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id="toc-Roman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Byzantine rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Bulgarian_Empire_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Bulgarian_Empire_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 First Bulgarian Empire rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Bulgarian_Empire_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_of_Byzantine_rule_and_late_migrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_of_Byzantine_rule_and_late_migrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Return of Byzantine rule and late migrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_of_Byzantine_rule_and_late_migrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Bulgarian_Empire_and_Mongol_domination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Bulgarian_Empire_and_Mongol_domination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Second Bulgarian Empire and Mongol domination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Bulgarian_Empire_and_Mongol_domination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomous_Dobruja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomous_Dobruja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Autonomous Dobruja </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomous_Dobruja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wallachian_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wallachian_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Wallachian rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wallachian_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Ottoman rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russo-Turkish_War_of_1878_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russo-Turkish_War_of_1878_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Russo-Turkish War of 1878 and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russo-Turkish_War_of_1878_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkan_Wars_and_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkan_Wars_and_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Balkan Wars and World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkan_Wars_and_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 World War II and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographic history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographic_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographic history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ottoman era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Dobruja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Dobruja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Northern Dobruja </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Dobruja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Dobruja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Dobruja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Southern Dobruja </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Dobruja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Area,_population_and_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area,_population_and_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Area, population and cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area,_population_and_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dobruja</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9" title="دبروجة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دبروجة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrucha" title="Dobrucha – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dobrucha" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrogea" title="Dobrogea – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Dobrogea" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobruca" title="Dobruca – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dobruca" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Дабруджа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дабруджа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Дабруджа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дабруджа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Добруджа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Добруджа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrudja" title="Dobrudja – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dobrudja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrud%C5%BEa" title="Dobrudža – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dobrudža" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrogea" title="Dobrogea – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dobrogea" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrudscha" title="Dobrudscha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dobrudscha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrud%C5%BEa" title="Dobrudža – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dobrudža" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%83%CE%AC" title="Δοβρουτσά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δοβρουτσά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dobruja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobro%C4%9Do" title="Dobroĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dobroĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dobruja" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="دوبروجا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوبروجا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobroudja" title="Dobroudja – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dobroudja" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobruia" title="Dobruia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dobruia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%9E%90" title="도브루자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도브루자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BB%D5%A1" title="Դոբրուջա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դոբրուջա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrud%C5%BEa" title="Dobrudža – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dobrudža" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrudja" title="Dobrudja – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dobrudja" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrogea" title="Dobrogea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dobrogea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrugia" title="Dobrugia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dobrugia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%94" title="דוברוג'ה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוברוג'ה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9C" title="ಡಾಬ್ರೂಜ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡಾಬ್ರೂಜ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90" title="დობრუჯა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დობრუჯა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythia_Minor" title="Scythia Minor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scythia Minor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrud%C5%BEa" title="Dobrudža – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dobrudža" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrud%C5%BEa" title="Dobrudža – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dobrudža" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrudzsa" title="Dobrudzsa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dobrudzsa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%9F%D0%B0" title="Добруџа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Добруџа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9C" title="ഡോബ്രൂജ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡോബ്രൂജ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobroedzja" title="Dobroedzja – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dobroedzja" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3" title="ドブロジャ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドブロジャ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrudscha" title="Dobrudscha – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Dobrudscha" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrudsja" title="Dobrudsja – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dobrudsja" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrudsja" title="Dobrudsja – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dobrudsja" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobr%C3%B2tja" title="Dobròtja – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dobròtja" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrud%C5%BCa" title="Dobrudża – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dobrudża" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dobruja" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobruca" title="Dobruca – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Dobruca" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrogea" title="Dobrogea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dobrogea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Добруджа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Добруджа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobr%C3%B9gia" title="Dobrùgia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Dobrùgia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dobruja" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrud%C5%BEa" title="Dobrudža – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dobrudža" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrud%C5%BEa" title="Dobrudža – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dobrudža" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%9F%D0%B0" title="Добруџа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Добруџа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrud%C5%BEa" title="Dobrudža – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dobrudža" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrudzha" title="Dobrudzha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dobrudzha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrudzja" title="Dobrudzja – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dobrudzja" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D2%97%D0%B0" title="Добруҗа – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Добруҗа" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobruca" title="Dobruca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dobruca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Добруджа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Добруджа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B8%83%E7%BE%85%E5%8A%A0" title="多布羅加 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多布羅加" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q182660#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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28.333</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region shared by Bulgaria and Romania</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dobrudzha" redirects here. For the Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> team, see <a href="/wiki/FC_Dobrudzha_Dobrich" title="FC Dobrudzha Dobrich">FC Dobrudzha Dobrich</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dobrogea" redirects here. For the village in <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, see <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEngera" title="Sîngera">Sîngera</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dobruja_in_Europe_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Dobruja_in_Europe_map.svg/350px-Dobruja_in_Europe_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Dobruja_in_Europe_map.svg/525px-Dobruja_in_Europe_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Dobruja_in_Europe_map.svg/700px-Dobruja_in_Europe_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Dobruja (dark green) within <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (light green), both in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dobrogea_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dobrogea_COA.svg/200px-Dobrogea_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dobrogea_COA.svg/300px-Dobrogea_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dobrogea_COA.svg/400px-Dobrogea_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the Romanian Dobruja</figcaption></figure> Dobruja or Dobrudja (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdoʊbrʊdʒə/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: Добруджа, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">romanized</a>: Dobrudzha or Dobrudža; <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: Dobrogea, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" />pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[ˈdobrodʒe̯a]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3b\/Ro-Dobrogea.ogg\/Ro-Dobrogea.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ro-Dobrogea.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Ro-Dobrogea.ogg/Ro-Dobrogea.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ro-Dobrogea.ogg" title="File:Ro-Dobrogea.ogg">ⓘ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[doˈbrodʒe̯a]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Dobruca; <a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar" title="Dobrujan Tatar">Dobrujan Tatar</a>: Tomrîğa; <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Добруджа, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Dobrudzha) is a <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geographical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">historical region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> that has been divided since the 19th century between the territories of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. It is situated between the lower <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, and includes the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>, the Romanian coast, and the northernmost part of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Black_Sea_Coast" title="Bulgarian Black Sea Coast">Bulgarian coast</a>. The territory of Dobruja is made up of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a>, which is a part of Romania, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a>, which is a part of Bulgaria. The territory of the Romanian region Dobrogea is organised as the counties of <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_County" title="Constanța County">Constanța</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tulcea_County" title="Tulcea County">Tulcea</a>, with a combined area of 15,588 km2 (6,019 sq mi) and, as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit">[update]</a>, a population of slightly less than 850,000. Its main cities are <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulcea" title="Tulcea">Tulcea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medgidia" title="Medgidia">Medgidia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mangalia" title="Mangalia">Mangalia</a>. Dobrogea is represented by <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania" title="Coat of arms of Romania">coat of arms of Romania</a>. The Bulgarian region Dobrudzha is divided among the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Dobrich_Province" title="Dobrich Province">Dobrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silistra_Province" title="Silistra Province">Silistra</a>; the following villages of <a href="/wiki/Razgrad_Province" title="Razgrad Province">Razgrad Province</a>: Konevo, Rainino, Terter and Madrevo; and the village General Kantardzhievo (<a href="/wiki/Varna_Province" title="Varna Province">Varna</a>). The region has a total area of 7,566 km2 (2,921 sq mi), with a combined population as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit">[update]</a> of some 250,000 people. The main towns are <a href="/wiki/Dobrich" title="Dobrich">Dobrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a>, the administrative centers of the two provinces. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dobrudja_topographic_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dobrudja_topographic_map-en.svg/440px-Dobrudja_topographic_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dobrudja_topographic_map-en.svg/660px-Dobrudja_topographic_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dobrudja_topographic_map-en.svg/880px-Dobrudja_topographic_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Geographical map of Dobruja</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C4%83cin_Mountains_-_On_The_Way_Back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/M%C4%83cin_Mountains_-_On_The_Way_Back.jpg/220px-M%C4%83cin_Mountains_-_On_The_Way_Back.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/M%C4%83cin_Mountains_-_On_The_Way_Back.jpg/330px-M%C4%83cin_Mountains_-_On_The_Way_Back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/M%C4%83cin_Mountains_-_On_The_Way_Back.jpg/440px-M%C4%83cin_Mountains_-_On_The_Way_Back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Woods and agricultural land in the Northern Dobruja Plateau</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DobrujaLandscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/DobrujaLandscape.jpg/220px-DobrujaLandscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/DobrujaLandscape.jpg/330px-DobrujaLandscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/DobrujaLandscape.jpg/440px-DobrujaLandscape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Steppe and agricultural land in the Central Dobruja Plateau</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaylata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Yaylata.jpg/250px-Yaylata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Yaylata.jpg/330px-Yaylata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Yaylata.jpg/500px-Yaylata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Rocky shores characteristic for the Southern Dobrujan coast</figcaption></figure> Except for the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>, a marshy region located in its northeastern corner, Dobruja is hilly, with an average altitude of about 200–300  metres. The highest point is the Țuțuiatu (Greci) Peak in the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%83cin_Mountains" title="Măcin Mountains">Măcin Mountains</a>, having a height of 467 m. The <a href="/wiki/Dobruja_Plateau" title="Dobruja Plateau">Dobruja Plateau</a> covers most of the Romanian part of Dobruja. The <a href="/wiki/Ludogorie_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludogorie Plateau">Ludogorie Plateau</a> is found in Bulgaria. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Razelm" title="Lake Razelm">Lake Razelm</a> is one of the most important lakes in Northern Dobruja. Dobruja lies in the temperate <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a> climatic area; the local <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> is determined by the influx of oceanic air from the northwest and northeast and continental air from the <a href="/wiki/East_European_Plain" title="East European Plain">East European Plain</a>. Dobruja's relatively level terrain and its bare location facilitate the influx of humid, warm air in the spring, summer, and autumn from the northwest, as well as that of northern and northeastern polar air in the winter. The Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate, particularly within 40–60  kilometres from the coast. The average annual temperatures range from 11 °C inland and along the Danube, to 11.8 °C on the coast and less than 10 °C in the higher parts of the plateau. The coastal region of Southern Dobruja is the most arid part of Bulgaria, with an annual <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> of 450  millimetres. Dobruja is a windy region once known for its <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmills</a>. There is wind during about 85–90% of all days; it usually comes from the north or northeast. The average wind speed is about twice higher than the average in Bulgaria. Due to the limited precipitation and the proximity to the sea, rivers in Dobruja are usually short and with low discharge. The region has several shallow seaside lakes with <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fol-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The most widespread opinion among scholars is that the origin of the term Dobruja is to be found in the Turkish rendition of the name of a 14th‑century Bulgarian ruler, <a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">despot</a> <a href="/wiki/Dobrotitsa" title="Dobrotitsa">Dobrotitsa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> It was common for the Turks to name countries after one of their early rulers (for example, nearby <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> was known as Bogdan <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Iflak</a> by the Turks, named after <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_I_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogdan I of Moldavia">Bogdan I</a>). Other etymologies have been considered, but never gained widespread acceptance. <a href="/wiki/Abdolonyme_Ubicini" title="Abdolonyme Ubicini">Abdolonyme Ubicini</a> believed the name meant "good lands", derived from <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> dobro ("good"), an opinion that was adopted by several 19th‑century scholars. This derivation appears to contrast with the usual 19th‑century description of Dobruja as a dry barren land; it has been explained as expressing the point of view of <a href="/wiki/Ruthenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenes">Ruthenes</a>, who considered the Danube delta in the northern Dobruja as a significant improvement over the <a href="/wiki/Steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppes">steppes</a> to the North.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=I._A._Nazarettean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I. A. Nazarettean (page does not exist)">I. A. Nazarettean</a> combines the Slavic word with the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Tatar</a> budjak ("corner"), thus proposing the etymology "good corner". A version matching contemporaneous descriptions was suggested by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Philipp_Kanitz" title="Felix Philipp Kanitz">Kanitz</a>, who associated the name with the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> dobrice ("rocky and unproductive terrain").<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_I._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Gheorghe I. Brătianu">Gheorghe I. Brătianu</a>, the name is a Slavic derivation from the Turkic word Bordjan or Brudjars, which referred to the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Proto-Bulgarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Bulgarians">Proto-Bulgarians</a>; this term was also used by Arabic writers. One of the earliest documented uses of the name can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Turkish</a> Oghuz-name narrative, dated to the 15th century, where it appears as Dobruja-éli. The <a href="/wiki/Possessive_suffix" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive suffix">possessive suffix</a> el-i indicated that the land was considered as belonging to Dobrotitsa ("دوبرجه" in the original Ottoman Turkish).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The loss of the final particle is not unusual in the Turkish world, a similar evolution being observed in the name of <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Aydın</a>, originally Aydın-éli.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Another early use is in the 16th‑century <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> translation of <a href="/wiki/Laonicus_Chalcondyles" class="mw-redirect" title="Laonicus Chalcondyles">Laonicus Chalcondyles</a>' Histories, where the term Dobroditia is used for the original <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Greek</a> "Dobrotitsa's country" (Δοβροτίκεω χώρα).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In the 17th century, the region was referred to in more accounts, with renditions such as Dobrucia, Dobrutcha, Dobrus, Dobruccia, Dobroudja, Dobrudscha, and others being used by foreign authors.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Initially, the name meant just the steppe of the southern region, between the forests around <a href="/wiki/Babadag" title="Babadag">Babadag</a> in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dobrich" title="Dobrich">Dobrich</a>–<a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Balchik</a> line in the south.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Eventually, the term was extended to include the northern part and the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In the 19th century, some authors used the name to refer just to the territory between the southernmost branch of the Danube (St. George) in the north and the Karasu Valley (nowadays the <a href="/wiki/Danube-Black_Sea_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube-Black Sea Canal">Danube-Black Sea Canal</a>) in the south.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> The territory of Dobruja has been inhabited by humans since <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Palaeolithic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> as the remains at <a href="/wiki/Babadag" title="Babadag">Babadag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slava_Rus%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Slava Rusă">Slava Rusă</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enisala" class="mw-redirect" title="Enisala">Enisala</a> demonstrate. Paleolithic people made tools of <a href="/wiki/Silex" title="Silex">silex</a> and ate fruits, fish, and other hunted animals. In this period fire was discovered, and at its end, the bow with arrows and the boat sculpted from a trunk tree was invented. There were found tools in caves, inclusive <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gura_Dobrogei_(cave)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gura Dobrogei (cave) (page does not exist)">Gura Dobrogei</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, the territory was occupied by members of the <a href="/wiki/Hamangia_culture" title="Hamangia culture">Hamangia culture</a> (named after a village on the Dobrujan coast), <a href="/wiki/Boian_culture" title="Boian culture">Boian culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karanovo_culture" title="Karanovo culture">Karanovo V</a> culture. At the end of the fifth millennium BC, the <a href="/wiki/Gumelni%C5%A3a_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumelniţa culture">Gumelniţa culture</a> appeared in the region under the influence of Aegeo-Mediterranean tribes and cultures. In the <a href="/wiki/Eneolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eneolithic">Eneolithic</a>, populations migrating from the north of the Black Sea, of the <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> culture, mixed with the previous population, creating the <a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă I</a> culture. Under the influence of Kurgan II , the Cernavodă II culture emerged. Through the combination of the Cernavodă I and <a href="/wiki/Ezero_culture" title="Ezero culture">Ezero culture</a>, the Cernavodă III culture developed. The region had commercial contact with the Mediterranean world by the 14th century BC, as proven by a <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> sword discovered at <a href="/wiki/Medgidia" title="Medgidia">Medgidia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> but under the reserve demanded by lack of hard evidence in what concerns the provenience/manufacturer of such armours. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Dobruja)" title="Scythia Minor (Dobruja)">Scythia Minor (Dobruja)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scythia_Minor_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Scythia_Minor_map-en.svg/440px-Scythia_Minor_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Scythia_Minor_map-en.svg/660px-Scythia_Minor_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Scythia_Minor_map-en.svg/880px-Scythia_Minor_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1885" /></a><figcaption>Ancient towns and colonies in Dobruja</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cetatea_Histria_Constanta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cetatea_Histria_Constanta.jpg/250px-Cetatea_Histria_Constanta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cetatea_Histria_Constanta.jpg/330px-Cetatea_Histria_Constanta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cetatea_Histria_Constanta.jpg/500px-Cetatea_Histria_Constanta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The first Greek colony in the region, <a href="/wiki/Histria_(ancient_city)" title="Histria (ancient city)">Histria</a></figcaption></figure> During the early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (8th–6th centuries BC), there was increased differentiation of the local <a href="/wiki/Getic" class="mw-redirect" title="Getic">Getic</a> tribes from the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> mass. In the second part of the 8th century BC, the first signs of commercial relations between the indigenous population and the Greeks appeared on the shore of the Halmyris Gulf (now the <a href="/wiki/Sinoe_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinoe Lake">Sinoe Lake</a>). In 657/656 BC <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> colonists from <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a> founded a colony in the region: <a href="/wiki/Histria_(Sinoe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Histria (Sinoe)">Histria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In the 7th and 6th centuries BC, more <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonies</a> were founded on the Dobrujan coast (<a href="/wiki/Callatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Callatis">Callatis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Tomis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysupolis" title="Dionysupolis">Dionysopolis</a>, Parthenopolis, Aphrodisias, Eumenia etc.). In the 5th century BC these colonies were under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a>, passing in this period from <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In the 6th century BC, the first <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a> groups began to enter the region. Two <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getic</a> tribes, the Crobyzi and Terizi, and the town of Orgame (<a href="/wiki/Argamum" title="Argamum">Argamum</a>) were mentioned on the territory of present Dobruja by <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hekataios of Miletus</a> (540–470 BC).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 514/512 BC King <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius I of Persia</a> subdued the <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a> living in the region during his expedition against Scythians living north of the Danube.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> At about 430 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a> under <a href="/wiki/Sitalkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitalkes">Sitalkes</a> extended its rule to the mouths of the Danube.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 429 BC, Getae from the region participated in an Odrysian campaign in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In the 4th century BC, the Scythians brought Dobruja under their sway. In 341–339 BC, one of their kings, <a href="/wiki/Atheas" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheas">Atheas</a>, fought against Histria, which was supported by a Histrianorum rex (probably a local Getic ruler). In 339 BC, King Atheas was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonians</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a>, who afterwards extended his rule over Dobruja.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 313  BC and again in 310–309  BC, the Greek colonies led by Callatis, supported by <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a>, revolted against Macedonian rule.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The revolts were suppressed by <a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">diadochus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thrace#Ancient_and_Roman_history" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, who also began a military expedition against <a href="/wiki/Dromichaetes" title="Dromichaetes">Dromichaetes</a>, the ruler of the Getae north of the Danube, in 300 BC. In the 3rd century BC, colonies on the Dobrujan coast paid tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basilei</a> <a href="/wiki/Zalmodegikos" title="Zalmodegikos">Zalmodegikos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moskon" title="Moskon">Moskon</a>, who probably also ruled northern Dobruja.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the same century, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> settled in the north of the region. In 260  BC, <a href="/wiki/Byzantion" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantion">Byzantion</a> lost the war with Callatis and Histria for the control of Tomis. At the end of the 3rd century BC and the beginning of the 2nd century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a> settled in the area of the Danube Delta. Around 200  BC, the Thracian king <a href="/wiki/Zoltes" title="Zoltes">Zoltes</a> invaded the province several times, but was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Rhemaxos" title="Rhemaxos">Rhemaxos</a>, who became the protector of the Greek colonies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Early Greek scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> appear to have regarded the region as the south-western extension of <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a> – a practice also followed in a 2nd-century BC inscription, recording a decree made in Histria, which refers to the region surrounding the Greek city as Scythia. However, the <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a> Μικρά Σκυθία (Mikra Skythia), usually translated as <a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Dobruja)" title="Scythia Minor (Dobruja)">Scythia Minor</a> appears to have become the name for the region later known as Dobruja.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The earliest known usage of Mikra Skythia is found in <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>'s early Geography (1st century AD). The Greeks thus apparently distinguished it from Scythia Major, which lay north of the Danube delta. Around 100 BC King <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates VI of Pontus">Mithridates VI of Pontus</a> extended his authority over the Greek cities in Dobruja.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> However, in 72–71 BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>, these cities were occupied by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro_Lucullus" title="Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus">Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Foedus" class="mw-redirect" title="Foedus">foedus</a> was signed between the Greek colonies and the Roman Republic, but in 62–61 BC the colonies revolted.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Antonius_Hybrida" title="Gaius Antonius Hybrida">Gaius Antonius Hybrida</a> intervened, but was defeated by Getae and Bastarnae at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Histria" title="Battle of Histria">Battle of Histria</a>. After 55 BC the <a href="/wiki/Dacian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian Kingdom">Dacian Kingdom</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">Burebista</a> conquered Dobruja and all the Greek colonies on the coast.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_rule">Roman rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roman rule">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythia Minor (Roman province)">Scythia Minor (Roman province)</a></div> In 28/29 BC <a href="/wiki/Rholes" title="Rholes">Rholes</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getic</a> ruler from Southern Dobruja, supported the proconsul of Macedonia, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus_(consul_30_BC)" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus (consul 30 BC)">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a>, in his action against the Bastarnae. Declared friend and ally of the Roman people by <a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Rholes helped Crassus in conquering the states of <a href="/wiki/Dapyx" title="Dapyx">Dapyx</a> (in central Dobruja) and <a href="/wiki/Zyraxes" title="Zyraxes">Zyraxes</a> (in the north of the region).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Dobruja became part of the <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client kingdom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysians</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] while the Greek cities on the coast came under direct rule of the governor of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 6 AD the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> was created when mention is made of its governor, <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Caecina_Severus_(suffect_consul_1_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aulus Caecina Severus (suffect consul 1 BC)">Caecina Severus</a>.,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> but Dobruja, under the name Ripa Thraciae, remained part of the Odrysian kingdom.