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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anions_and_cations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anions_and_cations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Anions and cations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anions_and_cations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_occurrences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_occurrences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Natural occurrences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_occurrences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Detection_of_ionizing_radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_of_ionizing_radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Detection of ionizing radiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_of_ionizing_radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Denoting_the_charged_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denoting_the_charged_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Denoting the charged state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denoting_the_charged_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sub-classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation_of_monatomic_ions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_monatomic_ions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Formation of monatomic ions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_monatomic_ions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_polyatomic_and_molecular_ions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_polyatomic_and_molecular_ions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Formation of polyatomic and molecular ions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_polyatomic_and_molecular_ions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ionization_potential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ionization_potential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Ionization potential</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ionization_potential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ionic_bonding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ionic_bonding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ionic bonding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ionic_bonding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_ions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_ions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Common ions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_ions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 120 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioon" title="Ioon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ioon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="أيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0on" title="İon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="یون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="আয়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আয়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%AB-ch%C3%BA" title="Lī-chú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lī-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Іон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Іён – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Іён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyono" title="Iyono – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iyono" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Йон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B3_(%C3%A0tom)" title="Ió (àtom) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ió (àtom)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ион – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ион" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_(pisika)" title="Ion (pisika) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ion (pisika)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonda" title="Nonda – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nonda" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Fon" title="Ïon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ïon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioon" title="Ioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Ιόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jono" title="Jono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioi" title="Ioi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ioi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="یون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3n_(evnafr%C3%B8%C3%B0i)" title="Jón (evnafrøði) – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jón (evnafrøði)" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian" title="Ian – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ian" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeane" title="Eeane – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eeane" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B3n" title="Ión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A8" title="이온 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Իոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="आयन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iono" title="Iono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Iono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ион – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ион" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isihonyo" title="Isihonyo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isihonyo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3n_(efnafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Jón (efnafræði) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jón (efnafræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ione" title="Ione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="יון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಯಾನು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಯಾನು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="იონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ион – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ион" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioni" title="Ioni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ioni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyon" title="Iyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Iyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eyon" title="Îyon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îyon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Иондор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иондор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jons" title="Jons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_(dalel%C4%97)" title="Jonas (dalelė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jonas (dalelė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun" title="Jun – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Jun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Јон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio" title="Rio – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rio" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="അയോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അയോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="आयन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आयन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AA-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Liê-cṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Liê-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ион – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ион" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အိုင်ယွန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုင်ယွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_(deeltje)" title="Ion (deeltje) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ion (deeltje)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="आयन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आयन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="イオン (化学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イオン (化学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ione" title="Ione – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Ione" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayoonii" title="Ayoonii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ayoonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਆਇਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਇਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D9%86" title="آئن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon" title="Jon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Don" title="Íon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Íon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyun" title="Iyun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iyun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Йон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Йон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ион – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ион" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ион – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ион" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni" title="Joni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Joni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioni" title="Ioni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1" title="අයන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අයන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D9%86" title="آئن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آئن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B3n_(%C4%8Dastica)" title="Ión (častica) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ión (častica)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dn" title="Jōn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Jōn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86" title="ئایۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئایۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Јон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon" title="Jon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioni" title="Ioni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ioni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon" title="Jon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="அயனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அயனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="అయాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అయాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ไอออน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอออน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ион – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ион" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0yon" title="İyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Іон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86" title="آئون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yion" title="Yion – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Yion" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90" title="離子 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="離子" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iono" title="Iono – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Iono" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" title="离子 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="离子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B3n%C3%AC" title="Íónì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Íónì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90" title="離子 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="離子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" title="离子 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="离子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Ion" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36496#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anions&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Anions">Anions</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Particle, atom or molecule with a net electrical charge</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ion (disambiguation)">Ion (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ionic_bonding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ionic_bonding.svg/300px-Ionic_bonding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ionic_bonding.svg/450px-Ionic_bonding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ionic_bonding.svg/600px-Ionic_bonding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Electron transfer between <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> (Li) and <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> (F). Forming an ionic bond, Li and F become Li<sup>+</sup> and F<sup>−</sup> ions.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>ion</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> or <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> with a net <a href="/wiki/Electrical_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical charge">electrical charge</a>. The charge of an <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a>, which is considered to be positive by convention. The net charge of an ion is not zero because its total number of electrons is unequal to its total number of protons. </p><p>A <b>cation</b> is a positively charged ion with fewer electrons than protons<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K<sup>+</sup></a> (potassium ion)) while an <b>anion</b> is a negatively charged ion with more electrons than protons.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Cl<sup>-</sup></a> (chloride ion) and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">OH</a><sup>-</sup> (hydroxide ion)). Opposite electric charges are pulled towards one another by <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic force">electrostatic force</a>, so cations and anions attract each other and readily form <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compound">ionic compounds</a>. </p><p>If only a + or - is present, it indicates a +1 or -1 charge. To indicate a more severe charge, the number of additional or missing atoms is supplied, as seen in O<sub>2</sub><sup>2-</sup> (negative charge, <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxide</a>) and He<sup>2+</sup> (positive charge, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha</a> <a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particle</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ThoughtCo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThoughtCo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ions consisting of only a single atom are termed atomic or <a href="/wiki/Monatomic_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monatomic ion">monatomic ions</a>, while two or more atoms form molecular ions or <a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_ion" title="Polyatomic ion">polyatomic ions</a>. In the case of physical ionization in a fluid (gas or liquid), "ion pairs" are created by spontaneous molecule collisions, where each generated pair consists of a free electron and a positive ion.<sup id="cite_ref-Knoll-1999_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knoll-1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ions are also created by chemical interactions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution (chemistry)">dissolution</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a> in liquids, or by other means, such as passing a <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> through a conducting solution, dissolving an <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> via <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionization</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_discovery">History of discovery<span class="anchor" id="History_of_discovery"></span></h2></div> <p>The word <i>ion</i> was coined from neuter present participle of Greek ἰέναι (<i>ienai</i>), meaning "to go". A cation is something that moves down (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">κάτω</span>, <i>kato</i>, meaning "down") and an anion is something that moves up (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">ἄνω</span>, <i>ano</i>, meaning "up"). They are so called because ions move toward the electrode of opposite charge. This term was introduced (after a suggestion by the English <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_A-1991_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank_A-1991-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by English physicist and chemist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> in 1834 for the then-unknown species that <i>goes</i> from one <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrode</a> to the other through an aqueous medium.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faraday did not know the nature of these species, but he knew that since metals dissolved into and entered a solution at one electrode and new metal came forth from a solution at the other electrode; that some kind of substance has moved through the solution in a current. This conveys matter from one place to the other. In correspondence with Faraday, Whewell also coined the words <i><a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a></i>, as well as <i>anion</i> and <i>cation</i> as ions that are attracted to the respective electrodes.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_A-1991_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank_A-1991-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a> put forth, in his 1884 dissertation, the explanation of the fact that solid crystalline salts <a href="/wiki/Dissociate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociate">dissociate</a> into paired charged particles when dissolved, for which he would win the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arrhenius' explanation was that in forming a solution, the salt dissociates into Faraday's ions, he proposed that ions formed even in the absence of an electric current.