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id="toc-Treaty_of_Lausanne_initial_borders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_transfer_between_Greece_and_Turkey,_1923" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_transfer_between_Greece_and_Turkey,_1923"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Population transfer between Greece and Turkey, 1923</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_transfer_between_Greece_and_Turkey,_1923-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expulsions_from_Balkans_&_Russia,_1925–1961" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsions_from_Balkans_&_Russia,_1925–1961"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Expulsions from Balkans & Russia, 1925–1961</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsions_from_Balkans_&_Russia,_1925–1961-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expulsions_from_Cyprus_&_Cyprus_Emergency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsions_from_Cyprus_&_Cyprus_Emergency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Expulsions from Cyprus & Cyprus Emergency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsions_from_Cyprus_&_Cyprus_Emergency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulf_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Gulf War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Big_Excursion,_1988–1994" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Big_Excursion,_1988–1994"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Big Excursion, 1988–1994</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Big_Excursion,_1988–1994-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey's_migration_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey's_migration_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Turkey's migration crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey's_migration_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Citizenship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citizenship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citizenship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkey_Citizenship_by_Investment_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey_Citizenship_by_Investment_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Turkey Citizenship by Investment Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey_Citizenship_by_Investment_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Protections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Protections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Protections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Protections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bi-and_multi-lateral_dialog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bi-and_multi-lateral_dialog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bi-and multi-lateral dialog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bi-and_multi-lateral_dialog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visa_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visa_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Visa System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visa_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drugs-Crime-Sexual_exploitation_of_immigrants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drugs-Crime-Sexual_exploitation_of_immigrants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Drugs-Crime-Sexual exploitation of immigrants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drugs-Crime-Sexual_exploitation_of_immigrants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Immigration rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Immigration categories</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Russians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> 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interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiy%C9%99y%C9%99_k%C3%B6%C3%A7l%C9%99r" title="Türkiyəyə köçlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkiyəyə köçlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_en_Turquie" title="Immigration en Turquie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Immigration en Turquie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Доселување во Турција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/110px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/165px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/220px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey#Legislative_branch" title="Politics of Turkey">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a> (Parliament) <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Speaker of the Grand National Assembly">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Numan_Kurtulmu%C5%9F" title="Numan Kurtulmuş">Numan Kurtulmuş</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Main_Opposition_Leaders_of_Turkey" title="List of the Main Opposition Leaders of Turkey">Leader of the Main Opposition</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_%C3%96zel" title="Özgür Özel">Özgür Özel</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey#Executive_branch" title="Politics of Turkey">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Turkey" title="List of presidents of Turkey">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Turkey" title="Vice President of Turkey">Vice President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cevdet_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Cevdet Yılmaz">Cevdet Yılmaz</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_Turkey" title="List of cabinets of Turkey">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Erdo%C4%9Fan_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Erdoğan V">Current cabinet (67th)</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Turkey" title="Ministries of Turkey">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Turkey)" title="National Security Council (Turkey)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(Turkey)" title="Governor (Turkey)">Governors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/wiki/Kadir_%C3%96zkaya" title="Kadir Özkaya">Kadir Özkaya</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Akarca" title="Mehmet Akarca">Mehmet Akarca</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_System_in_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Turkish_Court_of_Accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal System in the Republic of Turkey">Court of Accounts</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metin_Yener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metin Yener (page does not exist)">Metin Yener</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeki_Yi%C4%9Fit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeki Yiğit (page does not exist)">Zeki Yiğit</a></dd></dl></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_cycle_of_Turkey" title="Electoral cycle of Turkey">Electoral cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Election_Council_(Turkey)" title="Supreme Election Council (Turkey)">Supreme Election Council</a></li> <li>Recent elections <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Turkish_general_election" title="November 2015 Turkish general election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Turkish_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Turkish parliamentary election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Turkish_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Turkish parliamentary election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2014 Turkish presidential election">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2018 Turkish presidential election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2023 Turkish presidential election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey#Local_elections" title="Elections in Turkey">Local</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Turkish_local_elections" title="2014 Turkish local elections">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_local_elections" title="2019 Turkish local elections">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Turkish_local_elections" title="2024 Turkish local elections">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendum</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Turkish constitutional referendum">2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Turkish constitutional referendum">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">2017</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hakan_Fidan" title="Hakan Fidan">Hakan Fidan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_foreign_affairs_of_Turkey" title="List of ministers of foreign affairs of Turkey">list</a>)</dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Turkey" title="List