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Greek cities on the coast formed a <a href="/wiki/Prefect#Ancient_Rome" title="Prefect">praefectura orae maritimae</a>. In 12 AD and 15 AD, Getic armies succeeded in conquering the cities of <a href="/wiki/Tulcea" title="Tulcea">Aegyssus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troesmis" title="Troesmis">Troesmis</a> for a short time, but Odrysian king <a href="/wiki/Rhoemetalces_I" title="Rhoemetalces I">Rhoemetalces I</a> defeated them with the help of the Roman army.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 46 AD <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a> became a Roman province and the territories of present Dobruja were absorbed into the province of Moesia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Geto%E2%80%93Dacians" class="mw-redirect" title="Geto–Dacians">Geto–Dacians</a> invaded the region several times in the 1st century AD, especially between 62 and 70.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the same period, the base of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman Danube fleet</a> (classis Flavia Moesica) was moved to <a href="/wiki/Isaccea" title="Isaccea">Noviodunum</a>. The praefectura was annexed to Moesia in 86  AD. In the same year <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> divided Moesia, Dobruja being included in the eastern part, <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Inferior">Moesia Inferior</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cetatea_Tropaeum_Traiani_-_vedere_lateral%C4%83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cetatea_Tropaeum_Traiani_-_vedere_lateral%C4%83.jpg/250px-Cetatea_Tropaeum_Traiani_-_vedere_lateral%C4%83.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cetatea_Tropaeum_Traiani_-_vedere_lateral%C4%83.jpg/330px-Cetatea_Tropaeum_Traiani_-_vedere_lateral%C4%83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cetatea_Tropaeum_Traiani_-_vedere_lateral%C4%83.jpg/500px-Cetatea_Tropaeum_Traiani_-_vedere_lateral%C4%83.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tropaeum_Traiani" title="Tropaeum Traiani">Tropaeum Traiani</a> monument in <a href="/wiki/Adamclisi" title="Adamclisi">Adamclisi</a> commemorating Roman victory over Dacians (Modern reconstruction)</figcaption></figure> In the winter of 101–102 the Dacian king <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a> led a coalition of Dacians, <a href="/wiki/Carpians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpians">Carpians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burs_(Dacia)" title="Burs (Dacia)">Burs</a> in an attack against Moesia Inferior. The invading army was defeated by the Roman legions under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Yantra_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yantra River">Yantra river</a>. (Later <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_ad_Istrum" title="Nicopolis ad Istrum">Nicopolis ad Istrum</a> was founded there to commemorate the victory.) The invaders were also defeated near the modern village of <a href="/wiki/Adamclisi" title="Adamclisi">Adamclisi</a>, in the southern part of Dobruja. The latter victory was commemorated by the <a href="/wiki/Tropaeum_Traiani" title="Tropaeum Traiani">Tropaeum Traiani</a> monument built in 109 at the site and the founding of the city of the same name. After 105, <a href="/wiki/Legio_XI_Claudia" title="Legio XI Claudia">Legio XI Claudia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">Legio V Macedonica</a> were moved to <a href="/wiki/Durostorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Durostorum">Durostorum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troesmis" title="Troesmis">Troesmis</a>, respectively. In 118 <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> intervened in the region to calm a Sarmatian rebellion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 170 <a href="/wiki/Costoboci" title="Costoboci">Costoboci</a> invaded Dobruja, attacking <a href="/wiki/Libida" title="Libida">Libida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulmetum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulmetum">Ulmetum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropaeum_Traiani" title="Tropaeum Traiani">Tropaeum</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The province was generally stable and prosperous until the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">crisis of the Third Century</a>, which led to the weakening of defences and numerous barbarian invasions. In the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(248-253)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic War (248-253)">Gothic War (248-253)</a> a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Cniva" title="Cniva">Cniva</a> devastated Dobruja.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Barbarian attacks followed in 258, 263 and 267. In 269 a fleet of allied Goths, <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a> and Sarmatians attacked the cities on the coast, including Tomis.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 272 <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> defeated the Carpians north of the Danube and settled a part of them near <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A2r%C5%9Fova" class="mw-redirect" title="Hârşova">Carsium</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The same emperor put an end to the crisis in the Roman Empire, thus helping the reconstruction of the province. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, Dobruja was organized administratively as a separate province, called <a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythia Minor (Roman province)">Scythia</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Diocese</a> of Thracia. Its capital city was Tomis. Diocletian created <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Herculia" title="Legio II Herculia">Legio II Herculia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legio_I_Iovia" title="Legio I Iovia">Legio I Iovia</a> and installed them at Troesmis and Noviodunum respectively. In 331–332 <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> defeated the Goths who attacked the province.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] But Dobruja was devastated again by <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> in 384–386. Under the Roman emperors <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>, the cities of the region were repaired or rebuilt. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Byzantine_rule">Byzantine rule</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Byzantine rule">edit</a>]</div> After the division of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, Dobruja was absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. Between 513 and 520, the region participated in a revolt against <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasius I (emperor)">Anastasius I</a>. Its leader, <a href="/wiki/Vitalian_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitalian (general)">Vitalian</a>, native of <a href="/wiki/Zaldapa" title="Zaldapa">Zaldapa</a> in Southern Dobruja, defeated the Byzantine general <a href="/wiki/Hypatius_(consul_500)" title="Hypatius (consul 500)">Hypatius</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kaliakra" title="Kaliakra">Kaliakra</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a>'s rule, <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a> invaded the region, but <a href="/wiki/Germanus_Justinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanus Justinus">Germanus Justinus</a> defeated them. In 529, the <a href="/wiki/Gepid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gepid">Gepid</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Mundus_(magister_militum)" title="Mundus (magister militum)">Mundus</a> repelled a new invasion by <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> and Antes. <a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avars</a> invaded the region several times, until 561–562, when the Avars under <a href="/wiki/Bayan_I" title="Bayan I">Bayan I</a> were settled south of the Danube as <a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a>. During the rule of <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Mauricius Tiberius</a>, the Slavs devastated Dobruja, destroying the cities of <a href="/wiki/Dorostolon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorostolon">Dorostolon</a>, Zaldapa, and Tropaeum. In 591/593, Byzantine general <a href="/wiki/Priscus_(magister_militum)" title="Priscus (magister militum)">Priscus</a> tried to stop invasions, attacking and defeating the Slavs under <a href="/wiki/Ardagast" title="Ardagast">Ardagast</a> in the north of the province. In 602 during the mutiny of the Byzantine army in the Balkans under <a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a>, a large mass of Slavs crossed the Danube, settling south of the Danube. Dobruja remained under loose Byzantine control, and was reorganised during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> as <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Thema</a> Scythia.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Bulgarian_Empire_rule">First Bulgarian Empire rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First Bulgarian Empire rule">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%22%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%22_(2),_%D0%B3%D1%80._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%22%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%22_%282%29%2C_%D0%B3%D1%80._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87.JPG/260px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%22%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%22_%282%29%2C_%D0%B3%D1%80._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%22%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%22_%282%29%2C_%D0%B3%D1%80._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87.JPG/390px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%22%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%22_%282%29%2C_%D0%B3%D1%80._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%22%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%22_%282%29%2C_%D0%B3%D1%80._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87.JPG/520px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%22%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%22_%282%29%2C_%D0%B3%D1%80._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5536" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Monument to <a href="/wiki/Asparukh_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Asparukh of Bulgaria">Asparukh</a>, the founder of the First Bulgarian State, in <a href="/wiki/Dobrich" title="Dobrich">Dobrich</a>; Dobruja was part of Asparukh's conquest in the 7th century</figcaption></figure> The results of archaeological research indicate that the Byzantine presence on Dobruja's mainland and the banks of the Danube were reduced at the end of the 6th century, under the pressure of the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>. In the coastal fortifications on the southern bank of the Danube, the latest Byzantine coin found dates from the time of the emperors <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a> (574–582) and <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> (610–641). After that period, all inland Byzantine cities were demolished by the invaders and abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Some of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">earliest Slavic</a> settlements to the south of Danube have been discovered in Dobruja, near the villages of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Popina,_Silistra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popina, Silistra (page does not exist)">Popina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garv%C4%83n" class="mw-redirect" title="Garvăn">Garvăn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Cherna" title="Nova Cherna">Nova Cherna</a>. They have been dated to the end of the 6th and the beginning of the 7th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> These lands became the main zone of compact <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgar</a> settlement in the end of the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> According to the peace treaty of 681, signed after the Bulgarian victory over Byzantines in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ongala" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ongala">Battle of Ongala</a>, Dobruja became part of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Shortly after, the Bulgar founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Pliska" title="Pliska">Pliska</a>, which became the first Bulgarian capital, near the southern border of Dobruja.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> They rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Madara_(village)" title="Madara (village)">Madara</a> as a major Bulgar pagan religious centre.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_Bulgarian_Chronicle#11th/12th_centuries" title="Anonymous Bulgarian Chronicle">Bulgarian Apocryphal Chronicle</a>, from the 11th century, Bulgarian Tsar <a href="/wiki/Asparukh_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Asparukh of Bulgaria">Ispor</a> "accepted the Bulgarian tsardom", created "great cities, <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Drastar</a> on the Danube", a "great wall from Danube to the sea", "the city of <a href="/wiki/Pliska" title="Pliska">Pliska</a>" and "populated the lands of <a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Karvuna</a>" (nowadays <a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Balchik</a>).<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> According to Bulgarian historians, during the 7th–10th centuries, the region was fortified by construction of a large network of earthen and wooden strongholds and ramparts.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Around the end of the 8th century, widespread building of new stone fortresses and defensive walls began.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The Bulgarians also reconstructed some of the ruined Byzantine fortresses (<a href="/wiki/Kaliakra" title="Kaliakra">Kaliakra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a> in the 8th century, Madara and <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a> in the 9th).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> According to Barnea, among other historians, during the following three centuries of Bulgarian domination, Byzantines still controlled the Black Sea coast and the mouths of Danube, and for short periods, even some cities.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> But Bulgarian archaeologists note that the last Byzantine coins found, which are considered a proof of Byzantine presence, date in <a href="/wiki/Kaliakra" title="Kaliakra">Kaliakra</a> from the time of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a> (565–578),<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a> from the time of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> (610–641),<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and in Tomis from <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a>'s rule (668–685).<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> At the beginning of the 8th century, <a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> visited Dobruja to ask Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> <a href="/wiki/Tervel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tervel">Tervel</a> for military help. Khan <a href="/wiki/Omurtag_of_Bulgaria" title="Omurtag of Bulgaria">Omurtag</a> (815–831) built a "glorious home on the Danube" and erected a mound in the middle of the distance between Pliska and his new building, according to his inscription kept in <a href="/wiki/Holy_Forty_Martyrs_Church,_Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Holy Forty Martyrs Church, Veliko Tarnovo">SS. Forty Martyrs Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Veliko Tarnovo</a>. The location of this edifice is unclear; the main theories place it at Silistra or at <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83cuiul_lui_Soare" title="Păcuiul lui Soare">Păcuiul lui Soare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Many early medieval Bulgar stone inscriptions were found in Dobruja, including historical narratives, inventories of armament or buildings, and commemorative texts.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> During this period Silistra became an important Bulgarian ecclesiastical centre—an episcopate after 865 and seat of the Bulgarian Patriarch at the end of the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 895, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Magyar</a> tribes from <a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a> invaded Dobruja and northeastern Bulgaria. An old Slavic inscription, found at <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Vod%C4%83,_Constan%C5%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea Vodă, Constanţa">Mircea Vodă</a>, mentions <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDupa" title="Župa">Zhupan</a> Dimitri (Дѣимитрѣ жѹпанѣ), a local feudal landlord prominent in the south of the region in 943.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_of_Byzantine_rule_and_late_migrations">Return of Byzantine rule and late migrations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Return of Byzantine rule and late migrations">edit</a>]</div> With financial encouragement from the Byzantine emperor, <a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicephorus II">Nikephoros II Phocas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_I_of_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sviatoslav I of Kiev">Sviatoslav I of Kiev</a> agreed to assist the Byzantines in their war with the Bulgarians. Sviatoslav defeated the Bulgarians (led by <a href="/wiki/Boris_II_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris II of Bulgaria">Boris II</a>) and proceeded to occupy the whole of northern Bulgaria. He occupied Dobruja in 968 and moved the capital of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pereyaslavets" title="Pereyaslavets">Pereyaslavets</a>, in the north of the region. Sviatoslav refused to turn his Balkan conquests over to the Byzantines, and the parties fell out as a result. So the Byzantines under <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimisces" class="mw-redirect" title="John I Tzimisces">John I Tzimisces</a> reconquered Dobruja in 971 and included it in the theme 'Mesopotamia of the West' (Μεσοποταμια της Δυσεον).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> According to some historians, soon after 976<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> or in 986, the southern part of Dobruja was included in the Bulgarian state then ruled by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria" title="Samuel of Bulgaria">Samuel</a>. The northern part remained under Byzantine rule, being reorganised in an autonomous klimata.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Other historians are of the view that Northern Dobruja was reconquered by Bulgarians as well.