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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost"><img alt="The Signpost" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Signpost2.svg/263px-Signpost2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="263" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Signpost2.svg/395px-Signpost2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Signpost2.svg/526px-Signpost2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="48"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="signpost-header-subheadings"><div class="signpost-header-volume">Single-page Edition</div><div class="signpost-header-issue">WP:POST/1</div><span class="signpost-header-date">29 November 2020<br/></span></div><br/><div class="signpost-header-subsubheadings"></div></div> <div style="margin:30px 2vw;"><div style="font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size:135%; line-height:120%;"> <div style="float:left; clear:left; width:49%; margin-bottom:15px; text-align:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold; font-size:70%; color:#777;">News and notes</span><br/><a href="#News_and_notes">Jimmy Wales "shouldn't be kicked out before he's ready"</a></div> <div style="float:right; clear:right; position:relative; right:-3%; width:49%; margin-bottom:15px; text-align:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold; font-size:75%; color:#666;">Op-Ed</span><br/><a href="#Op-Ed">Re-righting Wikipedia</a></div> <div style="float:left; clear:left; width:49%; margin-bottom:15px; text-align:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold; font-size:75%; color:#666;">Opinion</span><br/><a href="#Opinion">How billionaires re-write Wikipedia</a></div> <div style="float:right; clear:right; position:relative; right:-3%; width:49%; margin-bottom:15px; text-align:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold; font-size:75%; color:#666;">In the media</span><br/><a href="#In_the_media">Relying on Wikipedia: voters, scientists, and a Canadian border guard</a></div> <div style="float:left; clear:left; width:49%; margin-bottom:15px; text-align:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold; font-size:75%; color:#666;">Featured content</span><br/><a href="#Featured_content"><i>Frontonia</i> sp. is thankful for delicious cyanobacteria</a></div> <div style="float:right; clear:right; position:relative; right:-3%; width:49%; margin-bottom:15px; text-align:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold; font-size:70%; color:#777;">Traffic report</span><br/><a href="#Traffic_report">007 with Borat, the Queen, and an election</a></div> <div style="float:left; clear:left; width:49%; margin-bottom:15px; text-align:left;"><span style="font-weight:bold; font-size:70%; color:#777;">News from Wiki Education</span><br/><a href="#News_from_Wiki_Education">An assignment that changed a life: Kasey Baker</a></div> <div style="float:right; clear:right; position:relative; right:-3%; width:49%; margin-bottom:15px; text-align:left;"><span 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</div> <p><span class="anchor" id="News_and_notes"></span> </p> <div style="display:none;"><div class="signpost-piccyfilename"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-credits"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-license"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-xoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-yoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-scaling"></div></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236342416">.mw-parser-output .wp-signpost-article-header-2{clear:both;padding:0 2vw;max-width:80em;margin:2em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .wp-signpost-article-header-2 .signpost-segment{text-shadow:0 -1px 0 #EEE;color:var(--color-placeholder,#72777d);font-family:Georgia,Palatino,"Palatino Linotype",Times,"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .wp-signpost-article-header-2 .signpost-article-title{border-bottom:1px solid #AAA;font-family:Georgia,Palatino,"Palatino Linotype",Times,"Times New 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5px;position:static;text-transform:uppercase;width:12em;z-index:20}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wp-signpost-article-header-2 .signpost-segment{text-shadow:0 -1px 0 #333}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wp-signpost-article-header-2 .signpost-segment{text-shadow:0 -1px 0 #333}}</style><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2 plainlinks"><div class="signpost-segment">2020-11-29</div><h2 id="Jimmy_Wales_"shouldn't_be_kicked_out_before_he's_ready"" id="signpost-article-title" class="signpost-article-title" data-signpost-article-title="Jimmy Wales "shouldn't be kicked out before he's ready"" data-mw-thread-id="h-signpost-article-title"><span id="Jimmy_Wales_.22shouldn.27t_be_kicked_out_before_he.27s_ready.22"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-signpost-article-title"></span>Jimmy Wales "shouldn't be kicked out before he's ready"<span 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.wp-signpost-block-2-narrow{max-width:46em}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .wp-signpost-block-2{padding-left:2vw}}</style><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-narrow"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poster_RegtoVote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Poster_RegtoVote.jpg/500px-Poster_RegtoVote.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Poster_RegtoVote.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"/></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a> poster, 1946 by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shahn" title="Ben Shahn">Ben Shahn</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WMF_Board_considering_the_removal_of_Jimmy_Wales'_trustee_position_amid_controversy_over_future_of_community_elections" data-mw-thread-id="h-WMF_Board_considering_the_removal_of_Jimmy_Wales'_trustee_position_amid_controve-signpost-article-title"><span id="WMF_Board_considering_the_removal_of_Jimmy_Wales.27_trustee_position_amid_controversy_over_future_of_community_elections"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-WMF_Board_considering_the_removal_of_Jimmy_Wales'_trustee_position_amid_controve-signpost-article-title"></span>WMF Board considering the removal of Jimmy Wales' trustee position amid controversy over future of community elections<span data-mw-comment-end="h-WMF_Board_considering_the_removal_of_Jimmy_Wales'_trustee_position_amid_controve-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p>The Wikimedia Foundation may be inching toward removing the board seat of its founder <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> against his objections, amid a controversy over planned bylaws changes that according to Wales may greatly reduce community influence on the organization and risk "takeover by outside interests who do not understand our values." </p><p>As described in detail in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2020-11-01/Discussion_report" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2020-11-01/Discussion report">last month's Discussion report</a>, on October 7, the Foundation's Board had published a number of proposed bylaw changes for community discussion. These include an increase in the number of Board members from 10 to 16, and removal of the current requirement to hold a regular "community voting" process to fill three of the board seats, in favor of a more vaguely described "community nomination process" determined by the Board. This gave rise to concerns <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/October_2020_-_Proposed_Bylaws_changes#"Community_Nomination_Process"" class="extiw" title="m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/October 2020 - Proposed Bylaws changes">in last month's discussions</a>, which Wales addressed by stating that "I will personally only support a final revision which explicitly includes community voting and I believe it is abundantly clear to everyone on the board that this is mandatory." It appears that he might have been overruled, as the updated bylaws draft <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/October_2020_-_Call_for_feedback_about_Bylaws_changes_and_Board_candidate_rubric#Update_after_the_first_feedback_round" class="extiw" title="m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/October 2020 - Call for feedback about Bylaws changes and Board candidate rubric">posted after that feedback round</a> still omits community voting. However, according to the same update, the item "Remove or change the structure of the Founder seat", previously not part of the proposed changes, was added to the agenda of the subsequent (November 17) meeting of the Board's Governance Committee. (The current bylaws <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bylaws#Section_3._Selection." class="extiw" title="wmf:Bylaws">reserve a "Community Founder Trustee Position"</a> for Jimmy Wales on the Board, to which he needs to be reappointed by the Board every three years, with his current term <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Renewing_Jimmy_Wales%27s_appointment_to_the_Board_of_Trustees" class="extiw" title="wmf:Resolution:Renewing Jimmy Wales's appointment to the Board of Trustees">expiring in September 2021</a>. If he is not reappointed, the seat would remain vacant.) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mike_Godwin" title="Mike Godwin">Mike Godwin</a> highlighted the issue earlier this week <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/wikipediaweekly/permalink/3448296538551486/">in the "Wikipedia Weekly" Facebook group</a>, stating – as the former general counsel of WMF responsible for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2008-05-02/Board_restructuring" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-05-02/Board restructuring">2008 bylaws change</a> that instituted the Founder seat – it "was designed to give Jimmy Wales a continuing connection to the Foundation and to tie the Board's activities more closely to its history and values ... More than almost any other non-profit enterprise, the Wikimedia Foundation depends on maintaining and honoring its originating culture, of which Jimmy is necessarily a part. In my view, he shouldn't be kicked out of the traditional position before he's ready to go." </p><p>WMF chair <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Sefidari" title="María Sefidari">María Sefidari</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/wikipediaweekly/permalink/3448296538551486/?comment_id=3448393155208491">replied</a> to Godwin that </p> <blockquote><p>"This is in response to the community petition to remove the Founder seat at the recent bylaws consultation. While it is not within the scope of the current proposed changes, it was well supported by multiple community members and is something that Jimmy quite calmly has said is open to considering, so it is being acknowledged as something that could well be explored in the future in several possible ways." </p></blockquote> <p>With "the community petition", Sefidari appears to refer to a <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/October_2020_-_Proposed_Bylaws_changes#Founder_seat" class="extiw" title="m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/October 2020 - Proposed Bylaws changes">talk page thread</a> started by Liam Wyatt (<a href="/wiki/User:Wittylama" title="User:Wittylama">User:Wittylama</a>) during last month's consultation about the proposed bylaws changes (which up to that point had not included abolishing the Founder's seat). There, Wyatt had argued that "Now that the WMF is a mature organisation, I do not believe it is appropriate any longer for a single individual to have an infinitely-renewable and non-transferrable position on the board." Several other editors agreed, but former board member <a href="/wiki/User:Sj" title="User:Sj">Sj</a> objected that "Now strikes me as a particularly poor time to dissolve the founder's seat. To the underlying point, I agree that the WMF (specifically the roles of stewarding the brand, and channeling resources and public interest into support for the movement and the projects) is not currently trending towards ultimate control by the community. If anything, community involvement in governance has decreased and the scale of WMF-internal governance has increased, since non-WMF budgets were frozen and the FDC suspended [cf. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2019-08-30/News_and_notes" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2019-08-30/News and notes">Signpost coverage</a>]." </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/wikipediaweekly/permalink/3448296538551486/?comment_id=3448469991867474">In this week's discussion on Facebook</a>, Jimmy Wales stated: </p> <blockquote><p>"In the past few years, there have been several crises that have made it increasingly clear to me: the biggest problem on the board is not a lack of professional expertise, but rather a lack of community representation and control. [...] </p><p>I am deeply concerned about the tone of some of the latest proposals from some quarters: a reluctance to be firmly clear that community control – in the form of voting and not just some vague "community-sourced board members" language that might mean anything or nothing – is not negotiable. </p><p>I believe that we need to be moving in a mildly different direction with the board expansion. I don't want to make a specific proposal but I will say this: rather than an expansion that keeps community in a slight +1 position, I think we need an expansion that gives the community an absolutely dominant role. </p><p>[... My] preference is not to step aside until I am sure that the "professional" appointed seats are absolutely always in service to the community, by making sure that their numbers are – relative to the community numbers – reduced. </p><p>Removing my voting seat – yes, it's a good idea in the long run, as I am just one person and not that important in the grand scheme of things. But for now, I feel that my role is to represent the moral conscience of the movement and to prevent takeover by outside interests who do not understand our values. So for those who ask when, I would say: when we are safe. And I don't think that's true just yet." </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arbitration_Committee_election" data-mw-thread-id="h-Arbitration_Committee_election-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Arbitration_Committee_election-signpost-article-title"></span>Arbitration Committee election<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Arbitration_Committee_election-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p>Voting in the Arbitration Committee election began November 24 and will continue until Monday 23:59 UTC, December 7. There are 11 candidates this year running for seven positions on the committee. The candidates with the largest percentage of support votes get a two-year term if more than 60% of those who voted either support or oppose (rather than voting neutral) voted support, but if the percentage of support votes is less than 60% but more than 50%, they are only eligible for a one-year term. </p><p>The candidates are <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Barkeep49">Barkeep49</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BDD">BDD</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Bradv">Bradv</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:CaptainEek">CaptainEek</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Guerillero">Guerillero</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Hawkeye7">Hawkeye7</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:L235">L235</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Maxim">Maxim</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Primefac">Primefac</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Scottywong">Scottywong</a></span>, and <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SMcCandlish">SMcCandlish</a></span>. You don't need to register for any special process to vote. Any editor who meets the following criteria can vote. </p> <ul><li>has registered an account before 00:00, 1 October</li> <li>has made at least 150 mainspace edits before 00:00, 1 November</li> <li>has made at least 10 live edits (in any namespace) within one year of 00:00, 1 November</li> <li>is not blocked from the English Wikipedia at the time of their vote.</li></ul> <p>As of about 16:00 UTC Sunday, 1,327 voters had cast their votes. 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All individually written voter guides are eligible for inclusion. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/User:Pythoncoder/ACE2020" class="mw-redirect" title="User:Pythoncoder/ACE2020">Pythoncoder</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/User:Elonka/ACE2020" title="User:Elonka/ACE2020">Elonka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/User:MJL/Electoral_Guide/2020" title="User:MJL/Electoral Guide/2020">MJL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/User:SandyGeorgia/ArbVotes2020" title="User:SandyGeorgia/ArbVotes2020">SandyGeorgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/User:AmandaNP/ACE_2020" title="User:AmandaNP/ACE 2020">AmandaNP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/User:Wugapodes/ACE2020" title="User:Wugapodes/ACE2020">Wugapodes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/User:Nick/ACE2020" title="User:Nick/ACE2020">Nick</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/User:Reaper_Eternal/ACE2020" title="User:Reaper Eternal/ACE2020">Reaper Eternal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/User:Ealdgyth/2020_Arb_Election_votes" title="User:Ealdgyth/2020 Arb Election votes">Ealdgyth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/User:QEDK/ACE2020" title="User:QEDK/ACE2020">QEDK</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/User:Gerda_Arendt/ACE_2020" title="User:Gerda Arendt/ACE 2020">Gerda Arendt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/User:Epiphyllumlover/ACE_2020" title="User:Epiphyllumlover/ACE 2020">Epiphyllumlover</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/User:Atsme/ACE2020" title="User:Atsme/ACE2020">Atsme</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Kudpung/Arbcom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Kudpung/Arbcom (page does not exist)">Kudpung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/User:DGG/ACE2020" title="User:DGG/ACE2020">DGG</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/User:Tryptofish/ACE2020" title="User:Tryptofish/ACE2020">Tryptofish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/User:The_Rambling_Man/Arbcom_2020" title="User:The Rambling Man/Arbcom 2020">The Rambling Man</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br/> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brief_notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Brief_notes-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Brief_notes-signpost-article-title"></span>Brief notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Brief_notes-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1240928998"></div><div class="signpost-sidebar signpost-sidebar-fillerimage"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo-ru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wikinews-logo-ru.svg/150px-Wikinews-logo-ru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wikinews-logo-ru.svg/225px-Wikinews-logo-ru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wikinews-logo-ru.svg/300px-Wikinews-logo-ru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="523"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="signpost-fillerimage">Logo of <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/ru:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="n:ru:Заглавная страница">Russian Wikinews</a></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-narrow"> <ul><li><b>User-groups</b>: The <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Affiliations_Committee" class="extiw" title="meta:Affiliations Committee">Affiliations Committee</a> notes that the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedians_of_Bulgaria_User_Group" class="extiw" title="m:Wikimedians of Bulgaria User Group">Wikimedians of Bulgaria User Group</a> has lost its affiliate status due to non-compliance with annual reporting requirements.</li> <li><b>Milestones</b>: The following Wikipedia projects reached milestones this month: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/ru:" class="extiw" title="n:ru:">Russian Wikinews</a> reached 300,000 articles. <a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="nds:">Low German/Low Saxon Wikipedia</a> reached 80,000 articles. The <a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="jv:">Javanese Wikipedia</a> reached 60,000 articles and the <a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ban:">Balinese Wikipedia</a>, <a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="kab:">Kabyle Wikipedia</a> and <a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zu:">Zulu Wikipedia</a> each reached 5,000 articles.</li> <li><b><i>Diff</i> replaces WMF blog</b>: <a class="external text" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2020-July/095271.html">Announced</a> July 2020, and described as "a blog by – and for – the Wikimedia volunteer community to connect and share learnings, stories, and ideas from across our movement", <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Diff_(blog)" class="extiw" title="m:Diff (blog)">Diff</a> has replaced the WMF blog and the short-lived <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Space" class="extiw" title="m:Wikimedia Space">Wikimedia Space</a>. The <a class="external text" href="https://techblog.wikimedia.org">Wikimedia technology blog</a> appears to still be active. Unlike <i>The Signpost</i>, which is ultimately under the control of the English Wikipedia community, <i>Diff</i> is <a class="external text" href="https://diff.wikimedia.org/about/">"supported by the Communications department at the Wikimedia Foundation"</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both"></div></div> <p><br/><br/><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2020-11-29/News_and_notes#comments" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2020-11-29/News and notes">Reader comments</a></b></i><br style="clear:both;"/> <span class="anchor" id="Op-Ed"></span> </p> <div style="display:none;"><div class="signpost-piccyfilename"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-credits"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-license"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-xoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-yoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-scaling"></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236342416"><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2 plainlinks"><div class="signpost-segment">2020-11-29</div><h2 id="Re-righting_Wikipedia" id="signpost-article-title" class="signpost-article-title" data-signpost-article-title="Re-righting Wikipedia" data-mw-thread-id="h-signpost-article-title-1"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-signpost-article-title-1"></span>Re-righting Wikipedia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-signpost-article-title-1"></span></h2><div class="signpost-byline"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed signpostshare noprint"><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2-contribute"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Newsroom/Content_guidance#How_to_contribute" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom/Content guidance">Contribute</a> — </div><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2-share">Share this</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content plainlinks wp-signpost-article-header-2-share-links"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Icons-mini-file_pdf.svg/12px-Icons-mini-file_pdf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Icons-mini-file_pdf.svg/18px-Icons-mini-file_pdf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Icons-mini-file_pdf.svg/24px-Icons-mini-file_pdf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"/></span></span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/page/pdf/Wikipedia%3AWikipedia%20Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29">PDF download</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Aiga_mail.svg/12px-Aiga_mail.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Aiga_mail.svg/18px-Aiga_mail.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3AWikipedia_Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29&title=Re-righting+Wikipedia">Reddit</a></li></ul> </div></div></div><span id="signpost-article-authors" class="signpost-author">By <a href="/wiki/User:Newslinger" title="User:Newslinger">Newslinger</a></span></div></div><div class="hidden-piccyembed" style="display:none;"></div><div class="signpost-article" style="padding: 0 2vw; max-width:80em; margin: 0 auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-full"> <p>"It is widely known that Wikipedia smears and lies about many conservatives (including The Gateway Pundit) and promotes leftist dogma. [...] Only legal action will prevent these far left hacks from censoring truthful news to the public", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2019/12/the-gateway-pundit-and-epoch-times-banned-by-wikipedia-over-truthful-reporting-on-ukraine-and-russia-hoax/">retorted</a> the owner of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">The Gateway Pundit</a></i>, a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2019.1686094">far-right blog</a> that was <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deprecated_sources" title="Wikipedia:Deprecated sources">deprecated</a> by the Wikipedia community as an unreliable source <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard/Archive_278#RfC:_"The_Gateway_Pundit"_(October)" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 278">in 2019</a>, one month before his message. "Wikipedia has been and always will be fake news, and they know it. They believe facts are subject to a democratic process, and the only people with a vote are the bubbled leftists who edit Wikipedia", insisted the editor-in-chief of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/22041451.2018.1558790?journalCode=rcrp20">far-right</a> website <a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a> shortly after the Wikipedia community <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard/Archive_248#RfC:_Breitbart" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 248">deprecated it in 2018</a>. </p><p>Is there any merit to these allegations? </p><p>A quick search reveals that media outlets tend to respond negatively when they are deprecated, regardless of their political orientation: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MintPress_News" title="MintPress News">MintPress News</a></i>, a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minnpost.com/media/2015/11/mystery-mintpress-news/">left-leaning, anti-Israel website</a> that was <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard/Archive_268#RfC:_MintPress_News" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 268">deprecated in 2019</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mintpressnews.com/pro-israel-activists-blacklist-mintpress-wikipedia/261022/">purported</a>: "For over ten years, Wikipedia has been a key focus of right-leaning, pro-Israel groups that have effectively weaponized the online encyclopedia as a means of controlling the narrative when it comes to the state of Israel's more than 50-year-long military occupation of Palestine."</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Grayzone" title="The Grayzone">The Grayzone</a></i>, a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.codastory.com/disinformation/grayzone-xinjiang-denialism/">far-left, pro-authoritarian blog</a> that was <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard/Archive_287#RfC:_Grayzone" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 287">deprecated earlier this year</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thegrayzone.com/2020/06/10/wikipedia-formally-censors-the-grayzone-as-regime-change-advocates-monopolize-editing/">complained</a>: "The campaign to blacklist The Grayzone was initiated by Wikipedia editors who identify as Venezuelans and openly support the country's right-wing, US-backed opposition. These users obsessively monitor Venezuela-related articles, aggressively pushing a regime-change line and working to excise any piece of information or opinion that interferes with their agenda."</li></ul> <p>All of these deprecated media outlets accuse the Wikipedia community of having a bias that is opposite to the websites' own political orientations. But there is only one English-language Wikipedia. Deprecation is like a mirror: a source's response to being deprecated reflects its own bias more than it says anything about Wikipedia itself. </p><p>Recently, <i>The Critic</i>, a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedrum.com/opinion/2020/01/30/does-britain-need-another-contrarian-conservative-magazine-the-critic-makes-its">"contrarian conservative"</a> magazine, published an article in October titled <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecritic.co.uk/the-left-wing-bias-of-wikipedia/">"The left-wing bias of Wikipedia"</a>, in which two <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecritic.co.uk/author/shuichi-tezuka-and-linda-a-ashtear/">pseudonymous authors</a> who identify as American academics criticized Wikipedia editors for deprecating more right-wing sources than left-wing sources. What does this tell us about Wikipedia and its treatment of American media? </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="America's_media_landscape" data-mw-thread-id="h-America's_media_landscape-signpost-article-title"><span id="America.27s_media_landscape"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-America's_media_landscape-signpost-article-title"></span>America's media landscape<span data-mw-comment-end="h-America's_media_landscape-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p>In a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12954734505406667775">highly-cited</a> 2017 report from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Berkman_Klein_Center_for_Internet_%26_Society" title="Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society">Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/33759251">"Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation"</a>, researchers Robert M. Faris, Hal Roberts, Bruce Etling, Nikki Bourassa, <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Zuckerman" title="Ethan Zuckerman">Ethan Zuckerman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yochai_Benkler" title="Yochai Benkler">Yochai Benkler</a> examined the United States media landscape in the context of the <a href="/wiki/2016_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 U.S. presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a>. Using a corpus of 4.5 million <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> posts, these researchers measured the "candidate valence" of popular websites, which was determined by comparing the likelihood an article was shared by users who also retweeted posts by either <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>. (Less than 1% of users in the data set retweeted both Trump and Clinton.) On a scale of -1.0 to 1.0, the candidate valence of a website shows how likely the website was to be aligned with Clinton or Trump supporters in 2016, with a score of -1.0 (left) indicating that it was almost exclusively shared by Clinton supporters, and a score of 1.0 (right) indicating that it was almost exclusively shared by Trump supporters. </p><p>The Berkman Klein Center report identified Wikipedia as a "center-right" website on the candidate valence scale throughout the 2016 U.S. elections. Wikipedia was quite lonely – among the top 75 websites, there were only 3 sources with a center-right valence in the American media landscape during this time period: Wikipedia, <a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i>. Based on the number of link shares generated by sources across the left–right valence spectrum, far-right and center-left valence sources dominated public discourse, with far-right valence sources obtaining the highest number of link shares, while center-right valence sources received the lowest amount of attention. In particular, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pulitzer.org/search/%2522Wall%2520Street%2520Journal%2522">acclaimed</a> conservative newspaper with a centrist valence, was usurped in popularity by Breitbart News, an Internet-native <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/22041451.2018.1558790?journalCode=rcrp20">far-right</a> publication with a far-right valence. </p><p>The dearth of center-right sources is confirmed in the current version of <a href="/wiki/Ad_Fontes_Media" title="Ad Fontes Media">Ad Fontes Media</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adfontesmedia.com/interactive-media-bias-chart-2/">Media Bias Chart</a>, a graph that shows the political bias and reliability of popular English-language publications <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adfontesmedia.com/how-ad-fontes-ranks-news-sources/">as reviewed by Ad Fontes analysts</a>. The Media Bias Chart portrays the American media landscape as a <a href="/wiki/Bell_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell curve">bell curve</a> in which centrist sources tend to be most reliable, while an increase in a source's bias is correlated with a decrease in the source's reliability. In the chart, there is a discontinuity in the center-right region, which has a mere sprinkle of sources, while the center-left and far-right regions are much more densely populated. </p><p><i>The Critic</i> uses the Media Bias Chart to point out that Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deprecated_sources" title="Wikipedia:Deprecated sources">deprecates</a> more right-wing sources than left-wing sources in community discussions. This is true, and results from a feature of the American media landscape: among low-quality sources, the most popular websites are right-wing sources. In December 2018, I <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard/Archive_256#Among_low-quality_sources,_the_most_popular_websites_are_right-wing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 256">compiled a table of all sources rated by Ad Fontes as "Nonsense damaging to public discourse"</a>, and compared their political bias ratings to their <a href="/wiki/Alexa_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexa rank">Alexa ranks</a>. Although there were low-quality sources on both ends of the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a>, there was no comparison in terms of popularity. Hyper-partisan right-wing sources were considerably more popular than hyper-partisan left-wing sources, with no left-wing equivalent to sources such as Breitbart News, which had an Alexa rank of 253. The most popular hyper-partisan left-wing source with a low reliability score was <a href="/wiki/AlterNet" title="AlterNet">AlterNet</a>, which was less popular with an Alexa rank of 14,007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popularity_and_political_bias_of_low-quality_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Popularity_and_political_bias_of_low-quality_sources-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Popularity_and_political_bias_of_low-quality_sources-signpost-article-title"></span>Popularity and political bias of low-quality sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Popularity_and_political_bias_of_low-quality_sources-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p>Almost two years have passed since I posted the December 2018 list, so it is time for an update. The following table details all of the sources with a reliability score under 24.0 on the Media Bias Chart, which includes the following categories: "Contains Inaccurate / Fabricated Info", "Propaganda / Contains Misleading Info", and "Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion": </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption>Sources with a reliability score under 24.0 on the Media Bias Chart </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Source </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources">Status</a> </th> <th colspan="2">Overall source reliability </th> <th colspan="2">Political bias </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alexa_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexa rank">Alexa rank</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background-color: #ffbbbb;"> <td data-sort-value="Gateway Pundit"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">The Gateway Pundit</a></i> </td> <td data-sort-value="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Deprecated" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources"><img alt="Deprecated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/20px-Stop_hand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/30px-Stop_hand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/40px-Stop_hand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"/></a></span> </td> <td>14.5 </td> <td>Propaganda / Contains Misleading Info </td> <td>27.8 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/thegatewaypundit.com">521</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #dddddd;"> <td><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i> </td> <td data-sort-value="13"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Deprecated" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources"><img alt="Deprecated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/20px-Stop_hand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/30px-Stop_hand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/40px-Stop_hand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"/></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Blacklisted" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources"><img alt="Blacklisted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/X-circle.svg/20px-X-circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/X-circle.svg/30px-X-circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/X-circle.svg/40px-X-circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15591" data-file-height="15591"/></a></span> </td> <td>12.0 </td> <td>Propaganda / Contains Misleading Info </td> <td>27.5 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/infowars.com">2,413</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #ffbbbb;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Newsmax" title="Newsmax">Newsmax</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Deprecated" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources"><img alt="Deprecated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/20px-Stop_hand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/30px-Stop_hand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/40px-Stop_hand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"/></a></span> </td> <td>18.0 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>24.4 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/newsmax.com">2,621</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>19.6 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>24.4 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/pjmedia.com">6,459</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>21.3 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>25.1 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/redstate.com">6,577</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #ffbbbb;"> <td><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i> </td> <td data-sort-value="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Deprecated" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources"><img alt="Deprecated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/20px-Stop_hand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/30px-Stop_hand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/40px-Stop_hand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"/></a></span> </td> <td>18.8 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>24.1 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wnd.com">6,680</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Federalist"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>23.7 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>23.1 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/thefederalist.com">7,308</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #ffbbbb;"> <td><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Deprecated" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources"><img alt="Deprecated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/20px-Stop_hand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/30px-Stop_hand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/40px-Stop_hand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"/></a></span> </td> <td>20.1 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>22.1 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/oann.com">8,430</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>19.3 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>29.4 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/americanthinker.com">11,845</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>15.4 </td> <td>Propaganda / Contains Misleading Info </td> <td>22.6 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/twitchy.com">12,267</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Report" title="Palmer Report">Palmer Report</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>16.9 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>-27.6 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Left </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/palmerreport.com">13,119</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #dddddd;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Before_It%27s_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Before It's News">Before It's News</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="10"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Blacklisted" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources"><img alt="Blacklisted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/X-circle.svg/20px-X-circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/X-circle.svg/30px-X-circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/X-circle.svg/40px-X-circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15591" data-file-height="15591"/></a></span> </td> <td>4.7 </td> <td>Contains Inaccurate / Fabricated Info </td> <td>25.8 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/beforeitsnews.com">15,728</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #dddddd;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Natural_News" title="Natural News">Natural News</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="12"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Generally_unreliable" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources"><img alt="Generally unreliable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg/20px-Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg/30px-Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg/40px-Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="525"/></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Blacklisted" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources"><img alt="Blacklisted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/X-circle.svg/20px-X-circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/X-circle.svg/30px-X-circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/X-circle.svg/40px-X-circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15591" data-file-height="15591"/></a></span> </td> <td>8.3 </td> <td>Propaganda / Contains Misleading Info </td> <td>31.8 </td> <td>Most Extreme Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/naturalnews.com">17,368</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Greatness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Greatness (page does not exist)">American Greatness</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>18.7 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>27.2 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/amgreatness.com">26,521</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #ffdddd;"> <td><a href="/wiki/AlterNet" title="AlterNet">AlterNet</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Generally_unreliable" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources"><img alt="Generally unreliable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg/20px-Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg/30px-Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg/40px-Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="525"/></a></span> </td> <td>23.2 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>-20.1 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Left </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/alternet.org">31,744</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="American Spectator"><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>20.0 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>25.6 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/spectator.org">37,759</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Right Scoop"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Right_Scoop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Right Scoop (page does not exist)">The Right Scoop</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>20.2 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>23.7 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/therightscoop.com">42,248</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Daily Signal"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">The Daily Signal</a></i> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>20.0 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>22.0 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/dailysignal.com">50,975</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Big_League_Politics" title="Big League Politics">Big League Politics</a></i> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>19.3 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>29.4 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/bigleaguepolitics.com">51,674</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/NewsPunch" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsPunch">NewsPunch</a></i> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>13.9 </td> <td>Propaganda / Contains Misleading Info </td> <td>27.2 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/newspunch.com">54,839</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">Bill O'Reilly</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>21.4 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>26.9 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/billoreilly.com">55,910</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>19.0 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>26.1 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/lifezette.com">58,147</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Glenn Beck</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>21.7 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>24.9 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/glennbeck.com">65,138</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #ffbbbb;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Democrats" title="Occupy Democrats">Occupy Democrats</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Deprecated" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources"><img alt="Deprecated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/20px-Stop_hand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/30px-Stop_hand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/40px-Stop_hand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"/></a></span> </td> <td>21.6 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>-25.7 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Left </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/occupydemocrats.com">74,059</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Wonkette" title="Wonkette">Wonkette</a></i> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>15.0 </td> <td>Propaganda / Contains Misleading Info </td> <td>-29.1 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Left </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wonkette.com">77,446</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=WorldTruth.TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WorldTruth.TV (page does not exist)">WorldTruth.TV</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>7.0 </td> <td>Contains Inaccurate / Fabricated Info </td> <td>11.7 </td> <td>Skews Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/worldtruth.tv">78,653</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lifenews.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lifenews.com (page does not exist)">Life News</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>23.6 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>23.6 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/lifenews.com">96,231</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisan Report">Bipartisan Report</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>19.0 </td> <td>Selective or Incomplete Story / Unfair Persuasion </td> <td>-24.6 </td> <td>Hyper-partisan Left </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/bipartisanreport.com">218,772</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #ffbbbb;"> <td><i><a href="/wiki/National_Enquirer" title="National Enquirer">National Enquirer</a></i> </td> <td data-sort-value="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Deprecated" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources"><img alt="Deprecated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/20px-Stop_hand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/30px-Stop_hand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/40px-Stop_hand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"/></a></span> </td> <td>8.8 </td> <td>Propaganda / Contains Misleading Info </td> <td>10.8 </td> <td>Skews Right </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/nationalenquirer.com">362,156</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="margin-bottom: .5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Generally_unreliable" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources"><img alt="Generally unreliable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg/20px-Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg/30px-Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg/40px-Argentina_-_NO_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="525"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Generally_unreliable" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources">Generally unreliable</a></b>: Editors show <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CON" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CON">consensus</a> that the source is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE">questionable</a> in most cases. <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GUNREL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:GUNREL">See details.</a></i></li><li style="margin-bottom: .5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Deprecated" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources"><img alt="Deprecated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/20px-Stop_hand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/30px-Stop_hand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Stop_hand.svg/40px-Stop_hand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Deprecated" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources">Deprecated</a></b>: There is community <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CON" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CON">consensus</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RFC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RFC">request for comment</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DEPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DEPS">deprecate</a> the source. The source is considered generally unreliable, and use of the source is generally prohibited. <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DEPREC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DEPREC">See details.</a></i></li><li style="margin-bottom: .5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Blacklisted" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources"><img alt="Blacklisted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/X-circle.svg/20px-X-circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/X-circle.svg/30px-X-circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/X-circle.svg/40px-X-circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15591" data-file-height="15591"/></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Blacklisted" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources">Blacklisted</a></b>: Due to persistent abuse, usually in the form of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LINKSPAM" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LINKSPAM">external link spamming</a>, external links to this source are blocked unless an exception is made. <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#Blacklisted" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources">See details.</a></i></li></ul></div></dd></dl> <p>Among the 29 lowest-reliability sources rated by Ad Fontes Media, 5 are "Hyper-partisan Left", 2 "Skew Right", 21 are "Hyper-partisan Right", and 1 is in the "Most Extreme Right". <i>The Critic</i> disapproves of how Wikipedia has not yet deprecated <a href="/wiki/AlterNet" title="AlterNet">AlterNet</a>, a website classified as "Hyper-partisan Left", but fails to note that there are six "Hyper-partisan Right" sources that are more popular than AlterNet which have also not yet been deprecated or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam_blacklist" title="Wikipedia:Spam blacklist">blacklisted</a>. Over the past decade, the prominence of hyper-partisan right-wing sources has been a key feature of the American media landscape. Considering the lack of popular low-reliability sources in the left, it is hardly surprising that a significant proportion of deprecated sources on Wikipedia are right-wing sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-righting_America" data-mw-thread-id="h-Re-righting_America-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Re-righting_America-signpost-article-title"></span>Re-righting America<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Re-righting_America-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p>Wikipedia editors try to apply the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiability policy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources guideline</a> evenly to all sources, regardless of the sources' political orientation. Although a significant subset of political discourse in American politics centers around content published in low-quality, hyper-partisan right-wing sources, Wikipedia cannot use those sources in most cases because they do not meet the encyclopedia's reliability standards. Wikipedia is a reality-based encyclopedia, which means that false and fabricated information is correctly excluded from Wikipedia, even when it is disproportionally published by media outlets with a particular direction of bias. </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view policy</a> states, "Neutrality requires that each article or other page in the mainspace fairly represent all significant viewpoints that have been published by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#What_counts_as_a_reliable_source" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">reliable sources</a>, in proportion to the prominence of each viewpoint in the published, reliable sources.