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_University-1976_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia_University-1976-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncBrit_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncBrit-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SciBio_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciBio-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <p>Ions in their gas-like state are highly reactive and will rapidly interact with ions of opposite charge to give neutral molecules or ionic salts. Ions are also produced in the liquid or solid state when salts interact with solvents (for example, water) to produce <i>solvated ions</i>, which are more stable, for reasons involving a combination of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> changes as the ions move away from each other to interact with the liquid. These stabilized species are more commonly found in the environment at low temperatures. A common example is the ions present in seawater, which are derived from dissolved salts. </p><p>As charged objects, ions are attracted to opposite electric charges (positive to negative, and vice versa) and repelled by like charges. When they move, their trajectories can be deflected by a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>. </p><p>Electrons, due to their smaller mass and thus larger space-filling properties as <a href="/wiki/Matter_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Matter waves">matter waves</a>, determine the size of atoms and molecules that possess any electrons at all. Thus, anions (negatively charged ions) are larger than the parent molecule or atom, as the excess electron(s) repel each other and add to the physical size of the ion, because its size is determined by its <a href="/wiki/Electron_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron cloud">electron cloud</a>. Cations are smaller than the corresponding parent atom or molecule due to the smaller size of the electron cloud. One particular cation (that of hydrogen) contains no electrons, and thus consists of a single proton – <i>much smaller</i> than the parent hydrogen atom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anions_and_cations">Anions and cations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Anion" redirects here. Not to be confused with the quasiparticle <a href="/wiki/Anyon" title="Anyon">Anyon</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ions.svg/390px-Ions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ions.svg/585px-Ions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ions.svg/780px-Ions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_atom" title="Hydrogen atom">Hydrogen atom</a> (center) contains a single <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> and a single <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>. Removal of the electron gives a cation (left), whereas the addition of an electron gives an anion (right). The <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_anion" title="Hydrogen anion">hydrogen anion</a>, with its loosely held two-electron cloud, has a larger radius than the neutral atom, which in turn is much larger than the bare proton of the <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a>. Hydrogen forms the only charge-+1 cation that has no electrons, but even cations that (unlike hydrogen) retain one or more electrons are still smaller than the neutral atoms or molecules from which they are derived.</figcaption></figure> <p>Anion (−) and cation (+) indicate the net electric charge on an ion. An ion that has more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge, is named an anion, and a minus indication "Anion (−)" indicates the negative charge. With a cation it is just the opposite: it has fewer electrons than protons, giving it a net positive charge, hence the indication "Cation (+)". </p><p>Since the electric charge on a proton is equal in magnitude to the charge on an electron, the net electric charge on an ion is equal to the number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons. </p><p>An <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="anion"></span><span class="vanchor-text">anion</span></span> (−) (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ANN</span>-eye-ən</i></a>, from the Greek word ἄνω (<i>ánō</i>), meaning "up"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge (since electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="cation"></span><span class="vanchor-text">cation</span></span> (+) (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KAT</span>-eye-ən</i></a>, from the Greek word κάτω (<i>kátō</i>), meaning "down"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an ion with fewer electrons than protons, giving it a positive charge.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are additional names used for ions with multiple charges. For example, an ion with a −2 charge is known as a <a href="/wiki/Dianion" title="Dianion">dianion</a> and an ion with a +2 charge is known as a <a href="/wiki/Dication" title="Dication">dication</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Zwitterion" title="Zwitterion">zwitterion</a> is a neutral molecule with positive and negative charges at different locations within that molecule.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cations and anions are measured by their <a href="/wiki/Ionic_radius" title="Ionic radius">ionic radius</a> and they differ in relative size: "Cations are small, most of them less than 10<sup>−10</sup> m (10<sup>−8</sup> cm) in radius. But most anions are large, as is the most common Earth anion, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. From this fact it is apparent that most of the space of a <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystal</a> is occupied by the anion and that the cations fit into the spaces between them."<sup id="cite_ref-Press1986_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press1986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms <i>anion</i> and <i>cation</i> (for ions that respectively travel to the anode and cathode during electrolysis) were <a href="#History_of_discovery">introduced by Michael Faraday in 1834</a> following his consultation with <a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_occurrences">Natural occurrences</h3></div> <p>Ions are ubiquitous in <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> and are responsible for diverse phenomena from the luminescence of the Sun to the existence of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>. Atoms in their ionic state may have a different color from neutral atoms, and thus light absorption by metal ions gives the color of <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a>. In both inorganic and organic chemistry (including biochemistry), the interaction of water and ions is often relevant for understanding properties of systems; an example of their importance is in the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>), which provides the energy for many reactions in biological systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_technology">Related technology</h2></div> <p>Ions can be non-chemically prepared using various <a href="/wiki/Ion_source" title="Ion source">ion sources</a>, usually involving high <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> or temperature. These are used in a multitude of devices such as <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometers">mass spectrometers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optical_emission_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical emission spectrometer">optical emission spectrometers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerators" class="mw-redirect" title="Particle accelerators">particle accelerators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_implantation" title="Ion implantation">ion implanters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ion_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion engines">ion engines</a>. </p><p>As reactive charged particles, they are also used in <a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">air purification</a> by disrupting microbes, and in household items such as <a href="/wiki/Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">smoke detectors</a>. </p><p>As signalling and metabolism in organisms are controlled by a precise ionic gradient across <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">membranes</a>, the disruption of this gradient contributes to cell death. This is a common mechanism exploited by natural and artificial <a href="/wiki/Biocides" class="mw-redirect" title="Biocides">biocides</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Ion_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion channels">ion channels</a> <a href="/wiki/Gramicidin" title="Gramicidin">gramicidin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphotericin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphotericin">amphotericin</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicide</a>). </p><p>Inorganic dissolved ions are a component of <a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">total dissolved solids</a>, a widely known indicator of <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection_of_ionizing_radiation">Detection of ionizing radiation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ion_chamber_operation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ion_chamber_operation.gif/300px-Ion_chamber_operation.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ion_chamber_operation.gif/450px-Ion_chamber_operation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ion_chamber_operation.gif/600px-Ion_chamber_operation.gif 2x" data-file-width="3241" data-file-height="2258" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of an ion chamber, showing drift of ions. Electrons drift faster than positive ions due to their much smaller mass.