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 1000, a Byzantine army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Theodorokanos" title="Theodorokanos">Theodorokanos</a> reconquered the whole of Dobruja,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> organizing the region as the <a href="/wiki/Strategia" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategia">Strategia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Dorostolon</a> and, after 1020, as <a href="/wiki/Paristrion" title="Paristrion">Paristrion</a> (Paradounavon). To prevent mounted attacks from the north, the Byzantines constructed three <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Wall" title="Trajan's Wall">ramparts</a> from the Black Sea down to the Danube, in the 10th–11th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> According to Bulgarian archaeologists and historians, these fortifications may have been built much earlier and were erected by the First Bulgarian Empire in response to the threat of <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>' raids.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> From the 10th century, Byzantines accepted small groups of <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> settling in Dobruja.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In the spring of 1036, an invasion of the Pecheneg devastated large parts of the region,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> destroying the forts at <a href="/wiki/Capidava" title="Capidava">Capidava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostrov,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Ostrov, Constanța">Dervent</a>, and burning the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Dinoge%C5%A3ia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinogeţia">Dinogeţia</a>. In 1046 the Byzantines accepted the Pecheneg under <a href="/wiki/Ioannes_Kegen" title="Ioannes Kegen">Kegen</a> settling in Paristrion as foederati.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The Pecheneg dominated the region until 1059, when <a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a> reconquered Dobruja. In 1064, an invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> affected the region. During 1072 to 1074, when Nestor (the new <a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a> of Paristrion) was in Dristra, he found that the Pecheneg ruler, Tatrys, was leading a rebellion. In 1091, three autonomous, probably Pecheneg,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> rulers were mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Alexiad" title="Alexiad">Alexiad</a>: Tatos (Τατοῦ) or Chalis (χαλῆ), in the area of <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Dristra</a> (probably the same person as Tatrys),<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and Sesthlav (Σεσθλάβου) and Satza (Σατζά) in the area of <a href="/wiki/Vicina_(town)" title="Vicina (town)">Vicina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> moved into Dobruja in 1094 and were influential in the region until the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Bulgarian_Empire_and_Mongol_domination">Second Bulgarian Empire and Mongol domination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second Bulgarian Empire and Mongol domination">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgaria-second_half_of_the_13th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bulgaria-second_half_of_the_13th_century.png/500px-Bulgaria-second_half_of_the_13th_century.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bulgaria-second_half_of_the_13th_century.png/960px-Bulgaria-second_half_of_the_13th_century.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1852" data-file-height="1556" /></a><figcaption>Bulgaria in the second half of the 13th century. The red points show the range of the Ivailo Uprising.</figcaption></figure> In 1187 the Byzantines lost control of Dobruja to the restored Bulgarian Empire. In 1241, the first <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> groups, under <a href="/wiki/Kadan" title="Kadan">Kadan</a>, invaded Dobruja starting a century long history of turmoil in the region.<a href="#cite_note-ID_194-68">[68]</a> Around 1263–64, Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaeologus" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael VIII Palaeologus">Michael VIII Palaeologus</a> gave permission to <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaykaus_II" title="Kaykaus II">Kaykaus II</a> to settle in the area with a group of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_R%C3%BBm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Rûm">Seljuk Turks</a> from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> A missionary <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">Turkish mystic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sari_Saltik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sari Saltik">Sarı Saltuk</a>, was the spiritual leader of this group.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> His tomb in <a href="/wiki/Babadag" title="Babadag">Babadag</a> (which was named after him)<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> is still a place of pilgrimage for Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Arab chronicles of the 13th century mentioned Dobrogea under the name "Şakji" and the Vlachs inhabitants under the names "al-Awalak" and "ulaqut".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In 1265, the Bulgarian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Tikh_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria">Constantine Tikh Asen</a> hired 20,000 Tatars to cross the Danube and attack Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> On their way back, the Tatars forced most of the Seljuk Turks, including their chief Sarı Saltuk, to resettle in Kipchak (Cumania).<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In the second part of the 13th century, the Turco–Mongolian <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> Empire continuously raided and plundered Dobruja.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The inability of the Bulgarian authorities to cope with the numerous raids became the main reason for the uprising, led by <a href="/wiki/Ivailo_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivailo of Bulgaria">Ivailo</a> (1277–1280), that broke out in eastern Bulgaria.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Ivailo's army defeated the Tatars, who were forced to leave the Bulgarian territory; he next outed Constantine Tikh's army, and Ivailo has crowned Emperor of Bulgaria. The war with the Tatars continued. In 1278, after a new Tatar invasion in Dobruja, Ivailo was forced to retreat to the strong fortress of Silistra, where he withstood a three-month siege.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 1280 the Bulgarian nobility, which feared the growing influence of the peasant emperor, organised a coup. Ivailo had to flee to his enemy the Tatar <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a>, who later killed him.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In 1300 <a href="/wiki/Toqta" title="Toqta">Toqta</a>, the new Khan of the Golden Horde, ceded <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Svetoslav_of_Bulgaria" title="Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria">Theodore Svetoslav</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliakra_Fortress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kaliakra_Fortress.jpg/250px-Kaliakra_Fortress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kaliakra_Fortress.jpg/330px-Kaliakra_Fortress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kaliakra_Fortress.jpg/500px-Kaliakra_Fortress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2788" data-file-height="1652" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kaliakra" title="Kaliakra">Kaliakra fortress</a>, the seat of the autonomous Dobrujan Principality</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomous_Dobruja">Autonomous Dobruja</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Autonomous Dobruja">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Karvuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Karvuna">Principality of Karvuna</a></div> In 1325, the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarch">Ecumenical Patriarch</a> nominated Methodius as Metropolitan of Varna and Carvona.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> After this date, <a href="/wiki/Balik_(ruler)" title="Balik (ruler)">Balik/Balica</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> is mentioned as a local ruler in Southern Dobruja. In 1346, he supported <a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaeologus" class="mw-redirect" title="John V Palaeologus">John V Palaeologus</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347">dispute</a> for the Byzantine throne with <a href="/wiki/John_VI_Cantacuzenus" class="mw-redirect" title="John VI Cantacuzenus">John VI Cantacuzenus</a>. He sent an army corps under his son <a href="/wiki/Dobrotitsa" title="Dobrotitsa">Dobrotitsa/Dobrotici</a> and his brother, Theodore, to help the mother of John Palaeologus, Anna of Savoy. For his bravery, Dobrotitsa received the title of strategos and married the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Megadux" class="mw-redirect" title="Megadux">megadux</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Apokaukos" title="Alexios Apokaukos">Apokaukos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> After the reconciliation of the two pretenders, a territorial dispute broke out between the Dobrujan polity and the Byzantine Empire for the port of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Midia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In 1347, at John V Palaeologus' request, <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> <a href="/wiki/Umur_of_Ayd%C4%B1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Umur of Aydın">Bahud-din Umur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Aydın</a>, led a naval expedition against Balik, destroying Dobruja's seaports. Balik and Theodore died during the confrontation, and Dobrotitsa became the new ruler.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DobrXIV.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/DobrXIV.png/220px-DobrXIV.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/DobrXIV.png/330px-DobrXIV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/DobrXIV.png 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Principality of Dobrotici/Dobrotitsa during the 1370s</figcaption></figure> Between 1352 and 1359, with the collapse of Golden Horde rule in Northern Dobruja, a new state appeared. It was controlled by <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Demetrius,_Prince_of_the_Tatars" title="Demetrius, Prince of the Tatars">Demetrius</a>, who claimed to be the protector of the river mouths of the Danube.<a href="#cite_note-DID_351-88">[88]</a> In 1357 Dobrotitsa was mentioned as a <a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">despot</a> ruling over a large territory, including the fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a>, Kozeakos (near <a href="/wiki/Obzor" title="Obzor">Obzor</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Emona_(Burgas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emona (Burgas)">Emona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In 1366, John V Palaeologus visited Rome and <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a>, trying to gather military support for his campaigns. On his return, he was captured at Vidin by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Alexander_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria">Ivan Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tarnovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a>, who believed that the new alliances were directed against his realm. An anti-Ottoman crusade under <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_VI_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadeus VI of Savoy">Amadeus VI of Savoy</a>, supported by the republics of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, was diverted to free the Byzantine emperor. Dobrotitsa collaborated with the crusaders, and after the allies conquered several Bulgarian forts on the Black Sea, Ivan Alexander freed John and negotiated a peace agreement. Dobrotitsa's role in this conflict brought him numerous political advantages: his daughter married one of John V's sons, Michael, and his principality extended its control over some of the forts lost by the Bulgarians (<a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesembria</a>). In 1368, after the death of prince Demetrius, Dobrotitsa was recognised as ruler by <a href="/wiki/Mangalia" title="Mangalia">Pangalia</a> and other cities on the right bank of the Danube. In 1369, together with <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachia" title="Vladislav I of Wallachia">Vladislav I of Wallachia</a>, Dobrotitsa helped Prince <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Stratsimir_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Stratsimir of Bulgaria">Stratsimir</a> to win back the throne of <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Vidin" title="Tsardom of Vidin">Vidin</a>. Between 1370 and 1375, allied with Venice, Dobritsia challenged Genoese power in the Black Sea. In 1376, he tried to impose his son-in-law, Michael, as Emperor of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>, but was unsuccessful. Dobrotitsa supported John V Palaeologus against his son <a href="/wiki/Andronicus_IV_Palaeologus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronicus IV Palaeologus">Andronicus IV Palaeologus</a>. In 1379, the Dobrujan fleet participated in the blockade of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, fighting with the Genoese fleet. In 1386, Dobrotitsa died and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Ivanko_(despot)" title="Ivanko (despot)">Ivanko</a>. That same year he accepted a peace agreement with <a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a> and in 1387 signed a commercial treaty with Genoa. Ivanko was killed in 1388 during the expedition of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Grand_Viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Grand Viziers">Ottoman Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%87andarli_Ali_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Çandarli Ali Pasha">Çandarli Ali Pasha</a> against <a href="/wiki/Tarnovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Dristra</a>. The expedition brought most of the Dobrujan forts under Turkish rule. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wallachian_rule">Wallachian rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wallachian rule">edit</a>]</div> In 1388/1389 Dobruja (Terrae Dobrodicii—as mentioned in a document from 1390) and Dristra (Dârstor) came under the control of <a href="/wiki/Mircea_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea cel Bătrân of Wallachia">Mircea the Elder</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, who defeated the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png/330px-Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png/495px-Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png/660px-Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Dobruja (Terra Dobrotici) as part of Wallachia under Mircea the Elder</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a> conquered the southern part of the territory in 1393, attacking Mircea one year later, but without success. In the spring of 1395 <a href="/wiki/Mircea_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea cel Bătrân of Wallachia">Mircea</a> regained the lost Dobrujan territories, with the help of his <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Hungarian</a> allies. The Ottomans recaptured Dobruja in 1397 and ruled it to 1404, although in 1401 Mircea strongly defeated an Ottoman army. The defeat of Sultan Beyezid I by <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Ankara</a> in 1402 opened a period of anarchy in the Ottoman Empire. Mircea took advantage of it to organise a new anti-Ottoman campaign: in 1403, he occupied the Genoese fort of <a href="/wiki/Chilia_Veche" title="Chilia Veche">Kilia</a> at the mouths of the Danube. Thus in 1404, he could impose his authority on Dobruja. In 1416, Mircea supported the revolt against <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_I" title="Mehmed I">Mehmed I</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Bedreddin" title="Sheikh Bedreddin">Sheikh Bedreddin</a> in the area of Deliorman, in Southern Dobruja.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> After Mircea died in 1418, his son <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Wallachia" title="Michael I of Wallachia">Mihail I</a> fought against the amplified Ottoman attacks, eventually being killed in a battle in 1420. That year, Sultan Mehmed I conducted the definitive conquest of Dobruja by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> kept only the mouths of the Danube, but not for a long duration. In the late 14th century, German traveller <a href="/wiki/Johann_Schiltberger" title="Johann Schiltberger">Johann Schiltberger</a> described these lands as follows:<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I was in three regions, and all three were called Bulgaria. ... The third Bulgaria is there, where the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> flows into <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">the sea</a>. Its capital is called Kaliakra.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_rule">Ottoman rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ottoman rule">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danube_mouths_1867.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Danube_mouths_1867.JPG/330px-Danube_mouths_1867.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Danube_mouths_1867.JPG/495px-Danube_mouths_1867.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Danube_mouths_1867.JPG/660px-Danube_mouths_1867.