Dissociation (chemistry)

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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dissociation degree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissociation_degree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Salts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acids_in_aqueous_solution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acids_in_aqueous_solution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Acids in aqueous solution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acids_in_aqueous_solution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fragmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fragmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dissociation (chemistry)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%83%D9%83" title="تفكك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تفكك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disocijacija_(hemija)" title="Disocijacija (hemija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Disocijacija (hemija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociaci%C3%B3_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Dissociació química – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dissociació química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disociace" title="Disociace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Disociace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation_(kemi)" title="Dissociation (kemi) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dissociation (kemi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissoziation_(Chemie)" title="Dissoziation (Chemie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dissoziation (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissotsiatsioon_(keemia)" title="Dissotsiatsioon (keemia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dissotsiatsioon (keemia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_(%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Διάσταση (χημεία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάσταση (χημεία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disociaci%C3%B3n_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Disociación (química) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disociación (química)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%A9_(%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="تفکیک (شیمی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تفکیک (شیمی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation_(chimie)" title="Dissociation (chimie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dissociation (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADthioms%C3%BA" title="Díthiomsú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Díthiomsú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%A6%AC_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%99)" title="해리 (화학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해리 (화학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="वियोजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वियोजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disosiasi_(kimia)" title="Disosiasi (kimia) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Disosiasi (kimia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociazione_(chimica)" title="Dissociazione (chimica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dissociazione (chimica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_(%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="דיסוציאציה (כימיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיסוציאציה (כימיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disosyasyon_(chimi)" title="Disosyasyon (chimi) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Disosyasyon (chimi)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Диссоциация – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Диссоциация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disociacija_(chemija)" title="Disociacija (chemija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Disociacija (chemija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disszoci%C3%A1ci%C3%B3_(k%C3%A9mia)" title="Disszociáció (kémia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Disszociáció (kémia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociatie_(scheikunde)" title="Dissociatie (scheikunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dissociatie (scheikunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A2_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="解離 (化学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="解離 (化学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissosiasjon_(kjemi)" title="Dissosiasjon (kjemi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dissosiasjon (kjemi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissosiasjon_i_kjemi" title="Dissosiasjon i kjemi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dissosiasjon i kjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissotsiatsiya" title="Dissotsiatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dissotsiatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissocia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Dissociação (química) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dissociação (química)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disocia%C8%9Bie_(chimie)" title="Disociație (chimie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Disociație (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Диссоциация (химия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диссоциация (химия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Диссоциация – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Диссоциация" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoci%C3%A1cia_(ch%C3%A9mia)" title="Disociácia (chémia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Disociácia (chémia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86_(%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="لێکھەڵوەشان (کیمیا) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لێکھەڵوەشان (کیمیا)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrolitska_disocijacija" title="Elektrolitska disocijacija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Elektrolitska disocijacija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrolitska_disocijacija" title="Elektrolitska disocijacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektrolitska disocijacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissosiaatio_(kemia)" title="Dissosiaatio (kemia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dissosiaatio (kemia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation_(kemi)" title="Dissociation (kemi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dissociation (kemi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr%C4%B1%C5%9Fma_(kimya)" title="Ayrışma (kimya) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ayrışma (kimya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Дисоціація (хімія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дисоціація (хімія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_(%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="تحلیل (کیمیاء) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تحلیل (کیمیاء)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_ly_(h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Phân ly (hóa học) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân ly (hóa học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissotsiats%27uun" title="Dissotsiats'uun – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Dissotsiats'uun" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E8%A7%A3" title="离解 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="离解" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dissociation%22+chemistry">"Dissociation" chemistry</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dissociation%22+chemistry+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dissociation%22+chemistry&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dissociation%22+chemistry+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dissociation%22+chemistry">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dissociation%22+chemistry&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gomberg_dimer_dissociation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dissociation of Gomberg's dimer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gomberg_dimer_dissociation.png/288px-Gomberg_dimer_dissociation.