of diplomatic missions of Turkey">Diplomatic missions of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Turkey" title="List of diplomatic missions in Turkey">Diplomatic missions in Turkey</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationality_law" title="Turkish nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_passport" title="Turkish passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Turkish_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Turkish citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Turkey" title="Visa policy of Turkey">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey%27s_membership_of_international_organizations" title="Turkey's membership of international organizations">Membership of international<br />organizations</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_United_Nations" title="Turkey and the United Nations">Turkey and the United Nations</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Turkey_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations">Permanent Representative</a></dd></dl></li> <li>European Union <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Accession</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey–European Union relations">relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_Customs_Union" title="European Union–Turkey Customs Union">Customs Union</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">History of the Republic</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Turkey" title="Template:Politics of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Politics of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFAD_Kilis_kamp%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AFAD_Kilis_kamp%C4%B1.jpg/220px-AFAD_Kilis_kamp%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AFAD_Kilis_kamp%C4%B1.jpg/330px-AFAD_Kilis_kamp%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AFAD_Kilis_kamp%C4%B1.jpg/440px-AFAD_Kilis_kamp%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="1883" /></a><figcaption>Syrian refugees at <a href="/wiki/Kilis_Oncupinar_Accommodation_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilis Oncupinar Accommodation Facility">Kilis Oncupinar Accommodation Facility</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Immigration to Türkiye</b> is the process by which people <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migrate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to reside in the country. Many, but not all, become <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationality_law" title="Turkish nationality law">Turkish citizens</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">dissolution of the Ottoman Empire</a> and following <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">exodus</a> by the large portion of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> peoples from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Balkans" title="Turks in the Balkans">Balkan Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a>), <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz people">Abkhazians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajarians">Ajarians</a>, '<a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>', <a href="/wiki/Chechen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen people">Chechens</a>), <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatar diaspora</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Roma">Muslim Roma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallahades" title="Vallahades">Vallahades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Nantinets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Cretan Turks</a>) took refuge in present-day Türkiye and moulded the country's fundamental features. Trends of immigration towards Türkiye continue to this day, although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> movements. <a href="/wiki/Turkey%27s_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey's migrant crisis">Turkey's migrant crisis</a> is a following period since the 2010s, characterized by high numbers of people arriving and settling in Türkiye. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three Names in Turkish for Balkan Turks and other Muslims of former Ottoman Empire to describe the Immigrants who went to Turkey. </p> <ul><li><b>Muhacir</b> (Muslims from Balkans and Caucasus in Ottoman Empire)</li> <li><b>Mübadil</b> (Muslims from Greece in 1923 from Greece to Turkey)</li> <li><b>Göçmen</b> (Muslims from Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, Cyprus, Greece after 1930 to Turkey).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhajir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Muhajir.jpg/250px-Muhajir.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Muhajir.jpg/375px-Muhajir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Muhajir.jpg/500px-Muhajir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Muhacirs arriving in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, in 1912. They are the estimated 10 million <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> citizens, and their descendants born after the onset of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacir</a></div> <p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was the primary destination for <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> refugees from areas conquered—or re-conquered—by Christian powers, notably <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> areas, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. Nonetheless, the Ottoman Empire was also a popular destination for non-Muslim refugees: the most obvious examples are the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> given refuge mainly in the 16th century with the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Diaspora">expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal</a> (<i>as well as before and afterwards</i>), whose descendants form the core of the community of <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Turkey">Jews in Turkey</a> today; and the village of <a href="/wiki/Polonezk%C3%B6y" title="Polonezköy">Polonezköy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. From the 1930s to 2016 migration added two million Muslims in Turkey. The majority of these immigrants were the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Turks">Balkan Turks</a> who faced harassment and discrimination in their homelands.<sup id="cite_ref-Çaǧatay_2006_loc=82_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Çaǧatay_2006_loc=82-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New waves of Turks and other Muslims expelled from <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> between 1951 and 1953 were followed to Turkey by another exodus from Bulgaria in 1983–89, bringing the total of immigrants to nearly ten million people.<sup id="cite_ref-Karpat_2004_loc=612_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karpat_2004_loc=612-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a> have emigrated to Turkey from the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> states (particularly in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> – after the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a> in 2014), and many <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen</a> have taken refuge in Turkey due to the recent <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003-2011) and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> (2011–present). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Colonial_Migration_Crisis,_1522–1701"><span id="Pre-Colonial_Migration_Crisis.2C_1522.E2.80.931701"></span>Pre-Colonial Migration Crisis, 1522–1701</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Colonial Migration Crisis, 1522–1701"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkey's first migration crisis began in 1522, when <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Ibn Kemal</a> (an Ottoman Historian) recorded his findings of an estimated 6.2 million Turkish citizens migrating from Cyrenaican, Middle Arabian, Iraqi and Lebanese territories to northern and southern European territories, such as Spain, Italy, France, and to an extent Germany. The cause for the mass immigration is thought to be due to the governmental suppression of rights for non-Turkish and Anatolian Arabians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Lausanne_initial_borders">Treaty of Lausanne initial borders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Treaty of Lausanne initial borders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A decision taken by the Turkish Government at the end of 1925, for instance, noted that the Turks of Cyprus had, according to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, the right to emigrate to the republic, and therefore, families that so emigrated would be given a house and sufficient land.