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4064" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Danube mouths from 1867 by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kiepert" title="Heinrich Kiepert">Heinrich Kiepert</a></figcaption></figure> Annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1420, the region remained under Ottoman control until the late 19th century. Initially, it was organised as an udj (border province), included in the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjak</a> of Silistra, part of the <a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Eyalet of Rumelia</a>. Later, under <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> or <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I</a>, the sanjak of Silistra and surrounding territories were organised as a separate <a href="/wiki/Silistra_Eyalet" title="Silistra Eyalet">eyalet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In 1555, a revolt led by the "false" (düzme) Mustafa, a pretender to the Turkish throne, broke out against Ottoman administration in <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a> and rapidly spread to Dobruja, but was repressed by the <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nigbolu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 1603 and 1612, the region suffered from the forays of <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossacks</a>, who burnt down <a href="/wiki/Isaccea" title="Isaccea">Isaķči</a> and plundered <a href="/wiki/Constan%C5%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Constanţa">Küstendje</a>. The Russian Empire occupied Dobruja several times during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_wars" title="Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a> — in 1771–1774, 1790–1791, 1809–1810, 1829, and 1853. The most violent invasion was that of 1829, which resulted in the depopulation of numerous villages and towns. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Treaty of Adrianople of 1829</a> ceded the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. However, Russia was forced to return it to the Ottomans in 1856, after the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. In 1864 Dobruja was included in the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Vilayet">Vilayet of Danube</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russo-Turkish_War_of_1878_and_aftermath">Russo-Turkish War of 1878 and aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Russo-Turkish War of 1878 and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trecerea_dunarii_1878.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Trecerea_dunarii_1878.jpeg/250px-Trecerea_dunarii_1878.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Trecerea_dunarii_1878.jpeg/330px-Trecerea_dunarii_1878.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Trecerea_dunarii_1878.jpeg/500px-Trecerea_dunarii_1878.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2397" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption>Romanian troops triumphantly cross the Danube into Northern Dobruja, in a colourful patriotic lithograph, 1878</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Histdob.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Histdob.png/330px-Histdob.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Histdob.png/500px-Histdob.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Histdob.png/960px-Histdob.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Dobruja after 1878.</figcaption></figure> After the 1878 war, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a> awarded Dobruja to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and the newly established <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality of Bulgaria</a>. The northern portion, held by Russia, was ceded to Romania in exchange for Russia obtaining territories in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bessarabia" title="Southern Bessarabia">Southern Bessarabia</a>, thereby securing direct access to the mouths of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. The population included a Bulgarian ethnic enclave in the northeast (around <a href="/wiki/Babadag" title="Babadag">Babadag</a>), as well as an important Muslim majority (mostly Turks and Tatars) scattered around the region. The southern portion, held by Bulgaria, was reduced the same year by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a>. At the advice of the French envoy, a strip of land extended inland from the port of <a href="/wiki/Mangalia" title="Mangalia">Mangalia</a> (shown orange on the map) was ceded to Romania, since its southwestern corner contained a compact area of ethnic Romanians. The town of <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a>, located at the area's most southwestern point, remained Bulgarian due to its large Bulgarian population. Romania subsequently tried to occupy the town as well, but in 1879 a new international commission allowed Romania to occupy only the fort Arab Tabia, which overlooked Silistra, but not the town itself. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dobroudja_(carte_ethnographique).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Dobroudja_%28carte_ethnographique%29.JPG/330px-Dobroudja_%28carte_ethnographique%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="310" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Dobroudja_%28carte_ethnographique%29.JPG/500px-Dobroudja_%28carte_ethnographique%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Dobroudja_%28carte_ethnographique%29.JPG/960px-Dobroudja_%28carte_ethnographique%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="2408" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic groups in Dobruja around 1918</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878">Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878</a>, most of Dobruja's population was composed of ethnic Tatars, and Turks, with minorities of Romanians, and Bulgarians. During the war, a large part of the Muslim population was evacuated to Bulgaria and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> After 1878, the Romanian government encouraged Romanians from other regions to settle in Northern Dobruja and accepted the return of some Muslim population displaced by the war.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> According to Bulgarian historians, after 1878 the Romanian church authorities took control over all local churches, with the exception of two in the towns of Tulcea and Constanţa, which managed to retain use of their Bulgarian Slavonic liturgy.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Between 1879 and 1900, Bulgarians built 15 new churches in Northern Dobruja.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> After 1880, <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> settled in Greci, Cataloi and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%83cin" title="Măcin">Măcin</a> in Northern Dobruja. Most of them worked in the granite quarries in the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%83cin_Mountains" title="Măcin Mountains">Măcin Mountains</a>, while some became farmers.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The Bulgarian authorities encouraged the settling of ethnic Bulgarians in the territory of Southern Dobruja.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkan_Wars_and_World_War_I">Balkan Wars and World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Balkan Wars and World War I">edit</a>]</div> In May 1913, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a> awarded Silistra and the area in a 3  km radius around it to Romania, at the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> Conference. In August 1913, after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a>, Bulgaria lost <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a> (Cadrilater) to Romania (See <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest,_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Bucharest, 1913">Treaty of Bucharest, 1913</a>). With Romania's entry in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> on the side of France and Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> occupied all of Dobruja and gave the Cadrilater, as well as the southern portion of Northern Dobruja, to Bulgaria in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest,_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Bucharest, 1918">Treaty of Bucharest</a> of 1918. This situation lasted for a short period. As the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a> emerged victorious at the end of the war, Romania regained the lost territories in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Neuilly">Treaty of Neuilly</a> of 1919. Between 1926 and 1938, about 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a> from Bulgaria, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, and Greece, were resettled in Southern Dobruja. Some <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a> also emigrated to the region. In 1923 the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Dobrujan_Revolutionary_Organisation" title="Internal Dobrujan Revolutionary Organisation">Internal Dobrujan Revolutionary Organisation</a> (IDRO), a Bulgarian nationalist organisation, was established. Active in Southern Dobruja under different forms until 1940, the IDRO detachments fought against the widespread brigandage in the region,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> as well as the Romanian administration. Thus, while considered "a terrorist organisation" by the Romanian authorities, the IDRO was regarded by ethnic Bulgarians as a liberation movement. In 1925, part of the Bulgarian revolutionary committees formed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobrujan_Revolutionary_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dobrujan Revolutionary Organisation (page does not exist)">Dobrujan Revolutionary Organisation</a> (DRO), which later became subordinated to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Romania">Communist Party of Romania</a>. In contrast with the IDRO, which fought for the inclusion of the region in the Bulgarian state, the DRO requested the independence of Dobruja and its inclusion in a projected <a href="/wiki/Balkan_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan federalism">Federative Republic of the Balkans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The means used by DRO to attain its goals were also more peaceful. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_aftermath">World War II and aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: World War II and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Bulgaria regained Southern Dobruja in the September 1940 <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a>-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Craiova" title="Treaty of Craiova">Treaty of Craiova</a>, despite Romanian negotiators' insistence that <a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Balchik</a> and other towns should remain in Romania. As part of the treaty, the <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian</a> inhabitants (Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a>-<a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a>, settlers from other regions of Romania, and the Romanians indigenous to the region) were forced to leave the regained territory, while the Bulgarian minority in the north was expelled to go to Bulgaria in a <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Bulgaria_and_Romania" title="Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania">population exchange</a>. The post-war <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties</a> of 1947 reaffirmed the 1940 border. In 1948 and again in 1961–1962, Bulgaria proposed a border rectification in the area of Silistra, consisting mainly of the transfer of a Romanian territory containing the water source of that city. Romania made an alternative proposal that did not involve a territorial change and, ultimately, no rectification took place.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In Romania, 14 November is a holiday observed as <a href="/wiki/Dobruja_Day" title="Dobruja Day">Dobruja Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographic_history">Demographic history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographic history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_era">Ottoman era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ottoman era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_port_de_Kustendje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Le_port_de_Kustendje.jpg/260px-Le_port_de_Kustendje.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Le_port_de_Kustendje.jpg/390px-Le_port_de_Kustendje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Le_port_de_Kustendje.jpg/520px-Le_port_de_Kustendje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>The port of <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Kustendje</a> in 1856. Drawing by Camille Allard</figcaption></figure> During Ottoman rule, groups of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people" title="Muslim Romani people">Muslim Romani people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> settled in the region, the latter, especially between 1512 and 1514. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter I of Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a> immigrated to the region of the Danube Delta. On account of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a>, one of the greatest migration events of the region occurred where an estimated 200,000 Tatars emigrated to the Dobruja region between 1770 and 1784. Whereas, a large group of Christians (likely Greeks and Slavs) moved the other direction into the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Tatars</a>' recently-loss region of <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a> in 1778.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> After the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Zaporozhian Sich</a> in 1775, <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> were settled in the area north of Lake Razim by the Turkish authorities (where they founded the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Sich" title="Danubian Sich">Danubian Sich</a>). They were forced to leave Dobruja in 1828. In the second part of the nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> also settled in the Danube Delta. After the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, a large number of <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Tatars</a> were forcibly driven away from <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, immigrating to then-Ottoman Dobruja and settling mainly in the Karasu Valley in the centre of the region and around Bābā Dāgh. In 1864, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> fleeing from the Russian invasion and genocide of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> were settled in the wooded region near Babadag, forming <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Romania" title="Circassians in Romania">a community there</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Germans" title="Dobrujan Germans">Germans</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> also founded colonies in Dobruja between 1840 and 1892. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dobrogea-Bugeac_harta_etnica_(1861).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dobrogea-Bugeac_harta_etnica_%281861%29.JPG/330px-Dobrogea-Bugeac_harta_etnica_%281861%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dobrogea-Bugeac_harta_etnica_%281861%29.JPG/495px-Dobrogea-Bugeac_harta_etnica_%281861%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dobrogea-Bugeac_harta_etnica_%281861%29.JPG/660px-Dobrogea-Bugeac_harta_etnica_%281861%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic map of the Danube mouths from 1861, according to the map above, from the French geographer Guillaume Lejean. (See the legend <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Balkans-ethnic_(1861).jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Balkans-ethnic (1861).jpg">here</a>)</figcaption></figure> According to Bulgarian historian <a href="/wiki/Lyubomir_Miletich" title="Lyubomir Miletich">Lyubomir Miletich</a>, most Bulgarians living in Dobruja in 1900 were nineteenth-century settlers or their descendants.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In 1850, the scholar <a href="/wiki/Ion_Ionescu_de_la_Brad" title="Ion Ionescu de la Brad">Ion Ionescu de la Brad</a>, wrote in a study on Dobruja, ordered by the Ottoman government, that Bulgarians came to the region "in the last twenty years or so".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> According to his study, there were 2,285 Bulgarian families (out of 8,194 Christian families) in the region,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> 1,194 of them in Northern Dobruja.<a href="#cite_note-Dmono_177-110">[110]</a> Lyubomir Miletich puts the number of Bulgarian families in Northern Dobruja in the same year at 2,097.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> According to the statistics of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a>, before 1877 there were 9,324 Bulgarian families out of a total 12,364 Christian families in the Northern Dobruja.<a href="#cite_note-IstBg7_412-112">[112]</a> According to Russian <a href="/wiki/Knyaz#Russia" title="Knyaz">knyaz</a> Vladimir Cherkassky, chief of the Provisional Russian government in Bulgaria in 1877–1878, the Bulgarian population in Dobruja was larger than the Romanian one.<a href="#cite_note-IstBg7_412-112">[112]</a> However, count Shuvalov, the Russian representative to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a>, stated that Romania deserved Dobruja "more than anybody else, because of its population".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In 1878, the statistics of the Russian governor of Dobruja, Bieloserkovitsch, showed a number of 4,750 Bulgarian "family chiefs" (out of 14,612 Christian family chiefs) in the northern half of the region.<a href="#cite_note-Dmono_177-110">[110]</a> The Christian religious organisation of the region was put under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Firman_(decree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman (decree)">firman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan</a>, promulgated on February 28, 1870.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> However, the ethnic Greeks and most Romanians in Northern Dobruja remained under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Greek</a> Archdiocese of <a href="/wiki/Tulcea" title="Tulcea">Tulça</a> (founded in 1829).<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> In 1913, Dobruja was all made part of Romania in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">1913 Treaty of Bucharest</a> which ended the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a>. Romania acquired Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria, a territory with a population of 300,000 from which only 6,000 (2%) were Romanians.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In 1913, Romanian-held Northern Dobruja had a population of 380,430, from which 216,425 (56.8%) were Romanians.<a href="#cite_note-Roman_1919-118">[118]</a> Thus, when Dobruja was unified within Romania in 1913, there were over 222,000 Romanians in the region out of a total population of 680,000, or nearly 33% of the population. By 1930, the Romanian population within Dobruja had increased to 44.2%.