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giving <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">due weight</a> and avoiding giving undue weight means articles should not give minority views or aspects as much of or as detailed a description as more widely held views or widely supported aspects." </p><p>The lack of high-quality center-right sources is a problem in the American media landscape, and you may be wondering how you can fix this issue. Currently, conservative media outlets have a stronger financial incentive to publish content that is less reliable. Look no further than <a href="/wiki/Newsmax" title="Newsmax">Newsmax</a>, which recently <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/newsmax-sudden-competitor-fox-news-bddb5f123fe8d187570129a8425c7303">increased its viewership by a factor of nine</a> after it started publishing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/top-news/articles/2020-11-20/why-republican-voters-say-theres-no-way-in-hell-trump-lost">baseless claims of fraud</a> regarding the <a href="/wiki/2020_U.S._elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 U.S. elections">2020 U.S. elections</a>, with most of the new viewers migrating from the more reliable and less partisan <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. This apparent preference for disreputable media is sparking a crisis in American journalism. </p><p>To correct the situation, the American public can return to prioritizing high-quality information over partisan misinformation. Specifically, Americans who want to see a more balanced media landscape need to: </p> <ol><li><b>Reject low-quality, hyper-partisan right-wing media.</b> These sources currently dominate conservative discourse in American politics on the Internet, and are gradually siphoning attention from more moderate conservative sources in traditional media. To reverse this trend, conservative media outlets that reduce the quality of their content need to suffer a decrease in their audience.</li> <li><b>Embrace high-quality center-right media.</b> These sources are few and far between in the American media landscape, and their influence is declining. Market conditions have been too hostile for more center-right outlets to flourish, and this will not change unless the general American public becomes more receptive to high-quality conservative news reporting.</li></ol> <p>As an individual, whether you are a Wikipedia editor or reader, it is unlikely that anything you personally do would make a significant difference to the state of the American media landscape. However, all demographic changes are dependent on individuals taking action to support the changes they want to see. What Wikipedia desperately needs is a larger selection of high-quality conservative sources that represent the underserved population of Americans who align with the center-right. Once those sources are available, Wikipedia editors will be able to use them to rebalance articles that could benefit from more content that reflects a conservative perspective. </p><p>And only then can we re-right Wikipedia. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232521257">.mw-parser-output .reflist-talk{margin:auto 0;border:1px dashed var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:4px;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-talk-title{font-weight:bold}</style><div class="reflist-talk"> <p class="reflist-talk-title">Notes</p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The relative prominence of each viewpoint among Wikipedia editors or the general public is not relevant and should not be considered.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </div> <div style="clear:both"></div></div> <p><br/><br/><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2020-11-29/Op-Ed#comments" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2020-11-29/Op-Ed">Reader comments</a></b></i><br style="clear:both;"/> <span class="anchor" id="Opinion"></span> </p> <div style="display:none;"><div class="signpost-piccyfilename"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-credits"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-license"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-xoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-yoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-scaling"></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236342416"><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2 plainlinks"><div class="signpost-segment">2020-11-29</div><h2 id="How_billionaires_rewrite_Wikipedia" id="signpost-article-title" class="signpost-article-title" data-signpost-article-title="How billionaires rewrite Wikipedia" data-mw-thread-id="h-signpost-article-title-2"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-signpost-article-title-2"></span>How billionaires rewrite Wikipedia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-signpost-article-title-2"></span></h2><div class="signpost-byline"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed signpostshare noprint"><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2-contribute"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Newsroom/Content_guidance#How_to_contribute" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom/Content guidance">Contribute</a> — </div><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2-share">Share this</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content plainlinks wp-signpost-article-header-2-share-links"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Icons-mini-file_pdf.svg/12px-Icons-mini-file_pdf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Icons-mini-file_pdf.svg/18px-Icons-mini-file_pdf.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mailto:?subject=How%20billionaires%20rewrite%20Wikipedia&body=How%20billionaires%20rewrite%20Wikipedia%0Ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Single/2020-11-29">E-mail</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Logo_Mastodon_%28Software%29.svg/12px-Logo_Mastodon_%28Software%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Logo_Mastodon_%28Software%29.svg/18px-Logo_Mastodon_%28Software%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Logo_Mastodon_%28Software%29.svg/24px-Logo_Mastodon_%28Software%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="65" data-file-height="65"/></span></span> <a class="external text" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/X_logo_2023.svg/18px-X_logo_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/X_logo_2023.svg/24px-X_logo_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="271"/></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/share?via=wikisignpost&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Single/2020-11-29&text=How+billionaires+rewrite+Wikipedia&related=wikisignpost,wikipedia">X (Twitter)</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Snoo.svg/12px-Snoo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Snoo.svg/18px-Snoo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Snoo.svg/24px-Snoo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="89"/></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3AWikipedia_Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29&title=How+billionaires+rewrite+Wikipedia">Reddit</a></li></ul> </div></div></div><span id="signpost-article-authors" class="signpost-author">By <a href="/wiki/User_talk:Smallbones" title="User talk:Smallbones">Smallbones</a></span></div></div><div class="hidden-piccyembed" style="display:none;"></div><div class="signpost-article" style="padding: 0 2vw; max-width:80em; margin: 0 auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-narrow"> <dl><dd><i>In this article I report on editing that was apparently paid for by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Lindberg" title="Greg Lindberg">Greg Lindberg</a>, who is now in prison following his conviction for bribery and fraud. I have participated in editing the article about Lindberg. The opinions expressed here are my own and do not necessarily reflect the rest of the </i>Signpost<i> staff or of other Wikipedians.</i></dd></dl> <p>"The rich are different from you and me—they have more money."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the rest of us, billionaires are people whose behavior does not necessarily reflect that of others, even among those with similar-sized bank accounts. The only conclusion we can draw about billionaires is that they have more money—and thus more power—than most Wikipedians. They do not appear to edit articles themselves; instead, they pay editors to edit on their orders. In this article, I examine three current or former billionaires who appear to have paid editors and the changes these editors made to related Wikipedia articles. Based purely on Wikipedia edit histories, it is impossible to prove that an editor has been paid to edit for a billionaire, even in cases where the paid editor claims to work for the billionaire. We are nevertheless able to present strong evidence of a paid-editing relationship in at least two of the following cases. </p><p>The three main individuals discussed below, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Lindberg" title="Greg Lindberg">Greg Lindberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Brockman" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert T. Brockman">Robert T. Brockman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Smith_(investor)" title="Robert F. Smith (investor)">Robert F. Smith</a>, have all recently had brushes with the law. Lindberg reported to federal prison on October 20, 2020, following his conviction on fraud and bribery charges.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_October_8_2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_October_8_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brockman was indicted on allegations of tax evasion, "the largest U.S. tax case ever against an individual".<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOJ1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOJ1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith was involved in the same case, but reached a non-prosecution agreement with the U.S. Justice Department following his payment of $139 million to the U.S. Treasury, and is expected to testify against Brockman. </p><p>In December 2019, <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> published a report, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-1-scrubs-its-image-online-11576233000">"How the 1% Scrubs Its Image Online"</a>, about five rich people who were believed to be employing <a href="/wiki/Status_Labs" title="Status Labs">Status Labs</a>, the successor of <a href="/wiki/Wiki-PR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki-PR">Wiki-PR</a>, to whitewash Wikipedia articles. Their suspected clients included U.S. Secretary of Education <a href="/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos">Betsy DeVos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Gottlieb" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Gottlieb">Jacob Gottlieb</a>, billionaire financier <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_C._Griffin" title="Kenneth C. Griffin">Kenneth C. Griffin</a>, the fraudulent blood testing company <a href="/wiki/Theranos" title="Theranos">Theranos</a> and its CEO <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Holmes" title="Elizabeth Holmes">Elizabeth Holmes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omeed_Malik" title="Omeed Malik">Omeed Malik</a>. According to the <i>Journal</i>, Status Labs created fake news sites to remove negative news about these people from Google searches. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2019-12-27/Special_report" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2019-12-27/Special report">December 2019 Special Report in <i>The Signpost</i></a> covered other whitewashing tactics in detail, focusing on Theranos Labs and edits by Status Labs' apparent employee <a href="/wiki/User:Jppcap" title="User:Jppcap">User:Jppcap</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greg_Lindberg" data-mw-thread-id="h-Greg_Lindberg-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Greg_Lindberg-signpost-article-title"></span>Greg Lindberg<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Greg_Lindberg-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p>Lindberg's net worth was estimated between $860 million and $1.46 billion after subtracting a loss of $400 million resulting from the legal actions against him. He commissioned this estimate from <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Research_Group" title="Berkeley Research Group">Berkeley Research Group</a> for an August 2020 legal filing.<sup id="cite_ref-appeallost_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appeallost-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He attended Yale University, where in 1991 he started his first business, a healthcare newsletter. He is still the sole owner of this business, now known as Global Growth. By the early 2000s he was worth $12.8 million.<sup id="cite_ref-NandO_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NandO-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, before he went on a spree of buying insurance companies, Lindberg reported a net worth of $340 million. By 2017 he reported a net worth of $1.7 billion, according to <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lindberg has sued the <i>WSJ</i> over this and other articles.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_October_8_2020_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_October_8_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The purchase of insurance companies provided Lindberg with much of his cash. Insurance companies typically invest their customers’ premiums in low-risk investments, such as U.S. Treasury bonds, to ensure that they will have money to pay future claims. Lindberg moved many of these safe investments to more risky "affiliated investments" in companies he controlled. While small amounts of affiliated investments, less than 10% of total assets, are fairly common in the insurance industry, companies Lindberg controlled had over 40% affiliated investments, and much higher in some cases, raising questions as to whether he was using these insurance reserves as his own personal piggy bank. In total, his insurance companies made over $2 billion in affiliated loans.<sup id="cite_ref-NandO_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NandO-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North Carolina law, unlike that in most states, allowed the state insurance commissioner to determine the amount of affiliated investments on a case-by-case basis. As his insurance empire grew, Lindberg became one of the largest political campaign donors in North Carolina, including funding the campaign of <a href="/wiki/Mike_Causey" title="Mike Causey">Mike Causey</a>'s predecessor as insurance commissioner. When Causey was elected to the office in 2017, Lindberg began complaining that the commission's decisions about his company were unfair and asked that the state employee in charge of supervising his company be replaced. Subsequently he asked for a Global Growth employee to be assigned as supervisor. Lindberg then began offering campaign donations to Causey. Causey contacted the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> and met with Lindberg, with the meetings secretly videotaped by the FBI.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AP_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lindberg was indicted in March 2019 for bribery and <a href="/wiki/Wire_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire fraud">wire fraud</a>. He was tried and found guilty in March 2020, and is serving an 84-month sentence. </p><p>While Lindberg appears to have paid four editors, only one, <a href="/wiki/User:Mikec85" title="User:Mikec85">User:Mikec85</a>, declared that he was paid by Lindberg, and then only after making 23 edits. Four of those edits reverted edits of mine that removed unsourced statements or fluff, such as a photo taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greglindberg.com/about/">Lindberg's website</a> of a preteen Lindberg with a caption beginning "Remember the creativity and limitlessness of youth". On <a href="/wiki/User_talk:Mikec85#SPA_and_UPE?" title="User talk:Mikec85">Mikec85's user talk page</a>, he writes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>I can confirm I am a SPA and that I'm a paid editor as I am the webmaster/administrator for www.greglindberg.com. I have the authorization to cite any material from his website. I am paid by a company called Apex International LLC.</b> (bold in the original)</p></blockquote> <p>Apex International, a firm Lindberg owns, is something of a jack-of-all-trades in the security business. Besides apparently editing Wikipedia for Lindberg, it was kept busy guarding his many mansions and protecting Lindberg and his family. His ex-wife believes that Apex spied on her after their divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJApex_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJApex-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 7, 2018, <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Green_Beans_721" title="Special:Contributions/Green Beans 721">User:Sarah G Eli</a>, later known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Green_Beans_721&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Green Beans 721 (page does not exist)">Green Beans 721</a>, started Lindberg's Wikipedia page in their user sandbox. Their only previous edits were made the day before—three quick edits to unrelated articles, and three edits to Eli Global, the company Lindberg owned, now known as <a href="/wiki/Global_Growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Growth">Global Growth</a>. Green Beans 721 was a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPA">single-purpose account</a> (SPA), with nine of their 12 edits made on the two Lindberg-related articles. The original article contained clichés such as calling Lindberg a "<a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping" title="Bootstrapping">bootstrap</a> <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneur</a>" and "as a leader, Lindberg focuses on finding and investing in the right people." </p><p>The next year, another SPA, <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/MT9429" title="Special:Contributions/MT9429">User:MT9429</a>, defended Lindberg after an article in <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> reported that Lindberg had diverted $2 billion from insurance company reserves for his own use. MT9429 improperly cited a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insurancenewsnet.com/oarticle/facts-omitted-from-the-wall-street-journal-story-about-greg-lindberg-and-his-companies#.X0E69JNKjs0">press release</a> as a reliable source and stated that Lindberg "refuted" the <i>WSJ</i> story, rather than just "disputed" it. I reverted that edit, but they restored the PR source to the article. </p><p>Starting in November 2019, <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Mikec85" title="Special:Contributions/Mikec85">User:Mikec85</a> made 32 edits to the Lindberg article, including <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=928420210&oldid=927273665&title=Greg_Lindberg">one</a> where they presented detailed, though unaudited, financial information based on a single press release. They later admitted that they were an SPA and paid editor. Their final edit, in April 2020, was a <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=948632776&oldid=948632705&title=Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case">request for arbitration against me</a>. It was rejected within a few hours as "premature". </p><p>After Lindberg's conviction in March 2020, another SPA, <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Jumpingjacks67" title="Special:Contributions/Jumpingjacks67">User:Jumpingjacks67</a>, made 17 edits, generally removing information about Lindberg's conviction or adding information on his philanthropic activities, including <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=944952208&oldid=944924649&title=Greg_Lindberg&type=revision">this series of edits</a>. </p><p><i>The Signpost</i> contacted Lindberg's legal representative requesting comments on this section. He declined to comment on any question of fact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bob_Brockman" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bob_Brockman-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bob_Brockman-signpost-article-title"></span>Bob Brockman<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bob_Brockman-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p>Robert T. Brockman was the CEO and Chairman of the Board of <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_and_Reynolds" title="Reynolds and Reynolds">Reynolds and Reynolds</a>, a major software provider to auto dealers, until this month. He was indicted in October on 39 counts of tax evasion, wire fraud, money laundering, and other offenses, arising in part from the allegation that he hid $2 billion in capital gains income in a series of Caribbean accounts. More than $1 billion in his Swiss bank accounts has been frozen.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomy2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomy2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prosecutors called this "the largest U.S. tax case ever against an individual".<sup id="cite_ref-DOJ1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOJ1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bloom1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Please remember that indictments and allegations are not proof of guilt and that he should be presumed innocent until proven guilty.) </p><p>Brockman is publicity-shy and there was no article about him on Wikipedia until I created a redirect from <a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Brockman" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert T. Brockman">Robert T. Brockman</a> to <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_and_Reynolds" title="Reynolds and Reynolds">Reynolds and Reynolds</a>. He may not have hired undeclared paid editors to edit the article about his company, but anonymous editors can be traced by their IP addresses from the Reynolds and Reynolds article to the firm. He or his firm did apparently hire a paid editor, <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:CorporateM">CorporateM</a></span>, formerly known as <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Corporate_Minion">Corporate Minion</a></span>, who <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:CorporateM&direction=prev&oldid=685710374">declared that he was paid by Reynolds and Reynolds</a>. </p><p>Brockman founded Universal Computer Systems in 1970 and the firm has remained privately owned since then. UCS bought Reynolds and Reynolds in 2006 and the combined firm took the name Reynolds and Reynolds.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the buyout, many of Brockman's employees expressed disagreement with the new management's policies. The Reynolds and Reynolds article reflected this "culture clash" in the section <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reynolds_and_Reynolds&oldid=710085403#Merger_Issues">Merger issues</a>, which included three solid references—to the <i>Houston Business Journal</i>, the <i>Austin American-Statesman</i>, and the <i>Dayton Business Journal</i>—plus one weaker reference, to <a href="/wiki/Glassdoor" title="Glassdoor">Glassdoor</a>. </p><p>Working slowly, CorporateM ultimately removed almost all this information. First he accused a couple of editors of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/3RRArchive291#Two_users_reported_by_User:CorporateM_(Result:_No_violation)" title="Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/3RRArchive291">edit warring</a> in August 2015. There was no evidence of edit warring, so he may have just wanted to scare newer editors away from the article. Then in February and March 2016, he <a href="/wiki/Talk:Reynolds_and_Reynolds/Draft" title="Talk:Reynolds and Reynolds/Draft">created a draft</a> to replace the whole article. CorporateM gives an example of how he works in creating draft articles with a client, likely a different client, at his website ethicalwiki.com. "I hammered out the content of the draft with the client over several weeks, sometimes line-by-line or word-by-word."<sup id="cite_ref-ethical_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethical-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He then <a href="/wiki/Talk:Reynolds_and_Reynolds#Draft" title="Talk:Reynolds and Reynolds">discussed the draft</a> with two well-known Wikipedia administrators. In April 2016 one of the admins <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=713387561&oldid=710085403&title=Reynolds_and_Reynolds&type=revision">replaced the entire article</a> with the draft. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reynolds_and_Reynolds&oldid=726684546#Acquisitions_and_growth">Three months later</a>, after 26 edits by CorporateM and four edits by an anonymous editor traceable to Reynolds and Reynolds, the section was gone except for two sentences as a faint reminder. </p><p>CorporateM does not violate Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PAID" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PAID">paid editing disclosure policy</a> as he declares his paid status on the talk pages of affected articles. He nonetheless remains bound to uphold Wikipedia's other policies and guidelines, including the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">neutral point of view</a> policy, and the policy prohibiting using Wikipedia for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PROMOTION" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PROMOTION">advocacy, promotion, advertising, marketing or public relations</a>. CorporateM does work to get approval from other editors to insert his paid-for text, but that doesn't mean that those editors have the time or expertise to vet every editorial choice CorporateM or his employers make. And sometimes our busy volunteer editors just make abysmal mistakes that they wouldn't have made if a paid editor weren't pushing them to include specific wording. </p><p>In September 2012 CorporateM <a href="/wiki/Special:Diff/511070868" title="Special:Diff/511070868">edited his new user page</a>, placing this text at the top of the page: "I consider myself to be a good corporate lapdog and welcome editors who choose to invite me to take the corporate stance on an issue." As long as our policies permit <i>good corporate lapdogs</i> to edit for pay, we'll continue to have problems with billionaires whitewashing our articles. It's time we reconsider those policies or just ban paid editing altogether. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_F._Smith" data-mw-thread-id="h-Robert_F._Smith-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Robert_F._Smith-signpost-article-title"></span>Robert F. Smith<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Robert_F._Smith-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Smith_(investor)" title="Robert F. Smith (investor)">Robert Smith</a> is by all accounts a remarkable person. With a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/">net worth of over $7 billion</a>, he is likely the richest Black person in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 2019 commencement speech at <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a>, he promised to pay off the student loans of all Spring 2019 Morehouse graduates, costing him $34 million. </p><p>He has also paid $139 million and agreed to forgo a $182 million tax refund to help settle a tax evasion allegation and reach a non-prosecution agreement from the Department of Justice. He is expected to testify in the tax evasion case against Brockman.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RFS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some evidence that Smith or his private equity fund <a href="/wiki/Vista_Equity_Partners" title="Vista Equity Partners">Vista Equity Partners</a> paid for editing on Wikipedia's articles on Smith and Vista. </p><p>In 1997 Smith started his first private equity fund with Brockman, investing $1 billion as its sole investor. Part of their agreement was that Smith would conceal part of his earnings in an offshore trust. According to Smith’s signed statement to prosecutors, Brockman "presented this unconventional business proposal as a 'take-it-or-leave-it' offer, dictating the unique terms and unorthodox structure to the arrangement. Despite any misgivings, Smith accepted [Brockman’s] offer, viewing it as a unique business opportunity he eagerly wanted to pursue."<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Lilil399" title="Special:Contributions/Lilil399">User:Lilil399</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPA">single-purpose account</a> (SPA) with 20 edits focusing on the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Smith_(investor)" title="Robert F. Smith (investor)">Robert F. Smith (investor)</a> article they created, two edits to Smith's firm <a href="/wiki/Vista_Equity_Partners" title="Vista Equity Partners">Vista Equity Partners</a>, and two others—later deleted—to create other articles related to the firm. Only their two edits to <a href="/wiki/Mack_McLarty" title="Mack McLarty">Mack McLarty</a> had no obvious connection to the firm. Their edits were not blatant advocacy, but low-key updates of Vista's capital, awards, and philanthropy. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=802609435&oldid=802609125&title=Robert_F._Smith_%28investor%29&type=revision">One edit that stands out</a> was the removal of the fact that Smith's wife had been a <a href="/wiki/Playboy_Playmate" title="Playboy Playmate">Playboy Playmate</a>. Lilil399 did not declare that they were a paid editor. </p><p>About a year after Lilil399 stopped editing, <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Johnny.thesn" title="Special:Contributions/Johnny.thesn">User:Johnny.thesn</a> began editing the same articles, adding comparable content in a similar but not identical style. Johnny.thesn is not a classic SPA: they had actively edited pro wrestling articles and the Mack McLarty article for a year before starting to edit the articles on Smith and Vista. For the next 18 months, with the exception of two edits, they edited only articles related to Smith. Johnny.thesn did not declare themself to be a paid editor. </p><p>The similarity of the editing of Lilil399 and Johnny.thesn convinces me that both were working for the same person or business. All articles edited by Lilil399 were also edited by Johnny.thesn, including the seemingly unrelated article on Mack McLarty. The type of content they added or deleted from the Vista-related articles was similar. Still, I would be surprised if an administrator blocked them as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SOCKPUPPET" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SOCKPUPPET">sockpuppets</a>, since they didn't edit the same articles at the same time, and due to the modest nature of their edits, it's unlikely that they would be blocked for advocacy. Proving paid editing typically requires a bit more for our administrators, who usually have fairly strict evidentiary standards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="What_can_be_done?" data-mw-thread-id="h-What_can_be_done?-signpost-article-title"><span id="What_can_be_done.3F"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-What_can_be_done?-signpost-article-title"></span>What can be done?<span data-mw-comment-end="h-What_can_be_done?-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p>The three billionaires described in this article are very different, and each appears to have had a different method of rewriting Wikipedia's articles about himself. Lindberg's paid editors were blunt and aggressive. Brockman's paid editor avoided the limelight as much as possible, but planned the rewrite in advance and took his time. Smith's apparent paid editors were extremely low-key, to the extent that some might not even believe that they were paid editors. </p><p>Can Wikipedians stop billionaires from using paid editors to whitewash the articles about them? It was difficult and time-consuming, but in Lindberg's case we did. We might just have been a bit lucky in this case. There was excellent information from a reliable source, <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>, co-written by a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter. While the legal system can seem agonizingly slow, it worked faster than usual in this case. Several unpaid Wikipedians worked together to overcome Lindberg's advantages. Perhaps it was just that Lindberg wildly overestimated his abilities and those of the people he hired. But people who are tempted to edit Wikipedia's articles about themselves should remember: even a billionaire's whitewashing can be stopped and exposed. </p><p>Brockman's situation is a bit scarier than Lindberg's. The paid editor declared his conflict of interest and his actions were right in front of our eyes the whole time. It may be that only Brockman's tax case indictment led us to examine the case anew. But with our blinders off and five years' distance providing perspective, it's clear that the Reynolds and Reynolds article was whitewashed. We should never let professed "corporate lapdogs" edit for pay. </p><p>Was the editing done for Smith actually a problem? Was it against our rules? The editing itself might seem harmless, but if you agree with me that the editing was paid for, then the editors certainly broke our rules by not declaring that they were paid. Supervision of paid editors, if we want them here at all, is definitely needed in all cases. </p><p>What could we have done better? I recommend that other editors finding themselves in the position I was while editing the Lindberg article contact the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COIN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COIN">Conflict of Interest Noticeboard</a> early on. Working together is the only way Wikipedia editors can stop those who attempt to corrupt our articles the same way they try to corrupt public officials. Perhaps we could form a new WikiProject focusing on the biographies of billionaires. There must be a couple of thousand billionaires who are tempted to remove embarrassing bits from time to time. </p><p>But did we really do anything about the paid editing in the cases of Brockman and Smith? It seems they got away scot-free. But now their paid editing arrangements have been exposed. With the benefit of hindsight we were able to track their paid edits fairly well. Other billionaires who are tempted to hire paid editors should understand that almost all edits on Wikipedia are permanently saved. Whether it's five, 10, or 20 years later, your edits can be tracked, perhaps by technology that has not yet been developed. </p><p>We need to better publicize that we have rules against undisclosed paid editing and self-promotion. <i>The Signpost</i> is not capable of doing this job alone. The Wikimedia Foundation must take an active role in letting billionaires and others know we have rules that must be followed. Flouting our rules has consequences, such as exposure to the general public. We also invite press around the world to expose those who would corrupt Wikipedia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References-signpost-article-title"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While this quote is often attributed to <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>, the truth may be more complex. See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDow1988" class="citation news cs1">Dow, Eddy (November 13, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/13/books/l-the-rich-are-different-907188.html">"The Rich Are Different"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>I hammered out the content of the draft with the client over several weeks, sometimes line-by-line or word-by-word.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ethicalwiki.com&rft.atitle=Ending+an+Edit-War&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethicalwiki.com%2Fportfolio-item%2Fsettling-an-edit-war-or-dispute%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo1_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhoriskeyTorbatiAlexander2020" class="citation news cs1">Whoriskey, Peter; Torbati, Yeganeh; Alexander, Keith L. (13 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/11/09/smith-brockman-tax-evasion/">"A dodgy deal helped make him a billionaire. It worked, until now"</a>. Washington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+dodgy+deal+helped+make+him+a+billionaire.+It+worked%2C+until+now.&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft.aulast=Whoriskey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Torbati%2C+Yeganeh&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Keith+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2F2020%2F11%2F09%2Fsmith-brockman-tax-evasion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFS-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RFS_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2020" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Robert F. (18 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119181000/https://robertsmith.com/robert-f-smiths-letter-to-investors/">"Robert F. Smith's Letter to Investors"</a>. <i>RobertSmith.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://robertsmith.com/robert-f-smiths-letter-to-investors/">the original</a> on 19 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RobertSmith.com&rft.atitle=Robert+F.+Smith%E2%80%99s+Letter+to+Investors&rft.date=2020-10-18&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frobertsmith.com%2Frobert-f-smiths-letter-to-investors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both"></div></div> <p><br/><br/><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2020-11-29/Opinion#comments" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2020-11-29/Opinion">Reader comments</a></b></i><br style="clear:both;"/> <span class="anchor" id="In_the_media"></span> </p> <div style="display:none;"><div class="signpost-piccyfilename"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-credits"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-license"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-xoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-yoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-scaling"></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236342416"><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2 plainlinks"><div class="signpost-segment">2020-11-29</div><h2 id="Relying_on_Wikipedia:_voters,_scientists,_and_a_Canadian_border_guard" id="signpost-article-title" class="signpost-article-title" data-signpost-article-title="Relying on Wikipedia: voters, scientists, and a Canadian border guard" data-mw-thread-id="h-signpost-article-title-3"><span id="Relying_on_Wikipedia:_voters.2C_scientists.2C_and_a_Canadian_border_guard"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-signpost-article-title-3"></span>Relying on Wikipedia: voters, scientists, and a Canadian border guard<span data-mw-comment-end="h-signpost-article-title-3"></span></h2><div class="signpost-byline"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed signpostshare noprint"><div 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<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3AWikipedia_Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29&title=Relying+on+Wikipedia%3A+voters%2C+scientists%2C+and+a+Canadian+border+guard">Reddit</a></li></ul> </div></div></div><span id="signpost-article-authors" class="signpost-author">By <a href="/wiki/User:Bri" title="User:Bri">Bri</a> and <a href="/wiki/User:Smallbones" title="User:Smallbones">Smallbones</a></span></div></div><div class="hidden-piccyembed" style="display:none;"></div><div class="signpost-article" style="padding: 0 2vw; max-width:80em; margin: 0 auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-narrow"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_elections" data-mw-thread-id="h-US_elections-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-US_elections-signpost-article-title"></span>US elections<span data-mw-comment-end="h-US_elections-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1240928998"></div><div class="signpost-sidebar signpost-sidebar-fillerimage"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hail_to_the_Chief_Chorus_Sheet_Music.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hail_to_the_Chief_Chorus_Sheet_Music.png/250px-Hail_to_the_Chief_Chorus_Sheet_Music.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hail_to_the_Chief_Chorus_Sheet_Music.png/375px-Hail_to_the_Chief_Chorus_Sheet_Music.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hail_to_the_Chief_Chorus_Sheet_Music.png/500px-Hail_to_the_Chief_Chorus_Sheet_Music.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="805"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="signpost-fillerimage">"Hail to the Chief" has been associated with both the U.S. President and the President of the Confederacy (<a href="/wiki/Hail_to_the_Chief#History" title="Hail to the Chief">Hail to the Chief#History</a>)</div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-narrow"> <p>Media recognized Wikipedia's role in providing neutrally sourced information to citizens preparing for the U.S. November elections. In particular, Wikipedia's community-based model (versus the top-down control of other social media platforms) was shown as an effective way to forestall potential problems by adding extra protection to elections-related topics. It wasn't all positive, though, with some sources pointing out continuing issues around women's biographies, and potentially politically-motivated vandalism. <small>– <a href="/wiki/User:Bri" title="User:Bri">B</a></small> </p> <ul><li><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/11/2/21541880/wikipedia-presidential-election-misinformation-social-media">"How Wikipedia is preparing for Election Day"</a></b>, in <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a> compares Twitter's and Facebook's election preparations to those of the Wikipedia community. Interviewing <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:GorillaWarfare">GorillaWarfare</a></span> they find that at least one Wikipedian is hard nosed, committed to our rules, and taking it all in stride. Of course we are better prepared than those other websites – it's the community enforcing the rules that we made.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/wikipedias-disinformation-task-force-braces-for-a-high-stakes-election/"><b>"Wikipedia's disinformation task force braces for a high-stakes election"</b></a> on <a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a> reports a similar story on Wikipedia's preparations but interviews WMF Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Merkley" class="mw-disambig" title="Ryan Merkley">Ryan Merkley</a> and comes to similar conclusions. Merkley said he isn't privy to the secrets of the big tech companies, but was confident in Wikipedia's preparations.</li> <li><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/the-senate-race-that-could-be-pivotal-for-america-and-wikipedia/">"The Senate Race That Could be Pivotal for America—and Wikipedia"</a></b> in <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. There was no article about Iowa's Democratic Senatorial candidate <a href="/wiki/Theresa_Greenfield" title="Theresa Greenfield">Theresa Greenfield</a> on Wikipedia until a few weeks before the election. Our rules on notability "according to some of the more powerful editors on the site" didn't allow Greenfield to "make the cut." If this really was a test of Wikipedia's preparedness for the election, then Wikipedia failed. Greenfield's vote total was well below her opponent's, 45% to 52%. "Wikipedia is a community that teems with its own authorities and cognoscenti, with all the high-handedness, Byzantine bylaws, and <i><a href="/wiki/Amour-propre" title="Amour-propre">amour propre</a></i> of any cultural institution on Fifth Avenue," according to <i>Wired</i>.</li> <li><b>Savage disinformation</b>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Savage" title="Michael Savage">Michael Savage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michaelsavage.com/wikipedia-cheated-for-biden-election-day-traffic-spike-on-censored-hunter-biden-page/">claims that spikes</a> in Wikipedia pageviews on election day for some politicians and their relatives "shows the potential electoral impact of Wikipedia’s left-wing bias".</li> <li><b>The answer is yes, it does</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/loser-com-trump-wikipedia-page/">Does Loser.com Redirect to Trump's Wikipedia Page?</a> (<a href="/wiki/Snopes.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Snopes.com">Snopes.com</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/loser-website-trump-wikipedia-page-us-election-b1720938.html">confirmed</a> by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/news/us-politics/loser-com-donald-trump-wikipedia-b62639.html">confirmed</a> by <i><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></i> in the UK; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/525503-losercom-redirects-to-trumps-wikipedia-page">confirmed</a> by <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/02/02/man-behind-the-updated-loser-com-donald-trump-is-the-definition-of-a-loser/">[1]</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://time.com/4204929/donald-trump-trolled-loser-wikipedia/">[2]</a> in the U.S.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikipedia@20" data-mw-thread-id="h-Wikipedia@20-signpost-article-title"><span id="Wikipedia.4020"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Wikipedia@20-signpost-article-title"></span>Wikipedia@20<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Wikipedia@20-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p>Reviews and extracts of Wikipedia@20, a thick book of essays about Wikipedia's first twenty years, have started coming out. The essays are written by academics and by Wikipedians and are aimed at the same groups. </p> <ul><li><b>The book column in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/11/23/wikipedia-jeopardy-and-the-fate-of-the-fact"><i>The New Yorker</i></a></b>, titled "Wikipedia, 'Jeopardy!', and the Fate of the Fact" explores Wikipedia's history and intellectual foundations with reference to the book, especially to the chapter by <a href="/wiki/Yochai_Benkler" title="Yochai Benkler">Yochai Benkler</a>. The author, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Menand" title="Louis Menand">Louis Menand</a>, is a colleague of Benkler's at Harvard. Menand pulls out an amazing range of facts and examples – from <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dick_van_Dyke" class="mw-redirect" title="Dick van Dyke">Dick van Dyke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duck_%C3%A0_l%27orange" title="Duck à l'orange">Duck à l'orange</a> by way of <a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre,_South_Dakota" title="Pierre, South Dakota">Pierre, South Dakota</a>. You should avoid the detour to <a href="/wiki/Jeopardy!" title="Jeopardy!">Jeopardy!</a> unless you are an <a href="/wiki/Alex_Trebek" title="Alex Trebek">Alex Trebek</a> fan. The use of all the cute facts almost seems to be the point of the piece, but the author does squeeze in a lot of information about Wikipedia in between them. More likely Menand is illustrating his thesis – at the same time he is making fun of himself and of Wikipedia – "There is no longer a distinction between things that everyone knows, or could readily know, and things that only experts know" because of Wikipedia and the internet.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/technology/2020/11/wikipedia-september-11-breaking-news.html"><i><b>How 9/11 Shaped Wikipedia</b></i></a>, by Brian Keegan in <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i> is an updated version of his <i>Wikipedia@20</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedia20.pubpub.org/pub/dj6frhgz/release/2">chapter</a> about how news stories are covered on Wikipedia.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237805129">.mw-parser-output .talkquote{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#eaf8f4;border-left:3px solid #008560;padding:0 .8em;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .talkquote-by,.mw-parser-output .talkquote-source{margin-left:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .skin-vector-2022 .talkquote>:last-child{padding-bottom:0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .talkquote{background-color:#0d261f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .talkquote{background-color:#0d261f}}</style><blockquote class="talkquote" style="padding-top:1em; padding-bottom:1em;"><p>The creation, rejection, and disappearance of the Sept. 11 memorial wiki’s content remains an underappreciated cautionary tale about the presumed durability of peer-produced knowledge: This content only persists when it remains integrated with the larger common project rather than being relegated to a smaller and more specialized project. Wikipedia’s peer production model is not immune from "rich get richer" mechanisms. </p></blockquote> <ul><li><i><b>Science</b></i> (paywalled) reviews <i>Wikipedia@20</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/370/6517/667.full">"The ascent of Wikipedia"</a>. "Anyone interested in the history, current constitution, and possible future development of a singular contemporary global phenomenon will be stimulated by this anniversary collection." <small>– <a href="/wiki/User:Smallbones" title="User:Smallbones">S</a></small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Don't_mess_with_a_Canadian_border_officer_armed_with_Wikipedia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Don't_mess_with_a_Canadian_border_officer_armed_with_Wikipedia-signpost-article-title"><span id="Don.27t_mess_with_a_Canadian_border_officer_armed_with_Wikipedia"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Don't_mess_with_a_Canadian_border_officer_armed_with_Wikipedia-signpost-article-title"></span>Don't mess with a Canadian border officer armed with Wikipedia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Don't_mess_with_a_Canadian_border_officer_armed_with_Wikipedia-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Meng_Wanzhou" title="Meng Wanzhou">Meng Wanzhou</a>, Chief Financial Officer of <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> was detained at the Vancouver airport on December 1, 2018 with the help of a <a href="/wiki/Canada_Border_Services_Agency" title="Canada Border Services Agency">Canada Border Services Agency</a> officer who prepared for an interview with her with an "open-source query" – reading Wikipedia for 5 or 10 minutes. Meng is facing possible extradition to the U.S. and her detention soon became a major international incident. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saanichnews.com/news/wikipedia-was-source-of-security-concern-questions-for-meng-border-officer/">"Wikipedia was source of security concern questions for Meng: Border officer"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a></i> reported on the in-court testimony of Sanjit Dhillon, a CBSA supervisor at <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_International_Airport" title="Vancouver International Airport">Vancouver International Airport</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237805129"><blockquote class="talkquote" style="padding-top:1em; padding-bottom:1em;"><p>Before Meng's plane landed, Dhillon said she was flagged in an internal database for an outstanding warrant in her name.<br/>Anticipating her arrival, Dhillon testified he found a Wikipedia page about Huawei that said the company doesn't operate in the United States because of security concerns and that Huawei was suspected of violating U.S. economic sanctions with Iran. [...]<br/>Dhillon asked Meng what she did. She said she was the chief financial officer of a global telecommunications company, he told the court.<br/>He asked where the company did business. When she listed countries without including the United States he asked her why.<br/>"She said we don't sell our products in the United States," Dhillon said.<br/>He asked if there was a reason why and Meng responded she didn't know. Dhillon said he then reframed the question.<br/>"Since she's the chief financial officer of this telecommunications company, I would assume that she would know why her company isn't able to sell its products in one of the most lucrative markets in the world," Dhillon said.<br/>"She was quiet. She didn't respond right away. And eventually she said there was a security concern with the product the U.S. government had."<br/>He testified Meng didn't say what those concerns were.<br/>Dhillon said his questions were based on his own online search and he was not directed by anyone to ask her questions. </p></blockquote> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3110284/canada-border-officer-who-questioned-meng-wanzhou-says-10">reported the story</a> similarly, adding the detail that "Dhillon said he spent five to 10 minutes reviewing the Wikipedia article." </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biv.com/article/2020/11/cbsa-official-only-consulted-wikipedia-research-national-security-concerns"><i>Business in Vancouver</i></a> added that Wikipedia was the <i>only</i> source he used! </p><p><i>The Signpost</i> can confirm that on December 1, 2018 the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huawei&oldid=871352262#Espionage_and_security_concerns">Huawei article contained a large section</a> about Iran, espionage, and security concerns in the US, consistent with Dhillon's testimony. <small>– <a href="/wiki/User:Smallbones" title="User:Smallbones">S</a></small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lockdown_1.0_–_following_Wikipedia?" data-mw-thread-id="h-Lockdown_1.0_–_following_Wikipedia?