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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Celtic history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Roman history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Byzantine history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecclesiastical_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiastical_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ecclesiastical history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiastical_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seljuk_and_Ottoman_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seljuk_and_Ottoman_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Seljuk and Ottoman history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seljuk_and_Ottoman_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_republican_capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_republican_capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Turkish republican capital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_republican_capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy and infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ankara_public_transportation_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ankara_public_transportation_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ankara public transportation statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ankara_public_transportation_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main sights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient/archeological_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient/archeological_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Ancient/archeological sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient/archeological_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ankara_Citadel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ankara_Citadel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Ankara Citadel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ankara_Citadel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Roman Theater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_of_Augustus_and_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_of_Augustus_and_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Temple of Augustus and Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_of_Augustus_and_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Baths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Baths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.4</span> <span>Roman Baths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Baths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.5</span> <span>Roman Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Column_of_Julian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Column_of_Julian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.6</span> <span>Column of Julian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Column_of_Julian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Mosques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kocatepe_Mosque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kocatepe_Mosque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Kocatepe Mosque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kocatepe_Mosque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahmet_Hamdi_Akseki_Mosque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmet_Hamdi_Akseki_Mosque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmet_Hamdi_Akseki_Mosque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yeni_(Cenab_Ahmet)_Mosque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yeni_(Cenab_Ahmet)_Mosque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>Yeni (Cenab Ahmet) Mosque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yeni_(Cenab_Ahmet)_Mosque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hacı_Bayram_Mosque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hacı_Bayram_Mosque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.4</span> <span>Hacı Bayram Mosque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hacı_Bayram_Mosque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahi_Elvan_Mosque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahi_Elvan_Mosque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.5</span> <span>Ahi Elvan Mosque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahi_Elvan_Mosque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alâeddin_Mosque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alâeddin_Mosque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.6</span> <span>Alâeddin Mosque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alâeddin_Mosque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Modern monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Victory_Monument" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victory_Monument"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Victory Monument</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victory_Monument-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statue_of_Atatürk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statue_of_Atatürk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Statue of Atatürk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statue_of_Atatürk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monument_to_a_Secure,_Confident_Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monument_to_a_Secure,_Confident_Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.3</span> <span>Monument to a Secure, Confident Future</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monument_to_a_Secure,_Confident_Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hatti_Monument" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hatti_Monument"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.4</span> <span>Hatti Monument</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hatti_Monument-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Inns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suluhan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suluhan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.1</span> <span>Suluhan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suluhan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Çengelhan_Rahmi_M._Koç_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Çengelhan_Rahmi_M._Koç_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.2</span> <span>Çengelhan Rahmi M. Koç Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Çengelhan_Rahmi_M._Koç_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shopping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Shopping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>The arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Theater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anıtkabir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anıtkabir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Anıtkabir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anıtkabir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ankara_Ethnography_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ankara_Ethnography_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.3</span> <span>Ankara Ethnography Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ankara_Ethnography_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.4</span> <span>State Art and Sculpture Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cer_Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cer_Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.5</span> <span>Cer Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cer_Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_Independence_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_Independence_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.6</span> <span>War of Independence Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_Independence_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mehmet_Akif_Literature_Museum_Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mehmet_Akif_Literature_Museum_Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.7</span> <span>Mehmet Akif Literature Museum Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mehmet_Akif_Literature_Museum_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TCDD_Open_Air_Steam_Locomotive_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TCDD_Open_Air_Steam_Locomotive_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.8</span> <span>TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TCDD_Open_Air_Steam_Locomotive_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ankara_Aviation_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ankara_Aviation_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.9</span> <span>Ankara Aviation Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ankara_Aviation_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-METU_Science_and_Technology_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#METU_Science_and_Technology_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.10</span> <span>METU Science and Technology Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-METU_Science_and_Technology_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Angora_cat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angora_cat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Angora cat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angora_cat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angora_goat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angora_goat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Angora goat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angora_goat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angora_rabbit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angora_rabbit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Angora