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Northern Dobruja">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnicity </th> <th>1878<a href="#cite_note-Karpat-120">[120]</a> </th> <th>1880<a href="#cite_note-dane-121">[121]</a> </th> <th>1899<a href="#cite_note-dane-121">[121]</a> </th> <th>1913<a href="#cite_note-Roman_1919-118">[118]</a> </th> <th>19301<a href="#cite_note-sabin-122">[122]</a> </th> <th>1956<a href="#cite_note-anri-123">[123]</a> </th> <th>1966<a href="#cite_note-anri-123">[123]</a> </th> <th>1977<a href="#cite_note-anri-123">[123]</a> </th> <th>1992<a href="#cite_note-anri-123">[123]</a> </th> <th>2002<a href="#cite_note-anri-123">[123]</a> </th> <th>2011<a href="#cite_note-ins2011-124">[124]</a> </th> <th>2021<a href="#cite_note-INSSER2021-125">[125]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>All </td> <td>225,692 </td> <td>139,671 </td> <td>258,242 </td> <td>380,430 </td> <td>437,131 </td> <td>593,659 </td> <td>702,461 </td> <td>863,348 </td> <td>1,019,766 </td> <td>971,643 </td> <td>897,165 </td> <td>849,352 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romanian </td> <td>46,504 (21%) </td> <td>43,671 (31%) </td> <td>118,919 (46%) </td> <td>216,425 (56.8%) </td> <td>282,844 (64.7%) </td> <td>514,331 (86.6%) </td> <td>622,996 (88.7%) </td> <td>784,934 (90.9%) </td> <td>926,608 (90.8%) </td> <td>883,620 (90.9%) </td> <td>751,250 (83.7%) </td> <td>657,438 (77.4%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkish </td> <td>48,783 (21.6%) </td> <td>18,624 (13%) </td> <td>12,146 (4%) </td> <td>20,092 (5.3%) </td> <td>21,748 (5%) </td> <td>11,994 (2%) </td> <td>16,209 (2.3%) </td> <td>21,666 (2.5%) </td> <td>27,685 (2.7%) </td> <td>27,580 (2.8%) </td> <td>22,500 (2.5%) </td> <td>17,114 (2%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tatar </td> <td>71,146 (31.5%) </td> <td>29,476 (21%) </td> <td>28,670 (11%) </td> <td>21,350 (5.6%) </td> <td>15,546 (3.6%) </td> <td>20,239 (3.4%) </td> <td>21,939 (3.1%) </td> <td>22,875 (2.65%) </td> <td>24,185 (2.4%) </td> <td>23,409 (2.4%) </td> <td>19,720 (2.2%) </td> <td>17,024 (2%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Russian-Lipovan </td> <td>12,748 (5.6%) </td> <td>8,250 (6%) </td> <td>12,801 (5%) </td> <td rowspan="2">35,859 (9.4%) </td> <td>26,210 (6%)2 </td> <td>29,944 (5%) </td> <td>30,509 (4.35%) </td> <td>24,098 (2.8%) </td> <td>26,154 (2.6%) </td> <td>21,623 (2.2%) </td> <td>13,910 (1.6%) </td> <td>12,094 (1.4%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ruthenian (Ukrainian from 1956) </td> <td> </td> <td>455 (0.3%) </td> <td>13,680 (5%) </td> <td>33 (0.01%) </td> <td>7,025 (1.18%) </td> <td>5,154 (0.73%) </td> <td>2,639 (0.3%) </td> <td>4,101 (0.4%) </td> <td>1,465 (0.1%) </td> <td>1,177 (0.1%) </td> <td>1,033 (0.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Germans" title="Dobrujan Germans">Dobrujan Germans</a> </td> <td>1,134 (0,5%) </td> <td>2,461 (1.7%) </td> <td>8,566 (3%) </td> <td>7,697 (2%) </td> <td>12,023 (2.75%) </td> <td>735 (0.12%) </td> <td>599 (0.09%) </td> <td>648 (0.08%) </td> <td>677 (0.07%) </td> <td>398 (0.04%) </td> <td>166 (0.02%) </td> <td>187 (0.02%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greek </td> <td>3,480 (1.6%) </td> <td>4,015 (2.8%) </td> <td>8,445 (3%) </td> <td>9,999 (2.6%) </td> <td>7,743 (1.8%) </td> <td>1,399 (0.24%) </td> <td>908 (0.13%) </td> <td>635 (0.07%) </td> <td>1,230 (0.12%) </td> <td>2,270 (0.23%) </td> <td>1,447 (0.16%) </td> <td>498 (0.06%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bulgarian </td> <td>30,177 (13.3%) </td> <td>24,915 (17%) </td> <td>38,439 (14%) </td> <td>51,149 (13.4%) </td> <td>42,070 (9.6%) </td> <td>749 (0.13%) </td> <td>524 (0.07%) </td> <td>415 (0.05%) </td> <td>311 (0.03%) </td> <td>135 (0.01%) </td> <td>58 (0.01%) </td> <td>106 (0.01%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Roma </td> <td> </td> <td>702 (0.5%) </td> <td>2,252 (0.87%) </td> <td>3,263 (0.9%) </td> <td>3,831 (0.88%) </td> <td>1,176 (0.2%) </td> <td>378 (0.05%) </td> <td>2,565 (0.3%) </td> <td>5,983 (0.59%) </td> <td>8,295 (0.85%) </td> <td>11,977 (1.3%) </td> <td>10,556 (1.2%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>N/A </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>134 </td> <td>327 </td> <td>95 </td> <td>- </td> <td>7 </td> <td>67 </td> <td>72,488 (8%) </td> <td>130,231 (15.3%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd>1According to the 1926–1938 Romanian administrative division (counties of <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_County#Historical_county" title="Constanța County">Constanța</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tulcea_County" title="Tulcea County">Tulcea</a>), which excluded a part of today's Romania (chiefly the communes of <a href="/wiki/Ostrov,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Ostrov, Constanța">Ostrov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipni%C8%9Ba" title="Lipnița">Lipnița</a>, now part of <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_County" title="Constanța County">Constanța County</a>) and included a part of today's Bulgaria (parts of <a href="/wiki/General_Toshevo_Municipality" title="General Toshevo Municipality">General Toshevo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krushari_Municipality" title="Krushari Municipality">Krushari</a> municipalities)</dd> <dd>2Only Russians. (Russians and Lipovans counted separately)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Southern Dobruja">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnicity </th> <th>1910 </th> <th>19301<a href="#cite_note-sabin-122">[122]</a> </th> <th>2001<a href="#cite_note-nsi.bg-126">[126]</a> </th> <th>2011<a href="#cite_note-nsi2011-127">[127]</a> </th> <th>2021<a href="#cite_note-nsi2021-128">[128]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>All </td> <td>282,007 </td> <td>378,344 </td> <td>357,217 </td> <td>283,3953 </td> <td>231,9384 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bulgarian </td> <td>134,355 (47.6%) </td> <td>143,209 (37.9%) </td> <td>248,382 (69.5%) </td> <td>192,698 (68%) </td> <td>160,620 (69.25%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkish </td> <td>106,568 (37.8%) </td> <td>129,025 (34.1%) </td> <td>76,992 (21.6%) </td> <td>72,963 (25.75%) </td> <td>53,227 (22.9%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Roma </td> <td>12,192 (4.3%) </td> <td>7,615 (2%) </td> <td>25,127 (7%) </td> <td>12,163 (4.29%) </td> <td>15,362 (6.62%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tatar </td> <td>11,718 (4.2%) </td> <td>6,546 (1.7%) </td> <td>4,515 (1.3%) </td> <td>808 (0.29%) </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romanian </td> <td>6,348 (2.3%)2 </td> <td>77,728 (20.5%) </td> <td>591 (0.2%)2 </td> <td>947 (0.33%) </td> <td>n/a </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd>1According to the 1926–1938 Romanian administrative division (counties of <a href="/wiki/Durostor_County" title="Durostor County">Durostor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caliacra_County" title="Caliacra County">Caliacra</a>), which included a part of today's Romania (chiefly the communes of <a href="/wiki/Ostrov,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Ostrov, Constanța">Ostrov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipni%C8%9Ba" title="Lipnița">Lipnița</a>, now part of <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_County" title="Constanța County">Constanța County</a>) and excluded a part of today's Bulgaria (parts of <a href="/wiki/General_Toshevo_Municipality" title="General Toshevo Municipality">General Toshevo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krushari_Municipality" title="Krushari Municipality">Krushari</a> municipalities)</dd> <dd>2Including persons counted as <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a> in Bulgarian Census</dd> <dd>3Only includes persons who answered the optional question on ethnic identity. The total population was 309,151.</dd> <dd>4Only includes persons who answered the optional question on ethnic identity. The total population was 247,916.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Area,_population_and_cities">Area, population and cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Area, population and cities">edit</a>]</div> The entire region of Dobruja has an area of around 23,100 km2 (8,919 sq mi) and a population of around 1.2 million, of which just over two-thirds of the former and nearly three-quarters of the latter lie in the Romanian part. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="width:60px;">Ethnicity </th> <th colspan="2">Dobruja </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Romanian Dobruja</a><a href="#cite_note-ins2011-124">[124]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Bulgarian Dobruja</a><a href="#cite_note-nsi2011-127">[127]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">All </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,180,560 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.00% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">897,165 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.00% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">283,395 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Romanian </td> <td style="text-align:right;">752,197 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">63.72% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">751,250 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">83.74% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">947 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Bulgarian </td> <td style="text-align:right;">192,756 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.33% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">58 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">192,698 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">68% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Turkish </td> <td style="text-align:right;">95,463 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.09% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22,500 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.51% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">72,963 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Tatar </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,528 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.74% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,720 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.20% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">808 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Roma </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,140 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.04% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,977 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.33% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,163 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Russian </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,608 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.24% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,910 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.55% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">698 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.25% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Ukrainian </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,250 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.11% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,177 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.13% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Greek </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,467 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.12% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,447 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.16% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.01% </td></tr></tbody></table> Major cities are <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulcea" title="Tulcea">Tulcea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medgidia" title="Medgidia">Medgidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangalia" title="Mangalia">Mangalia</a> in Romania, and <a href="/wiki/Dobrich" title="Dobrich">Dobrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a> in Bulgaria. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cazinoul_din_Constanta_vedere_laterala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Constanța"><img alt="Constanța" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cazinoul_din_Constanta_vedere_laterala.jpg/120px-Cazinoul_din_Constanta_vedere_laterala.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cazinoul_din_Constanta_vedere_laterala.jpg/180px-Cazinoul_din_Constanta_vedere_laterala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cazinoul_din_Constanta_vedere_laterala.jpg/240px-Cazinoul_din_Constanta_vedere_laterala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Administra%C8%9Bia_Pesc%C4%83riei_Statului.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tulcea"><img alt="Tulcea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Administra%C8%9Bia_Pesc%C4%83riei_Statului.jpg/120px-Administra%C8%9Bia_Pesc%C4%83riei_Statului.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Administra%C8%9Bia_Pesc%C4%83riei_Statului.jpg/250px-Administra%C8%9Bia_Pesc%C4%83riei_Statului.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tulcea" title="Tulcea">Tulcea</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Medgidia_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medgidia"><img alt="Medgidia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Medgidia_station.jpg/120px-Medgidia_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Medgidia_station.jpg/180px-Medgidia_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Medgidia_station.jpg/240px-Medgidia_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Medgidia" title="Medgidia">Medgidia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portul_Turistic_Masngalia_-_panoramio_-_Andrei_Dan_Suciu_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mangalia"><img alt="Mangalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Portul_Turistic_Masngalia_-_panoramio_-_Andrei_Dan_Suciu_%283%29.jpg/120px-Portul_Turistic_Masngalia_-_panoramio_-_Andrei_Dan_Suciu_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Portul_Turistic_Masngalia_-_panoramio_-_Andrei_Dan_Suciu_%283%29.jpg/250px-Portul_Turistic_Masngalia_-_panoramio_-_Andrei_Dan_Suciu_%283%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mangalia" title="Mangalia">Mangalia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dobrich_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dobrich"><img alt="Dobrich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Dobrich_-_1.jpg/120px-Dobrich_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Dobrich_-_1.jpg/250px-Dobrich_-_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2997" data-file-height="2100" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dobrich" title="Dobrich">Dobrich</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Silistra-art-gallery-Svik.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silistra"><img alt="Silistra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Silistra-art-gallery-Svik.jpg/120px-Silistra-art-gallery-Svik.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Silistra-art-gallery-Svik.jpg/250px-Silistra-art-gallery-Svik.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="1718" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bulgaria" title="Portal:Bulgaria">Bulgaria portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/64px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Romania portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War I">Romania during World War I</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/dobruja">"Dobruja"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. Retrieved 21 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Dobruja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fdobruja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fol-2"><a href="#cite_ref-fol_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFФол1984" class="citation book cs1">Фол, Александър (1984). История на Добруджа (History of Dobruja). <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bulgarian Academy of Sciences">Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/165781151">165781151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0+%28History+of+Dobruja%29&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pub=Bulgarian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F165781151&rft.aulast=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> A. Ischirkoff, Les Bulgares en Dobroudja, p. 4, attributes this opinion, among others, to <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_von_Engel" title="Johann Christian von Engel">Johann Christian von Engel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Philipp_Kanitz" title="Felix Philipp Kanitz">Felix Philipp Kanitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marin_Drinov" title="Marin Drinov">Marin Drinov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Jire%C4%8Dek" title="Josef Jireček">Josef Jireček</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Tocilescu" title="Grigore Tocilescu">Grigore Tocilescu</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wittek" title="Paul Wittek">Paul Wittek</a>, Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks of the Dobruja, p. 639 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavidova1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Davidova, R. (1984). "Приподно-географски условия в Добруджа". In Fol, Aleksander; Dimitrov, Strashimir (eds.). История на Добруджа (in Bulgarian). Vol. 1. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11916334">11916334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Bulgarian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11916334&rft.aulast=Davidova&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> A. Ischirkoff, Les Bulgares en Dobroudja, p. 4, attributes this opinion to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Camille_Allard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camille Allard (page does not exist)">Camille Allard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ami_Bou%C3%A9" title="Ami Boué">Ami Boué</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Brunn" title="Heinrich Brunn">Heinrich Brunn</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> G. Dănescu, Dobrogea (La Dobroudja). Étude de Géographie physique et ethnographique, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dobrogealadobro00dngoog/page/n55/mode/2up">35–36</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Paul Wittek, Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks of the Dobruja, p. 653 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFİnalcık1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k" title="Halil İnalcık">İnalcık, Halil</a> (1998). "Dobrudja". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. Vol. II. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">E. J. Brill</a>. p. 610 a. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07026-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07026-4"><bdi>978-90-04-07026-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dobru%3Cu%3Edj%3C%2Fu%3Ea&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=610+a&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07026-4&rft.aulast=%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k&rft.aufirst=Halil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> A. Ischirkoff, Les Bulgares en Dobroudja, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> A. Ischirkoff, Les Bulgares en Dobroudja, pp. 5–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllard1857" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Allard, Camille (1857). Mission médicale dans la Tatarie-Dobroutscha (in French). Paris. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36764237">36764237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+m%C3%A9dicale+dans+la+Tatarie-Dobroutscha&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1857&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36764237&rft.aulast=Allard&rft.aufirst=Camille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStănciugelBălaşa,_Liliana_Monica2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stănciugel, Robert; Bălaşa, Liliana Monica (2005). Dobrogea în Secolele VII–XIX. Evoluţie istorică (in Romanian). București. pp. 68–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dobrogea+%C3%AEn+Secolele+VII%E2%80%93XIX.+Evolu%C5%A3ie+istoric%C4%83&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=St%C4%83nciugel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=B%C4%83la%C5%9Fa%2C+Liliana+Monica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForester1857" class="citation book cs1">Forester, Thomas (1857). The Danube and the Black Sea: Memoir on Their Junction by a Railway between Tchernavoda and a Free Port at Kustendje. London: Edward Stanford. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26010612">26010612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Danube+and+the+Black+Sea%3A+Memoir+on+Their+Junction+by+a+Railway+between+Tchernavoda+and+a+Free+Port+at+Kustendje&rft.place=London&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Edward+Stanford&rft.date=1857&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26010612&rft.aulast=Forester&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> A. Rădulescu, I. Bitoleanu, Istoria Dobrogei, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> A. Rădulescu, I. 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Retrieved 2007-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hieronymi+Chronicon&rft.pages=167&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Eusebios%E2%80%93Hieronymos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fjerome_chronicle_05_latin_part1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAristotle2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222064513/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/a8po/">""Politics", Book V, 6"</a>. In Jowett, Benjamin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/a8po/complete.html">Aristotle's Politics</a>. Adelaide: University of Adelaide. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/a8po/book5.html">the original</a> on February 22, 2008. Retrieved 2007-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Politics%22%2C+Book+V%2C+6&rft.btitle=Aristotle%27s+Politics&rft.place=Adelaide&rft.pub=University+of+Adelaide&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Fa%2Faristotle%2Fa8po%2Fbook5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller">C. Müller</a>, Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum, Paris, 1841, I, pp. 170–173 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&layout=&query=chapter%3D%23657&loc=4.92.1">"The Histories, Book IV, 93"</a>. In Godley, A. D. (ed.). Herodotus. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1610641">1610641</a>. Retrieved 2007-04-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Histories%2C+Book+IV%2C+93&rft.btitle=Herodotus&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1610641&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0126%26layout%3D%26query%3Dchapter%253D%2523657%26loc%3D4.92.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThucydides1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200&layout=&query=chapter%3D%23243&loc=2.98.1">"The Peloponnesian War, Book II, Ch. 97"</a>. In Crawley, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200;query=toc;layout=;loc=2.97.1">History of the Peloponnesian war</a>. London: J.M. Dent. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7727833">7727833</a>. 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Moscow: Наука. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-02-008918-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-02-008918-1"><bdi>978-5-02-008918-1</bdi></a>. 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"Добруджа в миналото". Добруджа, Сборник от студии (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Хемус. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15533292">15533292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%2C+%D0%A1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15533292&rft.aulast=Mutafchiev&rft.aufirst=Petar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> V. Mărculeţ, Asupra organizării teritoriilor bizantine de la Dunărea de Jos în secolele X-XII </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadgearu2001" class="citation book cs1">Madgearu, Alexandru (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027040832/http://www.geocities.com/amadgearu/church.PDF">"The Church Organization at the Lower Danube, between 971 and 1020"</a> (PDF). In Popescu, Emilian; Tudor, Teotei (eds.). Études byzantines et post-byzantines. Vol. IV. Iași: Trinitas. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-8179-38-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-8179-38-7"><bdi>978-973-8179-38-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/amadgearu/church.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 2009-10-27. Retrieved 2007-05-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Church+Organization+at+the+Lower+Danube%2C+between+971+and+1020&rft.btitle=%C3%89tudes+byzantines+et+post-byzantines&rft.place=Ia%C8%99i&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Trinitas&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-973-8179-38-7&rft.aulast=Madgearu&rft.aufirst=Alexandru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Famadgearu%2Fchurch.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevchenko1951" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Levchenko, M.V. (1951). "Ценный источник по вопросу русско-византийских отношений в X веке". Византийский Временник (in Russian). 4: 66–68. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0132-3776">0132-3776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.atitle=%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2+X+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=1951&rft.issn=0132-3776&rft.aulast=Levchenko&rft.aufirst=M.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCedrenus1889" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Kedrenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgios Kedrenos">Cedrenus, Georgius</a> (1889). Migne, J. P. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080309122305/http://patrologia.ct.aegean.gr/PG_Migne/Georgius%20Cedrenus_PG%20121-122/Compendium%20historiaru1a.pdf">"Σύνοψις Ιστοριών (Compendium Historiarum), II, s. 452" <bdi lang="el">Γεωργίου του Κεδρηνού Σύνοψις ιστοριών. Τομ. Β</bdi></a> (PDF). Patrologiae cursus completus v.122 (in Greek). Paris: Garnier. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64824669">64824669</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patrologia.ct.aegean.gr/PG_Migne/Georgius%20Cedrenus_PG%20121-122/Compendium%20historiaru1a.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 9, 2008. Retrieved 2011-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%88%CE%B9%CF%82+%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD+%28Compendium+Historiarum%29%2C+II%2C+s.+452+%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%88%CE%B9%CF%82+%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD.+%CE%A4%CE%BF%CE%BC.+%CE%92&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Patrologiae+cursus+completus+v.122&rft.pub=Garnier&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64824669&rft.aulast=Cedrenus&rft.aufirst=Georgius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatrologia.ct.aegean.gr%2FPG_Migne%2FGeorgius%2520Cedrenus_PG%2520121-122%2FCompendium%2520historiaru1a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> I. Barnea, Şt.Ştefănescu, Bizantini, romani și bulgari la Dunărea de Jos, pp. 112–115 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> A. Rădulescu, I. Bitoleanu, Istoria Dobrogei, pp. 184–185 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRashev1977" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rashev, Rasho (1977). "Землените укрепителни строежи на Долния Дунав (VII–X в.)". <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral thesis">Candidate Dissertation</a>. Typewritten (in Bulgarian). Sofia: 79–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2+%28VII%E2%80%93X+%D0%B2.%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Rashev&rft.aufirst=Rasho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> S. Vaklinov, "Формиране на старобългарската култура VI-XI век", pp. 79–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> I. Barnea, Şt.Ştefănescu, Bizantini, romani și bulgari la Dunărea de Jos, pp. 122–123 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Cedrenus, Historiarum compendium, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patrologia.ct.aegean.gr/PG_Migne/Georgius%20Cedrenus_PG%20121-122/Compendium%20historiaru1a.pdf#page=486">II, s. 514–515</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409154000/http://patrologia.ct.aegean.gr/PG_Migne/Georgius%20Cedrenus_PG%20121-122/Compendium%20historiaru1a.pdf#page=486">Archived</a> April 9, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Cedrenus, Historiarum compendium, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patrologia.ct.aegean.gr/PG_Migne/Georgius%20Cedrenus_PG%20121-122/Compendium%20historiaru1a.pdf#page=513">II, s. 582–584</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409154000/http://patrologia.ct.aegean.gr/PG_Migne/Georgius%20Cedrenus_PG%20121-122/Compendium%20historiaru1a.pdf#page=513">Archived</a> April 9, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Tatos is mentioned as a <a href="/wiki/Patzinak" class="mw-redirect" title="Patzinak">Patzinak</a> by a contemporaneous Byzantine source (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoannes_Zonaras1887" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Joannes Zonaras</a> (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710005520/http://patrologia.ct.aegean.gr/PG_Migne/Ioannes%20Zonaras_PG%20134-135/Epitome%20historiarum_.pdf#page=190">"Epitome historiarum, lib. 13–18, s. 713"</a> (PDF). In Migne, J.P. (ed.). <bdi lang="el">Ιωάννου του Ζωναρά τα ευρισκόμενα πάντα: ιστορικά, κανονικά, δογματικά (μέροςβ΄)</bdi>. Patrologiae cursus completus v.135 (in Greek). Paris. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38636706">38636706</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patrologia.ct.aegean.gr/PG_Migne/Ioannes%20Zonaras_PG%20134-135/Epitome%20historiarum_.pdf#page=190">the original</a> (PDF) on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2007-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epitome+historiarum%2C+lib.+13%E2%80%9318%2C+s.+713&rft.btitle=%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%96%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC+%CF%84%CE%B1+%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B1+%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%3A+%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC%2C+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC%2C+%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC+%28%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82%CE%B2%CE%84%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Patrologiae+cursus+completus+v.135&rft.date=1887&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38636706&rft.au=Joannes+Zonaras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatrologia.ct.aegean.gr%2FPG_Migne%2FIoannes%2520Zonaras_PG%2520134-135%2FEpitome%2520historiarum_.pdf%23page%3D190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)). This opinion is supported by modern historians (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadgearu1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Madgearu, Alexandru (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070709235847/http://www.geocities.com/amadgearu/dunarea.PDF">"Dunărea în epoca bizantină (secolele X-XII): o frontieră permeabilă"</a> (PDF). Revista istorică (in Romanian). 10 (1–2): 48–49. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/amadgearu/dunarea.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 2007-07-09. Retrieved 2007-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+istoric%C4%83&rft.atitle=Dun%C4%83rea+%C3%AEn+epoca+bizantin%C4%83+%28secolele+X-XII%29%3A+o+frontier%C4%83+permeabil%C4%83&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Madgearu&rft.aufirst=Alexandru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Famadgearu%2Fdunarea.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988">). They were considered to be Vlach or Russian by some authors. For a survey of these opinions see I. Barnea, Şt.Ştefănescu, Bizantini, romani şi bulgari la Dunărea de Jos, pp. 139–147 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710005520/http://patrologia.ct.aegean.gr/PG_Migne/Ioannes%20Zonaras_PG%20134-135/Epitome%20historiarum_.pdf#page=190">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from the original on July 10, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatrologia.ct.aegean.gr%2FPG_Migne%2FIoannes%2520Zonaras_PG%2520134-135%2FEpitome%2520historiarum_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> I. Barnea, Şt.Ştefănescu, Bizantini, romani şi bulgari la Dunărea de Jos, pp. 136, 141 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFComnena1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Comnena, Anna</a> (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413122745/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/annacomnena-alexiad00.html">"Book VI, 14"</a>. In Elizabeth A. Dawes (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/annacomnena-alexiad00.html">The Alexiad</a>. London: Routledge, Kegan, Paul. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67891792">67891792</a>. 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Bitoleanu, Istoria Dobrogei, pp. 322–323 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> U.S. Government Printing Office, 1957, Documents on German foreign policy, 1918–1945, from the archives of the German Foreign Ministry, p. 336 </li> <li id="cite_note-Roman_1919-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_1919_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_1919_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoman1919" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roman, I. N. (1919). "La population de la Dobrogea. D'apres le recensement du 1er janvier 1913". In Demetrescu, A (ed.). La Dobrogea Roumaine. Études et documents (in French). Bucarest. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/80634772">80634772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+population+de+la+Dobrogea.+D%27apres+le+recensement+du+1%3Csup%3Eer%3C%2Fsup%3E+janvier+1913&rft.btitle=La+Dobrogea+Roumaine.+%C3%89tudes+et+documents&rft.place=Bucarest&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F80634772&rft.aulast=Roman&rft.aufirst=I.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Lucian Boia, Central European University Press, 2001, History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness, p. 182 </li> <li id="cite_note-Karpat-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Karpat_120-0">^</a> K. Karpat, : Correspondance Politique des Consuls. Turguie (Tulqa). 1 (1878) 280-82 </li> <li id="cite_note-dane-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dane_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dane_121-1">b</a> G. Dănescu, Dobrogea (La Dobroudja). Étude de Géographie physique et ethnographique </li> <li id="cite_note-sabin-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sabin_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sabin_122-1">b</a> Calculated from results of the 1930 census per county, taken from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMănuilă1939" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mănuilă, Sabin (1939). La Population de la Dobroudja (in French). Bucarest: Institut Central de Statistique. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1983592">1983592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Population+de+la+Dobroudja&rft.place=Bucarest&rft.pub=Institut+Central+de+Statistique&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1983592&rft.aulast=M%C4%83nuil%C4%83&rft.aufirst=Sabin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-anri-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anri_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anri_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anri_123-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anri_123-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anri_123-4">e</a> Calculated from statistics for the counties of Tulcea and Constanța from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172336/http://www.anr.gov.ro/docs/statistici/statistici/t1.pdf">"Populația după etnie la recensămintele din perioada 1930–2002, pe judete"</a> (PDF) (in Romanian). Guvernul României — Agenţia Națională pentru Romi. pp. 5–6, 13–14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anr.gov.ro/docs/statistici/statistici/t1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2007-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popula%C8%9Bia+dup%C4%83+etnie+la+recens%C4%83mintele+din+perioada+1930%E2%80%932002%2C+pe+judete&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Guvernul+Rom%C3%A2niei+%E2%80%94+Agen%C5%A3ia+Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83+pentru+Romi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anr.gov.ro%2Fdocs%2Fstatistici%2Fstatistici%2Ft1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ins2011-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ins2011_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ins2011_124-1">b</a> 2011 census results per county, cities and towns <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190815120157/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_7.xls">"Populaţia stabilă pe sexe, după etnie – categorii de localităţi, macroregiuni, regiuni de dezvoltare şi judeţe"</a> (in Romanian). Institutul Național de Statistică. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_7.xls">the original</a> (XLS) on 2019-08-15. Retrieved 2015-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popula%C5%A3ia+stabil%C4%83+pe+sexe%2C+dup%C4%83+etnie+%E2%80%93+categorii+de+localit%C4%83%C5%A3i%2C+macroregiuni%2C+regiuni+de+dezvoltare+%C5%9Fi+jude%C5%A3e&rft.pub=Institutul+Na%C8%9Bional+de+Statistic%C4%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recensamantromania.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F07%2FsR_TAB_7.