, composed his "The New John Brown Song" in the fall of 1861 and published it in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>, December 16, 1861:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Old John Brown's body lies a moldering in the grave,<br /> While weep the sons of bondage whom he ventured all to save;<br /> But though he sleeps his life was lost while struggling for the slave,<br /> His soul is marching on.<br /> <br /> Glory Hallelujah!<br /> <br /> John Brown was a hero, undaunted, true and brave,<br /> And <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Kansas</a> knew his valor when <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)#Actions_in_Kansas" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">he fought her rights to save</a>;<br /> And now, though the grass grows green above his grave,<br /> His soul is marching on.<br /> <br /> (Chorus)<br /> <br /> He <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Ferry_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper's Ferry Raid">captured Harper's Ferry</a>, with his nineteen men so few,<br /> And frightened "Old Virginny" till she trembled through and through<br /> They hung him for a traitor, themselves a traitor crew,<br /> But his soul is marching on.<br /> <br /> (Chorus)<br /> <br /> John Brown was <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> of the Christ we are to see—<br /> Christ who of the bondmen shall the Liberator be,<br /> And soon throughout the Sunny South the slaves shall all be free,<br /> For his soul is marching on.<br /> <br /> (Chorus)<br /> <br /> The conflict that he heralded he looks from heaven to view,<br /> On the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">army of the Union</a> with its flag red, white and blue.<br /> And heaven shall ring with anthems o'er the deed they mean to do,<br /> For his soul is marching on.<br /> <br /> (Chorus)<br /> <br /> Ye soldiers of Freedom, then strike, while strike ye may,<br /> The death blow of oppression in a better time and way,<br /> For the dawn of old John Brown has brightened into day,<br /> And his soul is marching on.<br /> <br /> (Chorus) </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Version_of_Pete_Seeger">Version of Pete Seeger</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Version of Pete Seeger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a>, an American folk musician, recorded a version of John Brown's Body in 1959 that is widely circulated today. The lyrics differ significantly from earlier versions, and include a stanza from <a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn Of The Republic</a>, itself an 1862 adaptation of John Brown's Body written by abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>John Brown's body lies a-moldering in the grave (x3)<br /> But his soul goes marching on.<br /> <br /> Glory, glory hallelujah! (x3)<br /> But his soul goes marching on.<br /> <br /> The stars above in heaven are a-looking kindly down (x3)<br /> On the grave of old John Brown.<br /> <br /> Glory, glory hallelujah! (x3)<br /> His soul goes marching on.<br /> <br /> He captured Harper's Ferry with his nineteen men so true<br /> He frightened old Virginia till she trembled through and through<br /> They hanged him for a traitor, they themselves the traitor crew<br /> His soul goes marching on!<br /> <br /> Glory, glory hallelujah! (x3)<br /> His soul goes marching on.<br /> <br /> Well he's gone to be a soldier in the army of the Lord,<br /> He's gone to be a soldier in the army of the Lord (x2)<br /> But his soul goes marching on!<br /> <br /> Glory, glory hallelujah! (x3)<br /> His soul goes marching on.<br /> <br /> Mine eyes hath seen the glory of the coming of the Lord<br /> He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath is stored<br /> He'th loosed the fateful lightning of his terrible swift sword<br /> His truth is marching on!<br /> <br /> Glory, glory hallelujah! (x3)<br /> His soul goes marching on. </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumphal March">Triumphal March</a> (<i>Triumphal March on the Occasion of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, 1893</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kimball-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKimball1889" class="citation journal cs1">Kimball, George (December 1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101064987934&view=1up&seq=385&size=150">"Origin of the John Brown Song"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_England_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Magazine">New England Magazine</a></i>. New series. <b>1</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">371–</span>376<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Magazine&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+John+Brown+Song&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E371-%3C%2Fspan%3E376&rft.date=1889-12&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnjp.32101064987934%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D385%26size%3D150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stauffer & Soskis, p. 21. Accessed via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bIRQpD3HNSAC&dq=%22will+you+meet%22&pg=PA21">Google Books</a> 1 June 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1952" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Charles (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3031384">"Camp Meeting Hymnody"</a>. <i>American Quarterly</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">110–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3031384">10.2307/3031384</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3031384">3031384</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Camp+Meeting+Hymnody&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3031384&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3031384%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3031384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1950" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Charles (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1888756">"Johnson, Charles A. "The Frontier Camp Meeting: Contemporary and Historical Appraisals"</a>. <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>. <b>37</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">91–</span>110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1888756">10.2307/1888756</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1888756">1888756</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Johnson%2C+Charles+A.