-signpost-article-title"><span id="Lockdown_1.0_.E2.80.93_following_Wikipedia.3F"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Lockdown_1.0_–_following_Wikipedia?-signpost-article-title"></span>Lockdown 1.0 – following Wikipedia?<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Lockdown_1.0_–_following_Wikipedia?-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a> reportedly had an excellent hour-long documentary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000pjr1">"Lockdown 1.0 - Following the Science?"</a> airing on November 19 about the UK government's handling of the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. Unfortunately those of us outside the UK cannot view the online version due to licensing restrictions. </p><p>The <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/nov/19/lockdown-10-following-the-science-review-wikipedia-wuhan-and-worrying-mistakes">Guardian</a></i> provided a detailed review of the documentary, giving it 4 stars, and surveying the many facts presented, including one about Wikipedia: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237805129"><blockquote class="talkquote" style="padding-top:1em; padding-bottom:1em;"><p>"The public may be surprised to hear we were using data from Wikipedia very early on – but it really was the only data publicly available." — Dr. Ian Hall of <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester University">Manchester University</a>, deputy chair of the Scientific Pandemic Influenza Group on Modelling </p></blockquote> <p>Several UK tabloids have featured this quote in their reporting on the documentary. <small>– <a href="/wiki/User:Bri" title="User:Bri">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/User:Smallbones" title="User:Smallbones">S</a></small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_brief" data-mw-thread-id="h-In_brief-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-In_brief-signpost-article-title"></span>In brief<span data-mw-comment-end="h-In_brief-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1240928998"></div><div class="signpost-sidebar signpost-sidebar-fillerimage"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sebastiaan_Vrancx_(studio)_-_A_landscape_with_travellers_ambushed_outside_a_small_town.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sebastiaan_Vrancx_%28studio%29_-_A_landscape_with_travellers_ambushed_outside_a_small_town.jpg/300px-Sebastiaan_Vrancx_%28studio%29_-_A_landscape_with_travellers_ambushed_outside_a_small_town.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sebastiaan_Vrancx_%28studio%29_-_A_landscape_with_travellers_ambushed_outside_a_small_town.jpg/450px-Sebastiaan_Vrancx_%28studio%29_-_A_landscape_with_travellers_ambushed_outside_a_small_town.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sebastiaan_Vrancx_%28studio%29_-_A_landscape_with_travellers_ambushed_outside_a_small_town.jpg/600px-Sebastiaan_Vrancx_%28studio%29_-_A_landscape_with_travellers_ambushed_outside_a_small_town.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="1240"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="signpost-fillerimage"><i>Anarchisch und chaotisch</i></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-narrow"> <ul><li><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-on-wikipedia-israel-is-losing-the-battle-against-the-word-apartheid-1.9330590">On Wikipedia, Israel Is Losing the Battle Against the Word 'Apartheid'</a></b> (<i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>)</li> <li><i><b>The World According to Wikipedia</b></i>, a new podcast from Ireland, posted its first two episodes on November 18 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://audioboom.com/posts/7731321-welcome-to-the-world-of-wikipedia"><i>Welcome to the World of Wikipedia</i></a>, with an interview with Andrew Lih and a discussion of the Scots language Wikipedia, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://audioboom.com/posts/7731368-wikipedia-s-women-in-red"><i>Wikipedia's Women in Red</i></a>, interviewing <a href="/wiki/Rosie_Stephenson-Goodknight" title="Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight">Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight</a>. It's a high quality podcast without the usual giggles and oh-wows that many "serious" podcasts suffer from.</li> <li><b>A vicious culture war is tearing through Wikipedia</b>, says <i>Wired</i>: "'Every article on Wikipedia is against the ruling party, and whitewashes the Indian National Congress'" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/article/wikipedia-culture-war">[3]</a></li> <li><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-wikipedia-probe-finds-illicit-editing-of-we-charity-pages/">"Wikipedia probe finds illicit editing of WE Charity pages"</a></b> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i> discusses the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2020-09-27/Special_report" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2020-09-27/Special report">Special report</a> in September's issue of <i>The Signpost</i>. It followed Simona Weinglass's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/wikipedia-probe-exposes-an-israeli-stealth-pr-firm-that-worked-for-scammers/">"Wikipedia probe exposes an Israeli stealth PR firm that worked for scammers"</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i>.</li> <li><b>We <i>all</i> want good brand management:</b> The <a href="/wiki/Public_Relations_Society_of_America" title="Public Relations Society of America">Public Relations Society of America</a>, Maryland Chapter published <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prsamd.org/news/wikipedia-for-pr/">"Wikipedia for PR"</a> with the helpful advice "outdated Wikipedia articles or articles overtaken by a controversy section drive traffic away from a brand. This is what we all want to avoid." Do we all want to avoid controversy? Do we? How about neutrally covering the facts instead?</li> <li><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harpers.org/archive/2020/12/scotched-efforts/">"Scotched Efforts"</a></b> by <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:AmaryllisGardener">AmaryllisGardener</a></span> in <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a></i> is composed of extracts from AG's misguided efforts to edit the <a href="/wiki/Scots_Wikipedia" title="Scots Wikipedia">Scots Wikipedia</a>. Its hard to tell whether <i>Harper's</i> is trying to mock AG or is entranced by the seemingly poetic lilt of his encyclopedia entries. In either case they miss the point: sometimes Wikipedians despite their best efforts have taken on tasks that are beyond their abilities.</li> <li><b>Erudition, so what?</b>: A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/things-mankind-was-not-supposed-to-know-the-dark-side-of-science">book review</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i> suggests that mere erudition is not enough to move the reader, since the ability to connect surprising facts has been so thoroughly democratized through Wikipedia that it "might not even be literary at all".</li> <li><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Anarchisch und chaotisch</i></span></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.kontrollen-und-rechte-beim-onlinelexikon-wie-eine-stuttgarterin-gegen-ihren-wikipedia-eintrag-kaempfte.8bc7ed5b-4f0e-4240-81af-667c59c63b38.html">"How a woman from Stuttgart fought against her Wikipedia entry"</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Stuttgarter_Zeitung" title="Stuttgarter Zeitung">Stuttgarter Zeitung</a></i></span>, in German, original title <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wie eine Stuttgarterin gegen ihren Wikipedia-Eintrag kämpfte</i></span>)</li> <li><b><i>Nature</i> on how to switch scientific specialties</b>: In <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03298-x">How to shift into COVID-19 research</a></i> notes that French researcher Amadine Gamble, who switched from <a href="/wiki/Disease_ecology" title="Disease ecology">disease ecology</a> to COVID-19 research "knew that she couldn’t change direction successfully without reviewing the basics of cell biology. She consulted a range of sources, from scientific papers to Wikipedia."</li> <li>'<b>Crazy accurate A.I.' was trained on Wikipedia</b>: Congratulations, you are <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/science/artificial-intelligence-ai-gpt3.html">now the proud parents</a> of <a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a>. (<i>The New York Times</i>) (also see the Wikipedia-based <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8psgEDhT1MM">demo</a> starting at 3:10)</li> <li><b>Nigerian newspaper finds Wikipedia credible</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punchng.com/wikipedia-lists-killing-of-protesters-among-nigerian-armys-engagements/">Wikipedia lists killing of protesters among Nigerian Army's engagements</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Punch" title="The Punch">The Punch</a></i>)</li></ul> <p><br/><br/> </p> <div style="text-align:center"><small><i>Do you want to contribute to "In the media" by writing a story or even just an "in brief" item? Edit next month's edition in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Newsroom" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom">Newsroom</a> or leave a tip on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Newsroom/Suggestions" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom/Suggestions">suggestions page</a>. For a listing of more news stories about Wikipedia, please see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_coverage_2020" title="Wikipedia:Press coverage 2020">Wikipedia:Press coverage 2020</a> </i></small></div> </div> <div style="clear:both"></div></div> <p><br/><br/><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2020-11-29/In_the_media#comments" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2020-11-29/In the media">Reader comments</a></b></i><br style="clear:both;"/> <span class="anchor" id="Featured_content"></span> </p> <div style="display:none;"><div class="signpost-piccyfilename"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-credits"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-license"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-xoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-yoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-scaling"></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236342416"><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2 plainlinks"><div class="signpost-segment">2020-11-29</div><h2 id="Frontonia_sp._is_thankful_for_delicious_cyanobacteria" id="signpost-article-title" class="signpost-article-title" data-signpost-article-title="''Frontonia'' sp. is thankful for delicious cyanobacteria" data-mw-thread-id="h-signpost-article-title-4"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-signpost-article-title-4"></span><i>Frontonia</i> sp. is thankful for delicious cyanobacteria<span data-mw-comment-end="h-signpost-article-title-4"></span></h2><div class="signpost-byline"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed signpostshare noprint"><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2-contribute"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Newsroom/Content_guidance#How_to_contribute" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom/Content guidance">Contribute</a> — </div><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2-share">Share this</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content plainlinks wp-signpost-article-header-2-share-links"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Snoo.svg/18px-Snoo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Snoo.svg/24px-Snoo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="89"/></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3AWikipedia_Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29&title=%27%27Frontonia%27%27+sp.+is+thankful+for+delicious+cyanobacteria">Reddit</a></li></ul> </div></div></div><span id="signpost-article-authors" class="signpost-author">By <a href="/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" title="User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a> and <a href="/wiki/User:Gog_the_Mild" title="User:Gog the Mild">Gog the Mild</a></span></div></div><div class="hidden-piccyembed" style="display:none;"></div><div class="signpost-article" style="padding: 0 2vw; max-width:80em; margin: 0 auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-narrow"> <div class="signpost-inline-image"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_ciliate_Frontonia_sp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_ciliate_Frontonia_sp.jpg/800px-The_ciliate_Frontonia_sp.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="532" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_ciliate_Frontonia_sp.jpg/1200px-The_ciliate_Frontonia_sp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_ciliate_Frontonia_sp.jpg/1600px-The_ciliate_Frontonia_sp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="3104"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="signpost-inline-image-caption" style="text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Frontonia" title="Frontonia">Frontonia</a></i> sp. digesting <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>, a new featured picture by <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Wiedehopf20" class="extiw" title="commons:User:Wiedehopf20">Wiedehopf20</a>. Thanksgiving isn't celebrated here in Scotland - there's <a href="/wiki/Harvest_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvest Festival">Harvest Festivals</a>, I suppose, but good luck having something like that in the middle of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> - and the Canadian one was back in October, so we're being a bit <a href="/wiki/Americocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Americocentric">Americocentric</a> ... but, screw it, we need a title and the image is great, so "<i>Frontonia</i> sp. is thankful for delicious cyanobacteria" it is!</div> <hr/> <div style="text-align: center;"><b><i>This </i>Signpost<i> "Featured content" report covers material promoted from 21 October through 11 November. For nominations and nominators, see the featured contents' talk pages.</i></b></div> <hr/> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-narrow"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png/220px-SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png/330px-SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png/440px-SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="1966"/></a><figcaption>Stay safe, and avoid others... especially this guy. He sucks.</figcaption></figure> <p>So, we're doing a bit of a shorter timeframe on the featured content this month because, frankly, last month was a rush to get done in time, since it was meant to be finished and published so soon after the content window closed. Not ideal. Still, Wikipedia creates a lot of great content - Hell, remember when we used to do these weekly? ...Am I the only one? Damn, I feel old. Anyway! It's a bumper crop of fantastic content for your perusal! Trying something new and putting featured pictures between articles and lists to break the content up. Let us know what you think! Anyway, that's it from your friendly <i>Signpost</i> reporter for this week! I mean, month! ...Feeling so very old here. When did I last do these, like five years ago? Ten? Pretty sure I had techniques for doing this back then that made it a lot easier. Ah, well! Still, hope you're all having a great month, and are going to have a great holiday season of avoiding other people and not getting COVID-19! </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>— Adam</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-full"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Featured_articles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Featured_articles-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Featured_articles-signpost-article-title"></span>Featured articles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Featured_articles-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p>20 <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FA">featured articles</a> were promoted this period. Text is from the articles, but often abridged for length. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porphyrio_coerulescens.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Porphyrio_coerulescens.png/170px-Porphyrio_coerulescens.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Porphyrio_coerulescens.png/255px-Porphyrio_coerulescens.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Porphyrio_coerulescens.png/340px-Porphyrio_coerulescens.png 2x" data-file-width="2194" data-file-height="2856"/></a><figcaption>A reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_swamphen" title="Réunion swamphen">Réunion swamphen</a>, driven to extinction before it could be studied.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_swamphen" title="Réunion swamphen">Réunion swamphen</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:FunkMonk" title="User:FunkMonk">FunkMonk</a></dt> <dd>The Réunion swamphen (<i>Porphyrio caerulescens</i>), also known as the Réunion gallinule or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">oiseau bleu</i></span>, is a <a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_extinct_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothetical extinct species">hypothetical extinct species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rallidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rallidae">rail</a> that was endemic to the <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Mascarene island">Mascarene island</a> of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>. While only known from 17th and 18th century accounts by visitors to the island, it was <a href="/wiki/Scientifically_named" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientifically named">scientifically named</a> in 1848, based on the 1674 account by <a href="/wiki/Sieur_Dubois" title="Sieur Dubois">Sieur Dubois</a>. A considerable literature was subsequently devoted to its possible affinities, with current researchers agreeing it was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Swamphen" title="Swamphen">swamphen</a> genus <i>Porphyrio</i>. It has been considered mysterious and enigmatic due to the lack of any physical evidence of its existence.</dd> <dd>This bird was described as entirely blue in plumage with a red beak and legs. It was said to be the size of a <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_ibis" title="Réunion ibis">Réunion ibis</a> or chicken, which could mean 65–70 cm (26–28 in) in length, and it may have been similar to the <a href="/wiki/Takahe" class="mw-redirect" title="Takahe">takahe</a>. While easily hunted, it was a fast runner and able to fly, though it did so reluctantly. It may have fed on plant matter and invertebrates, as do other swamphens, and was said to nest among grasses and aquatic ferns. It was only found on the <a href="/wiki/Plaine_des_Cafres" title="Plaine des Cafres">Plaine des Cafres</a> plateau, to which it may have retreated during the latter part of its existence, whereas other swamphens inhabit lowland swamps. While the last unequivocal account is from 1730, it may have survived until 1763, but overhunting and the introduction of cats probably drove it to <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/1984_World_Snooker_Championship" title="1984 World Snooker Championship">1984 World Snooker Championship</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Lee_Vilenski" title="User:Lee Vilenski">Lee Vilenski</a></dt> <dd>The 1984 World Snooker Championship was a <a href="/wiki/Snooker_world_rankings" title="Snooker world rankings">ranking</a> professional <a href="/wiki/Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a> tournament that took place between 21 April and 7 May 1984 at the <a href="/wiki/Crucible_Theatre" title="Crucible Theatre">Crucible Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, England. The event featured 94 participants, of which 78 players competed in a qualifying event held in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> from 1 to 13 April. Of these, 16 players qualified for the main stage in Sheffield, where they met 16 invited <a href="/wiki/Seed_(sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed (sports)">seeds</a>. The total prize fund for the event was £200,000, the highest total pool for any snooker tournament at that time; the winner received £44,000. The defending champion was English player <a href="/wiki/Steve_Davis" title="Steve Davis">Steve Davis</a>, who had won the title twice previously. He met fellow-countryman <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_White" title="Jimmy White">Jimmy White</a> in the final, which was played as a best-of-35-<dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#frame" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § frame" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">frames</span></a></dfn> match. Davis took a significant lead of 12–4 after the first two sessions; although White battled back into the match, Davis eventually won 18–16, becoming the first player to retain the title at the Crucible.</dd> <dt><i><a href="/wiki/Trading_Places" title="Trading Places">Trading Places</a></i>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Darkwarriorblake" title="User:Darkwarriorblake">Darkwarriorblake</a></dt> <dd><i>Trading Places</i> is a 1983 American <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Landis" title="John Landis">John Landis</a> and written by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Harris_(writer)" title="Timothy Harris (writer)">Timothy Harris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Weingrod" title="Herschel Weingrod">Herschel Weingrod</a>. It stars <a href="/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bellamy" title="Ralph Bellamy">Ralph Bellamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Ameche" title="Don Ameche">Don Ameche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denholm_Elliott" title="Denholm Elliott">Denholm Elliott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Lee_Curtis" title="Jamie Lee Curtis">Jamie Lee Curtis</a>. The film tells the story of an upper-class <a href="/wiki/Commodity_broker" title="Commodity broker">commodities broker</a> (Aykroyd) and a poor street hustler (Murphy) whose lives cross when they are unwittingly made the subject of an elaborate bet to test how each man will perform when their life circumstances are swapped.</dd> <dd>Harris conceived the outline for <i>Trading Places</i> in the early 1980s after encountering two wealthy brothers who were engaged in an ongoing rivalry with each other. It was considered a box-office success on its release, earning over $90.4 million to become the <a href="/wiki/1983_in_film" title="1983 in film">fourth-highest-grossing film of 1983</a> in North America. It also received generally positive reviews. Reviewers were consistent in their praise for the central cast, and they appreciated the film's revival of the <a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">screwball comedy</a> genre prevalent in the 1930s and 1940s.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agence_Rol_-_23-10-11,_Toulon,_cuirass%C3%A9_Suffren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Agence_Rol_-_23-10-11%2C_Toulon%2C_cuirass%C3%A9_Suffren.jpg/220px-Agence_Rol_-_23-10-11%2C_Toulon%2C_cuirass%C3%A9_Suffren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Agence_Rol_-_23-10-11%2C_Toulon%2C_cuirass%C3%A9_Suffren.jpg/330px-Agence_Rol_-_23-10-11%2C_Toulon%2C_cuirass%C3%A9_Suffren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Agence_Rol_-_23-10-11%2C_Toulon%2C_cuirass%C3%A9_Suffren.jpg/440px-Agence_Rol_-_23-10-11%2C_Toulon%2C_cuirass%C3%A9_Suffren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2659" data-file-height="1842"/></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Suffren" title="French battleship Suffren">French battleship <i>Suffren</i></a> in 1911, off <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Suffren" title="French battleship Suffren">French battleship <i>Suffren</i></a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Sturmvogel_66" title="User:Sturmvogel 66">Sturmvogel 66</a></dt> <dd><i>Suffren</i> was a <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">predreadnought battleship</a> built for the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> and completed in 1902. She twice collided with French ships and twice had <a href="/wiki/Drive_shaft" title="Drive shaft">propeller shafts</a> break before the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914. <i>Suffren</i> was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Naval_operations_in_the_Dardanelles_campaign" title="Naval operations in the Dardanelles campaign">naval operations off the Dardanelles</a>, participating in a series of attacks on <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> fortifications. The ship provided gunfire support for the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> forces during the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a>; as the Allies withdrew she accidentally sank one of the evacuation ships. While en route to <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Refit" title="Refit">refit</a>, <i>Suffren</i> was <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoed</a> off <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> by a <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> submarine on 26 November 1916 and sunk with all hands.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_IV_of_Granada" title="Muhammad IV of Granada">Muhammad IV of Granada</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:HaEr48" title="User:HaEr48">HaEr48</a></dt> <dd>Muhammad IV was the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> from 1325 to 1333. The initial years of his reign were marked by civil war between his ministers, which ended in 1328 when Muhammad began taking a more active role in government. Castile and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>, Granada's Christian neighbours, invaded in 1330. Muhammad requested help from the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid Sultanate</a> in North Africa, which sent 5,000 troops to <a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Siege of Gibraltar">capture Gibraltar</a> in 1333. The Castilians <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Siege of Gibraltar">in turn besieged</a> Gibraltar, but after confused fighting a truce was agreed. One day later Muhammad was assassinated, aged 18.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/SMS_Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.jpg/220px-SMS_Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/SMS_Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.jpg/330px-SMS_Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/SMS_Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.jpg/440px-SMS_Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="574"/></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SMS_Preussischer_Adler" title="SMS Preussischer Adler">SMS <i>Preussischer Adler</i></a> in a painting by Christopher Rave</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/SMS_Preussischer_Adler" title="SMS Preussischer Adler">SMS <i>Preussischer Adler</i></a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Parsecboy" title="User:Parsecboy">Parsecboy</a></dt> <dd>SMS <i>Preussischer Adler</i> was a <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddle steamer</a> built in the mid-1840s for commercial use. Requisitioned by the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Navy" title="Prussian Navy">Prussian Navy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Schleswig_War" title="First Schleswig War">First Schleswig War</a> in 1848, she took part in the first naval battle of the Prussian fleet. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig War</a>, in company with four other vessels, <i>Preussischer Adler</i> attacked a Danish force <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockading</a> the German <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> ports. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heligoland_(1864)" title="Battle of Heligoland (1864)">Battle of Heligoland</a> in May 1864 was tactically inconclusive, but the Danes abandoned their blockade. She was decommissioned and sunk as a <a href="/wiki/Target_ship" title="Target ship">target ship</a> during experiments with <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> in 1879.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan_(Australian_soldier)" title="Arthur Sullivan (Australian soldier)">Arthur Sullivan (Australian soldier)</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Peacemaker67" title="User:Peacemaker67">Peacemaker67</a></dt> <dd>Arthur Sullivan was an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Victoria_Cross_recipients" title="List of Australian Victoria Cross recipients">Australian recipient</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a>. He joined the <a href="/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="First Australian Imperial Force">Australian Imperial Force</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> but had not completed training when the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">war ended</a>. He enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> for service with the <a href="/wiki/North_Russia_intervention" title="North Russia intervention">North Russia Relief Force</a>. In North Russia in 1919 he was a member of a <a href="/wiki/Rearguard" title="Rearguard">rearguard</a> as his <a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoon</a> crossed the river on a one-plank bridge. Under intense fire from <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> troops, four men fell into the river. Sullivan jumped in and rescued all four, one by one; and was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-56_Hurricane_Hector_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ISS-56_Hurricane_Hector_%283%29.jpg/220px-ISS-56_Hurricane_Hector_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ISS-56_Hurricane_Hector_%283%29.jpg/330px-ISS-56_Hurricane_Hector_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ISS-56_Hurricane_Hector_%283%29.jpg/440px-ISS-56_Hurricane_Hector_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712"/></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hector_(2018)" title="Hurricane Hector (2018)">Hurricane Hector</a> from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> on 7 August 2018</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hector_(2018)" title="Hurricane Hector (2018)">Hurricane Hector (2018)</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Hurricane_Noah" title="User:Hurricane Noah">Hurricane Noah</a></dt> <dd>Hector was a powerful and long-lasting <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> that traversed the Pacific Ocean during late July and August 2018. Hector was the eighth <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_naming" title="Tropical cyclone naming">named storm</a>, fourth hurricane, and third major hurricane of the <a href="/wiki/2018_Pacific_hurricane_season" title="2018 Pacific hurricane season">2018 Pacific hurricane season</a>. It originated from a disturbance located north of South America on July 22. The disturbance tracked westward and gradually organized over the next several days, becoming a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC on July 3, being upgraded into a tropical storm about 12 hours later and received the name <i>Hector</i>. Throughout most of its existence, the cyclone traveled due west or slightly north of west. A favorable environment allowed the fledgling tropical storm to rapidly intensify to its initial peak as a Category 2 hurricane by 18:00 UTC on August 2. Hector reached Category 3 status by 00:00 UTC on August 4 and went through an <a href="/wiki/Eyewall_replacement_cycle" title="Eyewall replacement cycle">eyewall replacement cycle</a> soon after, which caused the intensification to halt. After the replacement cycle, the cyclone continued to organize, developing a well-defined eye surrounded by cold <a href="/wiki/Cloud_top" title="Cloud top">cloud tops</a>. It reached its peak intensity around 18:00 UTC August 6, with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h) and a pressure of 936 mbar (27.64 inHg). Hector's intensity fluctuated between Category 3 and Category 4 over the next several days before it fell below major hurricane intensity around 18:00 UTC on August 11. Hector had spent 186 hours at that intensity – longer than any other hurricane on record in the eastern Pacific basin. The impact on land from the storm was minimal.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/2010_Football_League_Championship_play-off_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Football League Championship play-off Final">2010 Football League Championship play-off Final</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Kosack" title="User:Kosack">Kosack</a> and <a href="/wiki/User:The_Rambling_Man" title="User:The Rambling Man">The Rambling Man</a></dt> <dd>The 2010 Football League Championship play-off Final was an <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> match played at <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a>, London, on 22 May 2010 between <a href="/wiki/Blackpool_F.C." title="Blackpool F.C.">Blackpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C." title="Cardiff City F.C.">Cardiff City</a>. The match was to determine the third and final team to win <a href="/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation" title="Promotion and relegation">promotion</a> from the <a href="/wiki/EFL_Championship" title="EFL Championship">Championship</a>, the second tier of <a href="/wiki/English_football_league_system" title="English football league system">English football</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Premier_League" title="2010–11 Premier League">2010–11 season</a>. The culmination of the <a href="/wiki/2010_Football_League_play-offs#Championship" title="2010 Football League play-offs">2010 Football League Championship play-offs</a>, the match saw Blackpool beat Cardiff City to earn promotion alongside the Championship winners <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C." title="Newcastle United F.C.">Newcastle United</a> and runners-up <a href="/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C." title="West Bromwich Albion F.C.">West Bromwich Albion</a>. As a consequence of winning promotion, Blackpool's <a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_Road" title="Bloomfield Road">Bloomfield Road</a> stadium, which had a capacity of 16,750, became one of the smallest stadiums to host Premier League football. It also meant Blackpool returned to the top flight of English League football for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_Football_League" title="1970–71 Football League">1970–71 season</a>, when they spent one season in the old <a href="/wiki/Football_League_First_Division" title="Football League First Division">First Division</a>, finishing bottom. In the <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Blackpool_F.C._season" title="2010–11 Blackpool F.C. season">season following</a> their 2010 play-off final victory, they were relegated back to the Championship. Cardiff reached <a href="/wiki/2011_Football_League_play-offs" title="2011 Football League play-offs">the play-offs</a> again the following season but were defeated in the semi-finals.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Squadron_Leader_Peter_Raw_in_1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Squadron_Leader_Peter_Raw_in_1952.jpg/220px-Squadron_Leader_Peter_Raw_in_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Squadron_Leader_Peter_Raw_in_1952.jpg/330px-Squadron_Leader_Peter_Raw_in_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Squadron_Leader_Peter_Raw_in_1952.jpg/440px-Squadron_Leader_Peter_Raw_in_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="344"/></a><figcaption>The file description page labels this as "Peter Raw in the cockpit of a <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">Vampire aircraft</a>". Surprisingly, he survived the vampire attack, and lived thirty-six more years.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Peter_Raw" title="Peter Raw">Peter Raw</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Nick-D" title="User:Nick-D">Nick-D</a></dt> <dd>Peter Raw was a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> (RAAF) pilot and officer. He served as a flight instructor, bomber pilot and the commander of a communications unit during World War II. He was appointed the commander of <a href="/wiki/No._2_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 2 Squadron RAAF">No. 2 Squadron</a> in 1953 and subsequently served in staff and diplomatic roles until taking command of <a href="/wiki/No._82_Wing_RAAF" title="No. 82 Wing RAAF">No. 82 Wing</a> in 1965. Between May 1966 and April 1967, he served as the air support co-ordinator for the Australian forces in South Vietnam; his initial refusal to commit RAAF helicopters to assist the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Tan" title="Battle of Long Tan">Battle of Long Tan</a> in August 1966 generated lasting controversy. Raw retired from the RAAF in 1978.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/2018_FA_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 FA Cup Final">2018 FA Cup Final</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:The_Rambling_Man" title="User:The Rambling Man">The Rambling Man</a></dt> <dd>The 2018 FA Cup Final was an <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> match between <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C." title="Manchester United F.C.">Manchester United</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_F.C." title="Chelsea F.C.">Chelsea</a> on 19 May 2018 at <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England. It was the 137th FA Cup final overall and was the showpiece match of English football's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (<a href="/wiki/FA_Cup" title="FA Cup">FA Cup</a>), organised by the <a href="/wiki/Football_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Association">Football Association</a>. It was the second successive final for Chelsea following their defeat by <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_F.C." title="Arsenal F.C.">Arsenal</a> <a href="/wiki/2017_FA_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 FA Cup Final">the previous year</a>. The match was played in sunny conditions in front of a Wembley crowd of 87,647. After a relatively even start to the match, on 21 minutes, Chelsea's <a href="/wiki/Eden_Hazard" title="Eden Hazard">Eden Hazard</a> was brought down in the Manchester United <a href="/wiki/Penalty_area" title="Penalty area">box</a> and Oliver awarded a penalty. Hazard scored from the spot to make it 1–0 to Chelsea, a lead they maintained to half time. Manchester United dominated the second half, and saw a 63rd-minute goal from <a href="/wiki/Alexis_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Alexis Sánchez">Alexis Sánchez</a> ruled out for <a href="/wiki/Offside_(association_football)" title="Offside (association football)">offside</a> after being referred to VAR. The match ended 1–0 to Chelsea who won the FA Cup for the eighth time.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Favorite_Son_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)" title="Favorite Son (Star Trek: Voyager)">"Favorite Son" (<i>Star Trek: Voyager</i>)</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Aoba47" title="User:Aoba47">Aoba47</a></dt> <dd>"Favorite Son" is an episode of the American <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">science fiction television</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager" title="Star Trek: Voyager">Star Trek: Voyager</a></i>, a show which follows the adventures of the <a href="/wiki/Starfleet" title="Starfleet">Starfleet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maquis_(Star_Trek)" title="Maquis (Star Trek)">Maquis</a> crew of the starship <a href="/wiki/USS_Voyager_(Star_Trek)" title="USS Voyager (Star Trek)">USS <i>Voyager</i></a> after they are stranded in the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Quadrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta Quadrant">Delta Quadrant</a>, far from the rest of the <a href="/wiki/United_Federation_of_Planets" title="United Federation of Planets">Federation</a>. In the episode, Ensign <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kim_(Star_Trek)" title="Harry Kim (Star Trek)">Harry Kim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garrett_Wang" title="Garrett Wang">Garrett Wang</a>) experiences <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_vu" title="Déjà vu">déjà vu</a> and develops a rash when the <i>Voyager</i> enters a new sector of the Delta Quadrant. Mostly female aliens known as Taresians tell him that he is not human but is a member of their species. On discovering this is a ruse by the female aliens to attract and kill their men during reproduction, the crew rescues Kim and restores him to his original state.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anefo_932-2378_Keke_Rosberg,_Zandvoort,_03-07-1982_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Anefo_932-2378_Keke_Rosberg%2C_Zandvoort%2C_03-07-1982_-_Restoration.jpg/170px-Anefo_932-2378_Keke_Rosberg%2C_Zandvoort%2C_03-07-1982_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Anefo_932-2378_Keke_Rosberg%2C_Zandvoort%2C_03-07-1982_-_Restoration.jpg/255px-Anefo_932-2378_Keke_Rosberg%2C_Zandvoort%2C_03-07-1982_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Anefo_932-2378_Keke_Rosberg%2C_Zandvoort%2C_03-07-1982_-_Restoration.jpg/340px-Anefo_932-2378_Keke_Rosberg%2C_Zandvoort%2C_03-07-1982_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2442" data-file-height="3682"/></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keke_Rosberg" title="Keke Rosberg">Keke Rosberg</a>, winner of the <a href="/wiki/Formula_One_World_Championship_for_Drivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula One World Championship for Drivers">drivers' side</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1982_Formula_One_World_Championship" title="1982 Formula One World Championship">1982 Formula One World Championship</a>. You'll be seeing him again next month.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/1982_Formula_One_World_Championship" title="1982 Formula One World Championship">1982 Formula One World Championship</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Zwerg_Nase" title="User:Zwerg Nase">Zwerg Nase</a></dt> <dd>The 1982 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 36th season of <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile" title="Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile">FIA</a> <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> motor racing. It included two competitions run over the course of the year, the 33rd <a href="/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Constructors%27_Champions" title="List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions">Formula One World Championship for Drivers</a> and the 25th <a href="/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Constructors%27_Champions" title="List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions">Formula One World Championship for Constructors</a>. The Drivers' Championship was won by <a href="/wiki/Keke_Rosberg" title="Keke Rosberg">Keke Rosberg</a> and the Constructors' Championship by <a href="/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari" title="Scuderia Ferrari">Scuderia Ferrari</a>. Eventual champion Rosberg won only one race all season – the <a href="/wiki/1982_Swiss_Grand_Prix" title="1982 Swiss Grand Prix">Swiss Grand Prix</a> – but consistency gave him the Drivers' Championship</dd> <dd>Motorsport journalist <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Roebuck" title="Nigel Roebuck">Nigel Roebuck</a> later wrote that 1982 was "an ugly year, pock-marked by tragedy, by dissension, by greed, and yet, paradoxically, it produced some of the most memorable racing ever seen".</dd> <dt><i><a href="/wiki/Squirm" title="Squirm">Squirm</a></i>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:GamerPro64" class="mw-redirect" title="User:GamerPro64">GamerPro64</a></dt> <dd><i>Squirm</i> is a 1976 American <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror film</a> written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Lieberman" title="Jeff Lieberman">Jeff Lieberman</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Don_Scardino" title="Don Scardino">Don Scardino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Pearcy" title="Patricia Pearcy">Patricia Pearcy</a>, R.A. Dow, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sullivan" title="Jean Sullivan">Jean Sullivan</a>, Peter MacLean, Fran Higgins, and <a href="/wiki/William_Newman_(actor)" title="William Newman (actor)">William Newman</a>. The film takes place in the fictional town of Fly Creek, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, which becomes infested with <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a> worms after a storm. Lieberman's script is based on a childhood incident in which his brother fed electricity into a patch of earth causing earthworms to rise to the surface. Millions of worms were used over the five-week filming in Port Wentworth, Georgia; worms were brought in from Maine to augment local supplies. Makeup artist <a href="/wiki/Rick_Baker" title="Rick Baker">Rick Baker</a> provided special effects using <a href="/wiki/Prosthetic_makeup" title="Prosthetic makeup">prosthetics</a> for the first time in his career. The film was a commercial success, but opened to lukewarm reviews. It has since become a critical favourite, and <a href="/wiki/Cult_classic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult classic">cult classic</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/1789_Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district_election" title="1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election">1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Wehwalt" title="User:Wehwalt">Wehwalt</a></dt> <dd>The first election for <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 5th congressional district">Virginia's 5th congressional district</a> took place on February 2, 1789, for a two-year term to commence March 4 of that year. In a race that turned on the candidates' positions on the need for amendments (the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>) to the recently ratified <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> for a place in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1st_United_States_Congress" title="1st United States Congress">First Congress</a>. It is the only congressional election in U.S. history in which two future <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidents</a> opposed each other.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catapulta_by_Edward_Poynter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Catapulta_by_Edward_Poynter.jpg/220px-Catapulta_by_Edward_Poynter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Catapulta_by_Edward_Poynter.jpg/330px-Catapulta_by_Edward_Poynter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Catapulta_by_Edward_Poynter.jpg/440px-Catapulta_by_Edward_Poynter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="1200"/></a><figcaption><i>Catapulta</i> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Poynter" title="Edward Poynter">Edward Poynter</a>, 1868; modern depiction of a Roman siege engine at the Siege of Carthage during the Third Punic War</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Gog_the_Mild" title="User:Gog the Mild">Gog the Mild</a></dt> <dd>The Third Punic War was the third and last of the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> fought between <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Rome</a>; it lasted from 149 to 146 BC. The war was fought in what is now north-east <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. The Romans <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">besieged</a> the city of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> but suffered repeated setbacks. A new Roman commander took over in 148 BC, and fared equally badly. <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Aemilianus" title="Scipio Aemilianus">Scipio Aemilianus</a> was appointed commander in Africa in 147 BC and in spring 146 BC launched a final assault, systematically destroying the city and killing its inhabitants; 50,000 survivors were sold into slavery. The formerly Carthaginian territories became the <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman province of Africa</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/2020_World_Snooker_Championship" title="2020 World Snooker Championship">2020 World Snooker Championship</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Lee_Vilenski" title="User:Lee Vilenski">Lee Vilenski</a></dt> <dd>The 2020 World Snooker Championship was a professional <a href="/wiki/Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a> tournament that took place from 31 July to 16 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Crucible_Theatre" title="Crucible Theatre">Crucible Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, England. It was the 44th consecutive year that the <a href="/wiki/World_Snooker_Championship" title="World Snooker Championship">World Snooker Championship</a> was held at the Crucible. The final <a href="/wiki/Snooker_world_rankings" title="Snooker world rankings">ranking</a> event of the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_snooker_season" title="2019–20 snooker season">2019–20 snooker season</a>, the tournament was originally scheduled to take place from 18 April to 4 May 2020, but both the qualifying stage and the main rounds were postponed as a result of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. The event was one of the first to allow live audiences since the onset of the pandemic, but on the first day it was announced that the event would be played <a href="/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)" title="Behind closed doors (sport)">behind closed doors</a> for subsequent days. A limited number of spectators were allowed in for the final two days of the championship. <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_O%27Sullivan" title="Ronnie O'Sullivan">Ronnie O'Sullivan</a> won his sixth world title, defeating Wilson 18–8 in the final, the 37th ranking event win of his career, the highest of any player.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Popular_Tribunal_Ozurgeti_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Popular_Tribunal_Ozurgeti_1905.jpg/220px-Popular_Tribunal_Ozurgeti_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Popular_Tribunal_Ozurgeti_1905.jpg/330px-Popular_Tribunal_Ozurgeti_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Popular_Tribunal_Ozurgeti_1905.jpg/440px-Popular_Tribunal_Ozurgeti_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="445"/></a><figcaption>A popular tribunal in Ozurgeti, 1905, during the <a href="/wiki/Gurian_Republic" title="Gurian Republic">Gurian Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Gurian_Republic" title="Gurian Republic">Gurian Republic</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Kaiser_matias" title="User:Kaiser matias">Kaiser matias</a></dt> <dd>The Gurian Republic refers to an insurrection and protest movement that took place in the western <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Guria" title="Guria">Guria</a> (known at the time as the <a href="/wiki/Ozurget_Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozurget Uyezd">Ozurget Uyezd</a>) against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> between 1902 and 1906. This rose from a revolt over land grazing rights in 1902. Several issues over the previous decades affecting the peasant population including taxation, land ownership and economic factors also factored into the start of the insurrection. It gained further traction through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Social Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgian social democrats</a>, despite some reservations within their party over supporting a peasant movement, and grew further during the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a>.</dd> <dd>During its existence the Gurian Republic ignored Russian authority and established its own system of government, which consisted of assemblies of villagers meeting and discussing issues. A unique form of justice, where trial attendees voted on sentences, was introduced. While the movement broke from imperial administration, it was not <a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">anti-Russian</a>, desiring to remain within the Empire.</dd> <dt><i><a href="/wiki/Heaven_Upside_Down" title="Heaven Upside Down">Heaven Upside Down</a></i>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Homeostasis07" title="User:Homeostasis07">Homeostasis07</a></dt> <dd><i>Heaven Upside Down</i> is the tenth studio album by American <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Manson_(band)" title="Marilyn Manson (band)">Marilyn Manson</a>. It was released on October 6, 2017 by <a href="/wiki/Loma_Vista_Recordings" title="Loma Vista Recordings">Loma Vista Recordings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Distribution">Caroline International</a>. The record had the <a href="/wiki/Working_title" title="Working title">working title</a> <i>Say10</i> and was initially due to be issued on <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a>. However, the release was delayed by numerous events, most notably the death of <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Manson" title="Marilyn Manson">Marilyn Manson</a>'s father Hugh Warner, who died during production and to whom the album was later dedicated. The record features many of the same musicians who performed on the band's previous album, 2015's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pale_Emperor" title="The Pale Emperor">The Pale Emperor</a></i>, including producer <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Bates" title="Tyler Bates">Tyler Bates</a> and drummer <a href="/wiki/Gil_Sharone" title="Gil Sharone">Gil Sharone</a>. Despite Manson's early implications, long-time bassist <a href="/wiki/Twiggy_Ramirez" title="Twiggy Ramirez">Twiggy</a> did not participate on the album. He left the group following a sexual assault allegation by a former girlfriend.</dd> <dd>The album received positive reviews from <a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">music critics</a> upon release, with multiple publications saying it continued a creative resurgence which began with their previous album. It was also a commercial success, debuting at number eight on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200"><i>Billboard</i> 200</a> and charting in the top ten in most of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets" title="List of largest recorded music markets">major markets</a>.