<sup id="cite_ref-Nevzat_2005_loc=276_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevzat_2005_loc=276-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic motives played an important part in the Turkish Cypriot migration wave as conditions for the poor in Cyprus during the 1920s were especially harsh. Enthusiasm to emigrate to Turkey was inflated by the euphoria that followed the creation of the Republic of Turkey and later of promises of assistance to Turks who emigrated. The precise number of those who emigrated to Turkey remains unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Nevzat_2005_loc=280_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevzat_2005_loc=280-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The press in Turkey reported in mid-1927 that of those who had opted for Turkish nationality, 5,000–6,000 Turkish Cypriots had already settled in Turkey. However, many <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a> had already emigrated even before the rights accorded to them under the Treaty of Lausanne had come into force.<sup id="cite_ref-Nevzat_2005_loc=281_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevzat_2005_loc=281-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. John-Jones tried to accurately estimate the true demographic impact of Turkish Cypriot emigration to Turkey between 1881–1931. He supposed that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[I]f the Turkish-Cypriot community had, like the Greek-Cypriots, increased by 101 per cent between 1881 and 1931, it would have totalled 91,300 in 1931 – 27,000 more than the number enumerated. Is it possible that so many Turkish-Cypriots emigrated in the fifty-year period? Taken together, the considerations just mentioned suggest that it probably was. From a base of 45,000 in 1881, emigration of anything like 27,000 persons seems huge, but after subtracting the known 5,000 of the 1920s, the balance represents an average annual outflow of some 500 – not enough, probably, to concern the community’s leaders, evoke official comment, or be documented in any way which survives today.<sup id="cite_ref-St._John-Jones_1983_loc=56_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St._John-Jones_1983_loc=56-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_transfer_between_Greece_and_Turkey,_1923"><span id="Population_transfer_between_Greece_and_Turkey.2C_1923"></span>Population transfer between Greece and Turkey, 1923</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Population transfer between Greece and Turkey, 1923"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a> brought 400,000. In 1923, more than half a million Muslims of various nationalities arrived from Greece as part of the <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a> between Greece and Turkey (the population exchange was not based on ethnicity, but by religious affiliation; as Turkey was seen as a Muslim country while Greece was viewed as a Christian country). </p><p> An article published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> on December 5, 1923, stated that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"…This transfer of populations is made especially difficult by the fact that few if any of the Turks in Greece desire to leave and most of them will resort to every possible expedient to avoid being sent away. A thousand Turks who voluntarily emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> to <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> have sent several deputations to the Greek government asking to be allowed to return. Groups of Turks from all parts of Greece have submitted petitions for exemption. A few weeks ago, a group of <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Turks from Crete</a> came to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> with a request that they be <a href="/wiki/Baptized" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptized">baptized</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Greek_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek church">Greek church</a> and thus be entitled to consideration as Greeks. The government however declined to permit this evasion."<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_2007_loc=158_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_2007_loc=158-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The only exclusions from the forced transfer were the Greeks living in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Turks of Western Thrace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Corni_&_Stark_2008_loc=8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corni_&_Stark_2008_loc=8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining Turks living in Greece have since continuously emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, a process which has been facilitated by Article 19 of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Nationality_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Nationality Law">Greek Nationality Law</a> which the Greek state has used to deny re-entry of Turks who leave the country, even for temporary periods, and deprived them of their citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1923, between 300,000 and 400,000 <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Turks of Western Thrace</a> left the region, most of them went to Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expulsions_from_Balkans_&_Russia,_1925–1961"><span id="Expulsions_from_Balkans_.26_Russia.2C_1925.E2.80.931961"></span>Expulsions from Balkans & Russia, 1925–1961</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Expulsions from Balkans & Russia, 1925–1961"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1925, Turkey continued to accept Turkic-speaking Muslims as immigrants and did not discourage the emigration of members of non-Turkic minorities. More than 90% of all immigrants arrived from the Balkan countries. Turkey continued to receive large numbers of refugees from former Ottoman territories, until the end of Second World War. </p><p>Turkey received 350,000 Turks between 1923 and 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-Heper_&_Criss_2009_loc=91_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heper_&_Criss_2009_loc=91-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1934–45, 229,870 refugees and immigrants came to Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An agreement made, on September 4, 1936, between Romania and Turkey allowed 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Turks">Romanian Turks</a> to leave the <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> region for Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-Corni_&_Stark_2008_loc=55_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corni_&_Stark_2008_loc=55-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1935–40, for example, approximately 124,000 Bulgarians and Romanians of Turkish origin emigrated to Turkey, and between 1954-56 about 35,000 Muslim Slavs emigrated from Yugoslavia. More than 800,000 people came to Turkey between 1923 and 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German and Austrian refugees escaping from Nazism took refugee in Turkey in the 1930s. Around 800 refugees including university professors, scientists, artists and philosophers, sought asylum in Turkey between 1933 and 1945. An additional 160,000 people (mostly <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>) immigrated to Turkey after the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Yugoslavia">Communist Yugoslavia</a> from 1946 to 1961. Since 1961, immigrants from that Yugoslavia amounted to 50,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Heper_&_Criss_2009_loc=92_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heper_&_Criss_2009_loc=92-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1960s, inhabitants living in the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ada_Kaleh" title="Ada Kaleh">Ada Kaleh</a> were forced to leave the island when it was destroyed in order to build the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gate_I_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station">Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station</a>, which caused the extinction of the local community through the migration of all individuals to different parts of Romania and Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-Bercovici_2012_loc=169_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bercovici_2012_loc=169-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1980, Turkey had admitted approximately 1,300,000 immigrants; 36% came from Bulgaria, 25% from Greece<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, 22.1% from Yugoslavia, and 8.9% from Romania. These Balkan immigrants, as well as smaller numbers of Turkic immigrants from Cyprus and the Soviet Union, were granted full citizenship upon their arrival in Turkey. The immigrants were settled primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Marmara_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmara Region">Marmara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Region">Aegean</a> regions (78%) and in <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">Central Anatolia</a> (11.7%).