rabbit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angora_rabbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Twin towns and sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partner_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partner_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Partner cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partner_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Attribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ankara</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 209 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-209" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">209 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Ӏэнкъэрэкъалэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ӏэнкъэрэкъалэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AB" title="አንካራ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አንካራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancyra" title="Ancyra – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ancyra" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="أنقرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنقرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A2%DC%A9%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܐܢܩܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܢܩܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Անգարա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Անգարա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancara" title="Ancara – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ancara" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="آنکارا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنکارا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="আঙ্কারা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আঙ্কারা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkara" title="Angkara – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Angkara" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨན་ཀ་ར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨན་ཀ་ར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_(ulohang_dakbayan)" title="Ankara (ulohang dakbayan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ankara (ulohang dakbayan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%A9%C5%82b%C3%A1%C3%AD_Dah_Yisk%CA%BCid" title="Tséłbáí Dah Yiskʼid – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tséłbáí Dah Yiskʼid" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Άγκυρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άγκυρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Анкара ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Анкара ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankaro" title="Ankaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ankaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="آنکارا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنکارا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancara" title="Ancara – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ancara" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="آنکارا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آنکارا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%99%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC" title="앙카라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앙카라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Անկարա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անկարա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="अंकारा, तुर्की – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंकारा, तुर्की" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%94" title="אנקרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנקרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE" title="ಅಂಕಾರಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂಕಾರಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ანკარა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანკარა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="انکارا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="انکارا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enqere" title="Enqere – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Enqere" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкъара – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Анкъара" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2" title="ອັງກາລາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອັງກາລາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancyra" title="Ancyra – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ancyra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancara" title="Ancara – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ancara" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="अङ्कारा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अङ्कारा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1" title="അങ്കാറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അങ്കാറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anakara" title="Anakara – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Anakara" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="अंकारा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अंकारा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ანკარა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანკარა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87" title="انقره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انقره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="آنکارا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آنکارا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အန်ကာရာမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အန်ကာရာမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="अङ्कारा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अङ्कारा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9" title="アンカラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンカラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anqara" title="Anqara – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Anqara" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅੰਕਾਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੰਕਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="انقرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انقرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="ဝေင်ꩻအန်ကာရာ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဝေင်ꩻအန်ကာရာ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87" title="انقره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انقره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancara" title="Ancara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ancara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankaraja" title="Ankaraja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ankaraja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87" title="انقره – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انقره" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%B7%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкѷра – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Анкѷра" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D9%82%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95" title="ئەنقەرە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەنقەرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="அங்காரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அங்காரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anqara" title="Anqara – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Anqara" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Әнкара – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әнкара" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE" title="అంకారా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అంకారా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="อังการา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อังการา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анқара – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Анқара" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Анкара – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анкара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%DB%81" title="انقرہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انقرہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D9%82%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95" title="ئەنقەرە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەنقەرە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angora" title="Angora – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Angora" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankar" title="Ankar – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ankar" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" title="安卡拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安卡拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90" title="אנקארא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אנקארא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" title="安卡拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="安卡拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anqara" title="Anqara – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Anqara" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" title="安卡拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安卡拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkarah" title="Angkarah – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Angkarah" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ankara" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ankara&params=39_55_48_N_32_51_00_E_region:TR_type:city(5803482)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°55′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°51′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.93000°N 32.85000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.93000; 32.85000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital of Turkey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Turkish capital city. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ankara_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ankara (disambiguation)">Ankara (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city and metropolitan municipality in Central Anatolia, Turkey</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Ankara</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">metropolitan municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/268px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/402px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/536px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2508" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6%C4%9F%C3%BCt%C3%B6z%C3%BC" title="Söğütözü">Söğütözü</a> central business district</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:80px;max-width:80px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_asv2021-10_img15_Atakule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ankara_asv2021-10_img15_Atakule.jpg/78px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img15_Atakule.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ankara_asv2021-10_img15_Atakule.jpg/117px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img15_Atakule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ankara_asv2021-10_img15_Atakule.jpg/156px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img15_Atakule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5205" data-file-height="6246" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Atakule" title="Atakule">Atakule</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg/186px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg/279px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg/372px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7594" data-file-height="3797" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Anıtkabir</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:85px;max-width:85px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_asv2021-10_img40_Kocatepe_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ankara_asv2021-10_img40_Kocatepe_Mosque.jpg/83px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img40_Kocatepe_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ankara_asv2021-10_img40_Kocatepe_Mosque.jpg/125px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img40_Kocatepe_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ankara_asv2021-10_img40_Kocatepe_Mosque.jpg/166px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img40_Kocatepe_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3841" data-file-height="4609" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kocatepe_Mosque" title="Kocatepe Mosque">Kocatepe Mosque</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Millet_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Millet_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi.jpg/181px-Millet_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Millet_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi.jpg/272px-Millet_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Millet_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi.jpg/362px-Millet_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2211" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Library_(Turkey)" title="Presidential Library (Turkey)">Presidential Library</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ankara.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ankara"><img alt="Flag of Ankara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Ankara.svg/100px-Flag_of_Ankara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Ankara.svg/150px-Flag_of_Ankara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Ankara.svg/200px-Flag_of_Ankara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_City_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Ankara"><img alt="Official logo of Ankara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0b/Ankara_City_Logo.svg/59px-Ankara_City_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="59" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0b/Ankara_City_Logo.svg/88px-Ankara_City_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0b/Ankara_City_Logo.svg/117px-Ankara_City_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="405" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Emblem</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Heart of Turkey<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Türkiye'nin Kalbi</i>)</span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ankara is located in Turkey"><img alt="Ankara is located in Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.714%;left:38.01%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ankara"><img alt="Ankara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ankara</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Turkey</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Turkey</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ankara is located in Asia"><img alt="Ankara is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.778%;left:11.35%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ankara"><img alt="Ankara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ankara</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Ankara (Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ankara&params=39_55_48_N_32_51_00_E_region:TR_type:city(5803482)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°55′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°51′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.93000°N 32.85000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.93000; 32.85000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of Turkey">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">Central Anatolia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">Ankara</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Districts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province#Districts" title="Ankara Province">25</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mansur_Yava%C5%9F" title="Mansur Yavaş">Mansur Yavaş</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">CHP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vasip_%C5%9Eahin" title="Vasip Şahin">Vasip Şahin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,130.2 km<sup>2</sup> (1,594.7 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">25,632 km<sup>2</sup> (9,897 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">938 m (3,077 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(31 December 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-Population_of_Turkey_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">metropolitan municipality</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,803,482</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey">2nd in Turkey</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,165,783</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,251/km<sup>2</sup> (3,240/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">237/km<sup>2</sup> (610/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ankaran<br />(<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i>Ankaralı</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(nominal, 2022)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">metropolitan municipality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">₺</a> 1,330 billion<br /><a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a> 81 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">Per capita</a></th><td class="infobox-data">₺ 230,677<br />US$ 13,919</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Turkey" title="Time in Turkey">TRT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">06xxx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+90 312</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">06</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ankara.bel.tr">www<wbr />.ankara<wbr />.bel<wbr />.tr</a></span><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ankara.gov.tr">www<wbr />.ankara<wbr />.gov<wbr />.tr</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ankara</b><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. Located in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">central part</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and 5.8 million in <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">Ankara Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Population_of_Turkey_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ankara is Turkey's <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey">second-largest city</a> after <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> by population, first by urban area (4,130 km<sup>2</sup>), and third by metro area (25,632 km<sup>2</sup>). </p><p>Serving as the capital of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a> (280–64 BC), and later of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> province with the <a href="/wiki/Galatia_(Roman_province)" title="Galatia (Roman province)">same name</a> (25 BC–7th century), Ankara has various <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Archeological_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeological site">archeological sites</a>. Ankara was historically known as Ancyra<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Angora.