+%22The+Frontier+Camp+Meeting%3A+Contemporary+and+Historical+Appraisals&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1888756&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1888756%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1888756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall, p. 16. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fafKzST-pZwC&dq=annie+j+randall+%22a+censorship+of+forgetting+origins+and+origin+myths+of+battle+hymn+of+the+republic%22+in+music+power+and+politics&pg=RA1-PA7">Google books</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stauffer & Soskis, p. 22. Accessed via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bIRQpD3HNSAC&dq=%22will+you+meet%22&pg=PA21">Google Books</a> 1 June 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stauffer & Soskis, p. 23. Accessed via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bIRQpD3HNSAC&dq=%22will+you+meet%22&pg=PA21">Google Books</a> 1 June 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stauffer & Soskis, p. 19. Accessed via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bIRQpD3HNSAC&dq=%22will+you+meet%22&pg=PA21">Google Books</a> 1 June 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stauffer & Soskis, pp. 17, 21, 26. Accessed via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bIRQpD3HNSAC&dq=%22will+you+meet%22&pg=PA21">Google Books</a> 1 June 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stauffer & Soskis, pp. 24, 27. Accessed via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bIRQpD3HNSAC&dq=%22will+you+meet%22&pg=PA21">Google Books</a> 1 June 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Google_Books-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Google_Books_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Google_Books_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stauffer & Soskis, p. 27. 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Browne, <i>The Story of Our National Ballads</i> (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1960), p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Music of the Civil War Era</i> 2004, by Steven Cornelius, Greenwood Publishing Group, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32081-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32081-0">0-313-32081-0</a>, page 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyd Stutler, "John Brown's Body", <i>Civil War History</i> 4 (1958): 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stauffer & Soskis, p. 24. 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Accessed via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bIRQpD3HNSAC&dq=%22will+you+meet%22&pg=PA21">Google Books</a> 1 June 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73030993/the-memory-of-john-brown-honored-by-song/">"The Memory of John Brown Honored"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)" title="The Liberator (newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i>. Boston, Massachusetts. August 2, 1861. p. 3 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Liberator&rft.atitle=The+Memory+of+John+Brown+Honored&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1861-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F73030993%2Fthe-memory-of-john-brown-honored-by-song%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22594248/democrat/">"John Brown"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Democrat_and_Chronicle" title="Democrat and Chronicle">Democrat and Chronicle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>)</i>. 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September 10, 1885. p. 4 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekly+Commonwealth+%28Topeka%2C+Kansas%29&rft.atitle=The+John+Brown+Song&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1885-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F68640712%2Fjohn-brown-song%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoos" class="citation web cs1">Roos, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/memorial-day-civil-war-slavery-charleston">"One of the Earliest Memorial Day Ceremonies Was Held by Freed African Americans"</a>. <i>History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=One+of+the+Earliest+Memorial+Day+Ceremonies+Was+Held+by+Freed+African+Americans&rft.aulast=Roos&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fmemorial-day-civil-war-slavery-charleston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuarles1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Quarles" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Quarles">Quarles, Benjamin</a> (1974). <i>Allies for freedom: Blacks and John Brown</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1145790647">1145790647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allies+for+freedom%3A+Blacks+and+John+Brown&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1145790647&rft.aulast=Quarles&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Fuld, 2000 <i> The Book of World-Famous Music: Classical, Popular, and Folk</i> Courier Dover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-41475-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-41475-2">0-486-41475-2</a>, p. 133,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-online_via_Cornell_University-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-online_via_Cornell_University_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-online_via_Cornell_University_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George Kimball, "Origin of the John Brown Song", <i>New England Magazine</i>, new series 1 (1890):372 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?root=%2Fmoa%2Fnewe%2Fnewe0007%2F&tif=00379.