<sup id="cite_ref-Heper_&_Criss_2009_loc=92_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heper_&_Criss_2009_loc=92-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expulsions_from_Cyprus_&_Cyprus_Emergency"><span id="Expulsions_from_Cyprus_.26_Cyprus_Emergency"></span>Expulsions from Cyprus & Cyprus Emergency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Expulsions from Cyprus & Cyprus Emergency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_(process)" title="Conflict (process)">conflict</a> fought in <a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">British Cyprus</a> between 1955 and 1959. According to Ali Suat Bilge, taking into consideration the mass migrations of 1878, the First World War, the 1920s early Turkish Republican era, and the Second World War, overall, a total of approximately 100,000 Turkish Cypriots had left the island for Turkey between 1878–1945.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By August 31, 1955, a statement by Turkey's Minister of State and Acting Foreign Minister, <a href="/wiki/Fatin_R%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BC_Zorlu" title="Fatin Rüştü Zorlu">Fatin Rüştü Zorlu</a>, at the London Conference on Cyprus, stated that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Consequently, today [1955] as well, when we take into account the state of the population in Cyprus, it is not sufficient to say, for instance, that 100,000 Turks live there. One should rather say that 100,000 out of 24,000,000 Turks live there and that 300,000 Turkish Cypriots live in various parts of Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-OPSI_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OPSI-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By 2001 the TRNC Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated that 500,000 Turkish Cypriots were living in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-TRNCInfo_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRNCInfo-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gulf_War">Gulf War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gulf War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_refugees_travel_by_truck,_Turkey,_1991.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kurdish_refugees_travel_by_truck%2C_Turkey%2C_1991.jpeg/300px-Kurdish_refugees_travel_by_truck%2C_Turkey%2C_1991.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kurdish_refugees_travel_by_truck%2C_Turkey%2C_1991.jpeg/450px-Kurdish_refugees_travel_by_truck%2C_Turkey%2C_1991.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kurdish_refugees_travel_by_truck%2C_Turkey%2C_1991.jpeg/600px-Kurdish_refugees_travel_by_truck%2C_Turkey%2C_1991.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurds</a> fleeing to Turkey in April 1991, during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Turkey and Kurdish areas of Iran during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Big_Excursion,_1988–1994"><span id="Big_Excursion.2C_1988.E2.80.931994"></span>Big Excursion, 1988–1994</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Big Excursion, 1988–1994"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks#The_"Big_Excursion"" title="Bulgarian Turks">The "Big Excursion"</a> was, until the <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_Turkey" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey">Syrian refugee crisis of 2011</a>, the most recent immigration influx, and primarily concerned <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Turks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosnian</a> Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, an estimated 320,000 Bulgarian Turks fled to Turkey to escape a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">forced assimilation</a>. Following the collapse of Communism in Bulgaria, the number of Bulgarian Turks seeking refuge in Turkey declined to fewer than 1,000 per month. In fact, the number of Bulgarian Turks who voluntarily repatriated (125,000) actually exceeded new arrivals from the country. By March 1994, a total of 245,000 Bulgarian Turks had been granted Turkish citizenship. However, Turkey no longer regards Bulgarian Turks as refugees. Beginning in 1994, new entrants to Turkey have been detained and deported. As of December 31, 1994, an estimated 20,000 Bosniaks were living in Turkey, mostly in the Istanbul area. About 2,600 were living in camps, the rest were dispersed in private residences. More recent estimates put the number of Bosniaks in Turkey at 3 to 5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey's_migration_crisis"><span id="Turkey.27s_migration_crisis"></span>Turkey's migration crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Turkey's migration crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Turkey%27s_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey's migrant crisis">Turkey's migrant crisis</a> or Turkey's refugee crisis is a period during the 2010s characterized by high numbers of people arriving in Turkey. As reported by UNHCR in 2018, Turkey is hosting 63.4% of all the refugees (from Syria, Africa, and Afghanistan) in the world. As of 2019, <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey">Refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey</a> (3.6 million) are the highest "registered" refugees. <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> has traditionally been a major transit port for illegal immigrants to enter the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, but as Turkey has grown in wealth, it now finds itself a major focal point in illegal immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-setimes1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setimes1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of August 2023, the number of refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey was estimated to be 3,307,882 people. The number of Syrians had decreased by 205,894 people since the beginning of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of May 2023, approximately 96,000 Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">refugees of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> have sought refuge in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, nearly 100 000 Russian citizens migrated to Turkey, becoming the first in the list of foreigners who moved to Turkey, meaning an increase of more than 218% from 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citizenship">Citizenship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citizenship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationality_law" title="Turkish nationality law">Turkish nationality law</a></div><p>Turkish nationality law is based primarily on the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_sanguinis" title="Jus sanguinis">jus sanguinis</a></i>. Children who are born to a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish women">Turkish mother</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> father (in or out of marriage) are <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> citizens from birth. The intention to renounce Turkish citizenship (or acquire citizenship from another state) is submitted in Turkey by a petition to the highest administrative official in the concerned person's place of residence, and when overseas to the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of Turkey">Turkish consulate</a>. Documents processed by these authorities are forwarded to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of Interior (Turkey)</a> for appropriate action.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey_Citizenship_by_Investment_Program">Turkey Citizenship by Investment Program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Turkey Citizenship by Investment Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 2016, Turkey implemented a Golden Visa program that allows foreign investors to obtain a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_passport" title="Turkish passport">Turkish passport</a> typically within six months.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citizenship can be acquired after a formal citizenship application along with an investment requirement, such as purchasing <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> worth at least $250,000, purchasing $500,000 worth of <a href="/wiki/Government_bond" title="Government bond">government bonds</a> and holding them for at least three years or making a capital investment of at least $500,000, among other options.