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mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99s_kimyas%C4%B1" title="Səs kimyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səs kimyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гукахімія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гукахімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonochemie" title="Sonochemie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sonochemie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, the study of <b>sonochemistry</b> is concerned with understanding the effect of <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> in forming acoustic <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a> in liquids, resulting in the initiation or enhancement of the chemical activity in the solution.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the chemical effects of ultrasound do not come from a direct interaction of the ultrasonic sound wave with the <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> in the solution. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonochemistry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The influence of sonic waves travelling through liquids was first reported by <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Wood" title="Robert W. Wood">Robert Williams Wood</a> (1868–1955) and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lee_Loomis" title="Alfred Lee Loomis">Alfred Lee Loomis</a> (1887–1975) in 1927. The experiment was about the frequency of the energy that it took for sonic waves to "penetrate" the barrier of water. He came to the conclusion that sound does travel faster in water, but because of the water's <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> compared to Earth's <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> it was incredibly hard to get the sonic waves to couple their energy into the water. Due to the sudden density change, much of the energy is lost, similar to shining a flashlight towards a piece of glass; some of the light is transmitted into the glass, but much of it is lost to reflection outwards. Similarly with an air-water interface, almost all of the sound is reflected off the water, instead of being transmitted into it. After much research they decided that the best way to disperse sound into the water was to create bubbles at the same time as the sound. Another issue was the ratio of the amount of time it took for the lower frequency waves to penetrate the bubbles walls and access the water around the bubble, compared to the time from that point to the point on the other end of the body of water. But despite the revolutionary ideas of this article it was left mostly unnoticed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sonochemistry experienced a renaissance in the 1980s with the advent of inexpensive and reliable generators of high-intensity ultrasound, most based around <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">piezoelectric</a> elements.<sup id="cite_ref-Suslick1989_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suslick1989-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_principles">Physical principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonochemistry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sound waves propagating through a liquid at ultrasonic frequencies have wavelengths many times longer than the molecular dimensions or the bond length between atoms in the molecule. Therefore, the sound wave cannot directly affect the vibrational energy of the bond, and can therefore not directly increase the internal energy of a molecule.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Annual_Reviews_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Reviews-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, sonochemistry arises from acoustic <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a>: the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in a liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-Suslick1989_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suslick1989-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collapse of these bubbles is an almost <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabatic">adiabatic</a> process, thereby resulting in the massive build-up of energy inside the bubble, resulting in extremely high temperatures and pressures in a microscopic region of the <a href="/wiki/Sonication" title="Sonication">sonicated</a> liquid. The high temperatures and pressures result in the chemical excitation of any matter within or very near the bubble as it rapidly implodes. A broad variety of outcomes can result from acoustic <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a> including <a href="/wiki/Sonoluminescence" title="Sonoluminescence">sonoluminescence</a>, increased chemical activity in the solution due to the formation of primary and secondary radical reactions, and increased chemical activity through the formation of new, relatively stable chemical species that can diffuse further into the solution to create chemical effects (for example, the formation of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> from the combination of two <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radicals</a> following the dissociation of water vapor within collapsing bubbles when water is exposed to ultrasound). </p><p>Upon irradiation with high intensity sound or ultrasound, acoustic cavitation usually occurs. Cavitation – the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles irradiated with sound — is the impetus for sonochemistry and <a href="/wiki/Sonoluminescence" title="Sonoluminescence">sonoluminescence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leighton,_T.G._The_Acoustic_Bubble_1994,_pp.531-555_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leighton,_T.G._The_Acoustic_Bubble_1994,_pp.531-555-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bubble collapse in liquids produces enormous amounts of energy from the conversion of <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of the liquid motion into heating the contents of the bubble. The compression of the bubbles during cavitation is more rapid than thermal transport, which generates a short-lived localized hot-spot. Experimental results have shown that these bubbles have temperatures around 5000 K, pressures of roughly 1000 atm, and heating and cooling rates above 10<sup>10</sup> K/s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cavitations can create extreme