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DAFJ3026-0007-61&coll=moa&frames=1&view=50">online via Cornell University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Kimball, "Origin of the John Brown Song", <i>New England Magazine</i>, new series 1 (1890):373–374. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?root=%2Fmoa%2Fnewe%2Fnewe0007%2F&tif=00379.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DAFJ3026-0007-61&coll=moa&frames=1&view=50">online via Cornell University</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Morse Cutler, <i>The old First Massachusetts coast artillery in war and peace</i>, Pilgrim Press, Boston, 1917, p. 105-106 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldfirstmassach00cutlgoog/page/n131">online via Internet Archive</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Morse Cutler, <i>The 55th artillery (C.A.C.) in the American expeditionary forces, France, 1918</i>, Commonwealth Press, Worcester, Mass, 1920, pp. 261ff (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thartillerycaci00cutlgoog/page/n353">online via Internet Archive</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen" class="citation news cs1">Allen, Robert W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180825130449/http://www.trans-video.net/~rwillisa/SayBrother.htm">"Say, brother, who wrote this melody? Music historians still argue over the origins of one of the Union Army's most popular songs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trans-video.net/~rwillisa/SayBrother.htm">the original</a> on August 25, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Say%2C+brother%2C+who+wrote+this+melody%3F+Music+historians+still+argue+over+the+origins+of+one+of+the+Union+Army%27s+most+popular+songs&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trans-video.net%2F~rwillisa%2FSayBrother.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornelius, Steven (2004), <i>Music of the Civil War Era</i>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32081-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32081-0">0-313-32081-0</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770050,00.html?iid=chix-sphere">"Music: Hymn from Maine"</a>, <i>Time</i>, July 1, 1935, accessed 3 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023065548/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770050,00.html?iid=chix-sphere">Archived</a> 2012-10-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen" class="citation news cs1">Allen, Robert W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180825130449/http://www.trans-video.net/~rwillisa/SayBrother.htm">"Say, brother, who wrote this melody? Music mistorians still argue over the origins of one of the Union Army's most popular songs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trans-video.net/~rwillisa/SayBrother.htm">the original</a> on 25 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Say%2C+brother%2C+who+wrote+this+melody%3F+Music+mistorians+still+argue+over+the+origins+of+one+of+the+Union+Army%27s+most+popular+songs&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trans-video.net%2F~rwillisa%2FSayBrother.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Fuld, 2000 <i>The Book of World-Famous Music: Classical, Popular, and Folk</i> Courier Dover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-41475-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-41475-2">0-486-41475-2</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stauffer & Soskis, pp. 21–16. Accessed via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bIRQpD3HNSAC&dq=%22will+you+meet%22&pg=PA21">Google Books</a> 1 June 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/johnbrown/brownbody.html">"John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the grave"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312205058/http://www.famous-trials.com/johnbrown/622-brownbody">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Brown%27s+body+lies+a-mouldering+in+the+grave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.umkc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fprojects%2Fftrials%2Fjohnbrown%2Fbrownbody.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Walls, "Marching Song of the First Arkansas Colored Regiment: A Contested Attribution", <i>The Arkansas Historical Quarterly</i>, Winter 2007, 401–421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall, n13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hugh-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hugh_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh" class="citation web cs1">Hugh, Brent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brenthugh.com/piano/john-brown.html">"Texts Sung to the Tune of "Battle Hymn of the Republic" and "John Brown's Body", arranged in approximate chronological order"</a>. <i>BrentHugh.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128092434/https://brenthugh.com/piano/john-brown.