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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Venezuela</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Venezuela subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tuyero" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuyero"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Tuyero</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuyero-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_joropo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_joropo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Eastern joropo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_joropo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guayanés_joropo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guayanés_joropo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Guayanés joropo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guayanés_joropo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golpe_tocuyano_or_larense_joropo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golpe_tocuyano_or_larense_joropo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Golpe tocuyano or larense joropo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golpe_tocuyano_or_larense_joropo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quirpa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quirpa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Quirpa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quirpa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joropo_llanero" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joropo_llanero"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Joropo llanero</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joropo_llanero-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dancing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dancing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dancing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dancing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_and_more_refined_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_and_more_refined_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolution and more refined forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_and_more_refined_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Joropo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joropo" title="Joropo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joropo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joropo" title="Joropo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joropo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joropo" title="Joropo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joropo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joropo" title="Joropo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joropo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joropo" title="Joropo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Joropo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%8F%AC" title="호로포 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호로포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joropo" title="Joropo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Joropo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="جوروبو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوروبو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9D" title="ホローポ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホローポ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joropo" title="Joropo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Joropo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Хоропо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хоропо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joropo" title="Joropo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joropo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E7%BE%85%E6%B3%A2" title="霍羅波 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="霍羅波" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1202208#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Joropo</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dario_Robayo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dario_Robayo.jpg/200px-Dario_Robayo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dario_Robayo.jpg/300px-Dario_Robayo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dario_Robayo.jpg/400px-Dario_Robayo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="1074" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="Alma_llanera.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Alma_llanera.oga"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Alma_llanera.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Alma_llanera.oga/Alma_llanera.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Instrumental excerpt of <i><a href="/wiki/Alma_Llanera" title="Alma Llanera">Alma Llanera</a></i>, considered the second national anthem of Venezuela.</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Arabic melismatic music, cante jondo, Spanish folklore</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">18th century, <a href="/wiki/Llanos" title="Llanos">Llanos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Typical instruments</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Harp, cuatro venezolano, capachos or maracas, bandola, mandolin, bandolin, tiple, bandolón, guitar and guacharaca</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romantic_Joropo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romantic Joropo (page does not exist)">Romantic Joropo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Creole_Joropo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Creole Joropo (page does not exist)">Creole Joropo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternative_Joropo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alternative Joropo (page does not exist)">Alternative Joropo</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbusk2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Carbusk2.jpg/250px-Carbusk2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Carbusk2.jpg/375px-Carbusk2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Carbusk2.jpg/500px-Carbusk2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1637" /></a><figcaption>Street musicians in Caracas play joropo on the Venezuelan