</dd> <dt><i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Journal_of_Herpetology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Journal of Herpetology">Australian Journal of Herpetology</a></i>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Bobamnertiopsis" title="User:Bobamnertiopsis">Collin</a></dt> <dd>The <i>Australian Journal of Herpetology</i> was a <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">scientific journal</a> specialising in the study of <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">herpetology</a>) published from 1981 until 1983 with an additional supplemental series released in 1985. Richard W. Wells, a first-year biology student, served as the journal's <a href="/wiki/Editor-in-chief" title="Editor-in-chief">editor-in-chief</a>, supporting an <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board" title="Editorial board">editorial board</a> of three Australian researchers. In what became known as the "Wells and Wellington affair", Wells stopped communicating with the journal's editorial board for around two years before suddenly publishing three papers without peer review in the <i>Australian Journal of Herpetology</i> between 1983 and 1985. Co-authored by himself and high school teacher C. Ross Wellington, the papers reorganized the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> of all of Australia's and New Zealand's amphibians and reptiles and proposed over 700 changes to the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a> of the region's <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/herpetofauna" class="extiw" title="wikt:herpetofauna">herpetofauna</a>. The herpetological community reacted strongly to the pair's actions and eventually brought a case to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature</a> to suppress the scientific names they proposed. After four years of arguments, the commission opted not to vote on the case, leaving some of Wells and Wellington's names <a href="/wiki/Available_name" title="Available name">available</a>. The outcome highlighted the vulnerability to the established rules of biological nomenclature that <a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">desktop publishing</a> presented. As of 2020, 24 of the names assigned by Wells and Wellington remained valid <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)#Comparison_between_zoology_and_botany" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">senior synonyms</a>.</dd></dl> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Featured_pictures" data-mw-thread-id="h-Featured_pictures-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Featured_pictures-signpost-article-title"></span>Featured pictures<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Featured_pictures-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p>20 <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FP">featured pictures</a> (including the ones used for this article's header and footer) were promoted this period. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 656px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 654px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harpon_Unaaq_MHNT_ETH_AC_198.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inuit harpoons by Didier Descouens"><img alt="Inuit harpoons by Didier Descouens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Harpon_Unaaq_MHNT_ETH_AC_198.jpg/981px-Harpon_Unaaq_MHNT_ETH_AC_198.jpg" decoding="async" width="654" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Harpon_Unaaq_MHNT_ETH_AC_198.jpg/1473px-Harpon_Unaaq_MHNT_ETH_AC_198.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Harpon_Unaaq_MHNT_ETH_AC_198.jpg/1962px-Harpon_Unaaq_MHNT_ETH_AC_198.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9951" data-file-height="3804"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoons</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Archaeodontosaurus" title="User:Archaeodontosaurus">Didier Descouens</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeanette_Scissum_at_Marshall_Space_Flight_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jeanette Scissum by NASA/MSFC, restored by Adam Cuerden"><img alt="Jeanette Scissum by NASA/MSFC, restored by Adam Cuerden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jeanette_Scissum_at_Marshall_Space_Flight_Center.jpg/296px-Jeanette_Scissum_at_Marshall_Space_Flight_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jeanette_Scissum_at_Marshall_Space_Flight_Center.jpg/444px-Jeanette_Scissum_at_Marshall_Space_Flight_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jeanette_Scissum_at_Marshall_Space_Flight_Center.jpg/592px-Jeanette_Scissum_at_Marshall_Space_Flight_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4378" data-file-height="5545"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Scissum" title="Jeanette Scissum">Jeanette Scissum</a> by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">MSFC</a>, restored by <a href="/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" title="User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 316.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 314.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoli,_strada_Acquaquilia,_bozzetto_di_Riccardo_Salvadori_per_A_Basso_Porto_(1894)_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON002556.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Set design for Act I of Niccola Spinelli's A basso porto by Riccardo Salvadori"><img alt="Set design for Act I of Niccola Spinelli's A basso porto by Riccardo Salvadori" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Napoli%2C_strada_Acquaquilia%2C_bozzetto_di_Riccardo_Salvadori_per_A_Basso_Porto_%281894%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON002556.jpg/472px-Napoli%2C_strada_Acquaquilia%2C_bozzetto_di_Riccardo_Salvadori_per_A_Basso_Porto_%281894%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON002556.jpg" decoding="async" width="315" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Napoli%2C_strada_Acquaquilia%2C_bozzetto_di_Riccardo_Salvadori_per_A_Basso_Porto_%281894%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON002556.jpg/709px-Napoli%2C_strada_Acquaquilia%2C_bozzetto_di_Riccardo_Salvadori_per_A_Basso_Porto_%281894%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON002556.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Napoli%2C_strada_Acquaquilia%2C_bozzetto_di_Riccardo_Salvadori_per_A_Basso_Porto_%281894%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON002556.jpg/944px-Napoli%2C_strada_Acquaquilia%2C_bozzetto_di_Riccardo_Salvadori_per_A_Basso_Porto_%281894%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON002556.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3137" data-file-height="2492"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Set design for Act I of <a href="/wiki/Niccola_Spinelli" title="Niccola Spinelli">Niccola Spinelli</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_basso_porto" title="A basso porto">A basso porto</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Salvadori" title="Riccardo Salvadori">Riccardo Salvadori</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 322.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 320.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hummingbird_hawk_moth_(Macroglossum_stellatarum)_in_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hummingbird hawk moth by Charles J. Sharp"><img alt="Hummingbird hawk moth by Charles J. Sharp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Hummingbird_hawk_moth_%28Macroglossum_stellatarum%29_in_flight.jpg/481px-Hummingbird_hawk_moth_%28Macroglossum_stellatarum%29_in_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="321" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Hummingbird_hawk_moth_%28Macroglossum_stellatarum%29_in_flight.jpg/722px-Hummingbird_hawk_moth_%28Macroglossum_stellatarum%29_in_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Hummingbird_hawk_moth_%28Macroglossum_stellatarum%29_in_flight.jpg/962px-Hummingbird_hawk_moth_%28Macroglossum_stellatarum%29_in_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3042" data-file-height="2372"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hummingbird_hawk_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hummingbird hawk moth">Hummingbird hawk moth</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Charlesjsharp" title="User:Charlesjsharp">Charles J. Sharp</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_Musicians_at_the_Door_-_Jacob_Octhtervelt_(edit).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Street Musicians at the Door by Jacob Ochtervelt"><img alt="Street Musicians at the Door by Jacob Ochtervelt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Street_Musicians_at_the_Door_-_Jacob_Octhtervelt_%28edit%29.jpg/298px-Street_Musicians_at_the_Door_-_Jacob_Octhtervelt_%28edit%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Street_Musicians_at_the_Door_-_Jacob_Octhtervelt_%28edit%29.jpg/447px-Street_Musicians_at_the_Door_-_Jacob_Octhtervelt_%28edit%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Street_Musicians_at_the_Door_-_Jacob_Octhtervelt_%28edit%29.jpg/596px-Street_Musicians_at_the_Door_-_Jacob_Octhtervelt_%28edit%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6356" data-file-height="8000"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Street_Musicians_at_the_Door" title="Street Musicians at the Door">Street Musicians at the Door</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Ochtervelt" title="Jacob Ochtervelt">Jacob Ochtervelt</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 251.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 249.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroclaw-Rathaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wrocław Town Hall by Kolossos"><img alt="Wrocław Town Hall by Kolossos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wroclaw-Rathaus.jpg/374px-Wroclaw-Rathaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wroclaw-Rathaus.jpg/562px-Wroclaw-Rathaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wroclaw-Rathaus.jpg/749px-Wroclaw-Rathaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4215" data-file-height="4223"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Town_Hall" title="Wrocław Town Hall">Wrocław Town Hall</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Kolossos" title="User:Kolossos">Kolossos</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 326px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 324px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Humanit%C3%A9_Ren%C3%A9_Philastre_and_Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_Set_design_for_the_second_part_of_Victor_Hugo%27s_Les_Burgraves,_premi%C3%A8re_production.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Set design for the second part of Victor Hugo's Les Burgraves by Humanité René Philastre and Charles-Antoine Cambon, restored by Adam Cuerden"><img alt="Set design for the second part of Victor Hugo's Les Burgraves by Humanité René Philastre and Charles-Antoine Cambon, restored by Adam Cuerden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Humanit%C3%A9_Ren%C3%A9_Philastre_and_Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_Set_design_for_the_second_part_of_Victor_Hugo%27s_Les_Burgraves%2C_premi%C3%A8re_production.jpg/486px-Humanit%C3%A9_Ren%C3%A9_Philastre_and_Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_Set_design_for_the_second_part_of_Victor_Hugo%27s_Les_Burgraves%2C_premi%C3%A8re_production.jpg" decoding="async" width="324" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Humanit%C3%A9_Ren%C3%A9_Philastre_and_Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_Set_design_for_the_second_part_of_Victor_Hugo%27s_Les_Burgraves%2C_premi%C3%A8re_production.jpg/730px-Humanit%C3%A9_Ren%C3%A9_Philastre_and_Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_Set_design_for_the_second_part_of_Victor_Hugo%27s_Les_Burgraves%2C_premi%C3%A8re_production.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Humanit%C3%A9_Ren%C3%A9_Philastre_and_Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_Set_design_for_the_second_part_of_Victor_Hugo%27s_Les_Burgraves%2C_premi%C3%A8re_production.jpg/972px-Humanit%C3%A9_Ren%C3%A9_Philastre_and_Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_Set_design_for_the_second_part_of_Victor_Hugo%27s_Les_Burgraves%2C_premi%C3%A8re_production.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4135" data-file-height="3190"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Set design for the second part of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Burgraves" title="Les Burgraves">Les Burgraves</a></i> by Humanité René Philastre and <a href="/wiki/Charles-Antoine_Cambon" title="Charles-Antoine Cambon">Charles-Antoine Cambon</a>, restored by <a href="/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" title="User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img24_Tomb_of_Mian_Ghulam_Kalhoro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tomb of Mian Ghulam Kalhoro in Pakistan by A.Savin"><img alt="The Tomb of Mian Ghulam Kalhoro in Pakistan by A.Savin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img24_Tomb_of_Mian_Ghulam_Kalhoro.jpg/375px-PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img24_Tomb_of_Mian_Ghulam_Kalhoro.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img24_Tomb_of_Mian_Ghulam_Kalhoro.jpg/563px-PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img24_Tomb_of_Mian_Ghulam_Kalhoro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img24_Tomb_of_Mian_Ghulam_Kalhoro.jpg/750px-PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img24_Tomb_of_Mian_Ghulam_Kalhoro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4848" data-file-height="4848"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Mian_Ghulam_Kalhoro" title="Tomb of Mian Ghulam Kalhoro">Tomb of Mian Ghulam Kalhoro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:A.Savin" title="User:A.Savin">A.Savin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pauline_Gracia_Beery_Mack_(1891-1974)_(5493947511)_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pauline Gracia Beery Mack by Underwood & Underwood, restored by Adam Cuerden"><img alt="Pauline Gracia Beery Mack by Underwood & Underwood, restored by Adam Cuerden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pauline_Gracia_Beery_Mack_%281891-1974%29_%285493947511%29_-_Restoration.jpg/299px-Pauline_Gracia_Beery_Mack_%281891-1974%29_%285493947511%29_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pauline_Gracia_Beery_Mack_%281891-1974%29_%285493947511%29_-_Restoration.jpg/450px-Pauline_Gracia_Beery_Mack_%281891-1974%29_%285493947511%29_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pauline_Gracia_Beery_Mack_%281891-1974%29_%285493947511%29_-_Restoration.jpg/599px-Pauline_Gracia_Beery_Mack_%281891-1974%29_%285493947511%29_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="1924"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Gracia_Beery_Mack" title="Pauline Gracia Beery Mack">Pauline Gracia Beery Mack</a> by <a href="/wiki/Underwood_%26_Underwood" title="Underwood & Underwood">Underwood & Underwood</a>, restored by <a href="/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" title="User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 386.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 384.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroclaw_-_Hala_Stulecia_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Centennial Hall in Wrocław, Poland, by Jar.ciurus"><img alt="Centennial Hall in Wrocław, Poland, by Jar.ciurus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wroclaw_-_Hala_Stulecia_03.jpg/577px-Wroclaw_-_Hala_Stulecia_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="385" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wroclaw_-_Hala_Stulecia_03.jpg/866px-Wroclaw_-_Hala_Stulecia_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wroclaw_-_Hala_Stulecia_03.jpg/1153px-Wroclaw_-_Hala_Stulecia_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="3018"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Hall" class="mw-disambig" title="Centennial Hall">Centennial Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jar.ciurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Jar.ciurus (page does not exist)">Jar.ciurus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Katherine_Johnson_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Katherine Johnson by NASA"><img alt="Katherine Johnson by NASA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Katherine_Johnson_1983.jpg/300px-Katherine_Johnson_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Katherine_Johnson_1983.jpg/450px-Katherine_Johnson_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Katherine_Johnson_1983.jpg/600px-Katherine_Johnson_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a> by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amilcare_Ponchielli_(before_1886)_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_FOTO000794_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Composer Amilcare Ponchielli by Icilio Calzolari, restored by Adam Cuerden"><img alt="Composer Amilcare Ponchielli by Icilio Calzolari, restored by Adam Cuerden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Amilcare_Ponchielli_%28before_1886%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_FOTO000794_-_Restoration.jpg/263px-Amilcare_Ponchielli_%28before_1886%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_FOTO000794_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Amilcare_Ponchielli_%28before_1886%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_FOTO000794_-_Restoration.jpg/394px-Amilcare_Ponchielli_%28before_1886%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_FOTO000794_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Amilcare_Ponchielli_%28before_1886%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_FOTO000794_-_Restoration.jpg/525px-Amilcare_Ponchielli_%28before_1886%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_FOTO000794_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="2039"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Composer <a href="/wiki/Amilcare_Ponchielli" title="Amilcare Ponchielli">Amilcare Ponchielli</a> by <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icilio_Calzolari" class="extiw" title="it:Icilio Calzolari">Icilio Calzolari</a>, restored by <a href="/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" title="User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 377.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 375.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanayi_Kunhiraman_Image.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian sculptor Kanayi Kunhiraman by Mullookkaaran"><img alt="Indian sculptor Kanayi Kunhiraman by Mullookkaaran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kanayi_Kunhiraman_Image.jpg/563px-Kanayi_Kunhiraman_Image.jpg" decoding="async" width="376" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kanayi_Kunhiraman_Image.jpg/845px-Kanayi_Kunhiraman_Image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kanayi_Kunhiraman_Image.jpg/1125px-Kanayi_Kunhiraman_Image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Kanayi_Kunhiraman" title="Kanayi Kunhiraman">Kanayi Kunhiraman</a> by <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Mullookkaaran" class="extiw" title="commons:User:Mullookkaaran">Mullookkaaran</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 376.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 374.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaleva_Church_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaleva Church, Finland, by kallerna"><img alt="Kaleva Church, Finland, by kallerna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kaleva_Church_4.jpg/562px-Kaleva_Church_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="375" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kaleva_Church_4.jpg/843px-Kaleva_Church_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kaleva_Church_4.jpg/1123px-Kaleva_Church_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5525" data-file-height="3690"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kaleva_Church" title="Kaleva Church">Kaleva Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, by <a href="/wiki/User:Kallerna" title="User:Kallerna">kallerna</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pauline_Kirby_(5493900611).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Army Nurse Pauline Kirby by the United States Army, restored by Adam Cuerden"><img alt="U.S. Army Nurse Pauline Kirby by the United States Army, restored by Adam Cuerden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pauline_Kirby_%285493900611%29.jpg/304px-Pauline_Kirby_%285493900611%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pauline_Kirby_%285493900611%29.jpg/456px-Pauline_Kirby_%285493900611%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pauline_Kirby_%285493900611%29.jpg/607px-Pauline_Kirby_%285493900611%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1539" data-file-height="1900"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. Army Nurse <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Kirby" title="Pauline Kirby">Pauline Kirby</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, restored by <a href="/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" title="User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persicaria_maculosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flower of Persicaria maculosa by The Cosmonaut"><img alt="Flower of Persicaria maculosa by The Cosmonaut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Persicaria_maculosa.jpg/265px-Persicaria_maculosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Persicaria_maculosa.jpg/397px-Persicaria_maculosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Persicaria_maculosa.jpg/529px-Persicaria_maculosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="4500"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flower of <i><a href="/wiki/Persicaria_maculosa" title="Persicaria maculosa">Persicaria maculosa</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/User:The_Cosmonaut" title="User:The Cosmonaut">The Cosmonaut</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Granville_Stuart_1883_by_L._A._Huffman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Montana businessman and author Granville Stuart by L. A. Huffman, restored by Adam Cuerden"><img alt="Montana businessman and author Granville Stuart by L. A. Huffman, restored by Adam Cuerden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Granville_Stuart_1883_by_L._A._Huffman.jpg/285px-Granville_Stuart_1883_by_L._A._Huffman.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Granville_Stuart_1883_by_L._A._Huffman.jpg/427px-Granville_Stuart_1883_by_L._A._Huffman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Granville_Stuart_1883_by_L._A._Huffman.jpg/569px-Granville_Stuart_1883_by_L._A._Huffman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2277" data-file-height="3000"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> businessman and author <a href="/wiki/Granville_Stuart" title="Granville Stuart">Granville Stuart</a> by L. A. Huffman, restored by <a href="/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" title="User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steppe_buzzard_(Buteo_buteo_vulpinus).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steppe buzzard by Charles J. Sharp"><img alt="Steppe buzzard by Charles J. Sharp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Steppe_buzzard_%28Buteo_buteo_vulpinus%29.jpg/250px-Steppe_buzzard_%28Buteo_buteo_vulpinus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Steppe_buzzard_%28Buteo_buteo_vulpinus%29.jpg/375px-Steppe_buzzard_%28Buteo_buteo_vulpinus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Steppe_buzzard_%28Buteo_buteo_vulpinus%29.jpg/500px-Steppe_buzzard_%28Buteo_buteo_vulpinus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2666" data-file-height="4000"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Steppe_buzzard" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe buzzard">Steppe buzzard</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Charlesjsharp" title="User:Charlesjsharp">Charles J. Sharp</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Featured_topic" data-mw-thread-id="h-Featured_topic-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Featured_topic-signpost-article-title"></span>Featured topic<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Featured_topic-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_topics/Punic_Wars" title="Wikipedia:Featured topics/Punic Wars">The Punic Wars</a>, originally nominated as a Good topic by <a href="/wiki/User:Gog_the_Mild" title="User:Gog the Mild">Gog the Mild</a>, has been upgraded into Wikipedia's newest featured topic.</b> </p> <dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> were a series of three wars between 264 and 146<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC fought by the states of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a>. All three were won by Rome. The <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> broke out in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> in 264<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC and lasted 23 years, until 241<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, when after immense materiel and human losses on both sides the Carthaginians were defeated. The end of the war sparked a major but unsuccessful four-year-long revolt within the Carthaginian Empire known as the <a href="/wiki/Mercenary_War" title="Mercenary War">Mercenary War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> began in 218<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC and witnessed <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hannibal%27s_crossing_of_the_Alps" title="Hannibal's crossing of the Alps">crossing of the Alps</a> and invasion of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Italy">mainland Italy</a>. The successful Roman invasion of the Carthaginian homeland in Africa in 204<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC led to Hannibal's recall and to Carthage <a href="/wiki/Suing_for_peace" title="Suing for peace">suing for peace</a> after 17 years of war. Carthage ceased to be a military threat but Rome contrived a justification to declare war again in 149<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a>. The Romans stormed the city of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> in 146<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">sacked</a> it, slaughtered most of its population and completely demolished it.</dd></dl> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1148877634">.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;padding:5px;font-size:95%;clear:both}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-title-bar{background:#E0F2CE;min-height:25px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-navbar{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-title{font-size:120%;flex:1}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-count{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-contents{background-color:#F2FFE6;padding:2px 1%}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-contents ul{list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-image{text-align:center;flex:0 0 auto}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-column{flex:1}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box{width:95%;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-navbar{padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-count{padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-title-bar{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-contents{display:flex;gap:2%0}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-image{width:110px}}</style> <div class="featured-topic-box"> <div class="featured-topic-box-title-bar"> <div class="featured-topic-box-navbar noprint"> <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wikipedia:Featured_topics/Punic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Wikipedia:Featured topics/Punic Wars">edit</a> | <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Featured_topics/Punic_Wars" title="Wikipedia talk:Featured topics/Punic Wars">discuss</a></div> <div class="featured-topic-box-title"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Good article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/16px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/23px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/31px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a></div> <div class="featured-topic-box-count"> 5 articles</div> </div> <div class="featured-topic-box-contents"> <div class="featured-topic-box-image wpImageAnnotatorControl wpImageAnnotatorOff wpImageAnnotatorCaptionOff"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093_(cropped2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093_%28cropped2%29.png/60px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093_%28cropped2%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093_%28cropped2%29.png/90px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093_%28cropped2%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093_%28cropped2%29.png/120px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093_%28cropped2%29.png 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="572"/></a></span></div> <div class="featured-topic-box-column"> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180"/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a></dd> <dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180"/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mercenary_War" title="Mercenary War">Mercenary War</a></dd></dl> </div> <div class="featured-topic-box-column"> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Good article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/16px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/23px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/31px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a></dd> <dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180"/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a></dd></dl> </div> </div> </div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Featured_lists" data-mw-thread-id="h-Featured_lists-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Featured_lists-signpost-article-title"></span>Featured lists<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Featured_lists-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p>15 <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FL">featured lists</a> were promoted this period. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Engelsberg-Huettenwerk-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Engelsberg-Huettenwerk-01.jpg/220px-Engelsberg-Huettenwerk-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Engelsberg-Huettenwerk-01.jpg/330px-Engelsberg-Huettenwerk-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Engelsberg-Huettenwerk-01.jpg/440px-Engelsberg-Huettenwerk-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"/></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Engelsberg_Ironworks" title="Engelsberg Ironworks">Engelsberg Ironworks</a>, one of the many <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sweden" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden">World Heritage Sites in Sweden</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sweden" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden">List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Tone" title="User:Tone">Tone</a></dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO) <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> are places of importance to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">natural heritage</a> as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention. As of 2020, there are fifteen World Heritage Sites in Sweden, including thirteen cultural sites, one natural site and one mixed site. The first Swedish site added to the list was the <a href="/wiki/Drottningholm_Palace" title="Drottningholm Palace">Royal Domain of Drottningholm</a> in 1991, and the most recently listed was the <a href="/wiki/Decorated_Farmhouses_of_H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland">Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland</a>, in 2012.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_RuPaul" title="List of awards and nominations received by RuPaul">List of awards and nominations received by RuPaul</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Leo_Mercury" title="User:Leo Mercury">Leo Mercury</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/RuPaul" title="RuPaul">RuPaul Charles</a> is an American <a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">drag queen</a>, actor, model, singer, songwriter, and television personality. He is considered to be the most famous drag queen ever, and in 2017 he was included in the annual <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100"><i>Time</i> 100</a> list of the most influential people in the world. Since 2009, he has produced and hosted the reality competition series <i><a href="/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race" title="RuPaul's Drag Race">RuPaul's Drag Race</a></i> and its various spin-offs, which have earned Charles eight <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Primetime Emmy Award">Primetime Emmy Awards</a>, making him the person with the most wins in the category of <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Host_for_a_Reality_or_Competition_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Competition Program">Outstanding Host for a Competition Program</a>, amongst other awards. He had already achieved international fame as a drag queen with the release of his single "<a href="/wiki/Supermodel_(You_Better_Work)" title="Supermodel (You Better Work)">Supermodel (You Better Work)</a>", from the album <i><a href="/wiki/Supermodel_of_the_World" title="Supermodel of the World">Supermodel of the World</a></i> (1993), for which he received two <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Music_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboard Music Award"><i>Billboard</i> Music Awards</a> and an <a href="/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Video Music Award">MTV Video Music Award</a> nomination. He was also honored with the <a href="/wiki/GLAAD_Vito_Russo_Award" title="GLAAD Vito Russo Award">GLAAD Vito Russo Award</a> in 1999, presented to an openly LGBT media professional who has made a significant difference in promoting equality for the LGBT community, and in 2018 he received a star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a> for his contributions to the television industry, making him the first drag queen to be given such an award.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_Sebastian_Pepsi_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Joan_Sebastian_Pepsi_Center.jpg/220px-Joan_Sebastian_Pepsi_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Joan_Sebastian_Pepsi_Center.jpg/330px-Joan_Sebastian_Pepsi_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Joan_Sebastian_Pepsi_Center.jpg/440px-Joan_Sebastian_Pepsi_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"/></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joan_Sebastian" title="Joan Sebastian">Joan Sebastian</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Mexican/Mexican-American_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album">Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album</a> twice.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Mexican/Mexican-American_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album">Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Jaespinoza" title="User:Jaespinoza">Javier Espinoza</a></dt> <dd>The Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album was an award presented to recording artists for quality albums in the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexican music</a> genre at the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Awards</a>, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards. Since its inception, the award category has had several name changes, until, in 2009, the category was split into two new fields: <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Norte%C3%B1o_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Norteño Album">Best Norteño Album</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Regional_Mexican_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Regional Mexican Album">Best Regional Mexican Album</a>. Mexican-American artist <a href="/wiki/Pepe_Aguilar" title="Pepe Aguilar">Pepe Aguilar</a> is the most-awarded performer in the category with three wins. He is followed by American singers <a href="/wiki/Vikki_Carr" title="Vikki Carr">Vikki Carr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a>, American artist <a href="/wiki/Flaco_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Flaco Jiménez">Flaco Jiménez</a>, Mexican singers <a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel" title="Luis Miguel">Luis Miguel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Sebastian" title="Joan Sebastian">Joan Sebastian</a>, and bands <a href="/wiki/La_Mafia" title="La Mafia">La Mafia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Lobos" title="Los Lobos">Los Lobos</a>, with two wins each.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury_Award" title="Ray Bradbury Award">Ray Bradbury Award</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:PresN" title="User:PresN">PresN</a></dt> <dd>The Ray Bradbury Nebula Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation (formerly the Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation) is given each year by the <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America">Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America</a> (SFWA) for science fiction or fantasy dramatic works such as movies or television episodes. To be eligible for <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula Award</a> consideration a work must be published in English in the United States. Works published in English elsewhere in the world are also eligible provided they are released either on a website or in an electronic edition. Only individual works are eligible, not serials such as television series, though miniseries of three or fewer parts are allowed. The award, named to honor prolific author and screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>, was begun in 1992 as the Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igrexa_de_Eksta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Igrexa_de_Eksta.jpg/220px-Igrexa_de_Eksta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Igrexa_de_Eksta.jpg/330px-Igrexa_de_Eksta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Igrexa_de_Eksta.jpg/440px-Igrexa_de_Eksta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"/></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eksta_Church" title="Eksta Church">Eksta Church</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_churches_on_Gotland" title="List of medieval churches on Gotland">Gotland's medieval churches</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_churches_on_Gotland" title="List of medieval churches on Gotland">List of medieval churches on Gotland</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Yakikaki" title="User:Yakikaki">Yakikaki</a></dt> <dd>There are 92 well-preserved churches from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> on the Swedish island <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>, which is more than in any other part of Sweden and unusual compared with other parts of Europe. Benefiting from its location in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, the island enjoyed an increase in trade and wealth thanks to increasing trade between <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, giving the inhabitants the means to build large and prestigious churches. The preserved churches date from between the early 12th century and the middle of the 14th century. The first churches were <a href="/wiki/Stave_church" title="Stave church">stave churches</a>, but of these only fragments remain. The oldest substantially preserved churches on Gotland are simple <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> churches. Church architecture remained conservative on Gotland, and while <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> forms eventually replaced Romanesque, it never acquired the structurally light character it did elsewhere in Europe. The churches built during the first half of the 14th century on Gotland are sometimes referred to as "counter-Gothic" in Swedish literature (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">kontragotik</i></span>).</dd> <dd>The churches were often decorated with <a href="/wiki/Church_murals_in_Sweden" title="Church murals in Sweden">paintings on walls and vaults</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass_in_Sweden" title="Medieval stained glass in Sweden">stained glass windows</a> inside, as well as decorative sculptures both inside and outside. In the Gothic period particularly the portals of the churches were adorned with stone sculptures. Workshops specialising in the production of decorated <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">baptismal fonts</a> established themselves on Gotland during the 12th century and supplied the churches with fonts which in many cases still exist in the churches. Wooden sculptures were also produced from an early time, including <a href="/wiki/Rood" title="Rood">rood crosses</a> and sculptures of saints like the <a href="/wiki/Viklau_Madonna" title="Viklau Madonna">Viklau Madonna</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Asin_filmography" title="Asin filmography">Asin filmography</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:25_Cents_FC" title="User:25 Cents FC">25 Cents FC</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Asin" title="Asin">Asin</a> is a former Indian actress who is known for her work in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-language films. She made her acting debut at the age of 15 in the Malayalam-language <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a> <a href="/wiki/Comedy-drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy-drama">comedy-drama</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Narendran_Makan_Jayakanthan_Vaka" title="Narendran Makan Jayakanthan Vaka">Narendran Makan Jayakanthan Vaka</a></i> in 2001. Asin had her first commercial success with the Telugu film <i><a href="/wiki/Amma_Nanna_O_Tamila_Ammayi" title="Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi">Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi</a></i> (2003). For her performance as a Tamil girl in the film, she received the <a href="/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Actress_%E2%80%93_Telugu" title="Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu">Filmfare Best Telugu Actress Award</a>. In the same year she won the <a href="/wiki/Santosham_Best_Actress_Award" title="Santosham Best Actress Award">Santosham Best Actress Award</a> for her role in Telugu film <i><a href="/wiki/Sivamani_(film)" title="Sivamani (film)">Sivamani</a></i>. She would go on to further success from there.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handelskade_Willemstad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Handelskade_Willemstad.jpg/220px-Handelskade_Willemstad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Handelskade_Willemstad.jpg/330px-Handelskade_Willemstad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Handelskade_Willemstad.jpg/440px-Handelskade_Willemstad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"/></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Willemstad" title="Willemstad">Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands">World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands</a>, (Curaçao, in the Carribean, being part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>.)</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands">List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Tone" title="User:Tone">Tone</a></dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO) <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> are places of importance to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">natural heritage</a>. As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_Signpost/Single/2020-11-29&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are ten properties in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> inscribed on the World Heritage List. Nine of those sites are in the Netherlands and one is in <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, as both the Netherlands and Curaçao are <a href="/wiki/Constituent_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent state">constituent countries</a> of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Nine sites are cultural properties and one is a natural property. The first site added to the list was <a href="/wiki/Schokland" title="Schokland">Schokland and Surroundings</a> in 1995, and the most recent was the <a href="/wiki/Van_Nelle_Factory" title="Van Nelle Factory">Van Nelle Factory</a> in 2014. The transnational site <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a> is shared with Denmark and Germany.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Most_Played_Juke_Box_Folk_Records_number_ones_of_1945" title="List of Most Played Juke Box Folk Records number ones of 1945">List of Most Played Juke Box Folk Records number ones of 1945</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:ChrisTheDude" title="User:ChrisTheDude">ChrisTheDude</a></dt> <dd>From 1944 until 1957, <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> magazine published a <a href="/wiki/Record_chart" title="Record chart">chart</a> that ranked the top-performing <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> songs in the United States, based on the number of times a song had been played in <a href="/wiki/Jukebox" title="Jukebox">jukeboxes</a>; until 1948 it was the magazine's only country music chart. In 1945, 14 different songs topped the chart, then published under the title Most Played Juke Box Folk Records, in 52 issues of the magazine. The term "country music" would not come into standard usage until the late 1940s and "folk music" was one of a number of terms used for the genre in earlier years. The chart ranked "the most popular Folk records on automatic phonographs thruout [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] the nation", based on "reports from all the country's leading operating centers", which were averaged to produce the final placings. This methodology allowed for the possibility of records tying for a position, and on several occasions during 1945 two or more songs tied for the number one spot, including the issue of <i>Billboard</i> dated November 24, when four songs tied for the number-one position. The Juke Box Folk chart is considered part of the lineage of the current <a href="/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs" title="Hot Country Songs">Hot Country Songs</a> chart, which was first published in 1958.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-slender-mongoose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2009-slender-mongoose.jpg/220px-2009-slender-mongoose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2009-slender-mongoose.jpg/330px-2009-slender-mongoose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2009-slender-mongoose.jpg/440px-2009-slender-mongoose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="515"/></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Slender_mongoose" class="mw-redirect" title="Slender mongoose">slender mongoose</a> is one of the many mongooses (and the meerkat) that form the <a href="/wiki/List_of_herpestids" title="List of herpestids">herpestid family</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_herpestids" title="List of herpestids">List of herpestids</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:PresN" title="User:PresN">PresN</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herpestidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpestidae">Herpestidae</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a>, composed of the mongooses and the <a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">meerkat</a>. A member of this family is called a mongoose or a herpestid. They are widespread primarily throughout Africa and south Asia, and are found primarily in forests, savannas, shrublands, and grasslands, though some species can be found in wetlands or deserts. The 34 species of Herpestidae are split into 14 <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> within 2 <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamilies</a>, Herpestinae and Mungotinae, comprising 11 extant species native to Africa. Herpestidae is believed to have diverged from the existing <a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a> suborder around 21.8 million years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">Early Miocene</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Broadway_theaters" title="List of Broadway theaters">List of Broadway theaters</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Found5dollar" title="User:Found5dollar">Found5dollar</a></dt> <dd>There are 41 active Broadway theaters listed by <a href="/wiki/The_Broadway_League" title="The Broadway League">The Broadway League</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, as well as 9 existing structures that previously hosted <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway theatre</a>. Beginning with the first large long-term theater in the city, the <a href="/wiki/Park_Theatre_(Manhattan)" title="Park Theatre (Manhattan)">Park Theatre</a> built in 1798 on <a href="/wiki/Park_Row_(Manhattan)" title="Park Row (Manhattan)">Park Row</a> just off <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a>, the definition of what constitutes a Broadway theater has changed multiple times. The current legal definition is based on a 1949 <a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity" class="mw-redirect" title="Actors' Equity">Actors' Equity</a> agreement with smaller theaters in New York to allow union members to perform, dividing theater spaces in the city into the system of Broadway and <a href="/wiki/Off-Broadway" title="Off-Broadway">Off-Broadway</a> seen today. Current union contracts clearly spell out if a production is "Broadway" or not, but the general rule is that any venue that mostly hosts legitimate theater productions, is generally within <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theater_District,_Manhattan" title="Theater District, Manhattan">Theater District</a>, and has a capacity over 500 seats is considered a Broadway theater. Previous to this legal demarcation a Broadway production simply referred to a professional theatrical production performed in a theater in Manhattan, and the theaters that housed them were called Broadway theaters. While Broadway theaters are colloquially considered to be "on Broadway", only three active Broadway theaters are physically on Broadway (the <a href="/wiki/Broadway_Theatre_(53rd_Street)" title="Broadway Theatre (53rd Street)">Broadway Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Palace Theatre (New York City)">Palace Theatre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winter_Garden_Theatre" title="Winter Garden Theatre">Winter Garden Theatre</a>).</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swayambhunath_temple_-_an_ancient_religious_architecture_of_Nepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Swayambhunath_temple_-_an_ancient_religious_architecture_of_Nepal.jpg/220px-Swayambhunath_temple_-_an_ancient_religious_architecture_of_Nepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Swayambhunath_temple_-_an_ancient_religious_architecture_of_Nepal.jpg/330px-Swayambhunath_temple_-_an_ancient_religious_architecture_of_Nepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Swayambhunath_temple_-_an_ancient_religious_architecture_of_Nepal.jpg/440px-Swayambhunath_temple_-_an_ancient_religious_architecture_of_Nepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"/></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swayambhunath" title="Swayambhunath">Swayambhunath</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_stupas_in_Nepal" title="List of stupas in Nepal">stupas in Nepal</a> that is also a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, a place of importance to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">natural heritage</a> as described in... oh, you heard about them already? Good.