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans made the city the capital first of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolia_Eyalet" title="Anatolia Eyalet">Anatolia Eyalet</a> (1393 – late 15th century) and then the <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Eyalet" title="Ankara Eyalet">Angora Eyalet</a> (1827–1864) and the <a href="/wiki/Angora_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Angora Vilayet">Angora Vilayet</a> (1867–1922). </p><p>The historical center of Ankara is a rocky hill rising 150 m (500 ft) over the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Ankara_River" title="Ankara River">Ankara River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_River" title="Sakarya River">Sakarya River</a>. The hill remains crowned by the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Castle" title="Ankara Castle">Ankara Castle</a>. Although few of its outworks have survived, there are well-preserved examples of <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a> throughout the city, the most remarkable being the 20 BC <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus_and_Rome" title="Temple of Augustus and Rome">Temple of Augustus and Rome</a> that boasts the <a href="/wiki/Monumentum_Ancyranum" class="mw-redirect" title="Monumentum Ancyranum">Monumentum Ancyranum</a>, the inscription recording the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae Divi Augusti</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191140–41_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191140–41-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 April 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a> was established in Ankara, which became the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>. Ankara became the new Turkish capital upon the establishment of the Republic on 29 October 1923, succeeding in this role as the former Turkish capital Istanbul following the <a href="/wiki/Defeat_and_dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">fall of the Ottoman Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">government</a> is a prominent employer, but Ankara is also an important commercial and industrial city located at the center of Turkey's road and railway networks. The city gave its name to the <a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora wool</a> shorn from <a href="/wiki/Angora_rabbit" title="Angora rabbit">Angora rabbits</a>, the long-haired <a href="/wiki/Angora_goat" title="Angora goat">Angora goat</a> (the source of <a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">mohair</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Angora" title="Turkish Angora">Angora cat</a>. The area is also known for its pears, honey and <a href="/wiki/Muscat_(grape)" title="Muscat (grape)">Muscat</a> grapes. Although situated in one of the driest regions of Turkey and surrounded mostly by <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> vegetation (except for the forested areas on the southern periphery), Ankara can be considered a <a href="/wiki/Green_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Green city">green city</a> in terms of green areas per inhabitant, at 72 square meters (775 square feet) per head.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_on_black_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_on_black_background.jpg/180px-Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_on_black_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_on_black_background.jpg/270px-Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_on_black_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_on_black_background.jpg/360px-Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_on_black_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük">Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük</a> on display at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a>, Ankara</figcaption></figure> <p>The orthography of the name <i>Ankara</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has varied over the ages. It has been identified with the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> cult center <span title="Hittite-language text"><i lang="hit-Latn">Ankuwaš</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-qgmpff_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qgmpff-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xtxpyw_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xtxpyw-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this remains a matter of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorny_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorny-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In classical antiquity and during the medieval period, the city was known as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ánkyra</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἄγκυρα</span></span>, <small><abbr title="literally">lit</abbr></small> "<a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">anchor</a>") in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ancyra</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian Celtic</a> name was probably a similar variant. Following its annexation by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> in 1073, the city became known in many European languages as <i>Angora</i>; it was also known in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> as <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Engürü</i></span> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">انگورو</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaynes187845_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaynes187845-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191140–41_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191140–41-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form "Angora" is preserved in the names of breeds of many different kinds of animals, and in the names of several locations in the US (see <a href="/wiki/Angora_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Angora (disambiguation)">Angora</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ankara" title="History of Ankara">History of Ankara</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ankara" title="Timeline of Ankara">Timeline of Ankara</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ankara" title="Special:EditPage/Ankara">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ankara%22">"Ankara"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ankara%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ankara%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ankara%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ankara%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ankara%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alacastandarte_Hirsch%26L%C3%B6wen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Alacastandarte_Hirsch%26L%C3%B6wen.jpg/190px-Alacastandarte_Hirsch%26L%C3%B6wen.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Alacastandarte_Hirsch%26L%C3%B6wen.jpg/285px-Alacastandarte_Hirsch%26L%C3%B6wen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Alacastandarte_Hirsch%26L%C3%B6wen.jpg/380px-Alacastandarte_Hirsch%26L%C3%B6wen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3565" data-file-height="3453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_bronze_standards" title="Alaca Höyük bronze standards">Alaca Höyük bronze standard</a> on display at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a>, Ankara</figcaption></figure> <p>The region's history can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">civilization</a>, which was succeeded in the 2nd millennium BC by the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, in the 10th century BC by the <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygians</a>, and later by the <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Seljuk</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_R%C3%BBm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Rûm">Sultanate of Rûm</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and finally republican <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Türkiye</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlacaStandarte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/AlacaStandarte.jpg/190px-AlacaStandarte.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/AlacaStandarte.jpg/285px-AlacaStandarte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/AlacaStandarte.jpg/380px-AlacaStandarte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3243" data-file-height="3381" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_bronze_standards" title="Alaca Höyük bronze standards">Alaca Höyük bronze standards</a> is a pre-Hittite tomb dating to the third millennium BC. It is considered the symbol of the city still today.</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest settlements in and around the city center of Ankara belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">civilization</a> which existed during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and was gradually absorbed c. 2000 – 1700 BC by the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>. The city grew significantly in size and importance under the <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygians</a> starting around 1000 BC, and experienced a large expansion following the mass migration from <a href="/wiki/Gordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordium">Gordion</a>, (the capital of <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>), after an earthquake which severely damaged that city around that time. In Phrygian tradition, King <a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a> was venerated as the founder of Ancyra, but <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> mentions that the city was actually far older, which accords with present archeological knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phrygian rule was succeeded first by <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydian</a> and later by <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persian</a> rule, though the strongly Phrygian character of the peasantry remained, as evidenced by the gravestones of the much later Roman period. Persian sovereignty lasted until the Persians' defeat at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> who conquered the city in 333 BC. Alexander came from <a href="/wiki/Gordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordium">Gordion</a> to Ankara and stayed in the city for a short period. After his death at <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> in 323 BC and the subsequent division of his empire among his generals, Ankara, and its environs fell into the share of <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus</a>. </p><p>Another important expansion took place under the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Greeks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontos</a> who came there around 300 BC and developed the city as a trading center for the commerce of goods between the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> ports and Crimea to the north; Assyria, Cyprus, and Lebanon to the south; and Georgia, Armenia and Persia to the east.