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gomberg_dimer_dissociation.png/432px-Gomberg_dimer_dissociation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gomberg_dimer_dissociation.png/576px-Gomberg_dimer_dissociation.png 2x" data-file-width="3144" data-file-height="882" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Dissociation of <a href="/wiki/Gomberg%27s_dimer" title="Gomberg's dimer">Gomberg's dimer</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphoric_acid_dissociation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dissociation diagram of phosphoric acid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Phosphoric_acid_dissociation.png/288px-Phosphoric_acid_dissociation.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Phosphoric_acid_dissociation.png/432px-Phosphoric_acid_dissociation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Phosphoric_acid_dissociation.png/576px-Phosphoric_acid_dissociation.png 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="1216" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Dissociation diagram of <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Dissociation</b> in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">complexes</a>) separate or split into other things such as atoms, ions, or <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radicals</a>, usually in a reversible manner. For instance, when an <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> dissolves in water, a <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bond</a> between an <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegative</a> atom and a hydrogen atom is broken by <a href="/wiki/Heterolytic_fission" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterolytic fission">heterolytic fission</a>, which gives a proton (H<sup>+</sup>) and a negative <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a>. Dissociation is the opposite of <b>association</b> or <b>recombination</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissociation_constant">Dissociation constant</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissociation_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dissociation constant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_constant" title="Dissociation constant">Dissociation constant</a></div> <p>For reversible dissociations in a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium">chemical equilibrium</a> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {AB <=> A + B}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>AB</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <mtext>A</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>B</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {AB <=> A + B}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca781635db7d44d700981e14923abd056816ccce" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:14.266ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {AB <=> A + B}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>the <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_constant" title="Dissociation constant">dissociation constant</a> <i>K</i><sub>d</sub> is the ratio of dissociated to undissociated compound </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{d}=\mathrm {\frac {[A][B]}{[AB]}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{d}=\mathrm {\frac {[A][B]}{[AB]}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f2858088b9c087e2c80db047a8f4c1939242460b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:12.976ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{d}=\mathrm {\frac {[A][B]}{[AB]}} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>where the brackets denote the equilibrium concentrations of the species.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissociation_degree">Dissociation degree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissociation_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dissociation degree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dissociation degree <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span> is the fraction of original solute molecules that have dissociated. It is usually indicated by the Greek symbol α. More accurately, degree of dissociation refers to the amount of solute dissociated into ions or radicals per mole. In case of very strong acids and bases, degree of dissociation will be close to 1. Less powerful acids and bases will have lesser degree of dissociation. There is a simple relationship between this parameter and the <a href="/wiki/Van_%27t_Hoff_factor" title="Van 't Hoff factor">van 't Hoff factor</a> <b><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span></b>. If the solute substance dissociates into <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> ions, then </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i=1+\alpha (n-1)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i=1+\alpha (n-1)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6727544fcf66acc52fb8c0d7a05379f9c75656c4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.598ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i=1+\alpha (n-1)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>For instance, for the following dissociation </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {KCl <=> K+ + Cl-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>KCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>K</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {KCl <=> K+ + Cl-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/921f3fac39323b13d213f00e25d523f34244e032" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:18.776ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {KCl <=> K+ + Cl-}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>As <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a02c8bd752d2cc859747ca1f3a508281bdbc3b34" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=2}"></span>, we would have that <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i=1+\alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i=1+\alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6ed9d5504b79e79be975cad562c582a0588f5774" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.391ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i=1+\alpha }"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salts">Salts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissociation_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Salts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Solubility_equilibrium" title="Solubility equilibrium">Solubility equilibrium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv/220px--Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="54" data-mwtitle="Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv/Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv/Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv/Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv/Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv/Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv/Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv/Dissolution_of_sodium_chloride_crystal_under_a_microscope.