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_stupas_in_Nepal" title="List of stupas in Nepal">List of stupas in Nepal</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:CAPTAIN_MEDUSA" title="User:CAPTAIN MEDUSA">CAPTAIN MEDUSA</a></dt> <dd>Stupas in Nepal date back to the <a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Licchavi period</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mound</a>-like or hemispherical structure containing relics (such as <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aar%C4%ABra" title="Śarīra">śarīra</a></i> – typically the remains of <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">nuns</a>) that is used as a place of meditation. <a href="/wiki/Swayambhunath" title="Swayambhunath">Swayambhunath</a> is one of the oldest known buildings in the country and was likely built in the 5th century. It was built in Swayambhu, <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, where the land was declared as sacred to <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhartha Gautama">Siddhartha Gautama</a> (Buddha), by the 3rd Emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya Dynasty">Maurya Dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashoka the Great">Ashoka the Great</a> in the 3rd century BCE. According to the legends, the stupa came out of a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_lotus" title="Sacred lotus">sacred lotus</a> at the centre of Kathmandu when <a href="/wiki/Paleo_Kathmandu_Lake" title="Paleo Kathmandu Lake">the city was a lake</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Wales_national_football_team_results_1920%E2%80%931939" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales national football team results 1920–1939">Wales national football team results 1920–1939</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Kosack" title="User:Kosack">Kosack</a></dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Wales_national_football_team" title="Wales national football team">Wales national football team</a> represents Wales in international <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> and is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Football_Association_of_Wales" title="Football Association of Wales">Football Association of Wales</a> (FAW). Between 1920 and 1939 the side played 62 matches, the majority against the other national teams of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Nations" title="Home Nations">Home Nations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Home_Championship" title="British Home Championship">British Home Championship</a>. The side played their first official match after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in February 1920 on the resumption of the Home Championship, drawing 2–2 with <a href="/wiki/Ireland_national_football_team_(1882%E2%80%931950)" title="Ireland national football team (1882–1950)">Ireland</a>. A draw with <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team" title="Scotland national football team">Scotland</a> and a win over <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a>, their first since 1882, in the <a href="/wiki/1919%E2%80%9320_British_Home_Championship" title="1919–20 British Home Championship">1919–20 tournament</a> secured the second Home Championship in Wales' history. Wales won the Home Championship again in the <a href="/wiki/1927%E2%80%9328_British_Home_Championship" title="1927–28 British Home Championship">1927–28 tournament</a> but, as <a href="/wiki/English_Football_League" title="English Football League">Football League</a> sides became increasingly reluctant to release Welsh players for international competition, results dropped as the decade drew to a close. When the Football League added further restrictions on releasing players ahead of the <a href="/wiki/1930%E2%80%9331_British_Home_Championship" title="1930–31 British Home Championship">following tournament</a> to avoid fixture clashes, Wales were forced to call-up a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Non-League_football" title="Non-League football">non-league</a> and lower division players which led to the side being dubbed by media outlets as "Keenor and the ten unknowns", in reference to team captain <a href="/wiki/Fred_Keenor" title="Fred Keenor">Fred Keenor</a> and the relative obscurity of his teammates. The side secured a draw with Scotland but suffered a 4–0 defeat to England before being replaced by the returning first team players. When Wales relented on hosting fixtures alongside those of the Football League, they were able to call upon their first team more frequently. This coincided with one of the most successful periods in the team's history as they won four Home Championships between 1933 and 1939. The <a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%9339_British_Home_Championship" title="1938–39 British Home Championship">1938–39 British Home Championship</a> was the final hosting of the tournament before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Philo_T._Farnsworth_Award" title="Philo T. Farnsworth Award">Philo T. Farnsworth Award</a>, nominated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=User:MWright96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:MWright96 (page does not exist)">MWright96</a></dt> <dd>The Philo T. Farnsworth Award (also called the Philo T. Farnsworth Corporate Achievement Award) is an non-competitive award presented as part of the <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Engineering_Emmy_Awards" title="Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards">Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards</a> to "an agency, company or institution whose contributions over time have significantly impacted television technology and engineering." Named for <a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a>, the inventor of the first fully working <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">all-electronic television system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">receiver</a>, the winner is selected by a jury of <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">television engineers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences" title="Academy of Television Arts & Sciences">Academy of Television Arts & Sciences</a>’ (ATAS) Engineering Emmy Awards Committee who consider "all engineering developments which have proven their efficacy during the awards year and determines which, if any, merit recognition with an Engineering Emmy statuette." The accolade was first awarded in 2003 as a result of about a year of lobbying to ATAS by Farnsworth's wife Pam Farnsworth and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>-based Skinner Entertainment management and production firm owner Georja Skinner.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Most_Played_Juke_Box_Folk_Records_number_ones_of_1946" title="List of Most Played Juke Box Folk Records number ones of 1946">List of Most Played Juke Box Folk Records number ones of 1946</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:ChrisTheDude" title="User:ChrisTheDude">ChrisTheDude</a></dt> <dd>From 1944 until 1957, <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> magazine published a <a href="/wiki/Record_chart" title="Record chart">chart</a> that ranked the top-performing <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> songs in the United States, based on the number of times a song had been played in <a href="/wiki/Jukebox" title="Jukebox">jukeboxes</a>; until 1948 it was the magazine's only country music chart. In 1946, nine different songs topped the chart, which was published under the title Most Played Juke Box Folk Records. The chart was compiled based on a survey of jukebox operators nationwide, and its methodology allowed for the possibility of records tying for a position. On several occasions during 1946 two or more songs tied for the number-one spot, including the issue of <i>Billboard</i> dated February 2, when four songs tied for the peak position. The Juke Box Folk chart is considered part of the lineage of the current <a href="/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs" title="Hot Country Songs">Hot Country Songs</a> chart, which was first published in 1958.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Joaquin_Phoenix" title="List of awards and nominations received by Joaquin Phoenix">List of awards and nominations received by Joaquin Phoenix</a>, nominated by <a href="/wiki/User:CAPTAIN_MEDUSA" title="User:CAPTAIN MEDUSA">CAPTAIN MEDUSA</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Phoenix" title="Joaquin Phoenix">Joaquin Phoenix</a> is an American actor who has received various awards and nominations, including an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> and a <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="British Academy Film Award">British Academy Film Award</a> for his starring role in <i><a href="/wiki/Joker_(2019_film)" title="Joker (2019 film)">Joker</a></i> (2019), two <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards" title="Golden Globe Awards">Golden Globe Awards</a> for <i>Joker</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Walk_the_Line" title="Walk the Line">Walk the Line</a></i> (2005), and one <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a>, also for <i><a href="/wiki/Walk_the_Line" title="Walk the Line">Walk the Line</a></i>). Besides those he won, he was additionally nominated for three Academy Awards, three British Academy Film Awards, and four Golden Globe Awards. That's not a comprehensive list of awards, though, which is why this article exists.</dd></dl> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="signpost-inline-image"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Carrara_Verdi,_Barberina_Strepponi,_Giuseppe_Verdi,_Giuditta_Ricordi,_Teresa_Stolz,_Umberto_Campanari,_Giulio_Ricordi,_Leopoldo_Metlicovitz_(1900)_-_Archivio_storico_Ricordi_FOTO003107_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Maria_Carrara_Verdi%2C_Barberina_Strepponi%2C_Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_Giuditta_Ricordi%2C_Teresa_Stolz%2C_Umberto_Campanari%2C_Giulio_Ricordi%2C_Leopoldo_Metlicovitz_%281900%29_-_Archivio_storico_Ricordi_FOTO003107_-_Restoration.jpg/800px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="628" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Maria_Carrara_Verdi%2C_Barberina_Strepponi%2C_Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_Giuditta_Ricordi%2C_Teresa_Stolz%2C_Umberto_Campanari%2C_Giulio_Ricordi%2C_Leopoldo_Metlicovitz_%281900%29_-_Archivio_storico_Ricordi_FOTO003107_-_Restoration.jpg/1200px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Maria_Carrara_Verdi%2C_Barberina_Strepponi%2C_Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_Giuditta_Ricordi%2C_Teresa_Stolz%2C_Umberto_Campanari%2C_Giulio_Ricordi%2C_Leopoldo_Metlicovitz_%281900%29_-_Archivio_storico_Ricordi_FOTO003107_-_Restoration.jpg/1600px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1981" data-file-height="1555"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="signpost-inline-image-caption" style="text-align:left;">A new featured picture by Giulio Rossi, with restoration by <a href="/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" title="User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a>. Like several other recent featured pictures, this forms part of a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedian_in_Residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedian in Residence">Wikipedian in Residence</a> project with the <a href="/wiki/Archivio_Storico_Ricordi" class="mw-redirect" title="Archivio Storico Ricordi">Archivio Storico Ricordi</a>, which dropped a huge number of high-quality images primarily related to Italian opera of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Set in the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Verdi" title="Villa Verdi">Villa Verdi</a>, it shows <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a> with his family, friends, and work colleagues, specifically:<br/> <b>Standing:</b> <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Stolz" title="Teresa Stolz">Teresa Stolz</a>, Umberto Campanari (one of Verdi's estate lawyers), <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Ricordi" title="Giulio Ricordi">Giulio Ricordi</a>, and <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Metlicovitz" class="extiw" title="it:Leopoldo Metlicovitz">Leopoldo Metlicovitz</a><br/><b>Seated:</b> Maria Carrara Verdi (Verdi's adopted daughter), Barberina Strepponi (Verdi's sister-in-law), Giuseppe Verdi, and Giuditta Ricordi (Giulio's wife).</div> </div> <div style="clear:both"></div></div> <p><br/><br/><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2020-11-29/Featured_content#comments" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2020-11-29/Featured content">Reader comments</a></b></i><br style="clear:both;"/> <span class="anchor" id="Traffic_report"></span> </p> <div style="display:none;"><div class="signpost-piccyfilename"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-credits"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-license"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-xoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-yoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-scaling"></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236342416"><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2 plainlinks"><div class="signpost-segment">2020-11-29</div><h2 id="007_with_Borat,_the_Queen,_and_an_election" id="signpost-article-title" class="signpost-article-title" data-signpost-article-title="007 with Borat, the Queen, and an election" data-mw-thread-id="h-signpost-article-title-5"><span id="007_with_Borat.2C_the_Queen.2C_and_an_election"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-signpost-article-title-5"></span>007 with Borat, the Queen, and an election<span 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href="/wiki/User:Igordebraga" title="User:Igordebraga">Igordebraga </a>, <a href="/wiki/User:Kingsif" title="User:Kingsif">Kingsif</a>, <a href="/wiki/User:Benmite" title="User:Benmite">Benmite</a> and <a href="/wiki/User:TheConflux" title="User:TheConflux">TheConflux</a>.</i></dd></dl> <p>The pandemic cancelled Halloween, so instead an even scarier event dominates this report: the American election! </p> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-narrow"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="So_he_strikes,_like_Thunderball_(October_25_to_31,_2020)" data-mw-thread-id="h-So_he_strikes,_like_Thunderball_(October_25_to_31,_2020)-signpost-article-title"><span id="So_he_strikes.2C_like_Thunderball_.28October_25_to_31.2C_2020.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-So_he_strikes,_like_Thunderball_(October_25_to_31,_2020)-signpost-article-title"></span>So he strikes, like Thunderball (October 25 to 31, 2020)<span data-mw-comment-end="h-So_he_strikes,_like_Thunderball_(October_25_to_31,_2020)-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1240928998"></div><div class="signpost-sidebar signpost-sidebar-fillerimage"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_(October_25_to_31,_2020).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28October_25_to_31%2C_2020%29.png/300px-Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28October_25_to_31%2C_2020%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28October_25_to_31%2C_2020%29.png/450px-Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28October_25_to_31%2C_2020%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28October_25_to_31%2C_2020%29.png/600px-Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28October_25_to_31%2C_2020%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="2090"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="signpost-fillerimage">Most Popular Wikipedia Articles of the Week (October 25 to 31, 2020)</div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-narrow"> <p><br/> </p> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-full"> <p><br/> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Article </th> <th>Class </th> <th>Views </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Notes/about </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>3,278,571 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sean_Connery_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sean_Connery_1976.jpg/100px-Sean_Connery_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sean_Connery_1976.jpg/150px-Sean_Connery_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sean_Connery_1976.jpg/200px-Sean_Connery_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3080" data-file-height="2445"/></a></span> </td> <td>It's been a terrible year for <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> fans, as not only <i><a href="/wiki/No_Time_to_Die" title="No Time to Die">No Time to Die</a></i> wound up postponed until 2021 due to the pandemic, but death came for the first and still best 007. Proud Scotsman Thomas Sean Connery retired from the film business in an unflattering note with <i><a href="/wiki/The_League_of_Extraordinary_Gentlemen_(film)" title="The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)">LXG</a></i>, but thankfully had already left a remarkable filmography behind, where he was <a href="/wiki/Marnie_(film)" title="Marnie (film)">a man romancing a thief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_and_Marian" title="Robin and Marian">Robin Hood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highlander_(film)" title="Highlander (film)">an Immortal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade">Indiana Jones' father</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Red_October_(film)" title="The Hunt for Red October (film)">a submarine captain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragonheart" title="Dragonheart">a dragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rock_(film)" title="The Rock (film)">a spy who escaped from Alcatraz</a>, and, in the role that gave him an Oscar, <a href="/wiki/The_Untouchables_(film)" title="The Untouchables (film)">a cop partner of Elliot Ness</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAM2Q7Sqlbk">who knew how to make use of a corpse</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Gambit_(miniseries)" title="The Queen's Gambit (miniseries)"><i>The Queen's Gambit</i> (miniseries)</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_start_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Start-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/16px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/23px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/31px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>1,918,895 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg/100px-Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg/150px-Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg/200px-Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1677"/></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> continues to release new shows that bring in lots of attention. This time, it's an adaptation of a novel about a chess prodigy who tries to become the world's greatest chess player in the 50s and 60s while struggling with emotional issues and substance abuse. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sacha_Baron_Cohen" title="Sacha Baron Cohen">Sacha Baron Cohen </a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_c_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="C-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/16px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/23px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/31px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>1,409,756 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacha_Baron_Cohen_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sacha_Baron_Cohen_2011.jpg/100px-Sacha_Baron_Cohen_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sacha_Baron_Cohen_2011.jpg/150px-Sacha_Baron_Cohen_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sacha_Baron_Cohen_2011.jpg/200px-Sacha_Baron_Cohen_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2628" data-file-height="3278"/></a></span> </td> <td>It was a big month for the British actor\comedian, who revived <a href="/wiki/Borat_Sagdiyev" title="Borat Sagdiyev">Borat Sagdiyev</a> in #8, released on <a href="/wiki/Prime_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Video">Prime Video</a>, and played <a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_the_Chicago_7" title="The Trial of the Chicago 7">The Trial of the Chicago 7</a></i>, released on Netflix. (Man, can't wait for theatrical releases to stabilize so films can stop being relegated to streaming.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khabib_Nurmagomedov" title="Khabib Nurmagomedov">Khabib Nurmagomedov</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_c_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="C-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/16px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/23px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/31px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>1,364,426 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-2._12.9.2019_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-2._12.9.2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-2._12.9.2019_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-2._12.9.2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-2._12.9.2019_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-2._12.9.2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-2._12.9.2019_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="970"/></a></span> </td> <td>One of the most victorious <a href="/wiki/MMA" class="mw-redirect" title="MMA">MMA</a> (Mixed martial arts) fighters retired after <a href="/wiki/UFC_254" title="UFC 254">his bout with Justin Gaethje</a>, leaving behind a record of 29 wins. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_c_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="C-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/16px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/23px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/31px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>1,336,174 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Swearing-in_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Amy_Coney_Barrett_(50546676798).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Swearing-in_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Amy_Coney_Barrett_%2850546676798%29.jpg/100px-The_Swearing-in_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Amy_Coney_Barrett_%2850546676798%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Swearing-in_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Amy_Coney_Barrett_%2850546676798%29.jpg/150px-The_Swearing-in_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Amy_Coney_Barrett_%2850546676798%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Swearing-in_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Amy_Coney_Barrett_%2850546676798%29.jpg/200px-The_Swearing-in_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Amy_Coney_Barrett_%2850546676798%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1867"/></a></span> </td> <td>This judge joined the U.S. Supreme Court after the Senate approved her <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination">nomination</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mirzapur_(TV_series)" title="Mirzapur (TV series)"><i>Mirzapur</i> (TV series)</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_start_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Start-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/16px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/23px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/31px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>1,052,322 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pankaj_Tripathi_World_Premiere_Newton_Zoopalast_Berlinale_2017_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pankaj_Tripathi_World_Premiere_Newton_Zoopalast_Berlinale_2017_06.jpg/100px-Pankaj_Tripathi_World_Premiere_Newton_Zoopalast_Berlinale_2017_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pankaj_Tripathi_World_Premiere_Newton_Zoopalast_Berlinale_2017_06.jpg/150px-Pankaj_Tripathi_World_Premiere_Newton_Zoopalast_Berlinale_2017_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pankaj_Tripathi_World_Premiere_Newton_Zoopalast_Berlinale_2017_06.jpg/200px-Pankaj_Tripathi_World_Premiere_Newton_Zoopalast_Berlinale_2017_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280"/></a></span> </td> <td>India pushing in an entry, a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Video">Prime Video</a> show about criminals in <a href="/wiki/Purvanchal" title="Purvanchal">Purvanchal</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Tripathi" title="Pankaj Tripathi">Pankaj Tripathi</a> (pictured). </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>1,045,629 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_hands_over_presidency_to_Trump_at_58th_Presidential_Inauguration_170120-D-NA975-1358_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Obama_hands_over_presidency_to_Trump_at_58th_Presidential_Inauguration_170120-D-NA975-1358_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Obama_hands_over_presidency_to_Trump_at_58th_Presidential_Inauguration_170120-D-NA975-1358_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Obama_hands_over_presidency_to_Trump_at_58th_Presidential_Inauguration_170120-D-NA975-1358_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Obama_hands_over_presidency_to_Trump_at_58th_Presidential_Inauguration_170120-D-NA975-1358_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Obama_hands_over_presidency_to_Trump_at_58th_Presidential_Inauguration_170120-D-NA975-1358_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Obama_hands_over_presidency_to_Trump_at_58th_Presidential_Inauguration_170120-D-NA975-1358_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="1525"/></a></span> </td> <td>On the 9th (<a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_11/9" title="Fahrenheit 11/9">thanks, Michael Moore</a>), it will be four years since America chose not to elect <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>. Soon the election will show if <a href="/wiki/Buyer%27s_remorse" title="Buyer's remorse">buyer's remorse</a> settled in or if Trump still has enough supporters. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Borat_Subsequent_Moviefilm" title="Borat Subsequent Moviefilm">Borat Subsequent Moviefilm</a></i> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>962,702 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borat_Sagdiyev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Borat_Sagdiyev.jpg/100px-Borat_Sagdiyev.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Borat_Sagdiyev.jpg/150px-Borat_Sagdiyev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Borat_Sagdiyev.jpg/200px-Borat_Sagdiyev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"/></a></span> </td> <td>#3 retired <a href="/wiki/Borat_Sagdiyev" title="Borat Sagdiyev">Borat Sagdiyev</a> because a hit movie would make the character too recognizable to continue his 'purpose' of showcasing the worst of his interviewees. Well, what a surprise that Borat returned in Prime Video, roaming the pandemic-infested America of "McDonald Trump" with his daughter Tutar and lots of disguises, embarrassing the common citizen and big names such as "<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Michael Pen-is</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Giuliani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> along the way. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>956,670 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MCM_2013_-_Jack_Skellington_(8979292774).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/MCM_2013_-_Jack_Skellington_%288979292774%29.jpg/100px-MCM_2013_-_Jack_Skellington_%288979292774%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/MCM_2013_-_Jack_Skellington_%288979292774%29.jpg/150px-MCM_2013_-_Jack_Skellington_%288979292774%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/MCM_2013_-_Jack_Skellington_%288979292774%29.jpg/200px-MCM_2013_-_Jack_Skellington_%288979292774%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="2144"/></a></span> </td> <td>It was a year where <a href="/wiki/Jack_Skellington" title="Jack Skellington">Jack Skellington</a> would have reason to try to take over Santa Claus' place, as the spooky part of All Hallows' Eve was a pandemic that made people scared to have parties or go trick-or-treating. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anya_Taylor-Joy" title="Anya Taylor-Joy">Anya Taylor-Joy</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_c_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="C-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/16px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/23px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/31px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>938,936 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anya_Taylor_Joy_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Anya_Taylor_Joy_%28cropped%29.png/100px-Anya_Taylor_Joy_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Anya_Taylor_Joy_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Anya_Taylor_Joy_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Anya_Taylor_Joy_%28cropped%29.png/200px-Anya_Taylor_Joy_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="642"/></a></span> </td> <td>An American-Argentine-British actress, already seen this year in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Mutants_(film)" title="The New Mutants (film)">The New Mutants</a></i> (making her actually fight things after being pestered by <a href="/wiki/The_VVitch" class="mw-redirect" title="The VVitch">a witch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Split_(2017_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Split (2017 film)">a sociopath with multiple personalities</a>), and currently starring in our #2. </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-narrow"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I_know_the_guys_that_we_are_choosing_from_(November_1_to_7,_2020)" data-mw-thread-id="h-I_know_the_guys_that_we_are_choosing_from_(November_1_to_7,_2020)-signpost-article-title"><span id="I_know_the_guys_that_we_are_choosing_from_.28November_1_to_7.2C_2020.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-I_know_the_guys_that_we_are_choosing_from_(November_1_to_7,_2020)-signpost-article-title"></span>I know the guys that we are choosing from (November 1 to 7, 2020)<span data-mw-comment-end="h-I_know_the_guys_that_we_are_choosing_from_(November_1_to_7,_2020)-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1240928998"></div><div class="signpost-sidebar signpost-sidebar-fillerimage"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_(November_1_to_7,_2020).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_1_to_7%2C_2020%29.png/300px-Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_1_to_7%2C_2020%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_1_to_7%2C_2020%29.png/450px-Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_1_to_7%2C_2020%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_1_to_7%2C_2020%29.png/600px-Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_1_to_7%2C_2020%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="2090"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="signpost-fillerimage">Most Popular Wikipedia Articles of the Week (November 1 to 7, 2020)</div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-narrow"> <p><br/> </p> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-full"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Article </th> <th>Class </th> <th>Views </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Notes/about </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>9,142,304 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Presidential_Election_ballot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/2016_Presidential_Election_ballot.jpg/100px-2016_Presidential_Election_ballot.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/2016_Presidential_Election_ballot.jpg/150px-2016_Presidential_Election_ballot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/2016_Presidential_Election_ballot.jpg/200px-2016_Presidential_Election_ballot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080"/></a></span> </td> <td>The fear of having what put Trump (#6) in the White House repeat itself brought more views to that election that stunned everyone (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Top_25_Report/November_6_to_12,_2016" title="Wikipedia:Top 25 Report/November 6 to 12, 2016">just see our numbers back in the day!</a>) than whatever was happening in the current one (#4). Pictured: an official ballot from the election. Not all states allow photographs of ballots (for the record, that one's from Wisconsin). </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>8,426,305 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Biden_official_portrait_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Joe_Biden_official_portrait_2013.jpg/100px-Joe_Biden_official_portrait_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Joe_Biden_official_portrait_2013.jpg/150px-Joe_Biden_official_portrait_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Joe_Biden_official_portrait_2013.jpg/200px-Joe_Biden_official_portrait_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3277" data-file-height="4096"/></a></span> </td> <td>After 3 presidential campaigns, 8 years as VP, and 4 days of vote counting, you have President-Elect Joe Biden. <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of presidents of the United States by age">The day he's inaugurated, he'll be the oldest president in history.</a> It's probably appropriate he also landed at #2 here. In contrast to his opponent, #6, and running mate, #5, Biden hasn't yet topped this list since it began to be tabulated in 2013. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">United States Electoral College</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>8,336,683 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_map_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Electoral_map_2020.svg/100px-Electoral_map_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Electoral_map_2020.svg/150px-Electoral_map_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Electoral_map_2020.svg/200px-Electoral_map_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593"/></a></span> </td> <td>The only college from which you can never graduate. For those not from the United States, and those from the United States, it's an archaic system that means you vote and then other people also vote based on how you voted. The party it advantages has varied from election to election, but right now, it's solidly favoring the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. Apparently it was designed to empower slave-owners, so it's kind of ironic how it should be installing a Black woman in the coming months. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_c_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="C-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/16px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/23px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/31px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>7,181,141 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Immigrant_group_celebrating_Biden_victory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Immigrant_group_celebrating_Biden_victory.jpg/100px-Immigrant_group_celebrating_Biden_victory.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Immigrant_group_celebrating_Biden_victory.jpg/150px-Immigrant_group_celebrating_Biden_victory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Immigrant_group_celebrating_Biden_victory.jpg/200px-Immigrant_group_celebrating_Biden_victory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"/></a></span> </td> <td>Because of an abundance of mail-in ballots due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, and a certain soon-to-be-ex-president not wanting them to start counting until after polls closed, this year's election took longer than usual to be called (and to think one of the writers lives in a country where <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_Brazil" title="Electronic voting in Brazil">100% of the vote is electronic</a>, and the counting is over in just one day!). Pictured: The public responds in the streets after Biden was announced President-Elect. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>5,636,406 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamala_Harris_official_photo_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kamala_Harris_official_photo_%28cropped2%29.jpg/100px-Kamala_Harris_official_photo_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kamala_Harris_official_photo_%28cropped2%29.jpg/150px-Kamala_Harris_official_photo_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kamala_Harris_official_photo_%28cropped2%29.jpg/200px-Kamala_Harris_official_photo_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3747" data-file-height="4990"/></a></span> </td> <td>While she may be the first, she will not be the last woman, woman of color, Black woman, or woman of Asian descent to be vice president.<br/> Much less relevant, she's the first Democratic president or vice president from the West Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Who knew! </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>3,253,619 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/100px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/150px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/200px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2850"/></a></span> </td> <td>Receiving about 5 million less views than #2... Did I say views? I meant votes. No, make that both.<br/><a href="/wiki/The_Apprentice_(American_TV_series)" title="The Apprentice (American TV series)">You're Fired!</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>3,074,994 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_takes_Romney_concession_call.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Obama_takes_Romney_concession_call.jpg/100px-Obama_takes_Romney_concession_call.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Obama_takes_Romney_concession_call.jpg/150px-Obama_takes_Romney_concession_call.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Obama_takes_Romney_concession_call.jpg/200px-Obama_takes_Romney_concession_call.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="4096"/></a></span> </td> <td>The second time #2 got elected as VP. Pictured: President Obama receiving a concession phone call from Mitt Romney hours after polling closed. All of these elections were probably boosted by the prominent links from presidential election page to presidential election page. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 United States presidential election</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>2,954,352 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_McCain_2009_Official.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/John_McCain_2009_Official.jpg/100px-John_McCain_2009_Official.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/John_McCain_2009_Official.jpg/150px-John_McCain_2009_Official.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/John_McCain_2009_Official.jpg/200px-John_McCain_2009_Official.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="2443"/></a></span> </td> <td>Until this week, the 2008 election saw the highest number of votes for a Presidential ticket in U.S. history, with #16 taking the top spot and #2 as VP. The election was lost by the late John McCain <i>(pictured)</i>, a diplomatic moderate Republican from Arizona beloved by his home state, #6's policies and insults towards McCain in recent years may have (along with massive minority turn-out) swung the traditionally red state to turn blue. Not that we're certain; Arizona and neighbor Nevada are still counting. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>2,339,531 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SeanConnery88.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/SeanConnery88.jpg/100px-SeanConnery88.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/SeanConnery88.jpg/150px-SeanConnery88.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/SeanConnery88.jpg/200px-SeanConnery88.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="394"/></a></span> </td> <td>This recently-deceased legendary Scottish actor is still being remembered. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 United States presidential election</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>2,201,274 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pbc-fl-2000-recount-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Pbc-fl-2000-recount-1.jpg/100px-Pbc-fl-2000-recount-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Pbc-fl-2000-recount-1.jpg/150px-Pbc-fl-2000-recount-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Pbc-fl-2000-recount-1.jpg/200px-Pbc-fl-2000-recount-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="590"/></a></span> </td> <td>This election also notably took a while to decide, based on voting irregularities that have since been long fixed. Pictured: The languishing recount in southern Florida. </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> was born in California, and was both a Representative and a Senator from that state – <i>Signpost</i> editors</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-narrow"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Are_they_all_a_bunch_of_jerks?_(November_8_to_14,_2020)" data-mw-thread-id="h-Are_they_all_a_bunch_of_jerks?_(November_8_to_14,_2020)-signpost-article-title"><span id="Are_they_all_a_bunch_of_jerks.3F_.28November_8_to_14.2C_2020.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Are_they_all_a_bunch_of_jerks?_(November_8_to_14,_2020)-signpost-article-title"></span>Are they all a bunch of jerks? (November 8 to 14, 2020)<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Are_they_all_a_bunch_of_jerks?_(November_8_to_14,_2020)-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1240928998"></div><div class="signpost-sidebar signpost-sidebar-fillerimage"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_(November_8_to_14,_2020).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_8_to_14%2C_2020%29.png/300px-Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_8_to_14%2C_2020%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_8_to_14%2C_2020%29.png/450px-Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_8_to_14%2C_2020%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_8_to_14%2C_2020%29.png/600px-Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_8_to_14%2C_2020%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2217" data-file-height="2090"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="signpost-fillerimage">Most Popular Wikipedia Articles of the Week (November 8 to 14, 2020)</div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-narrow"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-full"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Article </th> <th>Class </th> <th>Views </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Notes/about </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>15,162,676 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trump_and_Biden_170120-D-NA975-0960_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Trump_and_Biden_170120-D-NA975-0960_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Trump_and_Biden_170120-D-NA975-0960_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Trump_and_Biden_170120-D-NA975-0960_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Trump_and_Biden_170120-D-NA975-0960_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Trump_and_Biden_170120-D-NA975-0960_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Trump_and_Biden_170120-D-NA975-0960_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="1789"/></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="4">Where to begin? At the start of the week that redeemed 2020, Joe Biden and Kamala Harris were elected President and VP of the United States of America. This is a big deal. One of the most notable people who doesn't like that fact is Donald Trump – also the outgoing President, joining a very short list of one-term presidents and starting a new list of one-term presidents who have been impeached – who still, as of writing, refuses to concede (not a necessary step in removal of a president, but a polite one) and demands his legal challenges against nearly every state that voted for Biden be taken seriously. That's hard to do when the man announcing the lawsuits is making his big speech by some flyers out the back of a garage of a landscaping company next to a porn shop in an industrial unit in northeast Philly. <p>Trump has been popular on Wikipedia for a long time; though he hasn't hit #1 in awhile (after all, nearly everyone knows who he is). He topped the list once in 2015, a whopping nine times in 2016, and twice in 2017. His article is also the second-most popular of all time, trailing only <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>9,602,086 </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Biden_and_Kamala_Harris_at_first_campaign_event_since_the_announce_of_her_selection_as_VP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Joe_Biden_and_Kamala_Harris_at_first_campaign_event_since_the_announce_of_her_selection_as_VP.png/100px-Joe_Biden_and_Kamala_Harris_at_first_campaign_event_since_the_announce_of_her_selection_as_VP.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Joe_Biden_and_Kamala_Harris_at_first_campaign_event_since_the_announce_of_her_selection_as_VP.png/150px-Joe_Biden_and_Kamala_Harris_at_first_campaign_event_since_the_announce_of_her_selection_as_VP.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Joe_Biden_and_Kamala_Harris_at_first_campaign_event_since_the_announce_of_her_selection_as_VP.png/200px-Joe_Biden_and_Kamala_Harris_at_first_campaign_event_since_the_announce_of_her_selection_as_VP.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="704"/></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>6,496,836 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_c_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="C-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/16px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/23px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/31px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>3,200,218 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Election_Day_2020_(50564531997).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Election_Day_2020_%2850564531997%29.jpg/100px-Election_Day_2020_%2850564531997%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Election_Day_2020_%2850564531997%29.jpg/150px-Election_Day_2020_%2850564531997%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Election_Day_2020_%2850564531997%29.jpg/200px-Election_Day_2020_%2850564531997%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7608" data-file-height="5077"/></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alex_Trebek" title="Alex Trebek">Alex Trebek</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>2,626,849 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alex_Trebek_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alex_Trebek_2012.jpg/100px-Alex_Trebek_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alex_Trebek_2012.jpg/150px-Alex_Trebek_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alex_Trebek_2012.jpg/200px-Alex_Trebek_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1199"/></a></span> </td> <td>Trebek, the longstanding host of <i><a href="/wiki/Jeopardy!" title="Jeopardy!">Jeopardy!</a></i>, passed away November 8 from pancreatic cancer. Trebek was one of the most popular people on television. On almost any other week, he would almost certainly have been #1 on this list. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jill_Biden" title="Jill Biden">Jill Biden</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Good article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/16px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/23px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/31px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></span></span> </td> <td>2,562,638 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jill_Biden_official_portrait_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jill_Biden_official_portrait_2.jpg/100px-Jill_Biden_official_portrait_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jill_Biden_official_portrait_2.jpg/150px-Jill_Biden_official_portrait_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jill_Biden_official_portrait_2.jpg/200px-Jill_Biden_official_portrait_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000"/></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">Members of the incoming First and Second Families. Doug becomes the first Second Gentleman. (and <a href="/wiki/Kerstin_Emhoff" title="Kerstin Emhoff">his first wife</a> would be #28 if this was a Top 30) </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beau_Biden" title="Beau Biden">Beau Biden</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_c_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="C-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/16px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/23px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/31px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>2,474,577 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BeauBiden-DOJ2013_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/BeauBiden-DOJ2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-BeauBiden-DOJ2013_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/BeauBiden-DOJ2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-BeauBiden-DOJ2013_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/BeauBiden-DOJ2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-BeauBiden-DOJ2013_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="405"/></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Emhoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Emhoff">Douglas Emhoff</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_start_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Start-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/16px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/23px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/31px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>1,962,545 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_Emhoff_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Douglas_Emhoff_%282%29.jpg/100px-Douglas_Emhoff_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Douglas_Emhoff_%282%29.jpg/150px-Douglas_Emhoff_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Douglas_Emhoff_%282%29.jpg/200px-Douglas_Emhoff_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="3125"/></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Gambit_(miniseries)" title="The Queen's Gambit (miniseries)"><i>The Queen's Gambit</i> (miniseries)</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_start_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Start-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/16px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/23px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/31px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>1,804,738 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg/100px-Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg/150px-Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg/200px-Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1677"/></a></span> </td> <td>Netflix still captivates enough to break up the election families. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shyamala_Gopalan" title="Shyamala Gopalan">Shyamala Gopalan</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_c_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="C-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/16px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/23px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Symbol_c_class.svg/31px-Symbol_c_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>1,733,395 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamala_Harris;_March_30,_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kamala_Harris%3B_March_30%2C_2004.jpg/100px-Kamala_Harris%3B_March_30%2C_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kamala_Harris%3B_March_30%2C_2004.jpg/150px-Kamala_Harris%3B_March_30%2C_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kamala_Harris%3B_March_30%2C_2004.jpg/200px-Kamala_Harris%3B_March_30%2C_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="264"/></a></span> </td> <td>VP-Elect Kamala Harris's mother, who she spoke of in her acceptance speech, about how she who immigrated from India at the age of 19, and sent powerful messages about dreaming to young minority girls around the world. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="But_that's_how_voting_works!_(November_15_to_21,_2020)" data-mw-thread-id="h-But_that's_how_voting_works!_(November_15_to_21,_2020)-signpost-article-title"><span id="But_that.27s_how_voting_works.21_.28November_15_to_21.2C_2020.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-But_that's_how_voting_works!_(November_15_to_21,_2020)-signpost-article-title"></span>But that's how voting works<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2rUwTMt3Pw">!</a> (November 15 to 21, 2020)<span data-mw-comment-end="h-But_that's_how_voting_works!_(November_15_to_21,_2020)-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1240928998"></div><div class="signpost-sidebar signpost-sidebar-fillerimage"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_(November_15_to_21,_2020).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_15_to_21%2C_2020%29.png/300px-Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_15_to_21%2C_2020%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_15_to_21%2C_2020%29.png/450px-Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_15_to_21%2C_2020%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_15_to_21%2C_2020%29.png/600px-Most_Popular_Wikipedia_Articles_of_the_Week_%28November_15_to_21%2C_2020%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2318" data-file-height="2090"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="signpost-fillerimage">Most Popular Wikipedia Articles of the Week (November 15 to 21, 2020)</div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-narrow"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-full"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Article </th> <th>Class </th> <th>Views </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Notes/about </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>6,387,834 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_House_Coronavirus_Update_Briefing_(50621337521).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/White_House_Coronavirus_Update_Briefing_%2850621337521%29.jpg/100px-White_House_Coronavirus_Update_Briefing_%2850621337521%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/White_House_Coronavirus_Update_Briefing_%2850621337521%29.jpg/150px-White_House_Coronavirus_Update_Briefing_%2850621337521%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/White_House_Coronavirus_Update_Briefing_%2850621337521%29.jpg/200px-White_House_Coronavirus_Update_Briefing_%2850621337521%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000"/></a></span> </td> <td>Donald Trump, in a preposterous fourteenth time getting #1 on this list, has officially become the child we never asked for who throws a temper tantrum whenever he’s told it’s time to put his toys away and go to bed. You'd think people would already know who Trump is and not bother reading his Wikipedia article, but nope. How wonderful. <p>For those who were comatose for the past few weeks (or for those who don’t live in the United States and can afford not to hear about American politics) Trump still refuses to concede to the real winner (#24) of the recent presidential election (#12). However, for a moment, it seemed as though <a href="/wiki/Our_Man_in_Havana" title="Our Man in Havana">Our Man in</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-a-Lago" title="Mar-a-Lago">Mar-a-Lago</a> was finally getting past the <a href="/wiki/Five_stages_of_grief" title="Five stages of grief">first stage of grief</a> when he <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1327956491056279552">tweeted</a> out a semi-concession to his rival ("He won..."), albeit with yet another baseless accusation of voter fraud ("...because the Election was Rigged,"), only to, for once in his life, actually think about the implications of what he was saying and immediately take it back. The Trump legal team worked overtime last week filing <a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Summary_of_post-election_lawsuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election">tons of useless lawsuits</a> to try to invalidate as many Biden votes as they could, and, in a turn of events that everyone saw coming, most of them were dismissed from the get-go. </p><p>As evidenced by the numbers on this list, Trump is doing exactly what he knows how to do best, which is keep his name in the headlines. As tiresome as his shenanigans may be, it’s doubtful that he’ll cease until Joe Biden is inaugurated, but there’s uncertainty surrounding his willingness to even let that happen without things getting ugly. Anyway, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOhOMLCuCW0">here’s</a> a particularly rousing moment from one of his speeches in 2018. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Good article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/16px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/23px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/31px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></span></span> </td> <td>2,929,180 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Premier_Thatcher_tijdens_een_persconferentie,_Bestanddeelnr_932-7044.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Premier_Thatcher_tijdens_een_persconferentie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-7044.jpg/100px-Premier_Thatcher_tijdens_een_persconferentie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-7044.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Premier_Thatcher_tijdens_een_persconferentie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-7044.jpg/150px-Premier_Thatcher_tijdens_een_persconferentie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-7044.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Premier_Thatcher_tijdens_een_persconferentie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-7044.jpg/200px-Premier_Thatcher_tijdens_een_persconferentie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-7044.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2447" data-file-height="3674"/></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Crown (TV series)">The Crown</a></i> released its fourth season, now in the late 1970s/early 1980s, and thus boosting the views of some important British women: the ever-controversial Prime Minister known as "Iron Lady" (when she died, "<a href="/wiki/Ding-Dong!_The_Witch_Is_Dead" title="Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead">Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead</a>" entered the charts!), played there by <a href="/wiki/Gillian_Anderson" title="Gillian Anderson">Gillian Anderson</a>, and the ever-beloved Princess known as "People's Princess" (when she died, "<a href="/wiki/Candle_in_the_Wind_1997" title="Candle in the Wind 1997">Candle in the Wind 1997</a>" dominated the charts), played there by <a href="/wiki/Emma_Corrin" title="Emma Corrin">Emma Corrin </a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>2,839,941 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diana_visits_Halifax_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Diana_visits_Halifax_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Diana_visits_Halifax_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Diana_visits_Halifax_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Diana_visits_Halifax_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Diana_visits_Halifax_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Diana_visits_Halifax_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="1143"/></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Megan_is_Missing" class="mw-redirect" title="Megan is Missing">Megan is Missing</a></i> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_start_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Start-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/16px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/23px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/31px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>2,340,447 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milk_carton_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Milk_carton_icon.svg/100px-Milk_carton_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Milk_carton_icon.svg/150px-Milk_carton_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Milk_carton_icon.svg/200px-Milk_carton_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="322"/></a></span> </td> <td>Well, I guess they Found her. <p>This 2011 <a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">found footage</a> horror film about the titular Megan and her friend going titular-ly missing after being (SPOILER!) abducted and killed by a creeper that Megan meets on the internet hasn’t seen much buzz since its release. Even then, its discussion was mostly kept to the internet, where it was <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn6ZC2K0RQ0">lambasted</a> for being rife with continuity errors, exploitation, and clumsy acting, writing, directing, you name it. It was so bad, it even got banned in New Zealand! <small>Then again, so did <i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Max#Release" title="Mad Max">Mad Max</a></i>...</small> </p><p>But recently, like many a forgotten franchise (looking at you, <i><a href="/wiki/Clone_High" title="Clone High">Clone High</a></i>), the film has been given new life by <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> users, most of whom seem particularly shaken by its final act. It was enough for the movie’s writer-director-editor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Goi" title="Michael Goi">Michael Goi</a> to venture onto the platform, where he issued <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@michaelgoi/video/6895149978650463494">a "warning"</a> telling viewers not to watch it alone or in the dark, which is clearly meant to be an advertisement for the film rather than a deterrent. (He also says that this is the "customary warning" he used to give people before they watched the film despite the warning showing up nowhere in the film itself. As one TikTok comment puts it, "ITS A LITTLE LATE FOR THIS MICHAEL".) All I’ll say is this: if you’re looking for a found footage movie about a teenage girl gone missing, stick to <i><a href="/wiki/Searching_(film)" title="Searching (film)">Searching</a></i>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180"/></a></span> </td> <td>2,241,692 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Trump_Attends_a_D-Day_National_Commemorative_Event_(48012282763).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Trump_Attends_a_D-Day_National_Commemorative_Event_%2848012282763%29.jpg/100px-President_Trump_Attends_a_D-Day_National_Commemorative_Event_%2848012282763%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Trump_Attends_a_D-Day_National_Commemorative_Event_%2848012282763%29.jpg/150px-President_Trump_Attends_a_D-Day_National_Commemorative_Event_%2848012282763%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Trump_Attends_a_D-Day_National_Commemorative_Event_%2848012282763%29.jpg/200px-President_Trump_Attends_a_D-Day_National_Commemorative_Event_%2848012282763%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"/></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="4"><i>The Crown</i> again, only this time with people born in the royal family. Let's see, there's the show's main character (<a href="/wiki/Olivia_Colman" title="Olivia Colman">the Queen from</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Favourite" title="The Favourite">The Favourite</a></i>), the uncle of her husband who was killed by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">IRA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Dance" title="Charles Dance">the Hand of the King from</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a></i>), her sister (<a href="/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter" title="Helena Bonham Carter">the Red Queen from</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(2010_film)" title="Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)">Alice in Wonderland</a></i>), and her son who remains waiting for the throne at the age of 72 (...OK, <a href="/wiki/Josh_O%27Connor" title="Josh O'Connor">Josh O'Connor</a> hasn't played another royal yet). </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>2,169,279 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiral_Lord_Louis_Mountbatten,_GCVO,_KCB,_DSO._(1945)_(Art.IWM_ART_LD_5840).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Admiral_Lord_Louis_Mountbatten%2C_GCVO%2C_KCB%2C_DSO._%281945%29_%28Art.IWM_ART_LD_5840%29.jpg/100px-Admiral_Lord_Louis_Mountbatten%2C_GCVO%2C_KCB%2C_DSO._%281945%29_%28Art.IWM_ART_LD_5840%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Admiral_Lord_Louis_Mountbatten%2C_GCVO%2C_KCB%2C_DSO._%281945%29_%28Art.IWM_ART_LD_5840%29.jpg/150px-Admiral_Lord_Louis_Mountbatten%2C_GCVO%2C_KCB%2C_DSO._%281945%29_%28Art.IWM_ART_LD_5840%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Admiral_Lord_Louis_Mountbatten%2C_GCVO%2C_KCB%2C_DSO._%281945%29_%28Art.IWM_ART_LD_5840%29.jpg/200px-Admiral_Lord_Louis_Mountbatten%2C_GCVO%2C_KCB%2C_DSO._%281945%29_%28Art.IWM_ART_LD_5840%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="800"/></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon" title="Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon">Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>2,018,293 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aankomst_Prinses_Margaret_en_Lord_Snowdon_in_de_haven_van_Amsterdam,_hier_verwel,_Bestanddeelnr_917-7712_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Aankomst_Prinses_Margaret_en_Lord_Snowdon_in_de_haven_van_Amsterdam%2C_hier_verwel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_917-7712_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Aankomst_Prinses_Margaret_en_Lord_Snowdon_in_de_haven_van_Amsterdam%2C_hier_verwel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_917-7712_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Aankomst_Prinses_Margaret_en_Lord_Snowdon_in_de_haven_van_Amsterdam%2C_hier_verwel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_917-7712_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Aankomst_Prinses_Margaret_en_Lord_Snowdon_in_de_haven_van_Amsterdam%2C_hier_verwel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_917-7712_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Aankomst_Prinses_Margaret_en_Lord_Snowdon_in_de_haven_van_Amsterdam%2C_hier_verwel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_917-7712_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Aankomst_Prinses_Margaret_en_Lord_Snowdon_in_de_haven_van_Amsterdam%2C_hier_verwel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_917-7712_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="1143"/></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Charles, Prince of Wales</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>1,747,672 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20151104_OH_H1013410_0003_(22258395883).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/20151104_OH_H1013410_0003_%2822258395883%29.jpg/100px-20151104_OH_H1013410_0003_%2822258395883%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/20151104_OH_H1013410_0003_%2822258395883%29.jpg/150px-20151104_OH_H1013410_0003_%2822258395883%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/20151104_OH_H1013410_0003_%2822258395883%29.jpg/200px-20151104_OH_H1013410_0003_%2822258395883%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="1800"/></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Gambit_(miniseries)" title="The Queen's Gambit (miniseries)"><i>The Queen's Gambit</i> (miniseries)</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_start_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Start-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/16px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/23px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Symbol_start_class.svg/31px-Symbol_start_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>1,526,501 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg/100px-Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg/150px-Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg/200px-Chess_piece_-_White_and_Black_queen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1677"/></a></span> </td> <td>It seems like the world won’t stop telling me to watch this show, and as much as I say I don’t have time, I definitely do, I just lack motivation. But I have faith that, once I get around to it, watching it will be worth it. It’s already become one of the top 100 highest-rated shows of all time on <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> with a 100% rating on <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>, and has maintained a spot on the Top 25 for 4 weeks. Who knew people loved chess that much? Well, it might just be that they like watching a show about people playing it. In any case, I would genuinely love to see a series about the guys who play chess at <a href="/wiki/McDonald%E2%80%99s" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonald’s">McDonald’s</a> (and trust me, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycIUjzqdzh8">there</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gp8vA8t-kUE">are</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3UVLt1wiY-Y">plenty</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne, Princess Royal</a> </td> <td><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_b_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/16px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/23px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Symbol_b_class.svg/31px-Symbol_b_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></a></span> </td> <td>1,381,775 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garter_robe_Princess_Royal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Garter_robe_Princess_Royal.jpg/100px-Garter_robe_Princess_Royal.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Garter_robe_Princess_Royal.jpg/150px-Garter_robe_Princess_Royal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Garter_robe_Princess_Royal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="267"/></a></span> </td> <td>British royals again! To wit, #5's only daughter, played in <i>The Crown</i> by <a href="/wiki/Erin_Doherty" title="Erin Doherty">Erin Doherty</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Exclusions-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Exclusions-signpost-article-title"></span>Exclusions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Exclusions-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <ul><li>These lists exclude the Wikipedia main page, non-article pages (such as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Red_link" title="Wikipedia:Red link">redlinks</a>), and anomalous entries (such as DDoS attacks or likely automated views). Since mobile view data became available to the Report in October 2014, we exclude articles that have almost no mobile views (5–6% or less) or almost all mobile views (94–95% or more) because they are very likely to be automated views based on our experience and research of the issue. Please feel free to discuss any removal on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Top_25_Report" title="Wikipedia talk:Top 25 Report">Top 25 Report talk page</a> if you wish.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both"></div></div> <p><br/><br/><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2020-11-29/Traffic_report#comments" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2020-11-29/Traffic report">Reader comments</a></b></i><br style="clear:both;"/> <span class="anchor" id="News_from_Wiki_Education"></span> </p> <div style="display:none;"><div class="signpost-piccyfilename"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-credits"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-license"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-xoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-yoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-scaling"></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236342416"><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2 plainlinks"><div class="signpost-segment">2020-11-29</div><h2 id="An_assignment_that_changed_a_life:_Kasey_Baker" id="signpost-article-title" class="signpost-article-title" data-signpost-article-title="An assignment that changed a life: Kasey Baker" data-mw-thread-id="h-signpost-article-title-6"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-signpost-article-title-6"></span>An assignment that changed a life: Kasey Baker<span data-mw-comment-end="h-signpost-article-title-6"></span></h2><div class="signpost-byline"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed signpostshare noprint"><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2-contribute"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Newsroom/Content_guidance#How_to_contribute" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom/Content guidance">Contribute</a> — </div><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2-share">Share this</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content plainlinks wp-signpost-article-header-2-share-links"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3AWikipedia_Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29&title=An+assignment+that+changed+a+life%3A+Kasey+Baker">Reddit</a></li></ul> </div></div></div><span id="signpost-article-authors" class="signpost-author">By <a href="/wiki/User:LiAnna_(Wiki_Ed)" title="User:LiAnna (Wiki Ed)">LiAnna Davis</a></span></div></div><div class="hidden-piccyembed" style="display:none;"></div><div class="signpost-article" style="padding: 0 2vw; max-width:80em; margin: 0 auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-narrow"> <div class="signpost-inline-image"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasey_Baker_speaking_at_student_panel_at_Wikipedia_in_Higher_Education_Summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kasey_Baker_speaking_at_student_panel_at_Wikipedia_in_Higher_Education_Summit.jpg/800px-Kasey_Baker_speaking_at_student_panel_at_Wikipedia_in_Higher_Education_Summit.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="531" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kasey_Baker_speaking_at_student_panel_at_Wikipedia_in_Higher_Education_Summit.jpg/1200px-Kasey_Baker_speaking_at_student_panel_at_Wikipedia_in_Higher_Education_Summit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kasey_Baker_speaking_at_student_panel_at_Wikipedia_in_Higher_Education_Summit.jpg/1600px-Kasey_Baker_speaking_at_student_panel_at_Wikipedia_in_Higher_Education_Summit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="signpost-inline-image-caption" style="text-align:left;">Kasey Baker speaking at a student panel at the Wikipedia in Higher Education Summit in 2011.</div> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Wiki Education's Wikipedia Student Program, then part of the WMF, started 10 years ago. Since then they've helped 83,996 students and their 1,852 instructors in 4,088 courses with class assignments creating 9,958 Wikipedia articles and editing 95,749 other articles. This fall Wiki Education celebrated the anniversary by publishing 14 blog-posts at </i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikiedu.org/blog/category/10-years/">10 years - Recent news from Wiki Education</a><i>. This article was <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikiedu.org/blog/2020/11/20/an-assignment-that-changed-a-life-kasey-baker/">originally published</a> on November 20 and is licensed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>. LiAnna Davis is the Chief Programs Officer and Deputy Director of Wiki Edu.</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Ten years ago, <a href="/wiki/User:Kayz911" title="User:Kayz911">Kasey Baker</a> was pursuing his master's degree in public administration at Western Carolina University, when he took a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_United_States_Public_Policy/Courses/Spring_2011/Policy_Analysis_(Christopher_Cooper)" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject United States Public Policy/Courses/Spring 2011/Policy Analysis (Christopher Cooper)">policy analysis</a> course that changed his life: It introduced him to Wikipedia editing. </p><p>The course was participating in the pilot of what is now known as the Wikipedia Student Program, where professors assign students to edit Wikipedia as a class assignment. Kasey tackled the article on the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear energy policy of the United States">nuclear energy policy of the United States</a>. Then the Fukushima meltdown happened. </p><p>"More than 65,000 characters, hundreds of hours of writing, hundreds of hours debating with fellow Wikipedians later, I was off to the races," Kasey reflects now. "Wikipedia was a jumping off point for my academic career: if it were not for that assignment and those in the community and Wikimedia who helped me blunder though such a massive undertaking, I honestly might have gone a different direction in my career. Looking back, the process of writing an article up to the standards of Wikipedia was just as difficult, rigorous, and rewarding as publishing independent research." </p><p>After that first assignment, Kasey was hooked. He volunteered in future terms as a Campus Ambassador, helping the next generation of student editors. Now, as a political science professor, he's taught Wikipedia assignments in many classes. With fellow Wikipedians in his region, he founded the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Wikipedians" class="extiw" title="m:North Carolina Wikipedians">North Carolina Wikimedians</a> user group. He's run many edit-a-thons, and supported countless new editors. </p><p>He loves sharing Wikipedia with people throughout academia, encouraging those initially opposed to alter their perceptions of Wikipedia. Kasey even admits one of his hobbies is breaking down teachers' barriers by explaining the positive impacts of teaching students to critically use and improve Wikipedia. Over the last decade, he's shifted from writing articles himself to training others how to write articles. In the time it would take him to research and write one, he points out, he helps 30 students write their own articles. </p><p>"Over the 10 years teaching and sharing Wikipedia, I've never once met a student who thought this was a throw-away assignment. It actually has one of the highest engagements of anything I teach, because who doesn't like telling their friends and family 'Look what I wrote on Wikipedia,' and seeing thousands of impressions each month on the page?" Kasey says. "Unlike most college assignments, even with harsh criticism from Wikipedians, students get immediate validation that 'This work matters, I'm proud of what I've done.' That fills a very important void for high school, undergraduates, and even master's/PhD students." </p><p>Kasey has a lot to be proud of in his decade of work on Wikipedia, but he points to his work preserving the written and oral history of Holocaust survivors on Wikipedia as the most fulfilling work he's done. Through a series of edit-a-thons, students, faculty, and staff have expanded or created 200 articles, adding more than 600,000 characters to Wikipedia. </p><p>"I have even had a Holocaust Survivor speak to me about an article on him that some of my students adopted/expanded, and let me tell you, it is a humbling experience to be told we all are combatting Fascism/Nazism," Kasey says. </p><p>Kasey has noticed a change in academia's perception of Wikipedia since he was a student ten years ago. He attributes this in part to the community's rigorous standards, and in part because of what Wikipedia is. </p><p>"A lot of it has to do with these pages being a battleground for the history of humanity," he says. "It's never a dull day editing articles here, and that's a good thing in my opinion." </p><p><br/> </p> </div> <div style="clear:both"></div></div> <p><br/><br/><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2020-11-29/News_from_Wiki_Education#comments" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2020-11-29/News from Wiki Education">Reader comments</a></b></i><br style="clear:both;"/> <span class="anchor" id="GLAM_plus"></span> </p> <div style="display:none;"><div class="signpost-piccyfilename"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-credits"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-license"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-xoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-yoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-scaling"></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236342416"><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2 plainlinks"><div class="signpost-segment">2020-11-29</div><h2 id="West_Coast_New_Zealand's_Wikipedian_at_Large" id="signpost-article-title" class="signpost-article-title" data-signpost-article-title="West Coast New Zealand's Wikipedian at Large" data-mw-thread-id="h-signpost-article-title-7"><span id="West_Coast_New_Zealand.27s_Wikipedian_at_Large"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-signpost-article-title-7"></span>West Coast New Zealand's Wikipedian at Large<span data-mw-comment-end="h-signpost-article-title-7"></span></h2><div class="signpost-byline"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed signpostshare noprint"><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2-contribute"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Newsroom/Content_guidance#How_to_contribute" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom/Content guidance">Contribute</a> — </div><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2-share">Share this</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content plainlinks wp-signpost-article-header-2-share-links"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3AWikipedia_Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29&title=West+Coast+New+Zealand%27s+Wikipedian+at+Large">Reddit</a></li></ul> </div></div></div><span id="signpost-article-authors" class="signpost-author">By <a href="/wiki/User:Giantflightlessbirds" title="User:Giantflightlessbirds">Mike Dickison</a></span></div></div><div class="hidden-piccyembed" style="display:none;"></div><div class="signpost-article" style="padding: 0 2vw; max-width:80em; margin: 0 auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-full"> <dl><dd><i>After winding up the project described here, Mike will start work at the Westland District Library as a digital librarian. He'll be continuing the work he began as a Wikipedian, including recruiting editors and supporting meetup groups and edit-a-thons. The role will involve digitisation of museum collections, a Wikisource project with <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Douglas" title="Charlie Douglas">an early explorer</a>'s notebooks, Wikicite work with library collections, and improving the coverage of threatened species. He'll also help organise the New Zealand user group's first Wikimedia conference in Hokitika in March. This article was first published in the GLAM Newsletter <a class="external text" href="https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/GLAM/Newsletter/October_2020">this month.</a></i></dd></dl> <p>From 5 September to 26 October 2020 I was a <a href="/wiki/User:Giantflightlessbirds/WestCoastWPAL" class="mw-redirect" title="User:Giantflightlessbirds/WestCoastWPAL">Wikipedian at Large on the remote West Coast region of New Zealand</a>. In September I was based in <a href="/wiki/Hokitika" title="Hokitika">Hokitika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greymouth" title="Greymouth">Greymouth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Westport,_New_Zealand" title="Westport, New Zealand">Westport</a>, and in October in <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ck%C4%81rito" title="Ōkārito">Ōkārito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_/_Waiau" title="Franz Josef / Waiau">Franz Josef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Glacier_(town)" title="Fox Glacier (town)">Fox Glacier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reefton" title="Reefton">Reefton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Pass" title="Arthur's Pass">Arthur's Pass</a>. The project was largely funded by <a href="/wiki/Development_West_Coast" title="Development West Coast">Development West Coast</a>, with additional support or accommodation supplied by <a href="/wiki/Westland_District_Library" title="Westland District Library">Westland District Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_District_Library" title="Grey District Library">Grey District Library</a>, and Glacier Country Tourism. The brief was to do the following: </p> <ul><li>Working with <b>heritage organisations</b> such as museums and libraries to organise uploads of public-domain photos into Wikimedia Commons.</li> <li>Improving articles on <b>iconic West Coast features, places, and people</b> using the resources of non-profits, tourism agencies, and individual tourism operators.</li> <li>Running a <b>public Wikipedia event</b> in each location, where people could learn the basics of editing Wikipedia and donating photos to Commons.</li> <li>Running training for <b>gallery</b>, <b>library, museum, and archives</b> (GLAM) staff in each location – introducing them to Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata, and helping each develop a Wikimedia strategy for their collections.</li> <li>Giving presentations to <b>tourism organisations and operators</b> in each area on improving Wikivoyage, making print media coverage available to Wikipedians, and donating high-quality photos to Commons.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achievements" data-mw-thread-id="h-Achievements-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Achievements-signpost-article-title"></span>Achievements<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Achievements-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p>I ran over a dozen talks, workshops, and meetups over the six weeks; the Grey District Library has organised two edit-a-thons as a follow-up to these. Seventeen volunteers signed up to assist with the project. Most were working remotely; both from Australia, and from Wellington, Dunedin, and Christchurch in New Zealand. They reported their achievements each day. Prizes were donated by Development West Coast and Friends of Waiuta and given out for the most and best contributions in different areas. Dozens of articles and Wikidata items were created, dozens of articles improved, and numerous Commons categories were cleaned up. For more on the participants and what they achieved, see the <a href="/wiki/User:Giantflightlessbirds/WestCoastWPAL/Final_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="User:Giantflightlessbirds/WestCoastWPAL/Final Report">final report</a> on the project. </p><p>Over 1,000 photos were added to the category <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Uploads_by_West_Coast_Wikipedian_at_Large" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Uploads by West Coast Wikipedian at Large">Uploads by West Coast Wikipedian at Large</a> in the course of the project. Here are a selection: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Walking trails</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cockayne_Nature_Walk_MRD_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cockayne Nature Walk"><img alt="Cockayne Nature Walk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cockayne_Nature_Walk_MRD_01.jpg/280px-Cockayne_Nature_Walk_MRD_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cockayne_Nature_Walk_MRD_01.jpg/420px-Cockayne_Nature_Walk_MRD_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cockayne_Nature_Walk_MRD_01.jpg/560px-Cockayne_Nature_Walk_MRD_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cockayne Nature Walk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Gault_Track_MRD_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Gault track"><img alt="Lake Gault track" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lake_Gault_Track_MRD_07.jpg/163px-Lake_Gault_Track_MRD_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lake_Gault_Track_MRD_07.jpg/244px-Lake_Gault_Track_MRD_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lake_Gault_Track_MRD_07.jpg/325px-Lake_Gault_Track_MRD_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="3079"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lake Gault track</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Matheson_Walk_MRD_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Matheson Walk"><img alt="Lake Matheson Walk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lake_Matheson_Walk_MRD_12.jpg/157px-Lake_Matheson_Walk_MRD_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lake_Matheson_Walk_MRD_12.jpg/236px-Lake_Matheson_Walk_MRD_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lake_Matheson_Walk_MRD_12.jpg/315px-Lake_Matheson_Walk_MRD_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lake Matheson Walk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Point_Elizabeth_Walkway_MRD_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Point Elizabeth Walkway"><img alt="Point Elizabeth Walkway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Point_Elizabeth_Walkway_MRD_03.jpg/210px-Point_Elizabeth_Walkway_MRD_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Point_Elizabeth_Walkway_MRD_03.jpg/315px-Point_Elizabeth_Walkway_MRD_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Point_Elizabeth_Walkway_MRD_03.jpg/420px-Point_Elizabeth_Walkway_MRD_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Point Elizabeth Walkway</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canoe_Cove_Walk_MRD_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canoe Cove Walk"><img alt="Canoe Cove Walk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Canoe_Cove_Walk_MRD_03.jpg/157px-Canoe_Cove_Walk_MRD_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Canoe_Cove_Walk_MRD_03.jpg/236px-Canoe_Cove_Walk_MRD_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Canoe_Cove_Walk_MRD_03.jpg/315px-Canoe_Cove_Walk_MRD_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Canoe Cove Walk</div> </li> </ul><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Stewart Nimmo photos for Tourism West Coast</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 217.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TWC_Reefton_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_34.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reefton"><img alt="Reefton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/TWC_Reefton_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_34.jpg/323px-TWC_Reefton_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_34.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/TWC_Reefton_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_34.jpg/485px-TWC_Reefton_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/TWC_Reefton_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_34.jpg/646px-TWC_Reefton_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7817" data-file-height="5081"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reefton</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TWC_Lake_Brunner_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Brunner"><img alt="Lake Brunner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/TWC_Lake_Brunner_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_6.jpg/315px-TWC_Lake_Brunner_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/TWC_Lake_Brunner_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_6.jpg/473px-TWC_Lake_Brunner_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/TWC_Lake_Brunner_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_6.jpg/630px-TWC_Lake_Brunner_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7441" data-file-height="4963"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lake Brunner</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TWC_Hokitika_Gorge_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_32.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hokitika Gorge"><img alt="Hokitika Gorge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/TWC_Hokitika_Gorge_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_32.jpg/140px-TWC_Hokitika_Gorge_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_32.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/TWC_Hokitika_Gorge_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_32.jpg/210px-TWC_Hokitika_Gorge_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/TWC_Hokitika_Gorge_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_32.jpg/280px-TWC_Hokitika_Gorge_%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5304" data-file-height="7952"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hokitika Gorge</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuatara at West Coast Wildlife Centre"><img alt="Tuatara at West Coast Wildlife Centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg/315px-TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg/472px-TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg/630px-TWC_Wildlife_Centre%E2%80%A2_Stewart_Nimmo_%E2%80%A2_MRD_8910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6929" data-file-height="4622"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tuatara at West Coast Wildlife Centre</div> </li> </ul><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Historic Buildings of Greymouth</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 87.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 85.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greymouth_Clock_Tower_MRD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clock Tower"><img alt="Clock Tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Greymouth_Clock_Tower_MRD.jpg/128px-Greymouth_Clock_Tower_MRD.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Greymouth_Clock_Tower_MRD.jpg/192px-Greymouth_Clock_Tower_MRD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Greymouth_Clock_Tower_MRD.jpg/256px-Greymouth_Clock_Tower_MRD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2556" data-file-height="3589"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Clock Tower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greymouth_Grey_County_Chambers_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Grey Country Chambers"><img alt="Grey Country Chambers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Greymouth_Grey_County_Chambers_%28cropped%29.JPG/247px-Greymouth_Grey_County_Chambers_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Greymouth_Grey_County_Chambers_%28cropped%29.JPG/370px-Greymouth_Grey_County_Chambers_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Greymouth_Grey_County_Chambers_%28cropped%29.JPG/493px-Greymouth_Grey_County_Chambers_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="1515"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grey Country Chambers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dispatch_%26_Garlick_building_MRD_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dispatch & Garlick"><img alt="Dispatch & Garlick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dispatch_%26_Garlick_building_MRD_05.jpg/135px-Dispatch_%26_Garlick_building_MRD_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dispatch_%26_Garlick_building_MRD_05.jpg/202px-Dispatch_%26_Garlick_building_MRD_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dispatch_%26_Garlick_building_MRD_05.jpg/270px-Dispatch_%26_Garlick_building_MRD_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dispatch & Garlick</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HIgh_Street_Barber_MRD_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High Street Barber"><img alt="High Street Barber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/HIgh_Street_Barber_MRD_01.jpg/199px-HIgh_Street_Barber_MRD_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/HIgh_Street_Barber_MRD_01.jpg/298px-HIgh_Street_Barber_MRD_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/HIgh_Street_Barber_MRD_01.jpg/397px-HIgh_Street_Barber_MRD_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2963" data-file-height="2685"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">High Street Barber</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waitaiki_House_MRD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waitaiki House"><img alt="Waitaiki House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Waitaiki_House_MRD.jpg/280px-Waitaiki_House_MRD.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Waitaiki_House_MRD.jpg/419px-Waitaiki_House_MRD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Waitaiki_House_MRD.jpg/559px-Waitaiki_House_MRD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2258"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Waitaiki House</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_High_Street_Auto_Centre_MRD_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High Street Auto Centre"><img alt="High Street Auto Centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Former_High_Street_Auto_Centre_MRD_02.jpg/159px-Former_High_Street_Auto_Centre_MRD_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Former_High_Street_Auto_Centre_MRD_02.jpg/239px-Former_High_Street_Auto_Centre_MRD_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Former_High_Street_Auto_Centre_MRD_02.jpg/318px-Former_High_Street_Auto_Centre_MRD_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2886" data-file-height="3266"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">High Street Auto Centre</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Images from History House Museum</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1925_AARD_MRD_WCWPAL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amalgamated Association of Reliable Drivers, 1925"><img alt="Amalgamated Association of Reliable Drivers, 1925" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1925_AARD_MRD_WCWPAL.jpg/289px-1925_AARD_MRD_WCWPAL.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1925_AARD_MRD_WCWPAL.jpg/433px-1925_AARD_MRD_WCWPAL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1925_AARD_MRD_WCWPAL.jpg/577px-1925_AARD_MRD_WCWPAL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4673" data-file-height="3401"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amalgamated Association of Reliable Drivers, 1925</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greymouth_Opera_House_Fire_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greymouth Opera House, 1958"><img alt="Greymouth Opera House, 1958" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Greymouth_Opera_House_Fire_01.jpg/301px-Greymouth_Opera_House_Fire_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Greymouth_Opera_House_Fire_01.jpg/451px-Greymouth_Opera_House_Fire_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Greymouth_Opera_House_Fire_01.jpg/601px-Greymouth_Opera_House_Fire_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3701" data-file-height="2586"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greymouth Opera House, 1958</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greymouth_Opera_House_Fire_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Opera House burning down 9 Feb 1958"><img alt="The Opera House burning down 9 Feb 1958" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Greymouth_Opera_House_Fire_03.jpg/298px-Greymouth_Opera_House_Fire_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Greymouth_Opera_House_Fire_03.jpg/447px-Greymouth_Opera_House_Fire_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Greymouth_Opera_House_Fire_03.jpg/597px-Greymouth_Opera_House_Fire_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="2586"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Opera House burning down 9 Feb 1958</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 237.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 235.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Hotel_Flood_MRD_WCWPAL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Union Hotel flooded, c. 1900"><img alt="Union Hotel flooded, c. 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Union_Hotel_Flood_MRD_WCWPAL.jpg/353px-Union_Hotel_Flood_MRD_WCWPAL.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Union_Hotel_Flood_MRD_WCWPAL.jpg/529px-Union_Hotel_Flood_MRD_WCWPAL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Union_Hotel_Flood_MRD_WCWPAL.jpg/705px-Union_Hotel_Flood_MRD_WCWPAL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4595" data-file-height="2740"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Union Hotel flooded, c. 1900</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Media_coverage" data-mw-thread-id="h-Media_coverage"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Media_coverage"></span>Media coverage<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Media_coverage"></span></h2></div> <p>In an interview with the <i><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Christchurch Press">Christchurch Press</a></i>, I mentioned that the Wikipedia coverage of some towns and localities on the West Coast was so incomplete that tourists would be dissuaded from visiting. This led to a TV interview, and my comments were quoted in international reporting of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3046400">Hinnosaar et al. 2019</a> study on the effect of Wikipedia article improvement on visitor numbers. I've subsequently been approached by two NZ tourist organisations wanting to know what they can do to work with Wikipedia. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Mulligan" title="Jesse Mulligan">Jesse Mulligan</a> interview (4 September 2020). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/afternoons/audio/2018762628/the-west-coast-is-next-on-the-wikipedian-s-mission">The West Coast is next on the Wikipedian's mission</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">RNZ</a> Afternoons</i> (audio, 8:07).</li> <li>Carroll, Joanne (12 September 2020). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/back-your-backyard/122736748/nz-tourisms-wikipedia-problem-fox-glacier-page-dominated-by-deaths-rural-nz-nonexistent">NZ tourism's Wikipedia problem: Fox Glacier page dominated by deaths, rural NZ non-existent</a>". <i>Stuff</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sharp" title="Seven Sharp">Seven Sharp</a></i> interview (16 September 2020). " <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/seven-sharp/clips/why-does-wikipedia-paint-such-a-bad-picture-of-new-zealand-s-top-towns">Why does Wikipedia paint such a bad picture of New Zealand’s top towns?</a>". (TV, 4:03). Best line: "Surely there's more to <a href="/wiki/East_Cape" title="East Cape">East Cape</a> than the bridge upgrade of 2017."</li> <li>Johnstone, Charlotte (18 September 2020). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/news/extra-info-wikipedia-page-can-boost-tourism-towns-and-cities/">How sprucing up your town's Wikipedia page can boost tourism</a>." <i>The Telegraph</i>.</li> <li>Sherman, Janna (30 September 2020). "Wikipedia focuses on West Coast articles". <i>Hokitika Guardian</i>. p1–2</li> <li>Ledsom, Alex (3 October 2020). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexledsom/2020/10/03/improving-wikipedia-pages-leads-to-big-tourist-dollars/#2f2d140e438c">Improving Wikipedia Pages Can Wildly Increase Revenue For Cities</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>.</li> <li>Mills, Laura (11 November 2020). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odt.co.nz/regions/west-coast/50-new-coast-pages-added-wikipedia">50 new Coast pages added to Wikipedia</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Otago_Daily_Times" title="Otago Daily Times">Otago Daily Times</a></i>.</li></ul> <p><br/> </p> </div> <div style="clear:both"></div></div> <p><br/><br/><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2020-11-29/GLAM_plus#comments" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2020-11-29/GLAM plus">Reader comments</a></b></i><br style="clear:both;"/> <span class="anchor" id="Wikicup_report"></span> </p> <div style="display:none;"><div class="signpost-piccyfilename"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-credits"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-license"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-xoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-yoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-scaling"></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236342416"><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2 plainlinks"><div class="signpost-segment">2020-11-29</div><h2 id="Lee_Vilenski_wins_the_2020_WikiCup" id="signpost-article-title" class="signpost-article-title" data-signpost-article-title="Lee Vilenski wins the 2020 WikiCup" data-mw-thread-id="h-signpost-article-title-8"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-signpost-article-title-8"></span>Lee Vilenski wins the 2020 WikiCup<span data-mw-comment-end="h-signpost-article-title-8"></span></h2><div class="signpost-byline"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed signpostshare noprint"><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2-contribute"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Newsroom/Content_guidance#How_to_contribute" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom/Content guidance">Contribute</a> — </div><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2-share">Share this</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content plainlinks wp-signpost-article-header-2-share-links"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Snoo.svg/24px-Snoo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="89"/></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3AWikipedia_Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29&title=Lee+Vilenski+wins+the+2020+WikiCup">Reddit</a></li></ul> </div></div></div><span id="signpost-article-authors" class="signpost-author">By <a href="/wiki/User:Cwmhiraeth" title="User:Cwmhiraeth">Cwmhiraeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" title="User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a></span></div></div><div class="hidden-piccyembed" style="display:none;"></div><div class="signpost-article" style="padding: 0 2vw; max-width:80em; margin: 0 auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248129851"><div class="wp-signpost-block-2 wp-signpost-block-2-full"> <p>2020 has seen many difficulties and challenges around the world, but for the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiCup" title="Wikipedia:WikiCup">WikiCup</a>, it has been an excellent year, with several new entrants to the contest doing exceptionally well. The earlier rounds were dominated by <a href="/wiki/User:Epicgenius" title="User:Epicgenius">Epicgenius</a>, who achieved 113 good articles during the course of the competition, and the coverage of New York's buildings and other locations improved dramatically! However, the score is reset to zero at the end of each round, and the final round was very productive, with 15 high-scoring featured articles being achieved. The eight finalists also performed 75 reviews of FA candidates, achieved 88 good articles and performed 108 reviews of GA nominations during the last round. The scores achieved by <a href="/wiki/User:Lee_Vilenski" title="User:Lee Vilenski">Lee Vilenski</a> and by <a href="/wiki/User:Gog_the_Mild" title="User:Gog the Mild">Gog the Mild</a> this year were nearly three times higher than the score that gave last year's winner first place. Altogether, Wikipedia has benefited greatly from the activities of WikiCup competitors all through the contest. Well done everyone! </p><p><i>Signups have opened for the 2021 competition. To join, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiCup/2021_signups" title="Wikipedia:WikiCup/2021 signups">click here</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_sampling_of_the_finalists'_work..." data-mw-thread-id="h-A_sampling_of_the_finalists'_work...-signpost-article-title"><span id="A_sampling_of_the_finalists.27_work..."></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-A_sampling_of_the_finalists'_work...-signpost-article-title"></span>A sampling of the finalists' work...<span data-mw-comment-end="h-A_sampling_of_the_finalists'_work...-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p>We can't cover everything (and if we did, it'd probably have an awful lot of overlap with the Featured Content report), but just to give a quick sampler of the finalists' contributions in the last round.... </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 514px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 512px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snooker_table_selby.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="First-place Lee Vilenski managed an incredible four featured articles in the last round alone, all related to snooker. In addition, he had a featured list, a good topic, and thirty good articles (also mostly snooker related). If only other sports had such dedicated Wikipedians!"><img alt="First-place Lee Vilenski managed an incredible four featured articles in the last round alone, all related to snooker. In addition, he had a featured list, a good topic, and thirty good articles (also mostly snooker related). If only other sports had such dedicated Wikipedians!" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Snooker_table_selby.JPG/768px-Snooker_table_selby.JPG" decoding="async" width="512" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Snooker_table_selby.JPG/1153px-Snooker_table_selby.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Snooker_table_selby.JPG/1537px-Snooker_table_selby.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1611"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First-place <a href="/wiki/User:Lee_Vilenski" title="User:Lee Vilenski">Lee Vilenski</a> managed an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2020/Submissions/Lee_Vilenski" title="Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2020/Submissions/Lee Vilenski">incredible four featured articles</a> in the last round alone, all related to <a href="/wiki/Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a>. In addition, he had a featured list, a good topic, and thirty good articles (also mostly snooker related). If only other sports had such dedicated Wikipedians!</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 506px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 504px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannibal_traverse_le_Rh%C3%B4ne_Henri_Motte_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hannibal took war elephants across the Rhône and through the Alps to invade Rome in the Second Punic War. By his efforts to bring all the articles on the constituent wars of the Punic Wars up to Featured or Good Article status, Gog the Mild created a new featured topic. A newcomer to the WikiCup, Gog was in a close second place and certainly made a memorable showing!"><img alt="Hannibal took war elephants across the Rhône and through the Alps to invade Rome in the Second Punic War. By his efforts to bring all the articles on the constituent wars of the Punic Wars up to Featured or Good Article status, Gog the Mild created a new featured topic. A newcomer to the WikiCup, Gog was in a close second place and certainly made a memorable showing!" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hannibal_traverse_le_Rh%C3%B4ne_Henri_Motte_1878.jpg/756px-Hannibal_traverse_le_Rh%C3%B4ne_Henri_Motte_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="504" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hannibal_traverse_le_Rh%C3%B4ne_Henri_Motte_1878.jpg/1134px-Hannibal_traverse_le_Rh%C3%B4ne_Henri_Motte_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hannibal_traverse_le_Rh%C3%B4ne_Henri_Motte_1878.jpg/1512px-Hannibal_traverse_le_Rh%C3%B4ne_Henri_Motte_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8915" data-file-height="5840"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> took war elephants across the Rhône and through the Alps to invade Rome in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>. By <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2020/Submissions/Gog_the_Mild" title="Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2020/Submissions/Gog the Mild">his efforts</a> to bring all the articles on the constituent wars of the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> up to Featured or Good Article status, <a href="/wiki/User:Gog_the_Mild" title="User:Gog the Mild">Gog the Mild</a> created <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_topics/Punic_Wars" title="Wikipedia:Featured topics/Punic Wars">a new featured topic</a>. A newcomer to the WikiCup, Gog was in a close second place and certainly made a memorable showing!</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 442px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 440px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_United_vs_Chelsea_FA_Cup_Final_2018.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="...On the subject of other sports having dedicated Wikipedians, third-place The Rambling Man had four featured and eight good articles related to football in England, covering key matches from various seasons."><img alt="...On the subject of other sports having dedicated Wikipedians, third-place The Rambling Man had four featured and eight good articles related to football in England, covering key matches from various seasons." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Manchester_United_vs_Chelsea_FA_Cup_Final_2018.jpeg/660px-Manchester_United_vs_Chelsea_FA_Cup_Final_2018.jpeg" decoding="async" width="440" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Manchester_United_vs_Chelsea_FA_Cup_Final_2018.jpeg/991px-Manchester_United_vs_Chelsea_FA_Cup_Final_2018.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Manchester_United_vs_Chelsea_FA_Cup_Final_2018.jpeg/1320px-Manchester_United_vs_Chelsea_FA_Cup_Final_2018.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">...On the subject of other sports having dedicated Wikipedians, third-place <a href="/wiki/User:The_Rambling_Man" title="User:The Rambling Man">The Rambling Man</a> had <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2020/Submissions/The_Rambling_Man" title="Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2020/Submissions/The Rambling Man">four featured and eight good articles</a> related to <a href="/wiki/Football_in_England" title="Football in England">football in England</a>, covering key matches from various seasons. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 497.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 495.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coney_Island_beach_and_amusement_parks_(June_2016).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fourth-place Epicgenius had nineteen good articles on places in New York, such as Coney Island (pictured), 1 Wall Street Court, the former New York Times Building, and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Lodge Number 878."><img alt="Fourth-place Epicgenius had nineteen good articles on places in New York, such as Coney Island (pictured), 1 Wall Street Court, the former New York Times Building, and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Lodge Number 878." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coney_Island_beach_and_amusement_parks_%28June_2016%29.jpg/743px-Coney_Island_beach_and_amusement_parks_%28June_2016%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="496" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coney_Island_beach_and_amusement_parks_%28June_2016%29.jpg/1115px-Coney_Island_beach_and_amusement_parks_%28June_2016%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coney_Island_beach_and_amusement_parks_%28June_2016%29.jpg/1485px-Coney_Island_beach_and_amusement_parks_%28June_2016%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fourth-place <a href="/wiki/User:Epicgenius" title="User:Epicgenius">Epicgenius</a> had <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2020/Submissions/Epicgenius" title="Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2020/Submissions/Epicgenius">nineteen good articles</a> on places in New York, such as <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a> (pictured), <a href="/wiki/1_Wall_Street_Court" title="1 Wall Street Court">1 Wall Street Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Building_(41_Park_Row)" title="New York Times Building (41 Park Row)">former New York Times Building</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Benevolent_and_Protective_Order_of_Elks,_Lodge_Number_878" title="Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Lodge Number 878">Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Lodge Number 878</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 256.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 254.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Price%27s_Raid.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fifth-place Hog Farm did a lot of work related to Missouri in the American Civil War. Several of the battles he brought to good article status in the last round of the WikiCup can be seen on this map."><img alt="Fifth-place Hog Farm did a lot of work related to Missouri in the American Civil War. Several of the battles he brought to good article status in the last round of the WikiCup can be seen on this map." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Price%27s_Raid.png/382px-Price%27s_Raid.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Price%27s_Raid.png/574px-Price%27s_Raid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Price%27s_Raid.png/765px-Price%27s_Raid.png 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3300"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fifth-place <a href="/wiki/User:Hog_Farm" title="User:Hog Farm">Hog Farm</a> did a lot of work related to <a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri in the American Civil War</a>. Several of the battles he <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2020/Submissions/Hog_Farm" title="Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2020/Submissions/Hog Farm">brought to good article status in the last round of the WikiCup</a> can be seen on this map.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 333.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 331.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yusuf_I_Nasrid_gold_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The rulers of the Emirate of Granada, the last independent Muslim state in the Iberian Peninsula were the focus of sixth-place HaEr48, with two featured and three good articles. Pictured is a dinar from the reign of Yusuf I of Granada, one of HaEr48's featured articles."><img alt="The rulers of the Emirate of Granada, the last independent Muslim state in the Iberian Peninsula were the focus of sixth-place HaEr48, with two featured and three good articles. Pictured is a dinar from the reign of Yusuf I of Granada, one of HaEr48's featured articles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Yusuf_I_Nasrid_gold_coin.jpg/497px-Yusuf_I_Nasrid_gold_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="332" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Yusuf_I_Nasrid_gold_coin.jpg/746px-Yusuf_I_Nasrid_gold_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Yusuf_I_Nasrid_gold_coin.jpg/994px-Yusuf_I_Nasrid_gold_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="1021"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a>, the last independent Muslim state in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> were the focus of sixth-place <a href="/wiki/User:HaEr48" title="User:HaEr48">HaEr48</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2020/Submissions/HaEr48" title="Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2020/Submissions/HaEr48">two featured and three good articles</a>. Pictured is a <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinar</a> from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_I_of_Granada" title="Yusuf I of Granada">Yusuf I of Granada</a>, one of HaEr48's featured articles.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Di_stefano_argentina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="While seventh-place Harrias worked mainly on articles related to sports, which sport varied: he collaborated with The Rambling Man on one of the aforementioned football featured articles, had three good articles related to marathons, and had a featured list on the goals scored by Alfredo Di Stéfano (pictured), who played on two different national teams officially, and one unofficially."><img alt="While seventh-place Harrias worked mainly on articles related to sports, which sport varied: he collaborated with The Rambling Man on one of the aforementioned football featured articles, had three good articles related to marathons, and had a featured list on the goals scored by Alfredo Di Stéfano (pictured), who played on two different national teams officially, and one unofficially." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Di_stefano_argentina.jpg/337px-Di_stefano_argentina.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Di_stefano_argentina.jpg/506px-Di_stefano_argentina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Di_stefano_argentina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="800"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">While seventh-place <a href="/wiki/User:Harrias" title="User:Harrias">Harrias</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2020/Submissions/Harrias" title="Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2020/Submissions/Harrias">worked mainly on articles related to sports, which sport varied</a>: he collaborated with <a href="/wiki/User:The_Rambling_Man" title="User:The Rambling Man">The Rambling Man</a> on one of the aforementioned football featured articles, had three good articles related to marathons, and had a featured list on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_goals_scored_by_Alfredo_Di_St%C3%A9fano" title="List of international goals scored by Alfredo Di Stéfano">goals scored by Alfredo Di Stéfano</a> (pictured), who played on two different national teams officially, and one unofficially.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Graeber_2015-03-07_(16741093492)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In the News has a reputation as being one of the most selective and difficult sections of the main page to get into. Which is why eighth-place finalist Bloom6132 having thirty-one "In the News" credits in the last round (one hundred thirty-six in the competition as a whole!) is so impressive. Many of them are for recent deaths, such as the death of David Graeber (pictured), who died on the 2nd of September this year."><img alt="In the News has a reputation as being one of the most selective and difficult sections of the main page to get into. Which is why eighth-place finalist Bloom6132 having thirty-one "In the News" credits in the last round (one hundred thirty-six in the competition as a whole!) is so impressive. Many of them are for recent deaths, such as the death of David Graeber (pictured), who died on the 2nd of September this year." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/David_Graeber_2015-03-07_%2816741093492%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/391px-David_Graeber_2015-03-07_%2816741093492%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/David_Graeber_2015-03-07_%2816741093492%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/588px-David_Graeber_2015-03-07_%2816741093492%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/David_Graeber_2015-03-07_%2816741093492%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/783px-David_Graeber_2015-03-07_%2816741093492%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="1139"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ITN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ITN">In the News</a></i> has a reputation as being one of the most selective and difficult sections of the main page to get into. Which is why eighth-place finalist <a href="/wiki/User:Bloom6132" title="User:Bloom6132">Bloom6132</a> having thirty-one "In the News" credits in the last round (one hundred thirty-six in the competition as a whole!) is so impressive. Many of them are for recent deaths, such as the death of <a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a> (pictured), who died on the 2nd of September this year.</div> </li> </ul> <p><br/> </p> </div> <div style="clear:both"></div></div> <p><br/><br/><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2020-11-29/Wikicup_report#comments" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2020-11-29/Wikicup report">Reader comments</a></b></i><br style="clear:both;"/> <span class="anchor" id="Recent_research"></span> </p> <div style="display:none;"><div class="signpost-piccyfilename"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-credits"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-license"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-xoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-yoffset"></div><div class="signpost-piccy-scaling"></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236342416"><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2 plainlinks"><div class="signpost-segment">2020-11-29</div><h2 id="Wikipedia's_Shoah_coverage_succeeds_where_libraries_fail" id="signpost-article-title" class="signpost-article-title" data-signpost-article-title="Wikipedia's Shoah coverage succeeds where libraries fail" data-mw-thread-id="h-signpost-article-title-9"><span id="Wikipedia.27s_Shoah_coverage_succeeds_where_libraries_fail"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-signpost-article-title-9"></span>Wikipedia's Shoah coverage succeeds where libraries fail<span data-mw-comment-end="h-signpost-article-title-9"></span></h2><div class="signpost-byline"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed signpostshare noprint"><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2-contribute"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Newsroom/Content_guidance#How_to_contribute" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom/Content guidance">Contribute</a> — </div><div class="wp-signpost-article-header-2-share">Share this</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content plainlinks 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1243193776">.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-research-news{margin:.2em 0;border:1px solid #ccc;color:var(--color-placeholder,#72777d)}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-research-news-image{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-research-news-text{padding:0 1em}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-research-news{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-research-news-image{margin:0 1em;flex:0 0 80px}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-research-news-text{border-left:1px solid #ccc}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-research-news{margin:.2em auto;width:60%}}</style><div class="wikipedia-research-news"><div class="wikipedia-research-news-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Newsletter" title="m:Research:Newsletter"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wikimedia_Research_Newsletter_Logo.svg/76px-Wikimedia_Research_Newsletter_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wikimedia_Research_Newsletter_Logo.svg/114px-Wikimedia_Research_Newsletter_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wikimedia_Research_Newsletter_Logo.svg/152px-Wikimedia_Research_Newsletter_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750"/></a></span></div><p class="wikipedia-research-news-text">A monthly overview of recent academic research about Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects, also published as the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Newsletter" class="extiw" title="m:Research:Newsletter">Wikimedia Research Newsletter</a>.</p></div> <p><br/> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikipedia_succeeds_where_libraries_fail,_showing_"an_unmet_interest"_in_the_Shoah_and_Israel,_also_in_Muslim_countries" data-mw-thread-id="h-Wikipedia_succeeds_where_libraries_fail,_showing_"an_unmet_interest"_in_the_Shoa-signpost-article-title"><span id="Wikipedia_succeeds_where_libraries_fail.2C_showing_.22an_unmet_interest.22_in_the_Shoah_and_Israel.2C_also_in_Muslim_countries"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Wikipedia_succeeds_where_libraries_fail,_showing_"an_unmet_interest"_in_the_Shoa-signpost-article-title"></span>Wikipedia succeeds where libraries fail, showing "an unmet interest" in the Shoah and Israel, also in Muslim countries<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Wikipedia_succeeds_where_libraries_fail,_showing_"an_unmet_interest"_in_the_Shoa-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p>In a paper titled "The Political Geography of Shoah Knowledge and Awareness, Estimated from the Analysis of Global Library Catalogues and Wikipedia User Statistics"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austrian political scientist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Tausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Tausch (page does not exist)">Arno Tausch</a> finds a disturbing "global North-South and North-East divide in the library presence of <a href="/wiki/Shoah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoah">Shoah</a>-related titles", contrasting it with "a more optimistic [trend], based on freely available information on the internet" – namely the availability and popularity of Wikipedia articles about the same topic in multiple languages. For example, the study highlights their pageview numbers in the Farsi, Arabic and Indonesian Wikipedias as "truly a hopeful sign". </p><p>The bulk of the paper consists of detailed <a href="/wiki/Bibliometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliometry">bibliometric</a> examinations: </p> <blockquote> <p>"Based on the data of our research project covering 165 library catalogues (54 nationwide union catalogues, 81 national libraries, 16 legislative-assembly libraries, 14 libraries of international organizations) and the OCLC <a href="/wiki/Worldcat" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldcat">Worldcat</a>, which by itself includes no less than 70,000 libraries in more than 170 countries, we found that there is indeed a huge global gap in Shoah library holdings. Some 69.3% of the global library presence of the leading peer-reviewed journal in the field, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, in principle available to global publics, is encountered in libraries within the geographical distance of less than 1,000 miles from New York City or Brussels. We particularly analyze the lack of Shoah knowledge and awareness in many Muslim and Catholic countries." </p> </blockquote> <p>The author contrasts this with <a href="/wiki/Webometrics" title="Webometrics">webometrics</a>, where "we must regard Wikipedia download statistics [i.e. <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/R:Page_view" class="extiw" title="m:R:Page view">page view data</a>] as a first and very reliable seismograph of global social network trend ... Its 49.3 million articles in almost 300 languages are therefore also a treasure trove for the research on Judaism, Israel, the memory of the victims of the Shoah, and global anti-Semitism. ....[To] estimate whether or not a given language community on Wikipedia has a high or a low relative tendency to seek information on the Shoah", he compares the pageview numbers for the corresponding article with the annual pageview numbers for the entire Wikipedia in that language, or alternatively with "the culturally most neutral article in this context, the Wikipedia article on the encyclopedia Wikipedia itself." </p><p>The paper's detailed bibliometric studies contain many observations on particular countries or regions, e.g. "Among the countries holding less than 100 titles in their combined entire countrywide library system, we find countries where considerable numbers of Jews were sent to the Nazi German death camps". </p><p>While praising Wikipedia as an information source with more even coverage (across languages or countries), the author still notes that "compared to the presumed size of the Wikipedia user community [i.e. total pageview numbers], the Portuguese, Spanish, German, Italian, Persian, and French speaking Wikipedia users had a higher tendency to download the main Shoah Wikipedia article. Results for the Wikipedia downloads in Japanese, Turkish, Russian, Chinese, Swedish, Polish, Korean, Ukrainian, Czech, Finnish, English, Indonesian, Arabic, and Dutch (in descending order) were below the trend." The study similarly examines the article about Israel, observing e.g. that "With 844 daily downloads of the Israel article in Persian and 1,254 daily downloads of the Israel article in Arabic, a certain presence of the theme of Israel among Wikipedia audiences in the Middle East has now been achieved." </p><p>The article was published in a journal of the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs" title="Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs</a>, a think-tank which (according to the English Wikipedia article about it) "is considered to be politically neo-conservative". That said, few of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/e/pta132.html">the author's previous publications</a> appear to have focused on topics related to the Holocaust or the Arab-Israeli conflict. </p><p>Libraries and their biases are the main focus of the paper, with the Wikipedia-related results occupying a smaller part. Still, the former are of interest to Wikimedians and Wikipedia researchers as well - for example as evidence for possible risks in <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/GLAM" class="extiw" title="m:GLAM">GLAM-WIKI collaborations</a>, where the biases and political constraints of such cultural institutions might negatively affect Wikipedia's efforts to achieve a neutral point of view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Briefly" data-mw-thread-id="h-Briefly-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Briefly-signpost-article-title"></span>Briefly<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Briefly-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <ul><li>See the <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Research/Showcase" class="extiw" title="mw:Wikimedia Research/Showcase">page of the monthly <b>Wikimedia Research Showcase</b></a> for videos and slides of past presentations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_recent_publications" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_recent_publications-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_recent_publications-signpost-article-title"></span>Other recent publications<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_recent_publications-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <p><i>Other recent publications that could not be covered in time for this issue include the items listed below. Contributions, whether reviewing or summarizing newly published research, <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Newsletter#How_to_contribute" class="extiw" title="m:Research:Newsletter">are always welcome</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""NwQM:_A_neural_quality_assessment_framework_for_Wikipedia"" data-mw-thread-id="h-"NwQM:_A_neural_quality_assessment_framework_for_Wikipedia"-Other_recent_publications"><span id=".22NwQM:_A_neural_quality_assessment_framework_for_Wikipedia.22"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-"NwQM:_A_neural_quality_assessment_framework_for_Wikipedia"-Other_recent_publications"></span>"NwQM: A neural quality assessment framework for Wikipedia"<span data-mw-comment-end="h-"NwQM:_A_neural_quality_assessment_framework_for_Wikipedia"-Other_recent_publications"></span></h4></div> <p>From the abstract:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="padding-left:1.0em; padding-right:1.0em; background-color:#eaf8f4;"><p> "In this paper we propose Neural wikipedia Quality Monitor (NwQM), a novel deep learning model which accumulates signals from several key information sources such as article text, meta data and images to obtain improved Wikipedia article representation. We present comparison of our approach against a plethora of available solutions and show 8% improvement over state-of-the-art approaches with detailed <a href="/wiki/Ablation_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Ablation (artificial intelligence)">ablation</a> studies."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Evidence_of_a_mostly_productive_and_continuous_effort_to_improve_the_quality_of_references"_on_English_Wikipedia" data-mw-thread-id="h-"Evidence_of_a_mostly_productive_and_continuous_effort_to_improve_the_quality_of-Other_recent_publications"><span id=".22Evidence_of_a_mostly_productive_and_continuous_effort_to_improve_the_quality_of_references.22_on_English_Wikipedia"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-"Evidence_of_a_mostly_productive_and_continuous_effort_to_improve_the_quality_of-Other_recent_publications"></span>"Evidence of a mostly productive and continuous effort to improve the quality of references" on English Wikipedia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-"Evidence_of_a_mostly_productive_and_continuous_effort_to_improve_the_quality_of-Other_recent_publications"></span></h4></div> <p>From the abstract:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="padding-left:1.0em; padding-right:1.0em; background-color:#eaf8f4;"> <p>"... we present a publicly available dataset of the history of all the references (more than 55 million) ever used in the English Wikipedia until June 2019. We have applied a new method for identifying and monitoring references in Wikipedia, so that for each reference we can provide data about associated actions: creation, modifications, deletions, and reinsertions. [...] We use the dataset to study the temporal evolution of Wikipedia references as well as users' editing behaviour. We find evidence of a mostly productive and continuous effort to improve the quality of references: (1) there is a persistent increase of reference and document identifiers (DOI, PubMedID, PMC, ISBN, ISSN, ArXiv ID), and (2) most of the reference curation work is done by registered humans (not bots or anonymous editors)." </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""The_network_structure_of_scientific_revolutions"" data-mw-thread-id="h-"The_network_structure_of_scientific_revolutions"-Other_recent_publications"><span id=".22The_network_structure_of_scientific_revolutions.22"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-"The_network_structure_of_scientific_revolutions"-Other_recent_publications"></span>"The network structure of scientific revolutions"<span data-mw-comment-end="h-"The_network_structure_of_scientific_revolutions"-Other_recent_publications"></span></h4></div> <p>From the abstract:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="padding-left:1.0em; padding-right:1.0em; background-color:#eaf8f4;"> <p>"Philosophers of science have long postulated how collective scientific knowledge grows. Empirical validation has been challenging due to limitations in collecting and systematizing large historical records. Here, we capitalize on the largest online encyclopedia to formulate knowledge as growing networks of articles and their hyperlinked inter-relations. We demonstrate that concept networks grow not by expanding from their core but rather by creating and filling knowledge gaps, a process which produces discoveries that are more frequently awarded Nobel prizes than others. Moreover, we operationalize paradigms as network modules to reveal a temporal signature in structural stability across scientific subjects." </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Using_logical_constraints_to_validate_information_in_collaborative_knowledge_graphs:_a_study_of_COVID-19_on_Wikidata"" data-mw-thread-id="h-"Using_logical_constraints_to_validate_information_in_collaborative_knowledge_gr-Other_recent_publications"><span id=".22Using_logical_constraints_to_validate_information_in_collaborative_knowledge_graphs:_a_study_of_COVID-19_on_Wikidata.22"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-"Using_logical_constraints_to_validate_information_in_collaborative_knowledge_gr-Other_recent_publications"></span>"Using logical constraints to validate information in collaborative knowledge graphs: a study of COVID-19 on Wikidata"<span data-mw-comment-end="h-"Using_logical_constraints_to_validate_information_in_collaborative_knowledge_gr-Other_recent_publications"></span></h4></div> <p>From the abstract:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="padding-left:1.0em; padding-right:1.0em; background-color:#eaf8f4;"> <p>"we catalog the rules describing relational and statistical COVID-19 epidemiological data and implement them in <a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a>, a query language for semantic databases. We demonstrate the efficiency of our methods to evaluate structured information, particularly COVID-19 knowledge in Wikidata, and consequently in collaborative ontologies and knowledge graphs, and we show the advantages and drawbacks of our proposed approach by comparing it to other methods for validation of linked web data." </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""PNEL:_Pointer_Network_based_End-To-End_Entity_Linking_over_Knowledge_Graphs"" data-mw-thread-id="h-"PNEL:_Pointer_Network_based_End-To-End_Entity_Linking_over_Knowledge_Graphs"-Other_recent_publications"><span id=".22PNEL:_Pointer_Network_based_End-To-End_Entity_Linking_over_Knowledge_Graphs.22"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-"PNEL:_Pointer_Network_based_End-To-End_Entity_Linking_over_Knowledge_Graphs"-Other_recent_publications"></span>"PNEL: Pointer Network based End-To-End Entity Linking over Knowledge Graphs"<span data-mw-comment-end="h-"PNEL:_Pointer_Network_based_End-To-End_Entity_Linking_over_Knowledge_Graphs"-Other_recent_publications"></span></h4></div> <p>From the abstract:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="padding-left:1.0em; padding-right:1.0em; background-color:#eaf8f4;"> <p>"Question Answering systems are generally modelled as a pipeline consisting of a sequence of steps. In such a pipeline, Entity Linking (EL) is often the first step. [...] In this work we present a novel approach to end-to-end EL by applying the popular Pointer Network model, which achieves competitive performance. We demonstrate this in our evaluation over three datasets on the Wikidata Knowledge Graph." </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""A_decade_of_writing_on_Wikipedia:_A_comparative_study_of_three_articles"" data-mw-thread-id="h-"A_decade_of_writing_on_Wikipedia:_A_comparative_study_of_three_articles"-Other_recent_publications"><span id=".22A_decade_of_writing_on_Wikipedia:_A_comparative_study_of_three_articles.22"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-"A_decade_of_writing_on_Wikipedia:_A_comparative_study_of_three_articles"-Other_recent_publications"></span>"A decade of writing on Wikipedia: A comparative study of three articles"<span data-mw-comment-end="h-"A_decade_of_writing_on_Wikipedia:_A_comparative_study_of_three_articles"-Other_recent_publications"></span></h4></div> <p>From the abstract:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="padding-left:1.0em; padding-right:1.0em; background-color:#eaf8f4;"> <p>"This article reports what observable writing activities characterized three Wikipedia articles, <i>archive</i>, <i>design</i>, and <i>writing</i>, over a three-year period from 2012–2014. It then compares these results to writing in these same three articles 10 years earlier, from 2002–2004. Results show that articles were longer and more referenced in 2012–2014. The most frequent written contributions in 2012–2014 were adding and deleting content, followed by vandalizing and reverting vandalism. Ten years earlier, content addition was likewise the most frequent activity, though vandalism and its removal were not found." </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_2" data-mw-thread-id="h-References_2-signpost-article-title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References_2-signpost-article-title"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References_2-signpost-article-title"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausch2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tausch, Arno (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jcpa.org/article/the-political-geography-of-shoah-knowledge-and-awareness-estimated-from-the-analysis-of-global-library-catalogues-and-wikipedia-user-statistics/">"The Political Geography of Shoah Knowledge and Awareness, Estimated from the Analysis of Global Library Catalogues and Wikipedia User Statistics"</a>. <i>Jewish Political Studies Review</i>. <b>31</b> (1/2): 7–123. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0792-335X">0792-335X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26870790">26870790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Political+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+Political+Geography+of+Shoah+Knowledge+and+Awareness%2C+Estimated+from+the+Analysis+of+Global+Library+Catalogues+and+Wikipedia+User+Statistics&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=7-123&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26870790%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0792-335X&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcpa.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-political-geography-of-shoah-knowledge-and-awareness-estimated-from-the-analysis-of-global-library-catalogues-and-wikipedia-user-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddyBhusanSarkarMukherjee2020" class="citation arxiv cs1">Reddy, Bhanu Prakash; Bhusan, Sasi; Sarkar, Soumya; Mukherjee, Animesh (2020-10-14). "NwQM: A neural quality assessment framework for Wikipedia". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.06969">2010.06969</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.SI">cs.SI</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=NwQM%3A+A+neural+quality+assessment+framework+for+Wikipedia&rft.date=2020-10-14&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2010.06969&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=Bhanu+Prakash&rft.au=Bhusan%2C+Sasi&rft.au=Sarkar%2C+Soumya&rft.au=Mukherjee%2C+Animesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagovoraUlloaWellerFlöck2020" class="citation arxiv cs1">Zagovora, Olga; Ulloa, Roberto; Weller, Katrin; Flöck, Fabian (2020-10-06). 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"The network structure of scientific revolutions". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.08381">2010.08381</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.DL">cs.DL</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=The+network+structure+of+scientific+revolutions&rft.date=2020-10-16&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2010.08381&rft.aulast=Ju&rft.aufirst=Harang&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Dale&rft.au=Blevins%2C+Ann+S.&rft.au=Lydon-Staley%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Judith&rft.au=Tuma%2C+Julio+R.&rft.au=Bassett%2C+Danielle+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoucemeddine_TurkiDariusz_JemielniakMohamed_Ali_Hadj_TaiebJose_Emilio_Labra_Gayo2020" class="citation web cs1">Houcemeddine Turki; Dariusz Jemielniak; Mohamed Ali Hadj Taieb; Jose Emilio Labra Gayo; Mohamed Ben Aouicha; Mus'ab Banat; Thomas Shafee; Eric Prud'Hommeaux; Tiago Lubiana; Diptanshu Das; Daniel Mietchen (2020-08-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/4008359">"Using logical constraints to validate information in collaborative knowledge graphs: a study of COVID-19 on Wikidata"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.4008359">10.5281/zenodo.4008359</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Using+logical+constraints+to+validate+information+in+collaborative+knowledge+graphs%3A+a+study+of+COVID-19+on+Wikidata&rft.date=2020-08-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.4008359&rft.au=Houcemeddine+Turki&rft.au=Dariusz+Jemielniak&rft.au=Mohamed+Ali+Hadj+Taieb&rft.au=Jose+Emilio+Labra+Gayo&rft.au=Mohamed+Ben+Aouicha&rft.au=Mus%27ab+Banat&rft.au=Thomas+Shafee&rft.au=Eric+Prud%27Hommeaux&rft.au=Tiago+Lubiana&rft.au=Diptanshu+Das&rft.au=Daniel+Mietchen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F4008359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjeeChaudhuriDubeyLehmann2020" class="citation arxiv cs1">Banerjee, Debayan; Chaudhuri, Debanjan; Dubey, Mohnish; Lehmann, Jens (2020-08-31). "PNEL: Pointer Network based End-To-End Entity Linking over Knowledge Graphs". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.00106">2009.00106</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CL">cs.CL</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=PNEL%3A+Pointer+Network+based+End-To-End+Entity+Linking+over+Knowledge+Graphs&rft.date=2020-08-31&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2009.00106&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Debayan&rft.au=Chaudhuri%2C+Debanjan&rft.au=Dubey%2C+Mohnish&rft.au=Lehmann%2C+Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurdy2020" class="citation journal cs1">Purdy, James P. (2020-08-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/10857">"A decade of writing on Wikipedia: A comparative study of three articles"</a>. <i>First Monday</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v25i9.10857">10.5210/fm.v25i9.10857</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1396-0466">1396-0466</a>.</cite><span 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Writing_about_women&action=history">53 other editors</a></span>. Essays are not project guidelines, policies, or part of the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MOS">Wikipedia's Manual of Style</a>. They may or may not have broad support among the Wikipedia commuity. You may edit this essay if you wish, but please do it at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WAW" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WAW">the original essay page</a>.</i></dd></dl> <p>When <b>writing about women on Wikipedia</b>, make sure articles do not use <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexist</a> language, perpetuate sexist stereotypes or otherwise demonstrate a prejudice against women. </p><p>As of June 2019, 16.7% of editors on the <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a> who have declared a gender say they are female.<sup id="cite_ref-PercentageJune2019_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PercentageJune2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gender disparity, together with the need for reliable sources, contributes to the <a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">gender imbalance</a> of our content; as of March 2020, only 18.27% of our biographies are about women.<sup id="cite_ref-Genderbylanguage_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genderbylanguage-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This page may help to identify the subtle and more obvious ways in which titles, language, images, and linking practices can discriminate against women. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Data" data-mw-thread-id="h-Data"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Data"></span>Data<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Data"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:274px;max-width:274px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BLPs_by_gender_and_date_of_creation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="graph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/BLPs_by_gender_and_date_of_creation.png/270px-BLPs_by_gender_and_date_of_creation.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/BLPs_by_gender_and_date_of_creation.png/405px-BLPs_by_gender_and_date_of_creation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/BLPs_by_gender_and_date_of_creation.png/540px-BLPs_by_gender_and_date_of_creation.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="340"/></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_BLPs_which_are_female_over_time.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="graph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Percentage_of_BLPs_which_are_female_over_time.png/270px-Percentage_of_BLPs_which_are_female_over_time.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Percentage_of_BLPs_which_are_female_over_time.png/405px-Percentage_of_BLPs_which_are_female_over_time.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Percentage_of_BLPs_which_are_female_over_time.png/540px-Percentage_of_BLPs_which_are_female_over_time.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="340"/></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Among editors of the English Wikipedia who specify a gender in their preferences, 115,941 (16.7%) were female and 576,106 male as of 13 June 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-PercentageJune2019_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PercentageJune2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 10 March 2020, the English Wikipedia hosted 1,693,225 biographies, 291,649 (18.27%) of which were about women.<sup id="cite_ref-Genderbylanguage_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genderbylanguage-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of sourcing issues, almost all biographies before 1900 are of men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer2015_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009 the percentage of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLP">biographies of living persons</a> (BLPs) about women was under 20%, but the numbers have been rising steadily since 2012–2013. As of 5 May 2019, the English Wikipedia hosted 906,720 BLPs, according to figures produced by <a href="/wiki/User:Andrew_Gray" title="User:Andrew Gray">Andrew Gray</a> using <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>. Wikidata identified 697,402 of these as male and 205,117 as female.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The percentages of those that specified a gender were 77.06% male and 22.67% female; 0.27% had another gender.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray6May2019_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray6May2019-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Male_is_not_the_default" data-mw-thread-id="h-Male_is_not_the_default"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Male_is_not_the_default"></span>Male is not the default<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Male_is_not_the_default"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)#Sex_and_gender" title="Other (philosophy)">Other (philosophy) § Sex and gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Male_as_norm" title="Male as norm">Male as norm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Androcentrism" title="Androcentrism">Androcentrism</a></div> <p>Avoid language that makes female the <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)#Woman_as_identity" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a> to a male Self.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJule2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyTwUmOsF0UkCpgPA13_13ff]_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJule2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyTwUmOsF0UkCpgPA13_13ff]-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers have found that Wikipedia articles about women are more likely to contain words such as <i>woman</i>, <i>female</i> and <i>lady</i>, than articles about men are to contain <i>man</i>, <i>male</i>, or <i>gentleman</i>. This suggests that editors write with an assumption of male as the default gender and expect that individuals are assumed to be male unless otherwise stated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier2015_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier2015-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tendency is easily countered by removing unnecessary specification of sex or gender. Avoid labelling a Margaret Atwood as a female author or Margaret Thatcher as female politician except in specific sentences or paragraphs in which their gender is explicitly relevant. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Categories">Categories</a> are equally susceptible to asymmetric treatment of genders. In April 2013 several media stories noted that editors of the English Wikipedia had begun moving women from <a href="/wiki/Category:American_novelists" title="Category:American novelists">Category:American novelists</a> to <a href="/wiki/Category:American_women_novelists" title="Category:American women novelists">Category:American women novelists</a>, while leaving men in the main category.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Categories_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Categories-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labelling a male author as a "writer" and a female author as a "woman writer" presents women as <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">marked</a>—requiring an adjective to differentiate them from a male default.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symmetry of categories has improved since 2013, but where editors encounter an imbalance they should correct it by moving male subjects to explicitly male categories (for as long as the current consensus regarding gendered categories holds). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Use_surnames" data-mw-thread-id="h-Use_surnames"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Use_surnames"></span>Use surnames<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Use_surnames"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/MOS:LASTNAME" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LASTNAME">MOS:LASTNAME</a></div> <p>In most situations, avoid referring to a woman by her first name, which can serve to infantilize her.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a rule, after the initial introduction ("Susan Smith is an Australian anthropologist"), refer to women by their surnames ("Smith is the author of ..."). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anita_Sarkeesian&diff=647751823&oldid=647749779">Here</a> is an example of an editor correcting the inappropriate use of a woman's first name. </p><p>First names are sometimes needed for clarity. For example, when writing about a family with the same surname, after the initial introductions they can all be referred to by first names. A first name might also be used when a surname is long and double-barreled, and its repetition would be awkward to read and write. When a decision is made to use first names for editorial reasons, use them for both women and men. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Writing_the_lead" data-mw-thread-id="h-Writing_the_lead"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Writing_the_lead"></span>Writing the lead<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Writing_the_lead"></span></h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Importance_of_the_lead" data-mw-thread-id="h-Importance_of_the_lead-Writing_the_lead"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Importance_of_the_lead-Writing_the_lead"></span>Importance of the lead<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Importance_of_the_lead-Writing_the_lead"></span></h3></div> <p>According to Graells-Garrido et al. (2015), the lead is a "good proxy for any potential biases expressed by Wikipedia contributors".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20153_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20153-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lead may be the only part of an article that is read—especially on mobile devices—so pay close attention to how women are described there. Again, giving women "marked" treatment can convey subtle assumptions to readers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_woman" data-mw-thread-id="h-First_woman-Writing_the_lead"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-First_woman-Writing_the_lead"></span>First woman<span data-mw-comment-end="h-First_woman-Writing_the_lead"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Finkbeiner_test#Checklist" title="Finkbeiner test">Finkbeiner test § Checklist</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 95%; color: #202122;background-color: #F9F9F9; margin–top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1.5em;padding:1.5em"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #F9F9F9; color: #555555;">"First woman"</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>An article about a woman does not pass the <a href="/wiki/Finkbeiner_test" title="Finkbeiner test">Finkbeiner test</a> if it mentions that "she's the first woman to ...." The test raises awareness of how gender becomes more important than a person's achievements. </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>Avoid language that places being a woman ahead of the subject's achievements. Opening the lead with "Smith was the first woman to do X", or "Smith was the first female X", immediately defines her in terms of men who have done the same thing, and it can inadvertently imply: "She may not have been a very good X, but at least she was the first woman."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20158_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20158-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When prioritizing that the subject is a "first woman", make sure it really is the only notable thing about her. Otherwise start with her own position or accomplishments, and mention the fact that she is a woman afterwards if it is notable. </p><p>For example, as of 10 March 2015, Wikipedia described Russian chemist <a href="/wiki/Anna_Volkova" title="Anna Volkova">Anna Volkova</a> solely in terms of four first-woman benchmarks.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the biographies of <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, as of the same date, began with the positions they held, and only then said that they were the first or only women to have held them.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infoboxes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Infoboxes-Writing_the_lead"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Infoboxes-Writing_the_lead"></span>Infoboxes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Infoboxes-Writing_the_lead"></span></h3></div> <p>Infoboxes are an important source of <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> (see <a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a>) and a source of discrimination against women. For example, the word <i>spouse</i> is more likely to appear in a woman's infobox than in a man's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20154_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20154-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When writing about a woman who works or has worked as, but is not primarily known for being a model, avoid <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_model" title="Template:Infobox model">Infobox model</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>. It includes parameters for hair and eye colour and previously contained parameters for bust, hip, waist size and weight. The latter were removed in March 2016 following <a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/711475674#Women.27s_measurements" title="Special:PermanentLink/711475674">this discussion</a>. If you add an infobox (they are not required), consider using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_person" title="Template:Infobox person">Infobox person</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Relationships" data-mw-thread-id="h-Relationships"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Relationships"></span>Relationships<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Relationships"></span></h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defining_women_by_their_relationships" data-mw-thread-id="h-Defining_women_by_their_relationships-Relationships"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Defining_women_by_their_relationships-Relationships"></span>Defining women by their relationships<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Defining_women_by_their_relationships-Relationships"></span></h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NOTBYRELATION"></span><span id="WP:SPOUSE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NOTBYRELATION&redirect=no">WP:NOTBYRELATION</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SPOUSE&redirect=no">WP:SPOUSE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Wherever possible, avoid defining a notable woman, particularly in the title or first sentence, in terms of her relationships (wife/mother/daughter of). Do not begin a biography with: "Susan Smith is the daughter of historian Frank Smith and wife of actor John Jones. She is known for her work on game theory." An example of the kind of title the Wikipedia community has rejected is <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Brown_(wife_of_Gordon_Brown)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Brown (wife of Gordon Brown)">Sarah Brown (wife of Gordon Brown)</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rijksmuseum_25_October_2017_02_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Rijksmuseum_25_October_2017_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Rijksmuseum_25_October_2017_02_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Rijksmuseum_25_October_2017_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Rijksmuseum_25_October_2017_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Rijksmuseum_25_October_2017_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Rijksmuseum_25_October_2017_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="632"/></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>, Amsterdam, 2017, the artist's hometown: "<a href="/wiki/Rachel_Ruysch" title="Rachel Ruysch">Rachel Ruysch</a> was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Ruysch" title="Frederik Ruysch">Frederik Ruysch</a>, a professor of botany. Her artistic talent was recognized early on and she became a renowned painter of floral still lifes."</figcaption></figure> <p>Researchers have found that Wikipedia articles about women are more likely to discuss their family, romantic relationships, and sexuality, while articles about men are more likely to contain words about cognitive processes and work. This suggests that Wikipedia articles are objectifying women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20152,_5–6,_8_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20152,_5–6,_8-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women's biographies mention marriage and divorce more often than men's biographies do.