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relevant law governing the program was amended on 13 May 2022 to raise the capital requirements for real estate investment to $400,000 USD from the previous $250,000.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"></p><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protections">Protections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Protections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkey is part of the executive committee of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a> and a member state of the IOM. </p><p>Conventions that are applicable in Turkey: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Stateless_Persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons">Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons</a>,</li> <li>United Nations <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_All_Migrant_Workers_and_Members_of_Their_Families" class="mw-redirect" title="International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families">International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Prevent,_Suppress_and_Punish_Trafficking_in_Persons,_Especially_Women_and_Children" title="Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children">Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Convention_on_Action_against_Trafficking_in_Human_Beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings">Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings</a></li></ul> <p>Conventions that are not applicable in Turkey: </p> <ul><li>International Labour Organization (ILO) <a href="/wiki/Migration_for_Employment_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration for Employment Convention">Migration for Employment Convention</a></li> <li>United Nations <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Reduction_of_Statelessness" title="Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness">Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_Workers_(Supplementary_Provisions)_Convention,_1975" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975">Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulations">Regulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>see: <a href="/wiki/Law_on_Foreigners_and_International_Protection_and_the_Temporary_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Law on Foreigners and International Protection and the Temporary Protection">Law on Foreigners and International Protection and the Temporary Protection</a> </p><p>Regulations on refugees, asylum seekers, transit migrants available from the website:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bi-and_multi-lateral_dialog">Bi-and multi-lateral dialog</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bi-and multi-lateral dialog"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Turkey was chair of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Forum_on_Migration_and_Development" title="Global Forum on Migration and Development">Global Forum on Migration and Development</a>. Turkey hosted the <a href="/wiki/World_Humanitarian_Summit" title="World Humanitarian Summit">World Humanitarian Summit</a> in 2016. Turkey participates in bilateral migration negotiations, discussions and consultations, in particular with EU member states. Examples are: </p> <ul><li>Budapest Process<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Prague Process<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Almaty Process<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bali Process.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Turkey and the EU have launched a dialogue on visas, mobility and migration. After the <a href="/wiki/2015_G20_Antalya_summit" title="2015 G20 Antalya summit">2015 G20 Antalya summit</a> held in November 2015 there was a new push forward in Turkey's European Union accession negotiations, including a goal of lifting the visa requirement for Turkish citizens travelling in the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 2015 G20 Antalya summit, the EU welcomed the Turkey's commitment to accelerate the fulfilment of the Visa Roadmap benchmarks set forth by participating EU member states.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A joint action plan was drafted with the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> which developed a roadmap with certain benchmarks for the elimination of the visa requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2016, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> said that Turkey had met most of the 72 criteria needed for a visa waiver, and it invited EU legislative institutions of the bloc to endorse the move for visa-free travel by Turkish citizens within the Schengen Area by June 30, 2016. The <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, would have to approve the visa waiver for it to enter into practice and Turkey must fulfil the final five criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey has a number of formal bilateral agreements with sending/receiving countries. It currently has bilateral social security agreements with 28 countries bilateral labour agreements with 12 countries, including Germany, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, France and Sweden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visa_System">Visa System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Visa System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Turkey" title="Visa policy of Turkey">Visa policy of Turkey</a></div> <p>Turkey developed an E-ikamet (E-residence) system, as well as a system to monitor the visa process. The <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visa" title="Electronic visa">electronic visa</a> application system is integrated with the Police Intranet System, PolNet. The Directorate-General of Migration Management of Turkey (DGMM) institutional database GöçNet (Migration Network) is connected to the PolNet (Police Network) database. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drugs-Crime-Sexual_exploitation_of_immigrants">Drugs-Crime-Sexual exploitation of immigrants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Drugs-Crime-Sexual exploitation of immigrants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An inter-agency national commission responsible for countering human trafficking. Turkey collects and publishes information annually on counter-trafficking activities. Drugs-Crime-Sexual exploitation category had 183 victims in 2016, Syrians (36), followed by Kyrgyz (33), Georgians (23), and Uzbeks (16); the other 73 victims were Indonesia, Moldova, Morocco, Pakistan, and Turkmenistan aggregated.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immigration_rate">Immigration rate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Immigration rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Immigration to Turkey from the Balkans:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>1923–1949 </th> <th>1950–1959 </th> <th>1960–1969 </th> <th>1970–1979 </th> <th>1980–1989 </th> <th>1990–1999 </th> <th>2000–2007 </th> <th class="unsortable">TOTAL </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td>220,085 </td> <td>154,473 </td> <td>2,582 </td> <td>113,562 </td> <td>225,892 </td> <td>74,564 </td> <td>138 </td> <td>791,296 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td>394,753 </td> <td>14,787 </td> <td>2,081 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>408,625 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> </td> <td>117,212 </td> <td>138,585 </td> <td>42,512 </td> <td>2,940 </td> <td>2,550 </td> <td>2,159 </td> <td>1,548 </td> <td>307,506 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td>121,339 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>259 </td> <td>147 </td> <td>686 </td> <td>126 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>122,564 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others </td> <td>10,109 </td> <td>4,222 </td> <td>1,047 </td> <td>139 </td> <td>4,457 </td> <td>773 </td> <td>49 </td> <td>20,796 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td>TOTAL </td> <td>825,022 </td> <td>312,072 </td> <td>48,481 </td> <td>16,788 </td> <td>233,589 </td> <td>77,622 </td> <td>1,731 </td> <td>1,650,787 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immigration_categories">Immigration categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Immigration categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign-born_population">Foreign-born population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Foreign-born population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Foreign-born population of Turkey:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Place of birth </th> <th>1955 </th> <th>1970 </th> <th>1990 </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2015<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td>295,917 </td> <td>255,147 </td> <td>462,767 </td> <td>480,817 </td> <td>378,658 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td>257,035 </td> <td>201,123 </td> <td>101,752 </td> <td>59,217 </td> <td>26,928 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> </td> <td>133,762 </td> <td>254,790 </td> <td>183,499 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td>68,112 </td> <td>60,398 </td> <td> </td> <td>20,736 </td> <td>9,512 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Macedonia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>31,515 </td> <td>43,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>176,820 </td> <td>273,535 </td> <td>263,318 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>10,280 </td> <td>15,976 </td> <td>28,507 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>9,916 </td> <td> </td> <td>32,345 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>18,914 </td> <td>32,140 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>5,997 </td> <td>17,179 </td> <td>12,868 </td> <td> </td> <td>24,026 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>29,151 </td> <td>17,825 </td> <td>11,430 </td> <td>19,856 </td> <td>34,486 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td>7,156 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>76,413 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>27,303 </td> <td> </td> <td>97,528 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> </td> <td>6,639 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2,488 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td>5,950 </td> <td>6,283 </td> <td>10,463 </td> <td> </td> <td>36,226 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>35,789 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </td> <td>4,109 </td> <td>7,886 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>14,573 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>/<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>6,378 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>20,402 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>16,787 </td> <td>52,836 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>36,083 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>38,692 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>26,531 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>25,019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>24,937 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>21,546 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>20,547 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>18,609 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>17,235 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>16,442 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>13,472 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>13,453 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>12,426 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>9,201 </td></tr> <tr> <td>TOTAL </td> <td>846,042 </td> <td>889,170 </td> <td>1,133,152 </td> <td>1,260,530 </td> <td>1,592,437 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_of_immigration">Sources of immigration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources of immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenians">Armenians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Armenians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey" title="Armenians in Turkey">Armenians in Turkey</a></div> <p>In 2010, there were between 22,000 and 25,000 Armenian citizens living illegally in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> alone, according to Turkish officials.<sup id="cite_ref-illegal_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illegal-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrians">Syrians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Syrians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syrians_in_Turkey" title="Syrians in Turkey">Syrians in Turkey</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey">Refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian refugees">Syrian refugees</a> originated from <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, Turkey is hosting over 3.6 million (2019 number) "registered" refugees and delivered aid reaching $30 billion (total between 2011–2018) on refugee assistance. The large scale return to Syria uncertain (unending conflict), Turkey has focused on how to manage their presence, more registered refugees than any other country, in Turkish society by addressing their legal status, basic needs, employment, education, and impact on local communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russians">Russians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Russians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Turkey" title="Russians in Turkey">Russians in Turkey</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_immigrant_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by immigrant population">List of countries by immigrant population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_foreign-born_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by foreign-born population">List of countries by foreign-born population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by fertility rate">List of sovereign states and dependent territories by fertility rate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/roma-people-tell-of-ancestors-1923-population-exchange-stories-141853">"Roma people tell of ancestors' 1923 'population exchange' stories"</a>. 13 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roma+people+tell+of+ancestors%27+1923+%27population+exchange%27+stories&rft.date=2019-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Froma-people-tell-of-ancestors-1923-population-exchange-stories-141853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+to+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Roma-tobacco-workers-who-live-in-Ortakoey-Besiktas-with-leftist-intellectuals-of-1960s_fig2_286766087">"The Roma tobacco workers who live in Ortaköy/Beşiktaş with leftist... | Download Scientific Diagram"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Roma+tobacco+workers+who+live+in+Ortak%C3%B6y%2FBe%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F+with+leftist...+%26%23124%3B+Download+Scientific+Diagram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FThe-Roma-tobacco-workers-who-live-in-Ortakoey-Besiktas-with-leftist-intellectuals-of-1960s_fig2_286766087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+to+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.korkusuz.com.tr/gocmen-muhacir-mubadil.html">"Göçmen – Muhacir – Mübadil!"</a>. 29 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G%C3%B6%C3%A7men+%E2%80%93+Muhacir+%E2%80%93+M%C3%BCbadil%21&rft.date=2021-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.korkusuz.com.tr%2Fgocmen-muhacir-mubadil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+to+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Çaǧatay_2006_loc=82-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Çaǧatay_2006_loc=82_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÇaǧatay2006">Çaǧatay 2006</a>, 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karpat_2004_loc=612-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karpat_2004_loc=612_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarpat2004">Karpat 2004</a>, 612.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nevzat_2005_loc=276-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nevzat_2005_loc=276_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNevzat2005">Nevzat 2005</a>, 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nevzat_2005_loc=280-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nevzat_2005_loc=280_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNevzat2005">Nevzat 2005</a>, 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nevzat_2005_loc=281-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nevzat_2005_loc=281_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNevzat2005">Nevzat 2005</a>, 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-St._John-Jones_1983_loc=56-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-St._John-Jones_1983_loc=56_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSt._John-Jones1983">St. John-Jones 1983</a>, 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark_2007_loc=158-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clark_2007_loc=158_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2007">Clark 2007</a>, 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corni_&_Stark_2008_loc=8-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corni_&_Stark_2008_loc=8_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorniStark2008">Corni & Stark 2008</a>, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoulton1997">Poulton 1997</a>, 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitman1990">Whitman 1990</a>, 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heper_&_Criss_2009_loc=91-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heper_&_Criss_2009_loc=91_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeperCriss2009">Heper & Criss 2009</a>, 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Islam, Secularism and Nationalism in Modern Turkey: Who is a Turk, Soner Cagaptay, page 1824, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corni_&_Stark_2008_loc=55-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corni_&_Stark_2008_loc=55_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorniStark2008">Corni & Stark 2008</a>, 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">emal Kirişçi, 'Post Second World War Immigration from Balkan Countries to Turkey', New Perspectives on Turkey, Vol. 12, Spring 1995, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heper_&_Criss_2009_loc=92-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heper_&_Criss_2009_loc=92_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera&rft.atitle=EU+commission+backs+Turkish+citizens%27+visa-free+travel&rft.date=2016-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F05%2Feu-commission-backs-turkish-citizens-visa-free-travel-160504135013671.