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By that time<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the city also took its name Ἄγκυρα (<i>Ánkyra</i>, meaning <i><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">anchor</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>) which, in slightly modified form, provides the modern name of <i>Ankara</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_history">Celtic history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Celtic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dying_gaul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/220px-Dying_gaul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/330px-Dying_gaul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/440px-Dying_gaul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Dying_Galatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying Galatian">Dying Galatian</a></i> was a famous statue commissioned some time between 230 and 220 BC by King <a href="/wiki/Attalus_I" title="Attalus I">Attalos I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a> to honor his victory over the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. Roman marble copy of a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> work of the late 3rd century BC, at the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a>, Rome.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 278 BC, the city, along with the rest of central Anatolia, was occupied by a <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> group, the <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatians</a>, who were the first to make Ankara one of their main tribal centers, the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Tectosages" title="Tectosages">Tectosages</a> tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other centers were <a href="/wiki/Pessinus" title="Pessinus">Pessinus</a>, today's Ballıhisar, for the <a href="/wiki/Trocmi" title="Trocmi">Trocmi</a> tribe, and <a href="/wiki/Tavium" title="Tavium">Tavium</a>, to the east of Ankara, for the <a href="/wiki/Tolistobogii" title="Tolistobogii">Tolistobogii</a> tribe. The city was then known as <i>Ancyra</i>. The Celtic element was probably relatively small in numbers; a warrior aristocracy which ruled over <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a>-speaking peasants. However, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic language</a> continued to be spoken in Galatia for many centuries. At the end of the 4th century, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">St. Jerome</a>, a native of Dalmatia, observed that the language spoken around Ankara was very similar to that being spoken in the northwest of the Roman world near <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_history">Roman history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations116.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations116.jpg/220px-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations116.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations116.jpg/330px-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations116.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations116.jpg/440px-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations116.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Marble head of a Roman woman on display at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a>, Ankara</figcaption></figure> <p>The city was subsequently passed under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. In 25 BC, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> raised it to the status of a <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i> and made it the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Galatia_(Roman_province)" title="Galatia (Roman province)">Galatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ankara is famous for the <i><a href="/wiki/Monumentum_Ancyranum" class="mw-redirect" title="Monumentum Ancyranum">Monumentum Ancyranum</a></i> (<i>Temple of Augustus and Rome</i>) which contains the official record of the <i>Acts of Augustus</i>, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae Divi Augusti</a></i>, an inscription cut in marble on the walls of this temple. The ruins of Ancyra still furnish today valuable <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">bas-reliefs</a>, inscriptions and other architectural fragments. Two other Galatian tribal centers, <a href="/wiki/Tavium" title="Tavium">Tavium</a> near <a href="/wiki/Yozgat" title="Yozgat">Yozgat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pessinus" title="Pessinus">Pessinus</a> (Balhisar) to the west, near Sivrihisar, continued to be reasonably important settlements in the Roman period, but it was Ancyra that grew into a grand metropolis. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Res_Gestae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Res_Gestae.jpg/220px-Res_Gestae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Res_Gestae.jpg/330px-Res_Gestae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Res_Gestae.jpg/440px-Res_Gestae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae Divi Augusti</a></i> is the self-laudatory autobiography completed in 13 AD, just before his death, by the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. Most of the text is preserved on the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Monumentum_Ancyranum" class="mw-redirect" title="Monumentum Ancyranum">Monumentum Ancyranum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_Thermen05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ankara_Thermen05.jpg/220px-Ankara_Thermen05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ankara_Thermen05.jpg/330px-Ankara_Thermen05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ankara_Thermen05.jpg/440px-Ankara_Thermen05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_of_Ankara" title="Roman Baths of Ankara">Roman Baths of Ankara</a> were constructed by the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> (212–217) in honor of <a href="/wiki/Asclepios" class="mw-redirect" title="Asclepios">Asclepios</a>, the God of Medicine, and built around three principal rooms: the <i><a href="/wiki/Caldarium" title="Caldarium">caldarium</a></i> (hot bath), the <i><a href="/wiki/Tepidarium" title="Tepidarium">tepidarium</a></i> (warm bath) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Frigidarium" title="Frigidarium">frigidarium</a></i> (cold bath) in a typically laid-out 80-by-120-meter (260-by-390-foot) classical complex.</figcaption></figure> <p>An estimated 200,000 people lived in Ancyra in good times during the Roman Empire, a far greater number than was to be the case from after the fall of the Roman Empire until the early 20th century. The small <a href="/wiki/Ankara_River" title="Ankara River">Ankara River</a> ran through the center of the Roman town. It has now been covered and diverted, but it formed the northern boundary of the old town during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. Çankaya, the rim of the majestic hill to the south of the present city center, stood well outside the Roman city, but may have been a summer resort. In the 19th century, the remains of at least one <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villa</a> or large house were still standing not far from where the Çankaya Presidential Residence stands today. To the west, the Roman city extended until the area of the Gençlik Park and Railway Station, while on the southern side of the hill, it may have extended downward as far as the site presently occupied by <a href="/wiki/Hacettepe_University" title="Hacettepe University">Hacettepe University</a>. It was thus a sizeable city by any standards and much larger than the Roman towns of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ancyra's importance rested on the fact that it was the junction point where the roads in northern Anatolia running north–south and east–west intersected, giving it major strategic importance for Rome's eastern frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great imperial road running east passed through Ankara and a succession of emperors and their armies came this way. They were not the only ones to use the Roman highway network, which was equally convenient for invaders. In the second half of the 3rd century, Ancyra was invaded in rapid succession by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> coming from the west (who rode far into the heart of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, taking slaves and pillaging) and later by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arabs</a>. For about a decade, the town was one of the western outposts of one of Palmyrean empress <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>, who took advantage of a period of weakness and disorder in the Roman Empire to set up a short-lived state of her own. </p><p>The town was reincorporated into the Roman Empire under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> in 272. The <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">tetrarchy</a>, a system of multiple (up to four) emperors introduced by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (284–305), seems to have engaged in a substantial program of rebuilding and of road construction from Ancyra westwards to Germe and <a href="/wiki/Dorylaeum" title="Dorylaeum">Dorylaeum</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a>). </p><p>In its heyday, Roman Ancyra was a large market and trading center but it also functioned as a major administrative capital, where a high official ruled from the city's Praetorium, a large administrative palace or office. During the 3rd century, life in Ancyra, as in other Anatolian towns, seems to have become somewhat militarized in response to the invasions and instability of the town. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_history">Byzantine history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Byzantine history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is well known during the 4th century as a center of Christian activity (see also <a href="#Ecclesiastical_history">below</a>), due to frequent imperial visits, and through the letters of the pagan scholar <a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bishop <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_of_Ancyra" title="Marcellus of Ancyra">Marcellus of Ancyra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Ancyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil of Ancyra">Basil of Ancyra</a> were active in the theological controversies of their day, and the city was the site of no fewer than three church synods in <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Ancyra" title="Synod of Ancyra">314</a>, 358 and 375, the latter two in favor of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was visited by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constans_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constans I">Constans I</a> (r. 337–350) in 347 and 350, <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> (r. 361–363) during his Persian campaign in 362, and Julian's successor <a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a> (r. 363–364) in winter 363/364 (he entered his <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consulship</a> while in the city). After Jovian's death soon after, <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a> (r. 364–375) was acclaimed emperor at Ancyra, and in the next year his brother <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> (r. 364–378) used Ancyra as his base against the usurper <a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the province of Galatia was divided sometime in 396/99, Ancyra remained the civil capital of Galatia I, as well as its ecclesiastical center (<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_see" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan see">metropolitan see</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> (r. 383–408) frequently used the city as his summer residence, and some information about the ecclesiastical affairs of the city during the early 5th century is found in the works of <a href="/wiki/Palladius_of_Galatia" title="Palladius of Galatia">Palladius of Galatia</a> and Nilus of Ancyra.<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 479, the rebel <a href="/wiki/Marcian_(usurper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcian (usurper)">Marcian</a> attacked the city, without being able to capture it.<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 610/11, <a href="/wiki/Comentiolus_(brother_of_Phocas)" title="Comentiolus (brother of Phocas)">Comentiolus</a>, brother of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a> (r. 602–610), launched his own unsuccessful rebellion in the city against <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> (r. 610–641).<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten years later, in 620 or more likely 622, it was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Persia">Sassanid Persians</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sassanid_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628">Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628</a>. Although the city returned to Byzantine hands after the end of the war, the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> presence left traces in the city's archeology, and likely began the process of its transformation from a <a href="/wiki/Late_antique" class="mw-redirect" title="Late antique">late antique</a> city to a medieval fortified settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnkaraColumnFar_c.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/AnkaraColumnFar_c.JPG/150px-AnkaraColumnFar_c.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/AnkaraColumnFar_c.JPG/225px-AnkaraColumnFar_c.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/AnkaraColumnFar_c.JPG/299px-AnkaraColumnFar_c.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Julianus" title="Column of Julianus">Column of Julian</a></i> (362) was erected in honor of the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a>'s visit to Ancyra.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 654, the city, also known in Arabic sources as <i>Qalat as-Salasil</i> ("fortress of the chains"),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was captured for the first time by the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Muawiyah</a>, the future founder of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">themes</a> were established in Anatolia, and Ancyra became capital of the <a href="/wiki/Opsician_Theme" class="mw-redirect" title="Opsician Theme">Opsician Theme</a>, which was the largest and most important theme until it was split up under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a> (r. 741–775); Ancyra then became the capital of the new <a href="/wiki/Bucellarian_Theme" title="Bucellarian Theme">Bucellarian Theme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was captured at least temporarily by the Umayyad prince <a href="/wiki/Maslama_ibn_Hisham" title="Maslama ibn Hisham">Maslama ibn Hisham</a> in 739/40, the last of the Umayyads' territorial gains from the Byzantine Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancyra was attacked without success by <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> forces in 776 and in 798/99. In 805, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a> (r. 802–811) strengthened its fortifications, a fact which probably saved it from sack during the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(806)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806)">large-scale invasion</a> of Anatolia by Caliph <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> in the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab sources report that Harun and his successor <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> (r. 813–833) took the city, but this information is later invention. In 838, however, during the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Amorium" title="Sack of Amorium">Amorium campaign</a>, the armies of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a> (r. 833–842) converged and met at the city; abandoned by its inhabitants, Ancara was razed to the ground, before the Arab armies went on to besiege and destroy <a href="/wiki/Amorium" title="Amorium">Amorium</a> reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 859, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a> (r. 842–867) came to the city during a campaign against the Arabs, and ordered its fortifications restored.<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 872, the city was menaced, but not taken, by the <a href="/wiki/Paulicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulicians">Paulicians</a> under <a href="/wiki/Chrysocheir" title="Chrysocheir">Chrysocheir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last Arab raid to reach the city was undertaken in 931, by the Abbasid governor of <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (city)">Tarsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thamal_al-Dulafi" title="Thamal al-Dulafi">Thamal al-Dulafi</a>, but the city again was not captured.<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecclesiastical_history">Ecclesiastical history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecclesiastical history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teodot_Ankirski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Teodot_Ankirski.jpg/160px-Teodot_Ankirski.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Teodot_Ankirski.jpg/240px-Teodot_Ankirski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Teodot_Ankirski.jpg/320px-Teodot_Ankirski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theodotus_of_Ancyra_(martyr)" title="Theodotus of Ancyra (martyr)">St. Theodotus of Ancyra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Early Christian martyrs of Ancyra, about whom little is known, included Proklos and Hilarios who were natives of the otherwise unknown nearby village of Kallippi, and suffered repression under the emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (98–117). In the 280s we hear of Philumenos, a Christian corn merchant from southern Anatolia, being captured and martyred in Ankara, and Eustathius. </p><p>As in other Roman towns, the reign of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> marked the culmination of the persecution of the Christians. In 303, Ancyra was one of the towns where the co-emperors Diocletian and his deputy <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> launched their anti-Christian persecution. In Ancyra, their first target was the 38-year-old Bishop of the town, whose name was Clement. Clement's life describes how he was taken to Rome, then sent back, and forced to undergo many interrogations and hardship before he, and his brother, and various companions were put to death. The remains of the church of <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Ancyra" title="Clement of Ancyra">St. Clement</a> can be found today in a building just off Işıklar Caddesi in the Ulus district. Quite possibly this marks the site where Clement was originally buried. Four years later, a doctor of the town named Plato and his brother Antiochus also became celebrated martyrs under Galerius. <a