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBammanSmith2014369_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBammanSmith2014369-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographies that refer to the subject's divorce are 4.4 times more likely to be about a woman on the English Wikipedia. The figures are similar on the German, Russian, Spanish, Italian and French Wikipedias.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]he greater frequency and burstiness of words related to cognitive mechanisms in men, as well as the more frequent words related to sexuality in women, may indicate a tendency to objectify women in Wikipedia. ... [M]en are more frequently described with words related to their cognitive processes, while women are more frequently described with words related to sexuality. In the full biography text, the cognitive processes and work concerns categories are more bursty in men biographies, meaning that those aspects of men's lives are more important than others at the individual level."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20158_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20158-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A woman's relationships are inevitably discussed prominently when essential to her notability, but try to focus on her own notable roles or accomplishments first. For example, consider starting articles about women who were <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a>, which is a significant role, with "served as First Lady of the United States from [year] to [year]", followed by a brief summary of her achievements, rather than "is/was the wife of President X". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage" data-mw-thread-id="h-Marriage-Relationships"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Marriage-Relationships"></span>Marriage<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Marriage-Relationships"></span></h3></div> <p>When discussing a woman who is married to a man, write "A is married to B" instead of "A is the wife of B", which casts the male as possessor. Avoid the expression "man and wife", which generalizes the husband and <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">marks</a> the wife. Do not refer to a woman as Mrs. John Smith; when using an old citation that does this, try to find and use the woman's own name, as in: "Susan Smith (cited as Mrs. J. Smith)". </p><p>When introducing a woman as the parent of an article subject, avoid the common construction, "Smith was born in 1960 to John Smith and his wife, Susan." Consider whether there is an editorial reason to begin with the father's name. If not, try "Susan Jones and her husband, John Smith" or, if the woman has taken her husband's name, "Susan Smith, <i>née</i> Jones, and her husband, John", or "Susan and John Smith". Where there are several examples of "X and spouse" in an article, alternate the order of male and female names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-Internal_links-Relationships"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Internal_links-Relationships"></span>Internal links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Internal_links-Relationships"></span></h3></div> <p>The focus on relationships in articles about women affects internal linking and therefore search-engine results. One study found that women on Wikipedia are more linked to men than men are linked to women. When writing an article about a woman, if you include an internal link to an article about a man, consider visiting the latter to check that it includes reciprocal information about the relationship; if it merits mention in the woman's article, it is likely germane to his. Failure to mention the relationship in both can affect search algorithms in a way that discriminates against women.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Language" data-mw-thread-id="h-Language"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Language"></span>Language<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Language"></span></h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender-neutral_language" data-mw-thread-id="h-Gender-neutral_language-Language"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Gender-neutral_language-Language"></span>Gender-neutral language<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Gender-neutral_language-Language"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/MOS:GNL" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:GNL">MOS:GNL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_and_gender" title="Language and gender">Language and gender</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gender_marking_in_job_titles" title="Gender marking in job titles">Gender marking in job titles</a></div> <p>Use <a href="/wiki/Gender-neutral_language" title="Gender-neutral language">gender-neutral nouns</a> when describing professions and positions: <i>actor</i>, <i>author</i>, <i>aviator</i>, <i>bartender</i>, <i>chair</i>, <i>comedian</i>, <i>firefighter</i>, <i>flight attendant</i>, <i>hero</i>, <i>poet</i>, <i>police officer</i>. Avoid adding gender (<i>female pilot</i>, <i>male nurse</i>) unless the topic requires it. </p><p>Do not refer to human beings as a group as <i>man</i> or <i>mankind</i>. Sentences such as "man has difficulty in childbirth" illustrate that these are not inclusive generic terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJule2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyTwUmOsF0UkCpgPT14_14]_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJule2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyTwUmOsF0UkCpgPT14_14]-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the context, use <i>humanity</i>, <i>humankind</i>, <i>human beings</i>, <i>women and men</i>, or <i>men and women</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order" data-mw-thread-id="h-Word_order-Language"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Word_order-Language"></span>Word order<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Word_order-Language"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 95%; color: #202122;background-color: #F9F9F9; margin–top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1.5em;padding:1.5em"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Some will set the cart before the horse, as thus: "My mother and my father are both at home", even as though the goodman of the house did wear no breeches, or that the gray mare were the better horse. ... in speaking at the least let us keep a natural order and set the man before the woman for manners' sake. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="center-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilson_(rhetorician)" title="Thomas Wilson (rhetorician)">Thomas Wilson</a> (<i>Arte of Rhetorique</i>, 1553).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1994193_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1994193-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The order in which groups are introduced—<i>man and woman</i>, <i>male and female</i>, <i>Mr. and Mrs.</i>, <i>husband and wife</i>, <i>brother and sister</i>, <i>ladies and gentlemen</i>—has implications for their status, so consider alternating the order as you write.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Girls,_ladies" data-mw-thread-id="h-Girls,_ladies-Language"><span id="Girls.2C_ladies"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Girls,_ladies-Language"></span>Girls, ladies<span class="anchor" id="Girls"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ladies"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Girls,_ladies-Language"></span></h3></div> <p>Do not refer to adult women as girls or ladies,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unless using common expressions, proper nouns, or titles that cannot be avoided (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Leading_lady" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading lady">leading lady</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady-in-waiting" title="Lady-in-waiting">lady-in-waiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_singles" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ladies' singles">ladies' singles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_Football_Association" title="Ladies' Gaelic Football Association">Ladies' Gaelic Football Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady">First Lady</a>). The inappropriate use of <i>ladies</i> can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe_1956" title="Miss Universe 1956">Miss Universe 1956</a>, which on 12 March 2015 said there had been "30 young ladies in the competition", and in <a href="/wiki/Mixer_dance" title="Mixer dance">Mixer dance</a>, which discussed "the different numbers of men and ladies".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns:_Avoid_generic_he" data-mw-thread-id="h-Pronouns:_Avoid_generic_he-Language"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Pronouns:_Avoid_generic_he-Language"></span>Pronouns: Avoid generic <i>he</i><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Pronouns:_Avoid_generic_he-Language"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gender-specific_and_gender-neutral_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns">Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_English" title="Gender neutrality in English">Gender neutrality in English</a></div> <p>The use of the generic <i>he</i> (masculine <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> such as <i>he</i>, <i>him</i>, <i>his</i>) is increasingly avoided in sentences that might refer to women and men or girls and boys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002492_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002492-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of "each student must hand in <i>his</i> assignment", try one of the following. </p> <ul><li>Rewrite the sentence in the plural: "students must hand in <i>their</i> assignments."</li> <li>Use feminine pronouns: "each student must hand in <i>her</i> assignment." This is often done to signal the writer's rejection of the generic <i>he</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "linguistic equivalent of affirmative action".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002493_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002493-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:HER&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:HER (page does not exist)">WP:HER</a>.</li> <li>Alternate between the masculine and feminine in different paragraphs or sections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002493_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002493-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rewrite the sentence to remove the pronoun: "student assignments must be handed in."</li> <li>Write out the alternatives—<i>he or she</i>, <i>him or her</i>, <i>his or her</i>; <i>him/her</i>, <i>his/her</i>.</li> <li>Use a composite form for the nominative—<i>s/he</i> or <i>(s)he</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use the <a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">singular <i>they</i></a>: "each student must hand in <i>their</i> assignment". It is most often used with <i>someone</i>, <i>anyone</i>, <i>everyone</i>, <i>no one</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Singular <i>they</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#F8F4FF;"><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a><br/>(subject) </th> <th style="background:#F8F4FF;"><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a><br/>(object) </th> <th style="background:#F8F4FF;"><a href="/wiki/Possessive_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive adjective">Dependent possessive pronoun</a> </th> <th style="background:#F8F4FF;"><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Independent possessive pronoun</a> </th> <th style="background:#F8F4FF;"><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#F8F4FF;"> <td>When I tell someone a joke, <i>they</i> laugh.</td> <td>When I greet a friend, I hug <i>them</i>.</td> <td>When someone leaves the library, <i>their</i> book is stamped.</td> <td>A friend lets me borrow <i>theirs</i>.</td> <td>Each person drives there <i>themselves</i> (or, nonstandard, <i>themself</i>). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sources"></span>Sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sources"></span></h2></div> <p>Avoid using openly sexist sources unless there is a strong editorial reason to use them. For example, do not use pornographic or men's websites and magazines (such as <a href="/wiki/AskMen" title="AskMen">AskMen</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)" title="Maxim (magazine)">Maxim</a></i>) in the biographies of female actors. Be careful not to include trivia that appeals predominantly to men. A source need not be overtly sexist to set a bad example. For example, most women are underrepresented in certain institutions that are slow to change. Often such institutions can be fine to use as a source for men, but for women, not so much. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Images" data-mw-thread-id="h-Images"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Images"></span>Images<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Images"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scopophilia" title="Scopophilia">Scopophilia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnus_Enckell_-_Hiuksiansa_suoriva_tytt%C3%B6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Magnus_Enckell_-_Hiuksiansa_suoriva_tytt%C3%B6.jpg/180px-Magnus_Enckell_-_Hiuksiansa_suoriva_tytt%C3%B6.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Magnus_Enckell_-_Hiuksiansa_suoriva_tytt%C3%B6.jpg/270px-Magnus_Enckell_-_Hiuksiansa_suoriva_tytt%C3%B6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Magnus_Enckell_-_Hiuksiansa_suoriva_tytt%C3%B6.jpg/360px-Magnus_Enckell_-_Hiuksiansa_suoriva_tytt%C3%B6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5560"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Avoid images that objectify women. In particular, do not use pornography images in articles that are not about pornography. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images</a> states that "photographs taken in a pornography context would normally be inappropriate for articles about human anatomy". </p><p>Except when the topic is necessarily tied to it (examples: <a href="/wiki/Downblouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Downblouse">downblouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upskirt" title="Upskirt">upskirt</a>), avoid examples of <a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">male-gaze</a> imagery, where women are presented as objects of heterosexual male appreciation.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When adding an image of part of a woman's body, consider cropping the image to focus on that body part. </p><p>When illustrating articles about women's health and bodies, use authoritative medical images wherever possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Medical_issues" data-mw-thread-id="h-Medical_issues"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Medical_issues"></span>Medical issues<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Medical_issues"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)</a></div> <p>When writing about women's health, make sure medical claims are sourced according to the medical sourcing guideline, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MEDRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MEDRS">WP:MEDRS</a>. As a rule this means avoiding <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a>, which in this context refers to studies in which the authors participated. Rely instead on peer-reviewed <a href="/wiki/Secondary_source" title="Secondary source">secondary sources</a> that offer an overview of several studies. Secondary sources acceptable for medical claims include <a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">review articles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic reviews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">literature reviews</a>), <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analyses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_guideline" title="Medical guideline">medical guidelines</a>. </p><p>To find these sources, enter the search term (e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=mammography">"mammography"</a>) into the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> search engine <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/</a>, and select "reviews" from the "article types" menu. A search for review articles on "mammography" brings up <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=mammography">this list</a>. Or select "customize", then the article type (e.g., meta-analysis or guideline). To check an article type (e.g., P. M. Otto, C. B. Blecher, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25438368">"Controversies surrounding screening mammography"</a>, <i>Missouri Medicine</i>, 111(5), Sep–Oct 2014), open the drop-down menu "Publication type" under the abstract. In this case, the classification is "Review". When in doubt, ask for help at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Medicine">Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Medicine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GGTF" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:GGTF">WP:GGTF</a>, Gender gap task force</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:HER&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:HER (page does not exist)">WP:HER</a>, an essay encouraging the use of feminine pronouns</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Women_in_Red" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red">Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red</a>, addressing the content gender gap</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Women_in_Red/Essays/Writing_women_into_the_encyclopedia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/Essays/Writing women into the encyclopedia">Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/Essays/Writing women into the encyclopedia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Women are thought to comprise between 8.5%<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWMF20112_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWMF20112-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 16.1%<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillShaw2013_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillShaw2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of editors on the English Wikipedia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another 2,464 had some other value, 1,220 had none, and 517 were not on Wikidata.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milman (2014): "More stylistic choices by journalists further contributed to the paternalistic construction of the [Mothers' movement] protesters as girls and their subjugation to father-like figures ...[T]he press ... infantilized the protesters by referring to them as "the girls" ... and by using their first names rather than referring to them by their family names as is the custom when writing about political figures ..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilman201473_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilman201473-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graells-Garrido, Lalmas and Menczer (2015): "Sex-related content is more frequent in women biographies than men's, while cognition-related content is more highlighted in men biographies than women's."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20152_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20152-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagner et al. (2015): "[I]n the English Wikipedia an article about a notable person that mentions that the person is divorced is 4.4 times more likely to be about a woman rather than a man. We observe similar results in all six language editions. For example, in the German Wikipedia an article that mentions that a person is divorced is 4.7 times more likely about a woman, in the Russian Wikipedia its 4.8 times more likely about a woman and in the Spanish, Italian and French Wikipedia it is 4.2 times more likely about a women. This example shows that a lexical bias is indeed present on Wikipedia and can be observed consistently across different language editions. This result is in line with (Bamman and Smith 2014) who also observed that in the English Wikipedia biographies of women disproportionately focus on marriage and divorce compared to those of men."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier2015460_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier2015460-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagner et al. (2015): "[W]omen on Wikipedia tend to be more linked to men than vice versa, which can put women at a disadvantage in terms of—for example—visibility or reachability on Wikipedia. In addition, we find that women's romantic relationships and family-related issues are much more frequently discussed in their Wikipedia articles than in articles on men. This suggests differences in how the Wikipedia community conceptualizes notable men and women. Because modern search and recommendation algorithms exploit both structural and lexical information on Wikipedia, women might be discriminated when it comes to ranking articles about notable people. To reduce such effects, the editor community could pay particular attention to the gender balance of links included in articles about men and women, and could adopt a more gender-balanced vocabulary when writing articles about notable people."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier20159_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier20159-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References_3" data-mw-thread-id="h-References_3"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References_3"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References_3"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PercentageJune2019-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PercentageJune2019_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PercentageJune2019_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quarry.wmflabs.org/query/36914">"Overall ratio of declared genders"</a>. <i>quarry.wmflabs.org</i>. 13 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quarry.wmflabs.org&rft.atitle=Overall+ratio+of+declared+genders&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquarry.wmflabs.org%2Fquery%2F36914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genderbylanguage-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genderbylanguage_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genderbylanguage_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whgi.wmflabs.org/gender-by-language.html#bokeh-alltime-plot">"Gender by language: All time, as of Mar '20"</a>. Wikidata Human Gender Indicators (WHGI).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gender+by+language%3A+All+time%2C+as+of+Mar+%2720&rft.pub=Wikidata+Human+Gender+Indicators+%28WHGI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhgi.wmflabs.org%2Fgender-by-language.html%23bokeh-alltime-plot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWMF20112-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWMF20112_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWMF2011">WMF 2011</a>, p. 2.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWMF2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillShaw2013-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillShaw2013_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHillShaw2013">Hill & Shaw 2013</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHillShaw2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer2015-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer2015_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer2015">Graells-Garrido, Lalmas & Menczer 2015</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray6May2019-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gray6May2019_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2019" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Andrew (6 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generalist.org.uk/blog/2019/gender-and-deletion-on-wikipedia/">"Gender and deletion on Wikipedia"</a>. <i>generalist.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=generalist.org.uk&rft.atitle=Gender+and+deletion+on+Wikipedia&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.generalist.org.uk%2Fblog%2F2019%2Fgender-and-deletion-on-wikipedia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJule2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyTwUmOsF0UkCpgPA13_13ff]-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJule2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyTwUmOsF0UkCpgPA13_13ff]_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJule2008">Jule 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTwUmOsF0UkC&pg=PA13">13ff</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFJule2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier2015-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier2015_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier2015">Wagner et al. 2015</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/view/534616/computational-linguistics-reveals-how-wikipedia-articles-are-biased-against-women/">"Computational Linguistics Reveals How Wikipedia Articles Are Biased Against Women"</a>, <i>MIT Technology Review</i>, 2 February 2015.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Titlow, John Paul (2 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastcompany.com/3041871/strong-female-lead/more-like-dude-ipedia-study-shows-wikipedias-sexist-bias">"More Like Dude-ipedia: Study Shows Wikipedia's Sexist Bias"</a>, <i>Fast Company</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Categories-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Categories_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanda_Filipacchi2013" class="citation news cs1">Amanda Filipacchi (24 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/opinion/sunday/wikipedias-sexism-toward-female-novelists.html">"Wikipedia's Sexism Toward Female Novelists"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wikipedia%27s+Sexism+Toward+Female+Novelists&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft.au=Amanda+Filipacchi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F04%2F28%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fwikipedias-sexism-toward-female-novelists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlison_Flood2013" class="citation news cs1">Alison Flood (25 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/apr/25/wikipedia-women-american-novelists">"Wikipedia bumps women from 'American novelists' category"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+bumps+women+from+%27American+novelists%27+category&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.au=Alison+Flood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2013%2Fapr%2F25%2Fwikipedia-women-american-novelists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For marked and unmarked, see Deborah Tannen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.georgetown.edu/tannend/nyt062093.htm">"Marked Women, Unmarked Men"</a>, <i>The New York Times Magazine</i>, 20 June 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilman201473-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilman201473_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilman2014">Milman 2014</a>, 73.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMilman2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20153-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20153_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer2015">Graells-Garrido, Lalmas & Menczer 2015</a>, p. 3.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20158-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20158_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20158_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer2015">Graells-Garrido, Lalmas & Menczer 2015</a>, p. 8.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Volkova&oldid=603458589">Anna Volkova</a>, en.wikipedia.org, accessed 10 March 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indira_Gandhi&oldid=650714761">Indira Gandhi</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Thatcher&oldid=650101867">Margaret Thatcher</a>, en.wikipedia.org, accessed 10 March 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20154-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20154_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer2015">Graells-Garrido, Lalmas & Menczer 2015</a>, p. 4.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20152,_5–6,_8-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20152,_5–6,_8_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer2015">Graells-Garrido, Lalmas & Menczer 2015</a>, pp. 2, 5–6, 8.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20152-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer20152_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer2015">Graells-Garrido, Lalmas & Menczer 2015</a>, p. 2.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBammanSmith2014369-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBammanSmith2014369_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBammanSmith2014">Bamman & Smith 2014</a>, p. 369.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBammanSmith2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier2015460-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier2015460_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier2015">Wagner et al. 2015</a>, p. 460.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier20159-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier20159_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier2015">Wagner et al. 2015</a>, p. 9.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJule2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyTwUmOsF0UkCpgPT14_14]-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJule2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyTwUmOsF0UkCpgPT14_14]_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJule2008">Jule 2008</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTwUmOsF0UkC&pg=PT14">14</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFJule2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1994193-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1994193_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1994">Wilson 1994</a>, p. 193.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWilson1994 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPA2009">APA 2009</a>, pp. 72–73<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAPA2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFHegarty2014">Hegarty 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R2jnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA69">69</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHegarty2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEckertMcConnell-Ginet2003">Eckert & McConnell-Ginet 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rOofAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">38–39</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEckertMcConnell-Ginet2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFLakoff2004">Lakoff 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-NdKhaWQfUC&pg=PA52">52–56</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLakoff2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFHolmes2004">Holmes 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-NdKhaWQfUC&pg=PA151">151–157</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHolmes2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFHolmes2000">Holmes 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhJBlqRhiTUC&pg=PA143">143–155</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHolmes2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss_Universe_1956&oldid=647994677">"Miss Universe 1956"</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mixer_dance&oldid=544586890">Mixer dance</a>, en.wikipedia.org, accessed 12 March 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002492-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002492_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>, p. 492.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcConnell-Ginet2014">McConnell-Ginet 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R2jnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">33</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcConnell-Ginet2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAdami2009">Adami 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gsPb_GHZ-JIC&pg=PA297">297–298</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAdami2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>Wilder, Charly (5 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/potsdam-university-removes-masculine-generic-from-official-documents-a-909696.html">"Ladies First: German Universities Edit Out Gender Bias"</a>, <i>Der Spiegel</i>. </p> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002493-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002493_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002493_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>, p. 493.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>, p. 493<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFAdami2009">Adami 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gsPb_GHZ-JIC&pg=PA294">294–295</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAdami2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>, 493<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; for a history of "singular they", see <a href="#CITEREFBodine1975">Bodine 1975</a>, p. 131ff<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBodine1975 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>. Also see <a href="#CITEREFWhitman2010">Whitman 2010</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWhitman2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geekfeminism.wikia.com/wiki/Male_gaze">"Male gaze"</a>, Geek Feminism Wiki.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Works_cited" data-mw-thread-id="h-Works_cited"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Works_cited"></span>Works cited<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Works_cited"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 26em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPA2009" class="citation book cs1"><i>Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition</i>. American Psychological Association. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Publication+Manual+of+the+American+Psychological+Association%2C+6th+edition&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWMF2011" class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Editor_Survey_Report_-_April_2011.pdf">"Wikipedia Editors' Survey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wikimedia</i>. Wikimedia Foundation. April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Editors%27+Survey&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F7%2F76%2FEditor_Survey_Report_-_April_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdami2009" class="citation book cs1">Adami, Elisabetta (2009). "To each reader <i>his</i>, <i>their</i>, or <i>her</i> pronoun". In Renouf, Antoinette; Kehoe, Andrew (eds.). <i>Corpus Linguistics: Refinements and Reassessments</i>. Rodopi. pp. 281–307.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=To+each+reader+his%2C+their%2C+or+her+pronoun&rft.btitle=Corpus+Linguistics%3A+Refinements+and+Reassessments&rft.pages=281-307&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Adami&rft.aufirst=Elisabetta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBammanSmith2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bamman, David; Smith, Noel (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transacl.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/taclpaper64.pdf">"Unsupervised Discovery of Biographical Structure from Text"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i>. <b>2</b>: 363–376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Ftacl_a_00189">10.1162/tacl_a_00189</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10896312">10896312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Association+for+Computational+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Unsupervised+Discovery+of+Biographical+Structure+from+Text&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=363-376&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Ftacl_a_00189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10896312%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bamman&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Smith%2C+Noel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transacl.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F10%2Ftaclpaper64.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodine1975" class="citation journal cs1">Bodine, Ann (1975). "Androcentrism in prescriptive grammar: singular 'they,' sex-indefinite 'he,' and 'he or she'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Language in Society</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 129–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0047404500004607">10.1017/S0047404500004607</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4166805">4166805</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146362006">146362006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+in+Society&rft.atitle=Androcentrism+in+prescriptive+grammar%3A+singular+%27they%2C%27+sex-indefinite+%27he%2C%27+and+%27he+or+she%27&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-146&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146362006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4166805%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0047404500004607&rft.aulast=Bodine&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckertMcConnell-Ginet2003" class="citation book cs1">Eckert, Penelope; McConnell-Ginet, Sally (2003). <i>Language and Gender</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Gender&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Eckert&rft.aufirst=Penelope&rft.au=McConnell-Ginet%2C+Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraells-GarridoLalmasMenczer2015" class="citation book cs1">Graells-Garrido, Eduardo; Lalmas, Mounia; Menczer, Filippo (2015). "First Women, Second Sex: Gender Bias in Wikipedia". <i>Proceedings of the 26th ACM Conference on Hypertext & Social Media - HT '15</i>. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 165–174. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.02341">1502.02341</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2700171.2791036">10.1145/2700171.2791036</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450333955" title="Special:BookSources/9781450333955"><bdi>9781450333955</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1082360">1082360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=First+Women%2C+Second+Sex%3A+Gender+Bias+in+Wikipedia&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+26th+ACM+Conference+on+Hypertext+%26+Social+Media+-+HT+%2715&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=165-174&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1502.02341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1082360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2700171.2791036&rft.isbn=9781450333955&rft.aulast=Graells-Garrido&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft.au=Lalmas%2C+Mounia&rft.au=Menczer%2C+Filippo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegarty2014" class="citation book cs1">Hegarty, Peter (2014). "Ladies and gentlemen: Word order and gender in English". In Corbett, Greville G. (ed.). <i>The Expression of Gender</i>. Walter de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ladies+and+gentlemen%3A+Word+order+and+gender+in+English&rft.btitle=The+Expression+of+Gender&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Hegarty&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillShaw2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Benjamin Mako; Shaw, Aaron (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3694126">"The Wikipedia Gender Gap Revisited: Characterizing Survey Response Bias with Propensity Score Estimation"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (6): e65782. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...865782H">2013PLoSO...865782H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0065782">10.1371/journal.pone.0065782</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3694126">3694126</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23840366">23840366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Wikipedia+Gender+Gap+Revisited%3A+Characterizing+Survey+Response+Bias+with+Propensity+Score+Estimation&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e65782&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3694126%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23840366&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0065782&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...865782H&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Mako&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3694126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2004" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Janet (2004). "Power, Ladies and Linguistic Politeness". In Bucholtz, Mary (ed.). <i>Language and Woman's Place: Text and Commentaries</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Power%2C+Ladies+and+Linguistic+Politeness&rft.btitle=Language+and+Woman%27s+Place%3A+Text+and+Commentaries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2000" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Janet (2000). "Ladies and gentlemen: corpus analysis and linguistic sexism". In Mair, Christine; Hundt, Marianne (eds.). <i>Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory</i>. Freiburg im Breisgau: 20th International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora, 1999. pp. 143–155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ladies+and+gentlemen%3A+corpus+analysis+and+linguistic+sexism&rft.btitle=Corpus+Linguistics+and+Linguistic+Theory&rft.place=Freiburg+im+Breisgau&rft.pages=143-155&rft.pub=20th+International+Conference+on+English+Language+Research+on+Computerized+Corpora%2C+1999&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002" class="citation book cs1">Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Pullum%2C+Geoffrey+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJule2008" class="citation book cs1">Jule, Allyson (2008). <i>A Beginner's Guide to Language and Gender</i>. Multilingual Matters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Beginner%27s+Guide+to+Language+and+Gender&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Jule&rft.aufirst=Allyson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakoff2004" class="citation book cs1">Lakoff, Robin Tolmach (2004) [1975]. Bucholtz, Mary (ed.). <i>Language and Woman's Place: Text and Commentaries</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Woman%27s+Place%3A+Text+and+Commentaries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lakoff&rft.aufirst=Robin+Tolmach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell-Ginet2014" class="citation book cs1">McConnell-Ginet, Sally (2014). "Gender and its relation to sex: The myth of 'natural' gender". In Corbett, Greville G. (ed.). <i>The Expression of Gender</i>. Walter de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+and+its+relation+to+sex%3A+The+myth+of+%27natural%27+gender&rft.btitle=The+Expression+of+Gender&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=McConnell-Ginet&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilman2014" class="citation book cs1">Milman, Noa (2014). "Mothers, Mizrahi, and Poor: Contentious Media Framings of Mothers' Movements". In Woehrle, Lynne M. (ed.). <i>Intersectionality and Social Change</i>. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. pp. 53–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mothers%2C+Mizrahi%2C+and+Poor%3A+Contentious+Media+Framings+of+Mothers%27+Movements&rft.btitle=Intersectionality+and+Social+Change&rft.place=Bingley&rft.pages=53-82&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Milman&rft.aufirst=Noa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerGarciaJadidiStrohmaier2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wagner, Claudia; Garcia, David; Jadidi, Mohsen; Strohmaier, Markus (2015). "It's a Man's Wikipedia? Assessing Gender Inequality in an Online Encyclopedia". <i>Proceedings of the Ninth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media</i>: 454–463. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.06307v1">1501.06307v1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Ninth+International+AAAI+Conference+on+Web+and+Social+Media&rft.atitle=It%27s+a+Man%27s+Wikipedia%3F+Assessing+Gender+Inequality+in+an+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=454-463&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1501.06307v1&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft.au=Garcia%2C+David&rft.au=Jadidi%2C+Mohsen&rft.au=Strohmaier%2C+Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman2010" class="citation news cs1">Whitman, Neal (4 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vocabulary.com/articles/dictionary/dos-and-donts-for-singular-they/">"Do's and Don'ts for Singular 'They'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>vocabulary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=vocabulary.com&rft.atitle=Do%27s+and+Don%27ts+for+Singular+%27They%27&rft.date=2010-03-04&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vocabulary.com%2Farticles%2Fdictionary%2Fdos-and-donts-for-singular-they%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1994" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Thomas (1994) [1553]. Medine, Peter E. (ed.). <i>The Art of Rhetoric</i>. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Rhetoric&rft.place=Pennsylvania&rft.pub=The+Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AWikipedia+Signpost%2FSingle%2F2020-11-29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Further_reading" data-mw-thread-id="h-Further_reading"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Further_reading"></span>Further reading<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Further_reading"></span></h2></div> <p><b>General</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/User:Tony1/How_to_improve_your_writing" title="User:Tony1/How to improve your writing">User:Tony1/How to improve your writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Dines" title="Gail Dines">Dines, Gail</a> (2 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tedxnavesink.com/project/dr-gail-dines/">"Growing Up in a Pornified Culture"</a>, TEDx (discusses sexualized images).</li> <li>Klein, Maximilian, et al. (17 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whgi.wmflabs.org/monitoring-gender-gap.pdf">"Monitoring the Gender Gap with Wikidata Human Gender Indicators"</a>, Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Open Collaboration.</li> <li>Peters, Mark (30 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20170329-the-hidden-sexism-in-workplace-language">"The hidden sexism in workplace language"</a>, BBC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Safire" title="William Safire">Safire, William</a> (18 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/18/opinion/18iht-edsafire.4943390.html">"Language: Woman vs. female"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i> (discusses using <i>woman</i> instead of <i>female</i> to modify nouns, as in "woman doctor").</li> <li>Shariatmadari, David (27 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/27/eight-words-sexism-heart-english-language">"Eight words that reveal the sexism at the heart of the English language"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</li></ul> </div> <p><b>Books, papers</b> </p> <dl><dd><i>(chronological)</i></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Lakoff" title="Robin Lakoff">Lakoff, Robin</a> (April 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kwcel.org/KWC_EL_2013/Extension_Material_files/Lakoff_1973-%20Language%20and%20Women%27s%20place.pdf">"Language and women's place"</a>. <i>Language in Society</i>, 2(1), 45–80.</li> <li>Lakoff, Robin (1975). <i>Language and Women's Place</i>. New York: Harper & Row.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casey_Miller" title="Casey Miller">Miller, Casey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kate_Swift" title="Kate Swift">Swift, Kate</a> (1976). <i>Words and Women: New Language in New Times</i>. Anchor Press/Doubleday.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Spender" title="Dale Spender">Spender, Dale</a> (1980). <i>Man Made Language</i>, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.</li> <li>Miller, Casey and Swift, Kate (1980). <i>The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing for Writers, Editors and Speakers</i>. New York: Lippincott and Crowell.</li> <li>McConnell-Ginet, Sally (1984). "The origins of sexist language in discourse", in S. J. White and V. Teller (eds.). <i>Discourse and Reading in Linguistics</i>. <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences, 123–135.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Cameron_(linguist)" title="Deborah Cameron (linguist)">Cameron, Deborah</a> (1985). <i>Feminism and Linguistic Theory</i>. London: Routledge; revised 2nd edition, 1992.</li> <li>Frank, Francine Harriet and Treichler, Paula A. (1989). <i>Language, Gender, and Professional Writing</i>. New York: Modern Language Association of America.</li> <li>Cameron, Deborah (ed.) (1990). <i>The Feminist Critique of Language: A Reader</i>. London and New York: Routledge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Penelope" title="Julia Penelope">Penelope, Julia</a> (1990). <i>Speaking Freely: Unlearning the Lies of the Fathers' Tongues</i>, New York: Pergamon Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Tannen" title="Deborah Tannen">Tannen, Deborah</a> (1990). <i>You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation</i>, New York: William Morrow.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Eckert" title="Penelope Eckert">Eckert, Penelope</a> and McConnell-Ginet, Sally (2003). <i>Language and Gender</i>, New York: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Curzon, Anne (2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/052182/0073/sample/0521820073WS.pdf">Gender Shifts in the History of English</a></i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Lakoff, Robin (2004). <i>Language and Woman's Place</i> (original text), in Robin Lakoff, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Bucholtz" title="Mary Bucholtz">Mary Bucholtz</a> (ed.), <i>Language and Woman's Place: Text and Commentaries</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Ehrlich, Susan, <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Meyerhoff" title="Miriam Meyerhoff">Meyerhoff, Miriam</a>, [and [Janet Holmes (linguist)|Holmes Janet]] (eds.) (2005). <i>The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexuality</i>, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons; 2nd edition, 2014.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyson_Jule" title="Allyson Jule">Jule, Allyson</a> (2008). <i>A Beginner's Guide to Language and Gender</i>, Bristol: Multilingual Matters.</li> <li>Corbett, Greville G. (ed.) (2014). <i>The Expression of Gender</i>. Walter de Gruyter.</li></ul> </div> </div> <div style="clear:both"></div></div> <p><br/><br/><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2020-11-29/Essay#comments" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2020-11-29/Essay">Reader comments</a></b></i><br style="clear:both;"/> </p> <div style="text-align:center; margin-top:30px; font-size:90%; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-style:italic;">If articles have been updated, you may need to <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Single/2020-11-29&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page">refresh the single-page edition</span></a></span>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1240929115">.mw-parser-output .signpost-footer{padding-top:2em}.mw-parser-output .signpost-issue-navigation,.mw-parser-output .signpost-ticker,.mw-parser-output .signpost-linkbar{box-sizing:border-box;clear:both;font-family:Georgia,Palatino,Palatino Linotype,Times,Times New Roman,serif;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .signpost-issue-navigation{font-size:116%;display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;font-style:italic;gap:1em;justify-content:space-between;padding:0 2vw;margin:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .signpost-issue-nav-casing{font-size:80%;text-transform:uppercase}.mw-parser-output .signpost-ticker{border-top:3px double #BBB;color:var(--color-subtle,#333);font-size:110%;padding:5px 2vw;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase}.mw-parser-output .signpost-linkbar{border-top:1px solid #999;padding:3px 2vw}.mw-parser-output .signpost-linkbar>div{color:#444;display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;font-size:90%;margin:0 auto;max-width:80em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .signpost-linkbar>div>div{display:inline-block;flex:1 1 auto;min-width:6em}</style> <div class="signpost-footer"> <div class="signpost-issue-navigation noprint"></div> <div class="signpost-ticker"><i>The Signpost</i> needs your help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Newsroom/Quick_Start" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom/Quick Start">putting together the next issue</a>.</div> <div class="signpost-linkbar"> <div> <div><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost">Home</a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/About" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/About">About</a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Archives" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Archives">Archives</a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Newsroom" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom">Newsroom</a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Subscribe" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Subscribe">Subscribe</a></div> <div><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Newsroom/Suggestions">Suggestions</a></span></div> </div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Single/2020-11-29&oldid=1183873461">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Single/2020-11-29&oldid=1183873461</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Signpost_Single_archives_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia Signpost Single archives 2020">Wikipedia Signpost Single archives 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2023, at 00:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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