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+to+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/5959ec373.html">"2017 Trafficking in Persons Report - Turkey"</a>. <i>Refworld</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=2017+Trafficking+in+Persons+Report+-+Turkey&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F5959ec373.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+to+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mustafa Yakar. <i>The population growth and distribution of the foreignborns in Turkey</i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1303-5134">1303-5134</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Migration Statistics. Available from www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=167 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1059">"..::Welcome to Turkish Statistical Institute(TurkStat)'s Web Pages::."</a> <i>Turkstat.gov.tr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turkstat.gov.tr&rft.atitle=..%3A%3AWelcome+to+Turkish+Statistical+Institute%28TurkStat%29%27s+Web+Pages%3A%3A..&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkstat.gov.tr%2FPreTablo.do%3Falt_id%3D1059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+to+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-illegal-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-illegal_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marianna Grigoryan and Anahit Hayrapetyan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64116">Turkey: Armenian Illegal Migrants Put National Grievances Aside for Work</a>. <i>Eurasianet</i>. 2 September 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBercovici2012" class="citation book cs1">Bercovici, Monica (2012). "La deuxième vie d'Ada-Kaleh ou Le potentiel culturel de la mémoire d'une île". In Roth, Klaus; Hayden, Robert (eds.). <i>Migration In, From, And To Southeastern Europe: Historical and Cultural Aspects</i>. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3643108951" title="Special:BookSources/978-3643108951"><bdi>978-3643108951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+deuxi%C3%A8me+vie+d%27Ada-Kaleh+ou+Le+potentiel+culturel+de+la+m%C3%A9moire+d%27une+%C3%AEle&rft.btitle=Migration+In%2C+From%2C+And+To+Southeastern+Europe%3A+Historical+and+Cultural+Aspects&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3643108951&rft.aulast=Bercovici&rft.aufirst=Monica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+to+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇaǧatay2006" class="citation cs2">Çaǧatay, Soner (2006), <i>Islam, Secularism, and Nationalism in Modern Turkey: Who is a Turk?</i>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415384583" title="Special:BookSources/0415384583"><bdi>0415384583</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Secularism%2C+and+Nationalism+in+Modern+Turkey%3A+Who+is+a+Turk%3F&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0415384583&rft.aulast=%C3%87a%C7%A7atay&rft.aufirst=Soner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+to+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2007" class="citation cs2">Clark, Bruce (2007), <i>Twice a Stranger: How Mass Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey</i>, Granta, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1862079243" title="Special:BookSources/978-1862079243"><bdi>978-1862079243</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twice+a+Stranger%3A+How+Mass+Expulsion+Forged+Modern+Greece+and+Turkey&rft.pub=Granta&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1862079243&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+to+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorniStark2008" class="citation cs2">Corni, Gustavo; Stark, Tamás (2008), <i>Peoples on the Move: Population Transfers and Ethnic Cleansing Policies during World War II and its Aftermath</i>, Berg Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845208240" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845208240"><bdi>978-1845208240</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+on+the+Move%3A+Population+Transfers+and+Ethnic+Cleansing+Policies+during+World+War+II+and+its+Aftermath&rft.pub=Berg+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1845208240&rft.aulast=Corni&rft.aufirst=Gustavo&rft.au=Stark%2C+Tam%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+to+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeperCriss2009" class="citation cs2">Heper, Metin; Criss, Bilge (2009), <i>Historical Dictionary of Turkey</i>, Scarecrow Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810860650" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810860650"><bdi>978-0810860650</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Turkey&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0810860650&rft.aulast=Heper&rft.aufirst=Metin&rft.au=Criss%2C+Bilge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+to+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpat2004" class="citation cs2">Karpat, Kemal H. (2004), "The Turks in America: Historical Background: From Ottoman to Turkish Immigration", <i>Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays</i>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13322-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13322-4"><bdi>90-04-13322-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Turks+in+America%3A+Historical+Background%3A+From+Ottoman+to+Turkish+Immigration&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Turkish+Politics+and+Society%3A+Selected+Articles+and+Essays&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13322-4&rft.aulast=Karpat&rft.aufirst=Kemal+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+to+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevzat2005" class="citation cs2">Nevzat, Altay (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514277511/isbn9514277511.pdf"><i>Nationalism Amongst the Turks of Cyprus: The First wave</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Oulu University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9514277503" title="Special:BookSources/9514277503"><bdi>9514277503</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+Amongst+the+Turks+of+Cyprus%3A+The+First+wave&rft.pub=Oulu+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9514277503&rft.aulast=Nevzat&rft.aufirst=Altay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherkules.oulu.fi%2Fisbn9514277511%2Fisbn9514277511.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+to+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulton1997" class="citation cs2">Poulton, Hugh (1997), "Islam, Ethnicity and State in the Contemporary Balkans", in Poulton, Hugh; Taji-Farouki, Suha (eds.), <i>Muslim Identity and the Balkan State</i>, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850652767" title="Special:BookSources/1850652767"><bdi>1850652767</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam%2C+Ethnicity+and+State+in+the+Contemporary+Balkans&rft.btitle=Muslim+Identity+and+the+Balkan+State&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1850652767&rft.aulast=Poulton&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+to+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._John-Jones1983" class="citation book cs1">St. John-Jones, L.W. (1983). <i>Population of Cyprus: Demographic Trends and Socio-economic Influences</i>. Maurice Temple Smith Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851172326" title="Special:BookSources/0851172326"><bdi>0851172326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+of+Cyprus%3A+Demographic+Trends+and+Socio-economic+Influences&rft.pub=Maurice+Temple+Smith+Ltd&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0851172326&rft.aulast=St.