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BrentHugh.com&rft.atitle=Texts+Sung+to+the+Tune+of+%22Battle+Hymn+of+the+Republic%22+and+%22John+Brown%27s+Body%22%2C+arranged+in+approximate+chronological+order&rft.aulast=Hugh&rft.aufirst=Brent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrenthugh.com%2Fpiano%2Fjohn-brown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurt Gabel, <i>The Making of a Paratrooper: Airborne Training and Combat in World War II</i>, University Press of Kansas, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0409-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0409-X">0-7006-0409-X</a>, pp. 126–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shanties from the seven seas: shipboard work-songs and songs used as work-songs from the great days of sail</i>, Stan Hugill, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1961 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WOQ9AAAAIAAJ&dq=john+brown+moulderin+apple&pg=PA442">online via Google Books</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nurseryrhymescollections.com/lyrics/peter-rabbit.html"><i>Peter Rabbit</i> song lyrics"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2007" class="citation web cs1">Rubin, Karen Aviva (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312012848/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07052007-112441/unrestricted/rubindissertation.pdf">"The Aftermath of Sorrow: White Women's Search for their Lost Cause, 1861–1917"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University_College_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Florida State University College of Arts and Sciences">Florida State University College of Arts and Sciences</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07052007-112441/unrestricted/rubindissertation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florida+State+University+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Aftermath+of+Sorrow%3A+White+Women%27s+Search+for+their+Lost+Cause%2C+1861%E2%80%931917&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Karen+Aviva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetd.lib.fsu.edu%2Ftheses%2Favailable%2Fetd-07052007-112441%2Funrestricted%2Frubindissertation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/node/149402">"How we came to hang Jeff Davis in song"</a>. <i>Penn Today</i>. 11 December 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101030242/https://penntoday.upenn.edu/node/149402">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Today&rft.atitle=How+we+came+to+hang+Jeff+Davis+in+song&rft.date=2003-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenntoday.upenn.edu%2Fnode%2F149402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sooty Banda (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/b/OL1828998M"><i>The golden treasury of trilingual verse</i></a>, Colombo: Associated Newspapers of Ceylon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/scsmhtml/scsmhome.html">"We'll Sing to Abe Our Song": Sheet Music about Lincoln, Emancipation, and the Civil War, from the Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"HIS SOUL IS MARCHING ON". <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. September 10, 1887. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=HIS+SOUL+IS+MARCHING+ON&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1887-09-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=StFB2g0urhA"><i>John Brown's Body</i></a>, 23 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-02</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Brown%27s+Body&rft.date=2015-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DStFB2g0urhA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall2005" class="citation book cs1">Randall, Annie J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/108936605?title=Music%2c%20Power%20and%20Politics%20(Chap.%201%20%22A%20Censorship%20of%20Forgetting%3a%20Origins%20and%20Origin%20Myths%20of%20'Battle%20Hymn%20of%20the%20Repbulic'%22)">"A Censorship of Forgetting: Origins and Origin Myths of 'Battle Hymn of the Republic'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Music, Power, and Politics</i>. New York: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94364-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94364-7"><bdi>0-415-94364-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54079486">54079486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Censorship+of+Forgetting%3A+Origins+and+Origin+Myths+of+%27Battle+Hymn+of+the+Republic%27&rft.btitle=Music%2C+Power%2C+and+Politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54079486&rft.isbn=0-415-94364-7&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Annie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F108936605%3Ftitle%3DMusic%252c%2520Power%2520and%2520Politics%2520%28Chap.%25201%2520%2522A%2520Censorship%2520of%2520Forgetting%253a%2520Origins%2520and%2520Origin%2520Myths%2520of%2520%27Battle%2520Hymn%2520of%2520the%2520Repbulic%27%2522%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaufferSoskis2013" class="citation book cs1">Stauffer, John; Soskis, Benjamin (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlehymnofrepu0000stau"><i>The Battle Hymn of the Republic: A Biography of the Song That Marches On</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199837434" title="Special:BookSources/9780199837434"><bdi>9780199837434</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+Hymn+of+the+Republic%3A+A+Biography+of+the+Song+That+Marches+On&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199837434&rft.aulast=Stauffer&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Soskis%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlehymnofrepu0000stau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hall, Roger Lee (2012). "Glory Hallelujah" Songs and Hymns of the Civil War Era. Stoughton: PineTree Press.</li> <li>Scholes, Percy A. (1955). "John Brown's Body", <i>The Oxford Companion of Music</i>. Ninth edition. London: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStutler1960" class="citation book cs1">Stutler, Boyd B. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glorygloryhallel00stut/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Glory, Glory, Hallelujah! The Story of "John Brown's Body" and "Battle Hymn of the Republic"</i></a>. Cincinnati, Ohio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glory%2C+Glory%2C+Hallelujah%21+The+Story+of+%22John+Brown%27s+Body%22+and+%22Battle+Hymn+of+the+Republic%22&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+Ohio&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Stutler&rft.aufirst=Boyd+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglorygloryhallel00stut%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+Body" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Vowell, Sarah. (2005). "John Brown's Body", in <i>The Rose and the Briar: Death, Love and Liberty in the American Ballad</i>. Ed. by Sean Wilentz and Greil Marcus. New York: W. W. Norton.