<sup id="cite_ref-Knoll-1999_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knoll-1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electron_avalanche.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Electron_avalanche.gif/300px-Electron_avalanche.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Electron_avalanche.gif/450px-Electron_avalanche.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Electron_avalanche.gif/600px-Electron_avalanche.gif 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>Avalanche effect between two electrodes. The original ionization event liberates one electron, and each subsequent collision liberates a further electron, so two electrons emerge from each collision: the ionizing electron and the liberated electron.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ionizing effect of radiation on a gas is extensively used for the detection of radiation such as <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a>. The original ionization event in these instruments results in the formation of an "ion pair"; a positive ion and a free electron, by ion impact by the radiation on the gas molecules. The <a href="/wiki/Ionization_chamber" title="Ionization chamber">ionization chamber</a> is the simplest of these detectors, and collects all the charges created by <i>direct ionization</i> within the gas through the application of an electric field.<sup id="cite_ref-Knoll-1999_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knoll-1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93M%C3%BCller_tube" title="Geiger–Müller tube">Geiger–Müller tube</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Proportional_counter" title="Proportional counter">proportional counter</a> both use a phenomenon known as a <a href="/wiki/Townsend_avalanche" class="mw-redirect" title="Townsend avalanche">Townsend avalanche</a> to multiply the effect of the original ionizing event by means of a cascade effect whereby the free electrons are given sufficient energy by the electric field to release further electrons by ion impact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denoting_the_charged_state">Denoting the charged state</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ions_notation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ions_notation.svg/220px-Ions_notation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ions_notation.svg/330px-Ions_notation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ions_notation.svg/440px-Ions_notation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="99" /></a><figcaption>Equivalent notations for an <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> atom (Fe) that lost two electrons, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ferrous" title="Ferrous">ferrous</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>When writing the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> for an ion, its net charge is written in superscript immediately after the chemical structure for the molecule/atom. The net charge is written with the magnitude <i>before</i> the sign; that is, a doubly charged cation is indicated as <b>2+</b> instead of <b>+2</b>. However, the magnitude of the charge is omitted for singly charged molecules/atoms; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> cation is indicated as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> and <i>not</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sup>1+</sup></span>. </p><p>An alternative (and acceptable) way of showing a molecule/atom with multiple charges is by drawing out the signs multiple times, this is often seen with transition metals. Chemists sometimes circle the sign; this is merely ornamental and does not alter the chemical meaning. All three representations of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup>2+</sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup class="template-chem2-sup">++</sup></span>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup class="template-chem2-sup">⊕⊕</sup></span> shown in the figure, are thus equivalent. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ions_notation2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ions_notation2.svg/220px-Ions_notation2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ions_notation2.svg/330px-Ions_notation2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ions_notation2.svg/440px-Ions_notation2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="172" /></a><figcaption>Mixed Roman numerals and charge notations for the <a href="/wiki/Uranyl" title="Uranyl">uranyl</a> ion. The oxidation state of the metal is shown as superscripted Roman numerals, whereas the charge of the entire complex is shown by the angle symbol together with the magnitude and sign of the net charge.</figcaption></figure> <p>Monatomic ions are sometimes also denoted with <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopic_notation#Ionization_states" title="Spectroscopic notation">spectroscopy</a>; for example, the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup>2+</sup></span> (positively doubly charged) example seen above is referred to as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe(III)</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup class="template-chem2-sup">III</sup></span> or Fe III (Fe I for a neutral Fe atom, Fe II for a singly ionized Fe ion). The Roman numeral designates the <i>formal <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a></i> of an element, whereas the superscripted Indo-Arabic numerals denote the net charge. The two notations are, therefore, exchangeable for monatomic ions, but the Roman numerals <i>cannot</i> be applied to polyatomic ions. However, it is possible to mix the notations for the individual metal centre with a polyatomic complex, as shown by the uranyl ion example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-classes">Sub-classes</h3></div> <p>If an ion contains <a href="/wiki/Unpaired_electron" title="Unpaired electron">unpaired electrons</a>, it is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radical</a></i> ion. Just like uncharged radicals, radical ions are very reactive. Polyatomic ions containing oxygen, such as carbonate and sulfate, are called <i><a href="/wiki/Oxyanion" title="Oxyanion">oxyanions</a></i>. Molecular ions that contain at least one carbon to hydrogen bond are called <i>organic ions</i>. If the charge in an organic ion is formally centred on a carbon, it is termed a <i><a href="/wiki/Carbocation" title="Carbocation">carbocation</a></i> (if positively charged) or <i><a href="/wiki/Carbanion" title="Carbanion">carbanion</a></i> (if negatively charged). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formation_of_monatomic_ions">Formation of monatomic ions</h4></div> <p>Monatomic ions are formed by the gain or loss of electrons to the <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence shell</a> (the outer-most electron shell) in an atom. The inner shells of an atom are filled with electrons that are tightly bound to the positively charged <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a>, and so do not participate in this kind of chemical interaction. The process of gaining or losing electrons from a neutral atom or molecule is called <i>ionization</i>. </p><p>Atoms can be ionized by bombardment with <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, but the more usual process of ionization encountered in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> is the transfer of electrons between atoms or molecules. This transfer is usually driven by the attaining of stable ("closed shell") <a href="/wiki/Electronic_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic configuration">electronic configurations</a>. Atoms will gain or lose electrons depending on which action takes the least energy. </p><p>For example, a <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> atom, Na, has a single electron in its valence shell, surrounding 2 stable, filled inner shells of 2 and 8 electrons. Since these filled shells are very stable, a sodium atom tends to lose its extra electron and attain this stable configuration, becoming a sodium cation in the process </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na -> Na+ + e-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Na -> Na+ + e-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/17906601ff98d6a97a13fd68a9891427ee46c02f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:17.801ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na -> Na+ + e-}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>On the other hand, a <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> atom, Cl, has 7 electrons in its valence shell, which is one short of the stable, filled shell with 8 electrons. Thus, a chlorine atom tends to <i>gain</i> an extra electron and attain a stable 8-<a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a>, becoming a chloride anion in the process: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Cl + e- -> Cl-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Cl + e- -> Cl-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2fc02c2de669b9966e69e0236c546e78c13108b2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:16.64ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Cl + e- -> Cl-}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>This driving force is what causes sodium and chlorine to undergo a chemical reaction, wherein the "extra" electron is transferred from sodium to chlorine, forming sodium cations and chloride anions. Being oppositely charged, these cations and anions form <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic bond">ionic bonds</a> and combine to form <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>, NaCl, more commonly known as table salt. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na+ + Cl- -> NaCl}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>NaCl</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Na+ + Cl- -> NaCl}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/12d568d35dbae0294b525a669ceed258d7840320" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:21.419ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na+ + Cl- -> NaCl}}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formation_of_polyatomic_and_molecular_ions">Formation of polyatomic and molecular ions</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrate-ion-elpot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nitrate-ion-elpot.png/220px-Nitrate-ion-elpot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nitrate-ion-elpot.png/330px-Nitrate-ion-elpot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nitrate-ion-elpot.png/440px-Nitrate-ion-elpot.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">electrostatic potential</a> map of the <a href="/wiki/Nitrate_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrate ion">nitrate ion</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2NO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span>). The 3-dimensional shell represents a single arbitrary <a href="/wiki/Isopotential" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopotential">isopotential</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Polyatomic and molecular ions are often formed by the gaining or losing of elemental ions such as a proton, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>, in neutral molecules. For example, when <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>, accepts a proton, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>—a process called <a href="/wiki/Protonation" title="Protonation">protonation</a>—it forms the <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> ion, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>+</span><span>4</span></span></span>. Ammonia and ammonium have the same number of electrons in essentially the same <a href="/wiki/Electronic_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic configuration">electronic configuration</a>, but ammonium has an extra proton that gives it a net positive charge. </p><p>Ammonia can also lose an electron to gain a positive charge, forming the ion <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>+</span><span>3</span></span></span>. However, this ion is unstable, because it has an incomplete <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence shell</a> around the nitrogen atom, making it a very reactive <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radical</a> ion. </p><p>Due to the instability of radical ions, polyatomic and molecular ions are usually formed by gaining or losing elemental ions such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>, rather than gaining or losing electrons. This allows the molecule to preserve its stable electronic configuration while acquiring an electrical charge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ionization_potential">Ionization potential</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ionization_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionization potential">Ionization potential</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> required to detach an electron in its lowest energy state from an atom or molecule of a gas with less net electric charge is called the <i>ionization potential</i>, or <i>ionization energy</i>. The <i>n</i>th ionization energy of an atom is the energy required to detach its <i>n</i>th electron after the first <span class="texhtml"><i>n</i> − 1</span> electrons have already been detached. </p><p>Each successive ionization energy is markedly greater than the last. Particularly great increases occur after any given block of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">atomic orbitals</a> is exhausted of electrons. For this reason, ions tend to form in ways that leave them with full orbital blocks. For example, sodium has one <i><a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electron</a></i> in its outermost shell, so in ionized form it is commonly found with one lost electron, as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>. On the other side of the periodic table, chlorine has seven valence electrons, so in ionized form it is commonly found with one gained electron, as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span>. Caesium has the lowest measured ionization energy of all the elements and helium has the greatest.<sup id="cite_ref-lenntech.com_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenntech.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the ionization energy of <a href="/wiki/Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metals">metals</a> is much lower than the ionization energy of <a href="/wiki/Nonmetals" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetals">nonmetals</a>, which is why, in general, metals will lose electrons to form positively charged ions and nonmetals will gain electrons to form negatively charged ions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ionic_bonding">Ionic bonding</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic bond">Ionic bond</a></div> <p><i>Ionic bonding</i> is a kind of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonding</a> that arises from the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions. Ions of like charge repel each other, and ions of opposite charge attract each other. Therefore, ions do not usually exist on their own, but will bind with ions of opposite charge to form a <a href="/wiki/Crystal_lattice" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal lattice">crystal lattice</a>. The resulting compound is called an <i>ionic compound</i>, and is said to be held together by <i>ionic bonding</i>. In ionic compounds there arise characteristic distances between ion neighbours from which the spatial extension and the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_radius" title="Ionic radius">ionic radius</a> of individual ions may be derived. </p><p>The most common type of ionic bonding is seen in compounds of metals and nonmetals (except <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a>, which rarely form chemical compounds). Metals are characterized by having a small number of electrons in excess of a stable, closed-shell <a href="/wiki/Electronic_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic configuration">electronic configuration</a>. As such, they have the tendency to lose these extra electrons in order to attain a stable configuration. This property is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Electropositivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropositivity">electropositivity</a></i>. Non-metals, on the other hand, are characterized by having an <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a> just a few electrons short of a stable configuration. As such, they have the tendency to gain more electrons in order to achieve a stable configuration. This tendency is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a></i>. When a highly electropositive metal is combined with a highly electronegative nonmetal, the extra electrons from the metal atoms are transferred to the electron-deficient nonmetal atoms. This reaction produces metal cations and nonmetal anions, which are attracted to each other to form a <i><a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_ions">Common ions</h3></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Common cations<sup id="cite_ref-Science_Geek_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_Geek-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left">Common name </th> <th style="text-align: left">Formula </th> <th style="text-align: left">Historic name </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:aliceblue;"><i><a href="/wiki/Monatomic_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monatomic ion">Monatomic</a> cations</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Al<sup>3+</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ba<sup>2+</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Be<sup>2+</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sup>2+</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chromium(III)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cr<sup>3+</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Copper(I)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></td> <td>cuprous </td></tr> <tr> <td>Copper(II)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu<sup>2+</sup></span></td> <td>cupric </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold(I)</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Au<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></td> <td>aurous </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gold(III)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Au<sup>3+</sup></span></td> <td>auric </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydron_(chemistry)" title="Hydron (chemistry)">Hydron</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iron(II)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup>2+</sup></span></td> <td>ferrous </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iron(III)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup>3+</sup></span></td> <td>ferric </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lead(II)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Pb<sup>2+</sup></span></td> <td>plumbous </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lead(IV)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Pb<sup>4+</sup></span></td> <td>plumbic </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Li<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Mg<sup>2+</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manganese(II)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Mn<sup>2+</sup></span></td> <td>manganous </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manganese(III)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Mn<sup>3+</sup></span></td> <td>manganic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manganese(IV)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Mn<sup>4+</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury(II)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Hg<sup>2+</sup></span></td> <td>mercuric </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">K<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></td> <td>kalic </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ag<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></td> <td>argentous </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></td> <td>natric </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Sr<sup>2+</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a>(II)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Sn<sup>2+</sup></span></td> <td>stannous </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tin(IV)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Sn<sup>4+</sup></span></td> <td>stannic </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Zn<sup>2+</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:aliceblue;"><i><a href="/wiki/Polyatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyatomic">Polyatomic</a> cations</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>+</span><span>4</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">Hydronium</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury(I)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Hg<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2+</span><span>2</span></span></span></td> <td>mercurous </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Common anions<sup id="cite_ref-Science_Geek_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_Geek-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left">Formal name </th> <th style="text-align: left">Formula </th> <th style="text-align: left">Alt. name </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:aliceblue;"><i><a href="/wiki/Monatomic_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monatomic ion">Monatomic</a> anions</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Br<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">Carbide</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Chloride</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">Fluoride</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">F<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">Hydride</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodide" title="Iodide">Iodide</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">I<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">Nitride</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">N<sup>3−</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphide" title="Phosphide">Phosphide</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sup>3−</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">Oxide</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sup>2−</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">Sulfide</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">S<sup>2−</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenide" title="Selenide">Selenide</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Se<sup>2−</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:aliceblue;"><i><a href="/wiki/Polyatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyatomic">Polyatomic</a> anions</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azide" title="Azide">Azide</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">N<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">Peroxide</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>2</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Triodide" title="Triodide">Triodide</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">I<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:aliceblue;"><i>Oxoanions (<a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_ion" title="Polyatomic ion">Polyatomic ions</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Science_Geek_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_Geek-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">Carbonate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>3</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorate" title="Chlorate">Chlorate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromate_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromate ion">Chromate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CrO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dichromate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichromate">Dichromate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cr<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>7</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_phosphate" title="Dihydrogen phosphate">Dihydrogen phosphate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>PO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_carbonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen carbonate">Hydrogen carbonate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span></td> <td>bicarbonate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen sulfate">Hydrogen sulfate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HSO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span></span></td> <td>bisulfate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen sulfite">Hydrogen sulfite</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HSO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span></td> <td>bisulfite </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">Hydroxide</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">OH<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="Hypochlorite">Hypochlorite</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monohydrogen_phosphate" title="Monohydrogen phosphate">Monohydrogen phosphate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HPO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">Nitrate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">Nitrite</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>2</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">Perchlorate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Permanganate" title="Permanganate">Permanganate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">MnO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">Peroxide</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>2</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">Phosphate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">PO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>3−</span><span>4</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">Sulfate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfite" title="Sulfite">Sulfite</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>3</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">Superoxide</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>2</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiosulfate" title="Thiosulfate">Thiosulfate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>3</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">Silicate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>4−</span><span>4</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metasilicate" title="Metasilicate">Metasilicate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>3</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_silicate" title="Aluminium silicate">Aluminium silicate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">AlSiO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:aliceblue;"><i>Anions from organic acids</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetate" title="Acetate">Acetate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>COO<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></td> <td>ethanoate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Formate" title="Formate">Formate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HCOO<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></td> <td>methanoate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">Oxalate</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span></td> <td>ethanedioate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CN<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ioniser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">Electrolyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaseous_ionization_detector" title="Gaseous ionization detector">Gaseous ionization detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioliomics" title="Ioliomics">Ioliomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_beam" title="Ion beam">Ion beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">Ion exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_power_(particle_radiation)" title="Stopping power (particle radiation)">Stopping power of radiation particles</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ion">"ion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CollinsDictionary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="CollinsDictionary.com">CollinsDictionary.