+John-Jones&rft.aufirst=L.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+to+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman1990" class="citation book cs1">Whitman, Lois (1990). <i>Destroying ethnic identity: the Turks of Greece</i>. Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929692-70-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-929692-70-5"><bdi>0-929692-70-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destroying+ethnic+identity%3A+the+Turks+of+Greece&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-929692-70-5&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=Lois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+to+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpat2001" class="citation cs2">Karpat, Kemal H. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120508012110/http://www.cui-zy.cn/Recommended/Nature%26glabolization/The_Politicization_of_Islam__Reconstructing_Identity__State__Faith__and_Community_in_the_Late_Ottoman_State__Studies_in_Middle_Eastern_History_.pdf"><i>The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513618-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513618-7"><bdi>0-19-513618-7</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cui-zy.cn/Recommended/Nature&glabolization/The_Politicization_of_Islam__Reconstructing_Identity__State__Faith__and_Community_in_the_Late_Ottoman_State__Studies_in_Middle_Eastern_History_.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-05-08</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politicization+of+Islam%3A+Reconstructing+Identity%2C+State%2C+Faith%2C+and+Community+in+the+Late+Ottoman+State&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-513618-7&rft.aulast=Karpat&rft.aufirst=Kemal+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cui-zy.cn%2FRecommended%2FNature%26glabolization%2FThe_Politicization_of_Islam__Reconstructing_Identity__State__Faith__and_Community_in_the_Late_Ottoman_State__Studies_in_Middle_Eastern_History_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmigration+to+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkey_topics" title="Template talk:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey_topics" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Ancient and Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Ottoman Old Regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Regions</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey" title="List of lakes of Turkey">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey" title="List of mountains in Turkey">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">The constitutional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey" title="Free trade agreements of Turkey">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people" title="List of Turkish people">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey" title="Crime in Turkey">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women in Turkey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Turkey" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Turkey">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Radio stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Turkish painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkey">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Project page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Turkey" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Turkey">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey" title="Outline of Turkey">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Immigration to Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Azerbaijan" title="Immigration to Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Bangladesh" title="Immigration to Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Bhutan" title="Immigration to Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_China" title="Immigration to China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_India" title="Immigration to India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Japan" title="Immigration to Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_North_Korea" title="Immigration to North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_South_Korea" title="Immigration to South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malaysia" title="Immigration to Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Immigration to Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Singapore" title="Immigration to Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Vietnam" title="Immigration to Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Yemen" title="Immigration to Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Hong_Kong" title="Immigration to Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Macau" title="Immigration to Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Europe" title="Template:Immigration to Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Europe" title="Template talk:Immigration to Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration to Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By target country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Denmark" title="Immigration to Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Finland" title="Immigration to Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Greece" title="Immigration to Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malta" title="Immigration to Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Norway" title="Immigration to Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Portugal" title="Immigration to Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Romania" title="Immigration to Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Serbia" title="Immigration to Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Sweden" title="Immigration to Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Switzerland" title="Immigration to Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics and legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_policy_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration policy of the European Union">Migration policy of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Asylum_Curriculum" title="European Asylum Curriculum">European Asylum Curriculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Policy_2.0" title="Immigration Policy 2.0">Immigration Policy 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Europe" title="African immigration to Europe">From Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Europe" title="African immigration to Europe">African immigrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrants%27_African_routes" title="Migrants' African routes">Migrants' African routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigrants to Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Norway" title="African immigration to Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Sweden" title="African immigrants to Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Switzerland" title="African immigrants to Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigrants in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Demographics_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Template:Demographics of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Demographics of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Demographics_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Turkey" title="Irreligion in Turkey">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Istanbul" title="Demographics of Istanbul">Demographics of Istanbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Turkey" title="Census in Turkey">Census in Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1927_Turkish_census" title="1927 Turkish census">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Turkish_census" title="1935 Turkish census">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Turkish_census" title="1965 Turkish census">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Turkish_census" title="1990 Turkish census">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Turkish_census" title="2000 Turkish census">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Turkish_census" title="2010 Turkish census">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Turkish_census" title="2020 Turkish census">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey_by_population" title="Provinces of Turkey by population">Provinces by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Provinces by life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&oldid=1249406867">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Turkey&oldid=1249406867</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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