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_Body&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_Brown%27s_Body" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060410134216/http://home.att.net/~dmercado/audio/jbb.mid">Example version of "John Brown's Body"</a> (<a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/21566/21566-h/images/johnbrown.pdf">Sheet music</a> for "John Brown's Song", from <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanmusicpreservation.com/JohnBrownSong.htm">The Story of the John Brown Song</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.free-scores.com/search-uk.php?narrow=1&search=john+brown%27s+march">free-scores.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimus_Winner" title="Septimus Winner">Septimus Winner</a> used it for a theme in his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Gen._Halleck's_Grand_March%2C_Op.931_(Winner%2C_Septimus)">Gen. Halleck's Grand March</a> in 1862.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_Perry_Anderson" title="Osborne Perry Anderson">Osborne Perry Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_body" title="John Brown's body">body</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Brown_(abolitionist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Brown (abolitionist)">Oliver Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1824)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1824)">Owen Brown (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="Watson Brown (abolitionist)">Watson Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_Copeland_Jr." title="John Anthony Copeland Jr.">John Anthony Copeland Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barclay_Coppock" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclay Coppock">Barclay Coppock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Coppock" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Coppock">Edwin Coppock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shields_Green" title="Shields Green">Shields Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hazlett" title="Albert Hazlett">Albert Hazlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Kagi" title="John Henry Kagi">John Henry Kagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sheridan_Leary" title="Lewis Sheridan Leary">Lewis Sheridan Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Jackson_Meriam" title="Francis Jackson Meriam">Francis Jackson Meriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerfield_Newby" title="Dangerfield Newby">Dangerfield Newby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Dwight_Stevens" title="Aaron Dwight Stevens">Aaron Dwight Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secret_Six" title="Secret Six">Secret Six</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth_Higginson" title="Thomas Wentworth Higginson">Thomas Wentworth Higginson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gridley_Howe" title="Samuel Gridley Howe">Samuel Gridley Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker">Theodore Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Benjamin_Sanborn" title="Franklin Benjamin Sanborn">Franklin Benjamin Sanborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Day_Brown" title="Mary Ann Day Brown">Mary Ann Day Brown</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1771)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1771)">Owen Brown (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Junior" title="John Brown Junior">John Brown, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chilton" title="Samuel Chilton">Samuel Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E.P._Daingerfield" title="John E.P. Daingerfield">John E.P. Daingerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Greene" title="Israel Greene">Israel Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Hoyt" title="George Henry Hoyt">George Henry Hoyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hunter_(lawyer)" title="Andrew Hunter (lawyer)">Andrew Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">James M. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parker_(congressman)" title="Richard Parker (congressman)">Richard Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips" title="Wendell Phillips">Wendell Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Realf" title="Richard Realf">Richard Realf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Redpath" title="James Redpath">James Redpath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sennott" title="George Sennott">George Sennott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyward_Shepherd_monument" title="Heyward Shepherd monument">Heyward Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Steuart_(militia_general)" title="George H. Steuart (militia general)">George H. Steuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Washington" title="Lewis Washington">Lewis Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allstadt_House_and_Ordinary" title="Allstadt House and Ordinary">Allstadt House and Ordinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_%26_O_Railroad_Potomac_River_Crossing" title="B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing">B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beall-Air" title="Beall-Air">Beall-Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Town,_West_Virginia" title="Charles Town, West Virginia">Charles Town, West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson-Todd_House" title="Gibson-Todd House">Gibson-Todd House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Armory" title="Harpers Ferry Armory">Harpers Ferry