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A video of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> crystals dissolving and dissociating in water</figcaption></figure> <p>The dissociation of salts by <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">solvation</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Water_(molecule)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (molecule)">water</a>, means the separation of the <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cations</a>. The salt can be recovered by <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> of the solvent. </p><p>An <i><a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a></i> refers to a substance that contains free ions and can be used as an <a href="/wiki/Electrically_conductive" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrically conductive">electrically conductive</a> medium. Most of the solute does not dissociate in a weak electrolyte, whereas in a strong electrolyte a higher ratio of solute dissociates to form free ions. </p><p>A weak electrolyte is a substance whose solute exists in solution mostly in the form of molecules (which are said to be "undissociated"), with only a small fraction in the form of ions. Simply because a substance does not readily dissolve does not make it a weak electrolyte. <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>COOH</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>+</span><span>4</span></span></span>) are good examples. Acetic acid is extremely soluble in water, but most of the compound dissolves into molecules, rendering it a weak electrolyte. Weak bases and weak acids are generally weak electrolytes. In an aqueous solution there will be some <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>COOH</span> and some <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>COO<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>. </p><p>A strong electrolyte is a solute that exists in solution completely or nearly completely as ions. Again, the strength of an electrolyte is defined as the percentage of solute that is ions, rather than molecules. The higher the percentage, the stronger the electrolyte. Thus, even if a substance is not very soluble, but does dissociate completely into ions, the substance is defined as a strong electrolyte. Similar logic applies to a weak electrolyte. Strong acids and bases are good examples, such as HCl and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>. These will all exist as ions in an aqueous medium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gases">Gases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissociation_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The degree of dissociation in <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> is denoted by the symbol <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">α</span>, where <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">α</span> refers to the percentage of gas molecules which dissociate. Various relationships between <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">K<sub>p</sub></span> and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">α</span> exist depending on the <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometry</a> of the equation. The example of <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">dinitrogen tetroxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) dissociating to <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) will be taken. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {N2O4 <=> 2NO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {N2O4 <=> 2NO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef43d60f01bae491ce42f2d38a77d38899516520" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:16.463ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {N2O4 <=> 2NO2}}}"></span> </p><p>If the initial concentration of dinitrogen tetroxide is 1 <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a> per <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a>, this will decrease by <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">α</span> at equilibrium giving, by stoichiometry, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">α</span> moles of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>. The <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_constant" title="Equilibrium constant">equilibrium constant</a> (in terms of pressure) is given by the equation <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{p}={\frac {p{\bigl (}{\ce {NO2}}{\bigr )}^{2}}{p\,{\ce {N2O4}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN"> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE"> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{p}={\frac {p{\bigl (}{\ce {NO2}}{\bigr )}^{2}}{p\,{\ce {N2O4}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d895d854babf8ca984ebd4b72ee442c629ebfbe4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:15.926ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{p}={\frac {p{\bigl (}{\ce {NO2}}{\bigr )}^{2}}{p\,{\ce {N2O4}}}}}"></span> </p><p>where <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">p</span> represents the <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a>. Hence, through the definition of partial pressure and using <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">p<sub>T</sub></span> to represent the total pressure and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">x</span> to represent the <a href="/wiki/Mole_fraction" title="Mole fraction">mole fraction</a>; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{p}={\frac {p_{T}^{2}{\bigl (}x\,{\ce {NO2}}{\bigr )}^{2}}{p_{T}\cdot x\,{\ce {N2O4}}}}={\frac {p_{T}{\bigl (}x\,{\ce {NO2}}{\bigr )}^{2}}{x\,{\ce {N2O4}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN"> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE"> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN"> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE"> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{p}={\frac {p_{T}^{2}{\bigl (}x\,{\ce {NO2}}{\bigr )}^{2}}{p_{T}\cdot x\,{\ce {N2O4}}}}={\frac {p_{T}{\bigl (}x\,{\ce {NO2}}{\bigr )}^{2}}{x\,{\ce {N2O4}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/71a4bb7d31bdaea18ea8f56ebc50df04e8dbef86" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:35.031ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{p}={\frac {p_{T}^{2}{\bigl (}x\,{\ce {NO2}}{\bigr )}^{2}}{p_{T}\cdot x\,{\ce {N2O4}}}}={\frac {p_{T}{\bigl (}x\,{\ce {NO2}}{\bigr )}^{2}}{x\,{\ce {N2O4}}}}}"></span> </p><p>The total number of moles at equilibrium is <span class="texhtml">(1 – <i>α</i>) + 2<i>α</i></span>, which is equivalent to <span class="texhtml">1 + <i>α</i></span>. Thus, substituting the mole fractions with actual values in term of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">α</span> and simplifying; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{p}={\frac {p_{T}(4\alpha ^{2})}{(1+\alpha )(1-\alpha )}}={\frac {p_{T}(4\alpha ^{2})}{1-\alpha ^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>α</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>α</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>α</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{p}={\frac {p_{T}(4\alpha ^{2})}{(1+\alpha )(1-\alpha )}}={\frac {p_{T}(4\alpha ^{2})}{1-\alpha ^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/428e92f1cc89d7e7575875669db11e50187e50e9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:33.573ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{p}={\frac {p_{T}(4\alpha ^{2})}{(1+\alpha )(1-\alpha )}}={\frac {p_{T}(4\alpha ^{2})}{1-\alpha ^{2}}}}"></span> </p><p>This equation is in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Le_Chatelier%27s_principle" title="Le Chatelier's principle">Le Chatelier's principle</a>. <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">K<sub>p</sub></span> will remain constant with temperature. The addition of pressure to the system will increase the value of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">p<sub>T</sub></span>, so <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">α</span> must decrease to keep <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">K<sub>p</sub></span> constant. In fact, increasing the pressure of the equilibrium favours a shift to the left favouring the formation of dinitrogen tetroxide (as on this side of the equilibrium there is less pressure since pressure is proportional to number of moles) hence decreasing the extent of dissociation <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">α</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acids_in_aqueous_solution">Acids in aqueous solution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissociation_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Acids in aqueous solution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acid dissociation constant</a></div> <p>The reaction of an acid in water solvent is often described as a dissociation </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HA <=> H+ + A-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>HA</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>A</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HA <=> H+ + A-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f7495efc7639cfaaeed95f8c49fd6d6c7a34a55e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:17.482ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HA <=> H+ + A-}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where HA is a proton acid such as acetic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>COOH. The double arrow means that this is an equilibrium process, with dissociation and recombination occurring at the same time. This implies that the <a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">acid dissociation constant</a> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\ce {a}}={\ce {\frac {[H^{+}][A^{-}]}{[HA]}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>a</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mtext>A</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>HA</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\ce {a}}={\ce {\frac {[H^{+}][A^{-}]}{[HA]}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2336c8a3765ce089428093d9cdc295e264635dee" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:16.057ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\ce {a}}={\ce {\frac {[H^{+}][A^{-}]}{[HA]}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>However a more explicit description is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nsted%E2%80%93Lowry_acid%E2%80%93base_theory" title="Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory">Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory</a>, which specifies that the <i>proton</i> H+ does not exist as such in solution but is instead <i>accepted</i> by (bonded to) a water molecule to form the <a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">hydronium</a> ion H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>. </p><p>The reaction can therefore be written as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HA + H2O <=> H3O+ + A-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>HA</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>A</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HA + H2O <=> H3O+ + A-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/93058825f1589984306033f18d1cbfe9c8721f2b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.791ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HA + H2O <=> H3O+ + A-}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>and better described as an <i>ionization</i> or formation of ions (for the case when HA has no net charge). The equilibrium constant is then </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\ce {a}}={\ce {\frac {[H_{3}O^{+}][A^{-}]}{[HA]}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>a</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mtext>A</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>HA</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\ce {a}}={\ce {\frac {[H_{3}O^{+}][A^{-}]}{[HA]}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/118a77c4dd2a3573219844c4435c9a442315e5a0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:18.919ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\ce {a}}={\ce {\frac {[H_{3}O^{+}][A^{-}]}{[HA]}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {[H_2O]}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {[H_2O]}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5fa7eafbdbd79211efe80b9ff1d841656328040" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.899ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {[H_2O]}}}"></span> is not included because in dilute solution the solvent is essentially a pure liquid with a <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_activity" title="Thermodynamic activity">thermodynamic activity</a> of one.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 668">: 668 </span></sup> </p><p>K<sub>a</sub> is variously named a <i>dissociation constant</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <i>acid ionization constant</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 668">: 668 </span></sup> an <i>acidity constant</i><sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or an <i>ionization constant</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 708">: 708 </span></sup> It serves as an indicator of the acid strength: stronger acids have a higher <i>K</i><sub>a</sub> value (and a lower p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> value). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fragmentation">Fragmentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissociation_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fragmentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragmentation (chemistry)">Fragmentation</a> of a molecule can take place by a process of <a href="/wiki/Heterolysis_(chemistry)" title="Heterolysis (chemistry)">heterolysis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Homolysis_(chemistry)" title="Homolysis (chemistry)">homolysis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Receptors">Receptors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissociation_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptors</a> are <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> that bind small <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a>. The dissociation constant <i>K</i><sub>d</sub> is used as indicator of the <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">affinity</a> of the ligand to the receptor. The higher the affinity of the ligand for the receptor the lower the <i>K</i><sub>d</sub> value (and the higher the p<i>K</i><sub>d</sub> value). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissociation_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bond-dissociation_energy" title="Bond-dissociation energy">Bond-dissociation energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation" title="Photodissociation">Photodissociation</a>, dissociation of molecules by photons (light, gamma rays, x-rays)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiolysis" title="Radiolysis">Radiolysis</a>, dissociation of molecules by ionizing radiation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_decomposition" title="Thermal decomposition">Thermal decomposition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissociation_(chemistry)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Atkins-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Atkins P. and de Paula J. <i>Physical Chemistry</i> (8th ed. W.H.Freeman 2006) p.763 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-8759-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-8759-4">978-0-7167-8759-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrucciHarwoodHerring2002" class="citation book cs1">Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geoffrey (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00hill"><i>General chemistry: principles and modern applications</i></a></span> (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-014329-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-014329-7"><bdi>978-0-13-014329-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001032331">2001032331</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46872308">46872308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+chemistry%3A+principles+and+modern+applications&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46872308&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001032331&rft.isbn=978-0-13-014329-7&rft.aulast=Petrucci&rft.aufirst=Ralph+H.&rft.au=Harwood%2C+William+S.&rft.au=Herring%2C+F.+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralchemistry00hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissociation+%28chemistry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Laidler" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith Laidler">Laidler K.J.</a> <i>Physical Chemistry with Biological Applications</i> (Benjamin/Cummings) 1978, p.307 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-5680-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-5680-9">978-0-8053-5680-9</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Dissociation (chemistry) - Wikipedia