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CollinsDictionary.com&rft.atitle=ion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224095801/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ion">"Collins English Dictionary | Always Free Online"</a>. Archived from the original on 2013-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary+%26%23124%3B+Always+Free+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cation">"cation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=cation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006215047/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cation">"Definition of CATION"</a>. Archived from the original on 2021-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+CATION&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anion">"anion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=anion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fanion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006215049/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anion">"Definition of ANION"</a>. Archived from the original on 2021-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+ANION&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fanion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThoughtCo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThoughtCo_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-ion-604535">"What Is an Ion? Definition and Examples"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240826143201/https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-ion-604535">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=What+Is+an+Ion%3F+Definition+and+Examples&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fdefinition-of-ion-604535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knoll-1999-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knoll-1999_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knoll-1999_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knoll-1999_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoll1999" class="citation book cs1">Knoll, Glenn F. (1999). <i>Radiation Detection and Measurement</i> (3rd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-07338-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-07338-3"><bdi>978-0-471-07338-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radiation+Detection+and+Measurement&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-471-07338-3&rft.aulast=Knoll&rft.aufirst=Glenn+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank_A-1991-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frank_A-1991_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frank_A-1991_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_A._J._L._James1991" class="citation book cs1">Frank A. 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UK: <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160825051236/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/faraday_michael.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Faraday+%281791%E2%80%931867%29&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Ffaraday_michael.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=ion">"Online etymology dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514084635/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=ion">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+etymology+dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1903/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903"</a>. <i>nobelprize.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708044958/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1903/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1903%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia_University-1976-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_University-1976_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisLevey1976" class="citation book cs1">Harris, William; Levey, Judith, eds. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcolumbiaencyc00harr/page/155"><i>The New Columbia Encyclopedia</i></a> (4th ed.). New York City: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcolumbiaencyc00harr/page/155">155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03572-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03572-9"><bdi>978-0-231-03572-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=155&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-231-03572-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewcolumbiaencyc00harr%2Fpage%2F155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncBrit-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EncBrit_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoetz1992" class="citation book cs1">Goetz, Philip W. 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Haywick, Ph.D.; <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama" title="University of South Alabama">University of South Alabama</a> (2007–2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usouthal.edu/geology/haywick/GY111/111-4.pdf">"Elemental Chemistry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. usouthal.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204134213/http://www.usouthal.edu/geology/haywick/GY111/111-4.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elemental+Chemistry&rft.pub=usouthal.edu&rft.date=2007%2F2008&rft.au=Douglas+W.+Haywick%2C+Ph.D.&rft.au=University+of+South+Alabama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usouthal.edu%2Fgeology%2Fhaywick%2FGY111%2F111-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurdue_University2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> (November 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1biochem/amino2.html#zwitter">"Amino Acids"</a>. purdue.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713040227/http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1biochem/amino2.html#zwitter">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amino+Acids&rft.pub=purdue.edu&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft.au=Purdue+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemed.chem.purdue.edu%2Fgenchem%2Ftopicreview%2Fbp%2F1biochem%2Famino2.html%23zwitter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Press1986-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Press1986_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPressSiever1986" class="citation book cs1">Press, Frank; Siever, Raymond (1986). <i>Earth</i> (14th ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W._H._Freeman_and_Company" title="W. H. Freeman and Company">W. H. Freeman and Company</a>. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-1743-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-1743-3"><bdi>0-7167-1743-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12556840">12556840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12556840&rft.isbn=0-7167-1743-3&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Siever%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lenntech.com-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lenntech.com_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/ionization-energy.htm">Chemical elements listed by ionization energy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330155714/http://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/ionization-energy.htm">Archived</a> 2009-03-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Lenntech.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science_Geek-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Science_Geek_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_Geek_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_Geek_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencegeek.net/Chemistry/chempdfs/CommonIons.pdf">"Common Ions and Their Charges"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science Geek</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218214350/http://www.sciencegeek.net/Chemistry/chempdfs/CommonIons.