Armory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia" title="Harpers Ferry, West Virginia">Harpers Ferry, West Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Historic_District" title="Harpers Ferry Historic District">Historic District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Fort" title="John Brown's Fort">John Brown's Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Farm">Kennedy Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook,_Maryland" title="Sandy Hook, Maryland">Sandy Hook, Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester, Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afterwards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Winchester_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Winchester Medical College">Burning of Winchester Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park" title="Harpers Ferry National Historical Park">Harpers Ferry National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyward_Shepherd_monument" title="Heyward Shepherd monument">Heyward Shepherd monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(biography)" title="John Brown (biography)"><i>John Brown</i> (biography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Farm_State_Historic_Site" title="John Brown Farm State Historic Site">John Brown Farm State Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Farm,_Tannery_%26_Museum" title="John Brown Farm, Tannery & Museum">John Brown Farm, Tannery & Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Summit_County_Historical_Society_of_Akron,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="The Summit County Historical Society of Akron, Ohio">John Brown House (Akron, Ohio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Museum_(Osawatomie,_Kansas)" title="John Brown Museum (Osawatomie, Kansas)">John Brown Museum (Osawatomie, Kansas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_body" title="John Brown's body">John Brown's body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body_(poem)" title="John Brown's Body (poem)"><i>John Brown's Body</i> (poem)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>John Brown's Body</i> (song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_last_speech" title="John Brown's last speech">John Brown's last speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Provisional_Constitution" title="John Brown's Provisional Constitution">John Brown's Provisional Constitution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_John_Brown" title="The Last Days of John Brown">The Last Days of John Brown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Moments_of_John_Brown" title="The Last Moments of John Brown">The Last Moments of John Brown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Plea_for_Captain_John_Brown" title="A Plea for Captain John Brown">A Plea for Captain John Brown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remarks_After_the_Hanging_of_John_Brown" title="Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown">Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Prelude" title="Tragic Prelude">Tragic Prelude</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad">La Amistad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Black_Jack" title="Battle of Black Jack">Battle of Black Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Spurs_(Kansas)" title="Battle of the Spurs (Kansas)">Battle of the Spurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Bell" title="James Madison Bell">James Madison Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cloudsplitter" title="Cloudsplitter">Cloudsplitter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Curry" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stuart Curry">John Stuart Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_DeBaptiste" title="George DeBaptiste">George DeBaptiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson#Civil_War_years" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fire_on_the_Mountain_(Bisson_novel)" title="Fire on the Mountain (Bisson novel)">Fire on the Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wm._Lloyd_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. Lloyd Garrison">Wm. Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Lord_Bird" title="The Good Lord Bird"><i>The Good Lord Bird</i> (book, </a><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Lord_Bird_(miniseries)" title="The Good Lord Bird (miniseries)">miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_P._Lovejoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah P. Lovejoy">Elijah P. Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Song_(play)" title="Marching Song (play)"><i>Marching Song</i> (play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Montgomery_(colonel)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Montgomery (colonel)">James Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osawatomie" title="Battle of Osawatomie">Battle of Osawatomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quindaro_Townsite" title="Quindaro Townsite">Quindaro Townsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Allan Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_massacre" title="Pottawatomie massacre">Pottawatomie massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail_(film)" title="Santa Fe Trail (film)"><i>Santa Fe Trail</i> (film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Angry_Men" title="Seven Angry Men">Seven Angry Men</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storer_College" title="Storer College">Storer College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau#Later_years,_1851–1862" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakarusa_War" title="Wakarusa War">Wakarusa War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_and_Potomac_Railroad" title="Winchester and Potomac Railroad">Winchester and Potomac Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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