arpa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interpretaci%C3%B3n_de_Joropo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Interpretaci%C3%B3n_de_Joropo.jpg/250px-Interpretaci%C3%B3n_de_Joropo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Interpretaci%C3%B3n_de_Joropo.jpg/375px-Interpretaci%C3%B3n_de_Joropo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Interpretaci%C3%B3n_de_Joropo.jpg/500px-Interpretaci%C3%B3n_de_Joropo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Interpretation of joropo in <a href="/wiki/Caracas,_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Caracas, Venezuela">Caracas, Venezuela</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>joropo</b>, better known as <b>Música Llanera</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Musical_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical style">musical style</a> resembling the <a href="/wiki/Fandango" title="Fandango">fandango</a>, and an accompanying dance. It originated in the <a href="/wiki/Llanos" title="Llanos">Llanos</a> of Colombia and Venezuela and it has <a href="/wiki/African_music" class="mw-redirect" title="African music">African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe#Art" title="Culture of Europe">European</a> and Native South American influences. There are different joropo variants: tuyero, oriental, and llanero.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a fundamental genre of Colombian and Venezuelan <i>música criolla</i> (<a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> music). It is also the most popular "folk rhythm": the well-known song "<a href="/wiki/Alma_Llanera" title="Alma Llanera">Alma Llanera</a>" is a joropo, considered the unofficial national anthem of Venezuela. </p><p>In 1882 it became Venezuela's national dance and music. Formerly, the Spanish word <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">joropo</i></span> meant "a party", but now it has come to mean a type of music and dance that identifies Venezuelans. In the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Llanero" title="Llanero">llaneros</a> started using the word <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">joropo</i></span> instead of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">fandango</i></span>, which was used at the time for party and dance. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joropo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuyero">Tuyero</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joropo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tuyero"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Central_joropo"></span><span class="anchor" id="Tuyero"></span><span class="anchor" id="Joropo_tuyero"></span> </p><p>Central joropo (Spanish: <i lang="es">joropo central</i>) is also known as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">tuyero</i></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Valles_del_Tuy" title="Valles del Tuy">Tuyan</a>"), <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">joropo tuyero</i></span> ("Tuyan joropo") or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">golpe tuyero</i></span> ("Tuyan beat").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Characteristic of the central states of Venezuela, like <a href="/wiki/Aragua" title="Aragua">Aragua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miranda_(state)" title="Miranda (state)">Miranda</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Carabobo_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carabobo (state)">Carabobo</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A1rico" title="Guárico">Guárico</a>, central joropo, or tuyero (as practiced in the <a href="/wiki/Valles_del_Tuy" title="Valles del Tuy">Valles del Tuy</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Tuy_River" title="Tuy River">Tuy River</a>) is sung accompanied by harp (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Arpa_tuyera" class="mw-redirect" title="Arpa tuyera">arpa tuyera</a></i></span>, sometimes replaced by guitar) and maracas. Unlike the nylon strings of the llanera harp, the central joropo harp also uses metal strings, which gave its unique sound. The central joropo singer also plays the maracas and dances, requiring just two performers: the harpist, and the singer-<a href="/wiki/Maraquero" class="mw-redirect" title="Maraquero">maraquero</a>. Joropo harpists prefer the name "arpisto" rather than <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arpista#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:arpista">arpista</a></i>, the usual Spanish word for "harpist". The central joropo him the same considerations are applied around the passage and hit burrowing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> joropo, except speed, which is slightly lower. Another important distinction is that the central joropo revuelta, kind of colonial origin is present, basically consists of a chain of musical sections of fixed forms, in the same tone as a Baroque <a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)" title="Suite (music)">suite</a>, without interruption, but with surprising twists. The movements of the revuelta are called passage; input or call Yaguazo, Yaguazo, and Marisela Guabina input. Sometimes they can call Marisela added to them, and even a small coda. The revuelta is thus equivalent to the batch or shift dance, and its length is probably the reason for its gradual decline in use, being replaced by the execution of the parts in isolation. The arrangement of these sections is of sequential nature, unlike <i>golpes</i> of Llanero joropo, having a cyclic condition. The most characteristic part of tuyero joropo, the Tuyera Revuelta consists of four sections: the exhibition (passage), development (yaguazo and guabina), the instrumental coda named Marisela, and an end known as "monkey call." They are central joropo own beats flowers and quitapesares. The most famous passages tuyeros are The Hermit Mario Diaz, Dawn tuyero of Cipriano Moreno and Pablo Hidalgo, and <i>El gato enmochilado</i> (Cat in a bag) by Fulgencio Aquino. Caraqueños and central musicians adopted central joropo as inspiration for their works, as in the case of Marisela (Sebastián Díaz Peña), the <i>Alma Llanera</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pedro_Elias_Gutierrez" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Elias Gutierrez">Pedro Elias Gutierrez</a>), the waltz <i>Quitapesares</i> (Carlos Bonet) and even Creole Sonatina Juan Bautista Square. Central joropo lyrics are of a sly, sardonic nature, in contrast to the forceful and violent own burrowing joropo, whose <i>contrapunteos</i> (counterpoints) end up not infrequently in sets and fights. </p><p>The most characteristic of tuyero folklore piece, "The Tuyero Revolt" ("Revuelta tuyera"), consists of four sections: the exhibition (passage), development (yaguaso and guabina), the instrumental coda ("Marisela") and an end known as "the call monkey". The most famous tuyero passages are "El ermitaño" of Mario Diaz, "Amanecer tuyero" of Cipriano Moreno and Pablo Hidalgo, and "El gato enmochilado" of Fulgencio Aquino. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_joropo">Eastern joropo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joropo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eastern joropo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Characteristic of the northeastern region of Venezuela, specifically of <a href="/wiki/Sucre_(state)" title="Sucre (state)">Sucre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a> and the north of <a href="/wiki/Anzo%C3%A1tegui" title="Anzoátegui">Anzoátegui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monagas_(state_in_Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monagas (state in Venezuela)">Monagas</a> states. In this particular type of joropo, the melodic instrument par excellence is the <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>. However, the eastern mandolin (eight nylon strings), violin, harmonica and a small accordion called "cuereta" also have a major role in the oriental musical folklore. The so-called "joropo with refrain" consists of two sections: the first section or "hit" is traditionally a fixed melody in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>3</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> rhythm that is repeated two or more times; the second section or "chorus" is an improvised melody over a fixed harmonic rhythm cycle is <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>6</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span>. Note that in the eastern joropo, cuatro and maracas are executed in a much freer and more complex than in the rest of Venezuelans joropos way. Likewise, it is important to mention that the musical tradition of the eastern region of Venezuela has many other forms besides the eastern joropo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guayanés_joropo"><span id="Guayan.C3.A9s_joropo"></span>Guayanés joropo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joropo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Guayanés joropo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joropo in the Venezuelan region of <a href="/wiki/Guayana_Region,_Venezuela" title="Guayana Region, Venezuela">Guayana</a> is the product of the interaction of llaneros and eastern <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_(state)" title="Bolívar (state)">Bolivar state</a>, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad Bolívar">Ciudad Bolívar</a>. It is executed with the Guayanese mandolin (eight metal strings), cuatro and maracas. The <i>Seis Guayanés</i>, the Josa and Rompeluto highlight among the most famous Guyanese joropos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golpe_tocuyano_or_larense_joropo">Golpe tocuyano or larense joropo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joropo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Golpe tocuyano or larense joropo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hailing from the West Central region of Venezuela, mainly the states of <a href="/wiki/Lara_(state)" title="Lara (state)">Lara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguesa_(state)" title="Portuguesa (state)">Portuguesa</a> (Sierra de Portuguesa) and <a href="/wiki/Yaracuy" title="Yaracuy">Yaracuy</a>. Played by a variety of stringed instruments (Four, Middle Five, Five and Six) together with Tambora and maracas produce a very particular and unique sound among other Venezuelan joropos. Celebrity tocuyanos hits are "Amalia Rosa", "Montilla", "Gavilan Tocuyano" and "Ah mundo! Barquisimeto", "Los Dos Gavilanes", "The Fright", "Pajarillo Tocuyano", "Garrote Encabullao", "Fire Fire", among many others. Dancing in the number of members is six couples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quirpa">Quirpa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joropo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Quirpa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Legend says that this type of joropo is named after Jose Antonio Oquendo, who was nicknamed "Quirpa" . Burrowing harpist of the late nineteenth century who died of a stab wound. The quirpa uses ternary and tertiary bars and sometimes combined, with shifts of rhythm and musical accents . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joropo_llanero">Joropo llanero</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joropo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Joropo llanero"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joropo_Miami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Joropo_Miami.jpg/220px-Joropo_Miami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Joropo_Miami.jpg/330px-Joropo_Miami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Joropo_Miami.jpg/440px-Joropo_Miami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="2066" /></a><figcaption>Joropo presentation in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami, Florida, United States</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Until the mid-twentieth century, and with regard to the region of the plains of Venezuela, the joropo word referring to a social event almost a fair- for a period that could vary from a few hours and even a full week.