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-INSSER2021-125"><a href="#cite_ref-INSSER2021_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.01.xls">"Ethnic population at the censuses in the period 1930–2021"</a> (in Romanian). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)" title="National Institute of Statistics (Romania)">INSSE</a>. Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+population+at+the+censuses+in+the+period+1930%E2%80%932021&rft.pub=INSSE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.recensamantromania.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F06%2FTabel-2.01.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsi.bg-126"><a href="#cite_ref-nsi.bg_126-0">^</a> Calculated from the results of the 2001 Bulgarian census for the administrative regions of Dobrich and Silistra, from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm">"Население към 01.03.2001 г. по области и етническа група"</a> (in Bulgarian). Националния статистически институт. Retrieved 2007-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC+01.03.2001+%D0%B3.+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsi.bg%2FCensus%2FEthnos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsi2011-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nsi2011_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nsi2011_127-1">b</a> Calculated from the results of the 2011 Bulgarian census for the administrative regions of Dobrich and Silistra, from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219105400/http://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R9.aspx">"Население по етническа група и майчин език"</a> (in Bulgarian). Националния статистически институт. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R9.aspx">the original</a> on 2015-12-19. Retrieved 2015-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusresults.nsi.bg%2FCensus%2FReports%2F2%2F2%2FR9.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsi2021-128"><a href="#cite_ref-nsi2021_128-0">^</a> Calculated from the results of the 2011 Bulgarian census for the administrative regions of Dobrich and Silistra, from<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infostat.nsi.bg/infostat/pages/reports/result.jsf?x_2=2025">"POPULATION BY ETHNIC GROUP, STATISTICAL REGIONS, DISTRICTS AND MUNICIPALITIES AS OF 07.09.2021"</a>. infostat.nsi.bg. National Statistical Institute, Bulgaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infostat.nsi.bg&rft.atitle=POPULATION+BY+ETHNIC+GROUP%2C+STATISTICAL+REGIONS%2C+DISTRICTS+AND+MUNICIPALITIES+AS+OF+07.09.2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfostat.nsi.bg%2Finfostat%2Fpages%2Freports%2Fresult.jsf%3Fx_2%3D2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDănescu1903" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dănescu, Grigore (1903). Dobrogea (La Dobroudja). Étude de Géographie physique et ethnographique (in French). Bucarest: Imprimerie de l'Indépendance Roumaine. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10596414">10596414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dobrogea+%28La+Dobroudja%29.+%C3%89tude+de+G%C3%A9ographie+physique+et+ethnographique&rft.place=Bucarest&rft.pub=Imprimerie+de+l%27Ind%C3%A9pendance+Roumaine&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10596414&rft.aulast=D%C4%83nescu&rft.aufirst=Grigore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIschirkoff1919" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Ishirkov" title="Anastas Ishirkov">Ischirkoff, A.</a> (1919). Les Bulgares en Dobroudja; aperçu historique et ethnographique (in French). Berne: Imprimerie Pochon-Jent & Bühler. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4061330">4061330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Bulgares+en+Dobroudja%3B+aper%C3%A7u+historique+et+ethnographique&rft.place=Berne&rft.pub=Imprimerie+Pochon-Jent+%26+B%C3%BChler&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4061330&rft.aulast=Ischirkoff&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWittek1952" class="citation journal cs1">Wittek, Paul (1952). "Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks of the Dobruja". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 14 (3). Cambridge University Press on behalf of <a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">School of Oriental and African Studies</a>: 639–668. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00088595">10.1017/S0041977X00088595</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-977X">0041-977X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/609124">609124</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140172969">140172969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Yazijio%3Cu%3Egh%3C%2Fu%3Elu+%27Ali+on+the+Christian+Turks+of+the+Dobruja&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E639-%3C%2Fspan%3E668&rft.date=1952&rft.issn=0041-977X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140172969%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F609124%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00088595&rft.aulast=Wittek&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988">. Subscription needed for online access.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarneaȘtefănescu1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barnea, Ion; Ștefănescu, Ștefan (1971). Bizantini, romani și bulgari la Dunărea de Jos. Din Istoria Dobrogei (in Romanian). Vol. 3. București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1113905">1113905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bizantini%2C+romani+%C8%99i+bulgari+la+Dun%C4%83rea+de+Jos&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.series=Din+Istoria+Dobrogei&rft.pub=Editura+Academiei+Republicii+Socialiste+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1113905&rft.aulast=Barnea&rft.aufirst=Ion&rft.au=%C8%98tef%C4%83nescu%2C+%C8%98tefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVaklinov1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vaklinov, Stancho (1977). Формиране на старобългарската култура VI-XI век (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Издателство Наука и Изкуство. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71440284">71440284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+VI-XI+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71440284&rft.aulast=Vaklinov&rft.aufirst=Stancho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuzevGyuzelev1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuzev, Aleksandar; Gyuzelev, Vasil, eds. (1981). Градове и крепости но Дунава и Черно море. Български средновековни градове и крепости (in Bulgarian). Vol. 1. Varna: Книгоиздателство "Георги Бакалов". <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10020724">10020724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5&rft.place=Varna&rft.series=%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%22%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%22&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10020724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRădulescuBitoleanu1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rădulescu, Adrian; Bitoleanu, Ion (1998). Istoria Dobrogei (in Romanian). Constanţa: Editura Ex Ponto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-9385-32-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-9385-32-9"><bdi>978-973-9385-32-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istoria+Dobrogei&rft.place=Constan%C5%A3a&rft.pub=Editura+Ex+Ponto&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-973-9385-32-9&rft.aulast=R%C4%83dulescu&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Bitoleanu%2C+Ion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMărculeţ2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mărculeţ, Vasile (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418022926/http://ebooks.unibuc.ro/istorie/ideologie/index.htm">"Asupra organizării teritoriilor bizantine de la Dunărea de Jos în secolele X-XII: thema Mesopotamia Apusului, strategatul Dristrei, thema Paristrion – Paradunavon"</a>. In Dobre, Manuela (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.unibuc.ro/istorie/ideologie/index.htm">Istorie şi ideologie</a> (in Romanian). București: Editura Universității din București. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-575-658-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-575-658-1"><bdi>978-973-575-658-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.unibuc.ro/istorie/ideologie/6.htm">the original</a> on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2007-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Asupra+organiz%C4%83rii+teritoriilor+bizantine+de+la+Dun%C4%83rea+de+Jos+%C3%AEn+secolele+X-XII%3A+thema+Mesopotamia+Apusului%2C+strategatul+Dristrei%2C+thema+Paristrion+%E2%80%93+Paradunavon&rft.btitle=Istorie+%C5%9Fi+ideologie&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.pub=Editura+Universit%C4%83%C8%9Bii+din+Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-973-575-658-1&rft.aulast=M%C4%83rcule%C5%A3&rft.aufirst=Vasile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.unibuc.ro%2Fistorie%2Fideologie%2F6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHitchins2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Hitchins" title="Keith Hitchins">Hitchins, Keith</a> (2004). Romania 1866–1947 (in Romanian) (II ed.). București: Humanitas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-50-0551-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-50-0551-1"><bdi>978-973-50-0551-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romania+1866%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.edition=II&rft.pub=Humanitas&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-973-50-0551-1&rft.aulast=Hitchins&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dobruja" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dobruja">Dobruja</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dobruja#Q182660" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Dobruja">Dobruja</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239:book=7:chapter=3:section=1">"Book VII"</a>. In Hans Claude Hamilton; W. Falconer (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%231">The Geography of Strabo</a>. London: George Bell & Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/250411">250411</a>. Retrieved 2007-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+VII&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+Strabo&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F250411&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D3%3Asection%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRădulescuBitoleanu,_Ion1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rădulescu, Adrian; Bitoleanu, Ion (1979). Istoria românilor dintre Dunăre şi Mare: Dobrogea (in Romanian). București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5832576">5832576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istoria+rom%C3%A2nilor+dintre+Dun%C4%83re+%C5%9Fi+Mare%3A+Dobrogea&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.pub=Editura+%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83+%C8%99i+Enciclopedic%C4%83&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5832576&rft.aulast=R%C4%83dulescu&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Bitoleanu%2C+Ion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Iordachi, Constantin (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cbp/article/view/93">"The California of the Romanians": The Integration of Northern Dobrogea into Romania, 1878-1913</a>, in Nation-Building and Contested Identities Romanian & Hungarian Case Studies</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSallanz,_Josef2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sallanz, Josef, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_klWuIEtQjGsC">Die Dobrudscha. Ethnische Minderheiten, Kulturlandschaft, Transformation; Ergebnisse eines Geländekurses des Instituts für Geographie der Universität Potsdam im Südosten Rumäniens. (= Praxis Kultur- und Sozialgeographie; 35)</a> (in German) (II ed.). Potsdam: Universitätsverlag Potsdam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-937786-76-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-937786-76-6"><bdi>978-3-937786-76-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Dobrudscha.+Ethnische+Minderheiten%2C+Kulturlandschaft%2C+Transformation%3B+Ergebnisse+eines+Gel%C3%A4ndekurses+des+Instituts+f%C3%BCr+Geographie+der+Universit%C3%A4t+Potsdam+im+S%C3%BCdosten+Rum%C3%A4niens.+%28%3D+Praxis+Kultur-+und+Sozialgeographie%3B+35%29&rft.place=Potsdam&rft.edition=II&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+Potsdam&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-937786-76-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_klWuIEtQjGsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSallanz2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sallanz, Josef (2007). Bedeutungswandel von Ethnizität unter dem Einfluss von Globalisierung. Die rumänische Dobrudscha als Beispiel. (= Potsdamer Geographische Forschungen; 26) (in German). Potsdam: Universitätsverlag Potsdam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-939469-81-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-939469-81-0"><bdi>978-3-939469-81-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bedeutungswandel+von+Ethnizit%C3%A4t+unter+dem+Einfluss+von+Globalisierung.+Die+rum%C3%A4nische+Dobrudscha+als+Beispiel.+%28%3D+Potsdamer+Geographische+Forschungen%3B+26%29&rft.place=Potsdam&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+Potsdam&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-939469-81-0&rft.aulast=Sallanz&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADobruja" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanian_historical_regions" title="Template:Romanian historical regions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanian_historical_regions" title="Template talk:Romanian historical regions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian_historical_regions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian historical regions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;link=&#124;alt=&#124;Flag_of_Romania_Historical_regions_in_Romania1313" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/24px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/36px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">Historical regions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> <a href="/wiki/File:CoA_Banat.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banat"><img alt="Banat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CoA_Banat.svg/15px-CoA_Banat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CoA_Banat.svg/23px-CoA_Banat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CoA_Banat.svg/30px-CoA_Banat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="619" /></a> (1918–)a</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Banath</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dobruja</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Stema_Dobrogei.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dobruja"><img alt="Dobruja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stema_Dobrogei.png/15px-Stema_Dobrogei.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stema_Dobrogei.png/23px-Stema_Dobrogei.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stema_Dobrogei.png/30px-Stema_Dobrogei.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a> (1878–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a> (1913–16; 1919–40)d</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moldavia"><img alt="Moldavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="750" /></a> (1859–)b</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>e (1918–40; 1941–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a> (1918–40; 1941–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> (Southern Bukovina (1918–)f; Northern Bukovina (1918–40; 1941–44)f)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertsa_region" title="Hertsa region">Hertsa</a> (1859–1940; 1941–44)b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Moldavia" title="Western Moldavia">Western Moldavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transylvania"><img alt="Transylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="550" /></a> (1918–)ag</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a>h</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a>i</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a>j</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wallachia"><img alt="Wallachia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="750" /></a> (1859–)b</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>a<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">De jure</a> since 1920</li> <li>b<a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">De jure</a> since 1862</li> <li>c<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">De jure</a> ceded to Bulgaria and the Central Powers (except for the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>) between May 1918 and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">November 1919</a></li> <li>d<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">De jure</a> ceded to Bulgaria between May 1918 and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">November 1919</a></li> <li>e<a href="/wiki/Southern_Bessarabia" title="Southern Bessarabia">Southern Bessarabia</a> in Romania (1859–78)</li> <li>f<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">De jure</a> since 1919</li> <li>g<a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> in Hungary (1940–44)</li> <li>hOnly the eastern part</li> <li>iOnly the southern part</li> <li>jTransylvania proper</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182660#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1479" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182660#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1479" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182660#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154998747">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4012571-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82150359">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129017&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007557796005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027379582">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046528">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=20358">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dobruca">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\D\O\Dobrudja">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dobruja&params=44_27_N_28_20_E_">44°27′N 28°20′E / 44.450°N 28.333°E / 44.450; 28.333</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&oldid=1279398498">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dobruja&oldid=1279398498</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dobruja" title="Category:Dobruja">Dobruja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_regions_in_Bulgaria" 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