physical and chemical conditions in otherwise cold liquids. </p><p>With liquids containing solids, similar phenomena may occur with exposure to ultrasound. Once cavitation occurs near an extended solid surface, cavity collapse is nonspherical and drives high-speed jets of liquid to the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Leighton,_T.G._The_Acoustic_Bubble_1994,_pp.531-555_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leighton,_T.G._The_Acoustic_Bubble_1994,_pp.531-555-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These jets and associated shock waves can damage the now highly heated surface. Liquid-powder suspensions produce high velocity interparticle collisions. These collisions can change the surface <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, composition, and reactivity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sonochemical_reactions">Sonochemical reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonochemistry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sonochemical reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three classes of sonochemical reactions exist: <a href="/wiki/Homogeneity_and_heterogeneity" title="Homogeneity and heterogeneity">homogeneous</a> sonochemistry of liquids, <a href="/wiki/Homogeneity_and_heterogeneity" title="Homogeneity and heterogeneity">heterogeneous</a> sonochemistry of liquid-liquid or solid–liquid systems, and, overlapping with the aforementioned, <a href="/wiki/Sonocatalysis" title="Sonocatalysis">sonocatalysis</a> (the catalysis or increasing the rate of a chemical reaction with ultrasound).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sonoluminescence" title="Sonoluminescence">Sonoluminescence</a> is a consequence of the same cavitation phenomena that are responsible for homogeneous sonochemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Annual_Reviews_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Reviews-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chemical enhancement of reactions by ultrasound has been explored and has beneficial applications in mixed phase synthesis, materials chemistry, and <a href="/wiki/Biomedicine" title="Biomedicine">biomedical</a> uses. Because cavitation can only occur in liquids, chemical reactions are not seen in the ultrasonic irradiation of solids or solid–gas systems. </p><p>For example, in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">chemical kinetics</a>, it has been observed that ultrasound can greatly enhance chemical reactivity in a number of systems by as much as a million-fold;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> effectively acting to activate <a href="/wiki/Homogeneity_and_heterogeneity" title="Homogeneity and heterogeneity">heterogeneous</a> catalysts. In addition, in reactions at liquid-solid interfaces, ultrasound breaks up the solid pieces and exposes active clean surfaces through microjet pitting from cavitation near the surfaces and from fragmentation of solids by cavitation collapse nearby. This gives the solid reactant a larger surface area of active surfaces for the reaction to proceed over, increasing the observed rate of reaction.,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the application of ultrasound often generates mixtures of products, a paper published in 2007 in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> described the use of ultrasound to selectively affect a certain <a href="/wiki/Cyclobutane" title="Cyclobutane">cyclobutane</a> ring-opening reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Atul_Kumar_(chemist)" title="Atul Kumar (chemist)">Atul Kumar</a> has reported multicomponent reaction Hantzsch ester synthesis in Aqueous Micelles using ultrasound.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some water pollutants, especially chlorinated organic compounds, can be destroyed sonochemically.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sonochemistry can be performed by using a bath (usually used for <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasonic cleaning</a>) or with a high power probe, called an <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_horn" title="Ultrasonic horn">ultrasonic horn</a>, which funnels and couples a <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">piezoelectric</a> element's energy into the water, concentrated at one (typically small) point. </p><p>Sonochemistry can also be used to weld metals which are not normally feasible to join, or form novel alloys on a metal surface. This is distantly related to the method of calibrating ultrasonic cleaners using a sheet of aluminium foil and counting the holes. The holes formed are a result of microjet pitting resulting from cavitation near the surface, as mentioned previously. Due to the aluminium foil's thinness and weakness, the cavitation quickly results in fragmentation and destruction of the foil. </p><p>A new generation of sonochemistry is harnessing the advantages of functional, ferroelectric materials, to further enhance chemistry in a sonochemical reactor in an emerging process called piezocatalysis.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonochemistry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonication" title="Sonication">Sonication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasonics">Ultrasonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_homogenizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasonic homogenizer">ultrasonic homogenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogenizer" title="Homogenizer">homogenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogenization_(chemistry)" title="Homogenization (chemistry)">Homogenization (chemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoelectrochemistry" title="Sonoelectrochemistry">Sonoelectrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Suslick" title="Kenneth S. Suslick">Kenneth S. Suslick</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonochemistry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSuslick1990" class="citation journal cs1">Suslick, K. S. (1990). "Sonochemistry". <i>Science</i>. <b>247</b> (4949): 1439–45. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Sci...247.1439S">1990Sci...247.1439S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.247.4949.1439">10.1126/science.247.4949.1439</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17791211">17791211</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220099341">220099341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Sonochemistry&rft.volume=247&rft.issue=4949&rft.pages=1439-45&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.247.4949.1439&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220099341%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17791211&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Sci...247.1439S&rft.aulast=Suslick&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonochemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodLoomis1927" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, R.W.; Loomis, Alfred L. (1927). "The physical and biological effects of high-frequency sound-waves of great intensity". <i>The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science</i>. <b>4</b> (22). Informa UK Limited: 417–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440908564348">10.1080/14786440908564348</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-5982">1941-5982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London%2C+Edinburgh%2C+and+Dublin+Philosophical+Magazine+and+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+physical+and+biological+effects+of+high-frequency+sound-waves+of+great+intensity&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=417-436&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786440908564348&rft.issn=1941-5982&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft.au=Loomis%2C+Alfred+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonochemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suslick1989-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suslick1989_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suslick1989_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuslick1989" class="citation journal cs1">Suslick, Kenneth S. (1989). "The Chemical Effects of Ultrasound". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>260</b> (2). Springer Nature: 80–86. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989SciAm.260b..80S">1989SciAm.260b..80S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0289-80">10.1038/scientificamerican0289-80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733">0036-8733</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:124890298">124890298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Chemical+Effects+of+Ultrasound&rft.volume=260&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=80-86&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0289-80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A124890298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0036-8733&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989SciAm.260b..80S&rft.aulast=Suslick&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonochemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuslick1990" class="citation journal cs1">Suslick, K. S. (23 March 1990). "Sonochemistry". <i>Science</i>. <b>247</b> (4949). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1439–1445. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Sci...247.1439S">1990Sci...247.1439S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.247.4949.1439">10.1126/science.247.4949.1439</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17791211">17791211</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220099341">220099341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Sonochemistry&rft.volume=247&rft.issue=4949&rft.pages=1439-1445&rft.date=1990-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220099341%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Sci...247.1439S&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.247.4949.1439&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17791211&rft.aulast=Suslick&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonochemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Annual_Reviews-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Annual_Reviews_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Annual_Reviews_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuslickFlannigan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Suslick, Kenneth S.; Flannigan, David J. (2008). "Inside a Collapsing Bubble: Sonoluminescence and the Conditions During Cavitation". <i>Annual Review of Physical Chemistry</i>. <b>59</b> (1). 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MDPI AG: 28–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fw2010028">10.3390/w2010028</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2073-4441">2073-4441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water&rft.atitle=Sonochemical+Treatment+of+Water+Polluted+by+Chlorinated+Organocompounds.+A+Review&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-74&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fw2010028&rft.issn=2073-4441&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=S%C3%A1ez%2C+Ver%C3%B3nica&rft.au=Tudela%2C+Ignacio&rft.au=D%C3%ADez-Garcia%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Isabel&rft.au=Deseada+Esclapez%2C+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Louisnard%2C+Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fw2010028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonochemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nan Meng, Wei Liu, Ruyu Jiang, Yu Zhang, Steve Dunn, Jiyue Wu, Haixue Yan Fundamentals, advances and perspectives of piezocatalysis: a marriage of solid-state physics and catalytic chemistry <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2023.101161">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2023.101161</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Shuchen Tu, Yuxi Guo, Yihe Zhang, Cheng Hu, Tierui Zhang, Tianyi Ma, Hongwei Huang Piezocatalysis and Piezo-Photocatalysis: Catalysts Classification and Modification Strategy, Reaction Mechanism, and Practical Application <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202005158">https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202005158</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonochemistry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/suslick/sonochemistry.html">The Chemical and Physical Effects of Ultrasound by Prof. K. S. Suslick</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.organic-chemistry.org/topics/sonochemistry.shtm">Sonochemistry – Short Review and Recent Literature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/q0037">Sonochemistry: New Opportunities for Green Chemistry by Gregory Chatel (Université Savoie Mont Blanc, France)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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