<sup id="cite_ref-hc202007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hc202007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There participating local people or coming from various places, generally attracted by trade, where the central event it was the music, dance and contrapunteos. Burrowing joropo music was provided by a basic set consisting of <a href="/wiki/Bandola" title="Bandola">Bandola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuatro_(Venezuela)" title="Cuatro (Venezuela)">cuatro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maracas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maracas">maracas</a> and singing. If there was no bandola, it could be replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Llanera_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Llanera harp">llanera harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a> or violin. The genera of burrowing joropo are two: Passage: the more sedate, and generally known author. Its speed is approximately 152 <a href="/wiki/Beats_per_minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Beats per minute">bpm</a>, and harmonic structure free, usually in two parts; Y Hit:. Anonymous author, although many of these strokes are attributed to composers of the early twentieth century The coup complies with certain recognizable melodic turns on fixed characteristic harmonic patterns that define its type. Singing is syllabic, that is, to each note of the melody corresponds to a syllable. The verses are <a href="/wiki/Octosyllable" title="Octosyllable">octosyllabic</a> and sometimes five syllables, all under contrafactum, ie the replacement of new texts in existing melodies. The stroke speed is greater than the passage (176–192 bpm). When the song is a story of an event or fantasy called the RAN, equivalent to the old Spanish romance. The blows are the basis for the buzzes or hums contrapunteo that between two or more opponents. The most common are the six law (major key), the bird (in a minor key), six numbering or six numerao (with transport augmentations in fourth grade), the Kirpa or quirpa, Gavan (in modes major and minor), the San Rafael, carnival, Chipola, the catira, the buzz buzzing, among the best known. The entreverao is the aggregation of two strokes, with a modulation of each other, usually to sing two people with different tessitura voice (baritone and tenor). As for the steps of the most frequent dance are valsiao, escobillao and footwork, in which, unlike the central joropo, feet off the floor rise. Family tree of performers llanera harp in Venezuela since the late nineteenth century to the present<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dancing">Dancing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joropo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dancing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Joropo folk dance in Venezuela is seen as a rich musical expression. This dance is greatly cherished and seen as the national dance and symbol of the nation. Joropo's known as an umbrella genre that implements a variety in dance and vocals. Music is a substantive part of Joropo, and till this day, Venezuela is not in opposition to its popularity. Joropo is filled with artists who move between academic and popular music.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is adopted and still uses the hand turn, the movement of the feet, and waltz turns. First, the partners dance a type of waltz holding each other tightly. Then they stand facing each other and make small steps forward and backward as if sweeping the floor. Lastly they hold each other's arms, and the woman does sweeping steps while the man stomps his feet along with the music's rhythm. Joropo is a genre, emerged to represent Venezuela's identity because of its popularity and by how much it was enjoyed across many regions in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Joropo is played with the <i><a href="/wiki/Bandola" title="Bandola">bandola</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Llanera_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Llanera harp">llanera harp</a> (<i>arpa llanera</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Cuatro_(instrument)" title="Cuatro (instrument)">cuatro</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">maracas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-hc202007_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hc202007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making use of <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythmic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyrhythmic">polyrhythmic</a> patterns, especially of <a href="/wiki/Hemiola" title="Hemiola">hemiola</a>, and alternation of <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>3</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> and <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>6</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Meter_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (music)">meters</a>. It was originally played, most often also sung, by the <i>llaneros</i>, the Venezuelan <i><a href="/wiki/Llanos" title="Llanos">Llanos</a></i>, (plains), and thus also called <b>música llanera</b> (ibid). </p><p>The singer and the <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a> or bandola may perform the main <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> while a cuatro performs the <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a>, adding its characteristic rhythmic, sharp percussive effect. The cuatro and the bandola are four-stringed instruments which are descendants of the Spanish guitar. The only real percussion instruments used are the <a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">maracas</a>. Besides the genre and dance, the name <i>joropo</i> also means the performance, the event or occasion of performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_and_more_refined_forms">Evolution and more refined forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joropo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Evolution and more refined forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern times, several other instruments have been added to playing various parts in joropo performances, for instance, guitar, flute, <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a>, piano, and up to a complete symphony orchestra playing joropo arrangements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joropo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_waltz" title="Venezuelan waltz">Venezuelan waltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">Waltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandango" title="Fandango">Fandango</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joropo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dydynski, Krzysztof (2004). <i>Lonely Planet Venezuela</i>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74104-197-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-74104-197-X">1-74104-197-X</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joropo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shepherd, John and Horn, David. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=liV8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA400">Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume 9: Genres: Caribbean and Latin</a></i>, pp. 400–402 (Bloomsbury Publishing 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuis_Felipe_Ramón_y_Rivera1990" class="citation book cs1">Luis Felipe Ramón y Rivera (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UhsJAQAAMAAJ&q=venezuela+y+su+musica"><i>y su música: Canciones y fiestas llaneras</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789800102541" title="Special:BookSources/9789800102541"><bdi>9789800102541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=y+su+m%C3%BAsica%3A+Canciones+y+fiestas+llaneras&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9789800102541&rft.au=Luis+Felipe+Ram%C3%B3n+y+Rivera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUhsJAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dvenezuela%2By%2Bsu%2Bmusica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoropo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostlewate2010" class="citation book cs1">Postlewate, Charles (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O5ggdl4X4swC&pg=PA146"><i>Contemporary Anthology of Solo Guitar Music</i></a>. Mel Bay. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60974-659-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60974-659-9"><bdi>978-1-60974-659-9</bdi></a>. <q><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">arpa tuyera (al estilo del joropo tuyero)</i></span> [Tuyan harp (in the style of a Tuyan joropo)] […] a particular kind of joropo […] called <i>golpe tuyero</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Anthology+of+Solo+Guitar+Music&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Mel+Bay&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60974-659-9&rft.aulast=Postlewate&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO5ggdl4X4swC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoropo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hc202007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hc202007_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hc202007_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese2021" class="citation journal cs1">Reese, Allison (2021). "Venezuelan Virtuoso". <i>Harp Column</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 18–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harp+Column&rft.atitle=Venezuelan+Virtuoso&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-23&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Allison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoropo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Joropo in Venezuela’s Musical Modernity: Cultural Capital in José Clemente Laya’s Sonata Venezolana Authors</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Joropo in Venezuela’s Musical Modernity: Cultural Capital in José Clemente Laya’s Sonata Venezolana Authors</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joropo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joropo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Joropo">Joropo</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llanera.com/musica">Listen Joropo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101021012936/http://www.radiollanera.com/">Music Joropo 24 hours</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambuco" title="Bambuco">Bambuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnavalito" title="Carnavalito">Carnavalito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diablada" title="Diablada">Diablada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayno" title="Huayno">Huayno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morenada" title="Morenada">Morenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saya_(art_form)" title="Saya (art form)">Saya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinku" title="Tinku">Tinku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spaniard folk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_rumba" title="Catalan rumba">Catalan rumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copla_(music)" title="Copla (music)">Copla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandango" title="Fandango">Fandango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">Flamenco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albore%C3%A1" title="Alboreá">Alboreá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buler%C3%ADas" title="Bulerías">Bulerías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canti%C3%B1as" title="Cantiñas">Cantiñas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumba_flamenca" title="Rumba flamenca">Rumba flamenca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeta_(flamenco)" title="Saeta (flamenco)">Saeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole%C3%A1" title="Soleá">Soleá</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folia" title="Folia">Folia</a></li> <li>Isa (from <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jota_(music)" title="Jota (music)">Jota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malague%C3%B1a_(genre)" title="Malagueña (genre)">Malagueña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasodoble" title="Pasodoble">Pasodoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajaraste" title="Tajaraste">Tajaraste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">Zarzuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urbano_music" title="Urbano music">Latin urban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip_hop" title="Latin hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_house" title="Latin house">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Reggae en Español">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_R%26B" title="Latin R&B">R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_trap" title="Latin trap">Trap</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Reggaeton" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em"><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_reggaeton" title="Alternative reggaeton">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachat%C3%B3n" title="Bachatón">Bachatón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moombahton" title="Moombahton">Moombahton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoperreo" title="Neoperreo">Neoperreo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_reggaet%C3%B3n" title="Panamanian reggaetón">Panamanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Litoraleña</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamarrita" title="Chamarrita">Chamarrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarania_(music)" title="Guarania (music)">Guarania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_polka" title="Paraguayan polka">Paraguayan polka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamam%C3%A9" title="Chamamé">Chamamé</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_criolla" title="Música criolla">Peruvian coastal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Peruvian_music" title="Afro-Peruvian music">Afro-Peruvian music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festejo" title="Festejo">Festejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land%C3%B3_(music)" title="Landó (music)">Landó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_de_los_Diablos" title="Son de los Diablos">Son de los Diablos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_Mata" title="Toro Mata">Toro Mata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinera" title="Marinera">Marinera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondero" title="Tondero">Tondero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vals_criollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vals criollo">Vals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamacueca" title="Zamacueca">Zamacueca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_pop" title="Latin pop">Latin pop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_ballad" title="Latin ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropipop" title="Tropipop">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_pop_music" title="Mexican pop music">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_canci%C3%B3n" title="Nueva canción">Nueva canción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_trova" title="Nueva trova">Nueva trova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_styles_of_Mexican_music" title="Regional styles of Mexican music">Regional<br />Mexican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrido" title="Corrido">Corrido</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corridos_tumbados" title="Corridos tumbados">Corridos tumbados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunto" title="Conjunto">Conjunto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norte%C3%B1o_(music)" title="Norteño (music)">Norteño</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nortec" title="Nortec">Nortec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupera" title="Grupera">Grupera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duranguense" title="Duranguense">Duranguense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_music" title="Banda music">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">Mariachi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarabe" title="Jarabe">Jarabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchera" title="Ranchera">Ranchera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trival" class="mw-redirect" title="Trival">Trival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Cone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueca" title="Cueca">Cueca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_cebolla" title="Música cebolla">Música cebolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milonga_(music)" title="Milonga (music)">Milonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murga" title="Murga">Murga</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tango" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em"><a href="/wiki/Tango_music" title="Tango music">Tango</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_tango" title="Argentine tango">Argentine tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milonga_(music)" title="Milonga (music)">Milonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vals_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vals (music)">Vals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotango" title="Neotango">Neotango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_tango" title="Nuevo tango">Nuevo tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_tango" title="Uruguayan tango">Uruguayan tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandoneon" title="Bandoneon">Bandoneon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orquesta_t%C3%ADpica" title="Orquesta típica">Orquesta típica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock_en_espa%C3%B1ol" title="Rock en español">Rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alternative" title="Latin alternative">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_rock" title="Argentine rock">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_rock" title="Chilean rock">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_rock" title="Colombian rock">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_rock" title="Cuban rock">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_rock" title="Dominican rock">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_rock" title="Ecuadorian rock">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_rock" title="Latin rock">Latin rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_metal" title="Latin metal">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Mexico" title="Rock music in Mexico">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_ola" title="Nueva ola">Nueva ola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_rock" title="Peruvian rock">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock music in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Spain" title="Rock music in Spain">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_rock" title="Uruguayan rock">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_rock" title="Venezuelan rock">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional folk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacarera" title="Chacarera">Chacarera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaita_zuliana" title="Gaita zuliana">Gaita zuliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gato_(artform)" title="Gato (artform)">Gato</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joropo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_mexicano" title="Son mexicano">Mexican Son</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Son_huasteco" title="Son huasteco">huasteco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_jalisciense" title="Son jalisciense">jalisciense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_jarocho" title="Son