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemistry">Petrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_covalent_chemistry" title="Dynamic covalent chemistry">Dynamic covalent chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">Radiochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stellar_chemistry" title="Stellar chemistry">Stellar chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogeochemistry" title="Photogeochemistry">Photogeochemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">Ocean chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_chemistry" title="Clay chemistry">Clay chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrate chemistry">Carbohydrate chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_physical_chemistry" title="Food physical chemistry">Food physical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">Agricultural chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_chemistry" title="General chemistry">General chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">Clandestine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Forensic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanochemistry" title="Nanochemistry">Nanochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry" title="Supramolecular chemistry">Supramolecular chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_chemistry" title="Combinatorial chemistry">Combinatorial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry" title="Category:Chemistry">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemistry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chemistry">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemistry">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electrochemical_cells" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Galvanic_cells" title="Template:Galvanic cells"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Galvanic_cells" title="Template talk:Galvanic cells"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Galvanic_cells" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Galvanic cells"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electrochemical_cells" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_cell" title="Electrochemical cell">Electrochemical cells</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell" title="Galvanic cell">Galvanic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_cell" title="Concentration cell">Concentration cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Electric battery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flow_battery" title="Flow battery">Flow battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trough_battery" title="Trough battery">Trough battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermogalvanic_cell" title="Thermogalvanic cell">Thermogalvanic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">Voltaic pile</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galvanic_Cell.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galvanic cell"><img alt="Galvanic cell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Galvanic_Cell.svg/150px-Galvanic_Cell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Galvanic_Cell.svg/225px-Galvanic_Cell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Galvanic_Cell.svg/300px-Galvanic_Cell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_battery" title="Primary battery">Primary cell</a><br /><span class="nobold">(non-rechargeable)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_battery" title="Alkaline battery">Alkaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Aluminium–air battery">Aluminium–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunsen_cell" title="Bunsen cell">Bunsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromic_acid_cell" title="Chromic acid cell">Chromic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_cell" title="Clark cell">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniell_cell" title="Daniell cell">Daniell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_cell" title="Dry cell">Dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison%E2%80%93Lalande_cell" title="Edison–Lalande cell">Edison–Lalande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_cell" title="Grove cell">Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leclanch%C3%A9_cell" title="Leclanché cell">Leclanché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_metal_battery" title="Lithium metal battery">Lithium metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Lithium–air battery">Lithium–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_battery" title="Mercury battery">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93air_electrochemical_cell" title="Metal–air electrochemical cell">Metal–air electrochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_oxyhydroxide_battery" title="Nickel oxyhydroxide battery">Nickel oxyhydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Silicon–air battery">Silicon–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_oxide_battery" title="Silver oxide battery">Silver oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston_cell" title="Weston cell">Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboni_pile" title="Zamboni pile">Zamboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Zinc–air battery">Zinc–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93carbon_battery" title="Zinc–carbon battery">Zinc–carbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">Secondary cell</a><br /><span class="nobold">(rechargeable)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">Lead–acid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VRLA_battery" title="VRLA battery">gel–VRLA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Lithium–air battery">Lithium–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">Lithium ion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carbon_battery" title="Dual carbon battery">Dual carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery" title="Lithium iron phosphate battery">Lithium–iron–phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_polymer_battery" title="Lithium polymer battery">Lithium–polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" title="Lithium–sulfur battery">Lithium–sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium-titanate_battery" title="Lithium-titanate battery">Lithium–titanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93air_electrochemical_cell" title="Metal–air electrochemical cell">Metal–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten-salt_battery" title="Molten-salt battery">Molten salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopore_battery" title="Nanopore battery">Nanopore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanowire_battery" title="Nanowire battery">Nanowire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Nickel–cadmium battery">Nickel–cadmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93hydrogen_battery" title="Nickel–hydrogen battery">Nickel–hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93iron_battery" title="Nickel–iron battery">Nickel–iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93lithium_battery" title="Nickel–lithium battery">Nickel–lithium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery" title="Nickel–metal hydride battery">Nickel–metal hydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93zinc_battery" title="Nickel–zinc battery">Nickel–zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfide%E2%80%93bromide_battery" title="Polysulfide–bromide battery">Polysulfide–bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium-ion_battery" title="Potassium-ion battery">Potassium ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_alkaline_battery" title="Rechargeable alkaline battery">Rechargeable alkaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Silver–cadmium battery">Silver–cadmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_zinc_battery" title="Silver zinc battery">Silver–zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-ion_battery" title="Sodium-ion battery">Sodium ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" title="Sodium–sulfur battery">Sodium–sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_battery" title="Solid-state battery">Solid state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_redox_battery" title="Vanadium redox battery">Vanadium redox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93bromine_battery" title="Zinc–bromine battery">Zinc–bromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93cerium_battery" title="Zinc–cerium battery">Zinc–cerium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other cell</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_battery" title="Atomic battery">Atomic battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">Solar cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cell parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">Anode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">Binder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">Cathode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">Electrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">Electrolyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-cell" title="Half-cell">Half-cell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_bridge" title="Salt bridge">Salt bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semipermeable_membrane" title="Semipermeable membrane">Semipermeable membrane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span 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