jarocho">jarocho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonada" title="Tonada">Tonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamacueca" title="Zamacueca">Zamacueca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cueca" title="Cueca">Cueca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinera" title="Marinera">Marinera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamba_(artform)" title="Zamba (artform)">Zamba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_music" title="Tropical music">Tropical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachata_(music)" title="Bachata (music)">Bachata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">Bolero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha-cha-ch%C3%A1_(music)" title="Cha-cha-chá (music)">Cha-cha-cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champeta" title="Champeta">Champeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%C3%BC%C3%AD" title="Changüí">Changüí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charanga_(Cuba)" title="Charanga (Cuba)">Charanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conga_(music)" title="Conga (music)">Conga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarteto" title="Cuarteto">Cuarteto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danz%C3%B3n" title="Danzón">Danzón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajira_(music)" title="Guajira (music)">Guajira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaracha" title="Guaracha">Guaracha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">Mambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merengue_music" title="Merengue music">Merengue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ringue" title="Méringue">Méringue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachanga" title="Pachanga">Pachanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_rumba" title="Cuban rumba">Rumba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guaguanc%C3%B3" title="Guaguancó">Guaguancó</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">Salsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_dura" title="Salsa dura">dura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_rom%C3%A1ntica" title="Salsa romántica">romántica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_cubano" title="Son cubano">Son cubano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Son_montuno" title="Son montuno">montuno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timba" title="Timba">Timba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trova" title="Trova">Trova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">Vallenato</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charanga-vallenata" title="Charanga-vallenata">Charanga-vallenata</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cumbia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em"><a href="/wiki/Cumbia" title="Cumbia">Cumbia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cumbia" title="Argentine cumbia">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullerengue" title="Bullerengue">Bullerengue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_(Colombia)" title="Cumbia (Colombia)">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cumbia" title="Mexican cumbia">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Chilean_cumbia" title="New Chilean cumbia">New Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_(Panama)" title="Cumbia (Panama)">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cumbia" title="Peruvian cumbia">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porro" title="Porro">Porro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_rap" title="Cumbia rap">Rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecnocumbia" title="Tecnocumbia">Tecnocumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_villera" title="Cumbia villera">Villera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachaca_(musical_genre)" title="Cachaca (musical genre)">Cachaca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afro-Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Peruvian_music" title="Afro-Peruvian music">Afro-Peruvian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Bomba (Puerto Rico)">Bomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Ecuador)" title="Bomba (Ecuador)">Bomba del Chota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Afro-Cuban jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapal%C3%A9" title="Mapalé">Mapalé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milonga_(music)" title="Milonga (music)">Milonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_(dance)" title="Tambor (dance)">Tambor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_music" title="Tropical music">Tropical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguinaldo_(music)" title="Aguinaldo (music)">Aguinaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canci%C3%B3n_mel%C3%B3dica" title="Canción melódica">Canción melódica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Christian_music" title="Latin Christian music">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contradanza" title="Contradanza">Contradanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criolla" title="Criolla">Criolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danza" title="Danza">Danza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cima" title="Décima">Décima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passacaglia" title="Passacaglia">Pasacalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasillo" title="Pasillo">Pasillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plena" title="Plena">Plena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preg%C3%B3n" title="Pregón">Pregón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punto_guajiro" title="Punto guajiro">Punto guajiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seis" title="Seis">Seis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_opera" title="Spanish opera">Spanish opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_jazz" title="Spanish jazz">Spanish jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villancico" title="Villancico">Villancico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music">Latin music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_music_subgenres" title="List of Latin music subgenres">subgenres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines#Hispanic-influenced_music" title="Music of the Philippines">Hispanic-influenced music in the Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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