href="/wiki/Theodotus_of_Ancyra_(martyr)" title="Theodotus of Ancyra (martyr)">Theodotus of Ancyra</a> is also venerated as a saint. </p><p>However, the persecution proved unsuccessful and in 314 Ancyra was the center of <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Ancyra" title="Synod of Ancyra">an important council</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early church</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its 25 disciplinary canons constitute one of the most important documents in the early history of the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Sacrament of Penance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The synod also considered ecclesiastical policy for the reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> after the persecutions, and in particular the treatment of <i><a href="/wiki/Lapsi_(Christianity)" title="Lapsi (Christianity)">lapsi</a></i>—Christians who had given in to forced <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a> (sacrifices) to avoid <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a> during these persecutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though paganism was probably tottering in Ancyra in Clement's day, it may still have been the majority religion. Twenty years later, Christianity and <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> had taken its place. Ancyra quickly turned into a Christian city, with a life dominated by monks and priests and theological disputes. The town council or senate gave way to the bishop as the main local figurehead. During the middle of the 4th century, Ancyra was involved in the complex theological disputes over the nature of Christ, and a form of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> seems to have originated there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParvis2006325–345_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParvis2006325–345-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 362–363, Emperor Julian passed through Ancyra on his way to an ill-fated campaign against the Persians, and according to Christian sources, engaged in a persecution of various holy men.<sup id="cite_ref-gibbon_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibbon-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stone base for a statue, with an inscription describing Julian as "Lord of the whole world from the British Ocean to the barbarian nations", can still be seen, built into the eastern side of the inner circuit of the walls of Ankara Castle. The Column of Julian which was erected in honor of the emperor's visit to the city in 362 still stands today. In 375, Arian bishops met at Ancyra and deposed several bishops, among them <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">St. Gregory of Nyssa</a>. </p><p>In the late 4th century, Ancyra became something of an imperial <a href="/wiki/Resort" title="Resort">holiday resort</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">East Roman</a> capital, emperors in the 4th and 5th centuries would retire from the humid summer weather on the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosporus</a> to the drier mountain atmosphere of Ancyra. <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> (408–450) kept his court in Ancyra in the summers. Laws issued in Ancyra testify to the time they spent there. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Houses_Ankara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ottoman_Houses_Ankara.jpg/220px-Ottoman_Houses_Ankara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ottoman_Houses_Ankara.jpg/330px-Ottoman_Houses_Ankara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ottoman_Houses_Ankara.jpg/440px-Ottoman_Houses_Ankara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman houses in Hamamönü district</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Ancyra" title="Metropolis of Ancyra">Metropolis of Ancyra</a> continued to be a residential <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> until the 20th century, with about 40,000 faithful, mostly Turkish-speaking, but that situation ended as a result of the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Convention_Concerning_the_Exchange_of_Greek_and_Turkish_Populations" title="Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations">Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations</a>. The earlier <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> put an end to the residential eparchy of Ancyra of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a>, which had been established in 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-Bull_Universi_Dominici_gregis_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bull_Universi_Dominici_gregis-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gallica.bnf.fr_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallica.bnf.fr-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also a titular metropolis of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>. </p><p>Both the Ancient Byzantine Metropolitan archbishopric and the 'modern' Armenian eparchy are now listed by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> as <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular sees</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with separate <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic successions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seljuk_and_Ottoman_history">Seljuk and Ottoman history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Seljuk and Ottoman history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_TBMM%27den_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Atat%C3%BCrk_TBMM%27den_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken.jpg/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_TBMM%27den_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Atat%C3%BCrk_TBMM%27den_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken.jpg/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_TBMM%27den_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Atat%C3%BCrk_TBMM%27den_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken.jpg/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_TBMM%27den_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3303" data-file-height="2339" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> (center) and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a> (left) leaving the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Türkiye</a> during the 7th anniversary celebrations of the Turkish Republic in 1930</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banks_Street_(Atat%C3%BCrk_Boulevard)_the_Building_of_Ziraat_Bankas%C4%B1_(Agricultural_Bank),_1930s_(16851406391).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Banks_Street_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Boulevard%29_the_Building_of_Ziraat_Bankas%C4%B1_%28Agricultural_Bank%29%2C_1930s_%2816851406391%29.jpg/220px-Banks_Street_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Boulevard%29_the_Building_of_Ziraat_Bankas%C4%B1_%28Agricultural_Bank%29%2C_1930s_%2816851406391%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Banks_Street_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Boulevard%29_the_Building_of_Ziraat_Bankas%C4%B1_%28Agricultural_Bank%29%2C_1930s_%2816851406391%29.jpg/330px-Banks_Street_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Boulevard%29_the_Building_of_Ziraat_Bankas%C4%B1_%28Agricultural_Bank%29%2C_1930s_%2816851406391%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Banks_Street_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Boulevard%29_the_Building_of_Ziraat_Bankas%C4%B1_%28Agricultural_Bank%29%2C_1930s_%2816851406391%29.jpg/440px-Banks_Street_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Boulevard%29_the_Building_of_Ziraat_Bankas%C4%B1_%28Agricultural_Bank%29%2C_1930s_%2816851406391%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>A view of the old general directorate building of <a href="/wiki/Ziraat_Bankas%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziraat Bankası">Ziraat Bank</a>. It was designed by Istanbul-born <a href="/wiki/Levantines_(Latin_Christians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Levantines (Latin Christians)">Italian Levantine</a> architect Giulio Mongeri and built between 1926 and 1929.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a> in 1071, the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> overran much of Anatolia. By 1073, the Turkish settlers had reached the vicinity of Ancyra, and the city was captured shortly after, at the latest by the time of the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Melissenos" title="Nikephoros Melissenos">Nikephoros Melissenos</a> in 1081.<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1101, when the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1101" title="Crusade of 1101">Crusade</a> under <a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond IV of Toulouse">Raymond IV of Toulouse</a> arrived, the city had been under <a href="/wiki/Danishmend" class="mw-redirect" title="Danishmend">Danishmend</a> control for some time. The Crusaders captured the city, and handed it over to the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (r. 1081–1118).<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byzantine rule did not last long, and the city was captured by the Seljuk <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a> at some unknown point; in 1127, it returned to Danishmend control until 1143, when the Seljuks of Rum retook it.<sup id="cite_ref-TIB_30-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6se_Da%C4%9F" title="Battle of Köse Dağ">Battle of Köse Dağ</a> in 1243, in which the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> defeated the Seljuks, most of Anatolia became part of the dominion of the Mongols. Taking advantage of Seljuk decline, a semi-religious cast of craftsmen and trade people named <i><a href="/wiki/Ahis" title="Ahis">Ahiler</a></i> chose Angora as their independent city-state in 1290. <a href="/wiki/Orhan" title="Orhan">Orhan</a>, the second <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, captured the city in 1356. <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Battle of Ankara</a> in 1402 and took the city, but in 1403 Angora was again under Ottoman control. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a> maintained a factory in the town from 1639 to 1768.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191140–41_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191140–41-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, its population was estimated at 20,000 to 60,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaynes187845_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaynes187845-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was sacked by <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egyptians</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a> in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191140–41_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191140–41-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1867 to 1922, the city served as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Angora_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Angora Vilayet">Angora Vilayet</a>, which included most of ancient Galatia. </p><p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the town had a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consulate</a> and a population of around 28,000, roughly <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> of whom were Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191140–41_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191140–41-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_republican_capital">Turkish republican capital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Turkish republican capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg/240px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg/360px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg/480px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img04_An%C4%B1tkabir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7594" data-file-height="3797" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Anıtkabir</a>, the mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> in Ankara, is visited by large crowds every year during national holidays such as Republic Day on 29 October.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> defeat in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Ottoman capital <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (modern Istanbul) and much of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> was occupied by the Allies, who planned to share these lands between <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Gl%C3%BCcksburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> and the United Kingdom, leaving for the Turks the core piece of land in central Anatolia. In response, the leader of the Turkish nationalist movement, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, established the headquarters of his <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">resistance movement</a> in Angora in 1920. After the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> was won and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne_(1923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lausanne (1923)">Treaty of Lausanne (1923)</a>, the Turkish nationalists replaced the Ottoman Empire with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> on 29 October 1923. A few days earlier, Angora had officially replaced Constantinople as the new Turkish capital city, on 13 October 1923,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Republican officials declared that the city's name is Ankara.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Library_Main_Hall_Columns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Library_Main_Hall_Columns.jpg/240px-Library_Main_Hall_Columns.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Library_Main_Hall_Columns.jpg/360px-Library_Main_Hall_Columns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Library_Main_Hall_Columns.jpg/480px-Library_Main_Hall_Columns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Library_(Turkey)" title="Presidential Library (Turkey)">Presidential Library</a> in Ankara is the largest library in Turkey, with a collection of over 4 million printed books<sup id="cite_ref-Presidential_Library_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Presidential_Library-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over 120 million electronic editions<sup id="cite_ref-Presidential_Library_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Presidential_Library-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published in 134 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Presidential_Library_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Presidential_Library-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After Ankara became the capital of the newly founded Republic of Turkey, new development divided the city into an old section, called <i>Ulus</i>, and a new section, called <i>Yenişehir</i>. Ancient buildings reflecting Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman history and narrow winding streets mark the old section. The new section, now centered on <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay_Meydan%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kızılay Meydanı">Kızılay Square</a>, has the trappings of a more modern city: wide streets, hotels, theaters, shopping malls, and high-rises. </p><p>Government offices and foreign embassies are also located in the new section. Ankara has experienced a phenomenal growth since it was made Turkey's capital in 1923, when it was "a small town of no importance".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924, the year after the government had moved there, Ankara had about 35,000 residents. By 1927 there were 44,553 residents and by 1950 the population had grown to 286,781. After 1930, the city officially became known in Western languages as Ankara. By the late 1930s, the English name "Angora" was no longer in popular use.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg/240px-Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg/360px-Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg/480px-Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3399" data-file-height="1807" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Complex_(Turkey)" title="Presidential Complex (Turkey)">Presidential Complex</a> is located inside the <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Forest_Farm_and_Zoo" title="Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo">Atatürk Forest Farm</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ankara continued to grow rapidly during the latter half of the 20th century and eventually outranked <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> as Turkey's second-largest city, after <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. Ankara's urban population reached 4,587,558 in 2014, while the population of <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">Ankara Province</a> reached 5,150,072 in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Complex_(Turkey)" title="Presidential Complex (Turkey)">Presidential Palace of Türkiye</a> is situated in Ankara. This building serves as the main residence of the president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:302px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:222px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:-585px; top:-450px; width:2500px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Köppen map of Ankara Province and surrounding regions:[41]   BSk   Csb   Dfb   Dsb"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg/2500px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2500" height="1170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg/3750px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg/5000px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg/2500px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2500" height="1170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg/3750px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg/5000px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg" title="File:Koppen-Geiger Map TUR present with provinces.svg"> </a></div>Köppen map of Ankara Province and surrounding regions:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394559">.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ol{margin-left:1.3em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media(min-width:300px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key,.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-narrow{column-count:1}}@media(min-width:450px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:3}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist image-key image-key-wide"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFDB63; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold semi-arid climate">BSk</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C6C700; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-summer Mediterranean climate">Csb</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#38C7FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dfb</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C600C7; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dsb</a></div></li></ul></div></div> </div></div> <p>Geographically, Ankara is located in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River" title="Kızılırmak River">Kızılırmak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_River" title="Sakarya River">Sakarya</a> rivers, and the <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_River" title="Sakarya River">Sakarya River</a> forms its border with <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a> in the west. Ankara shares its borders with <a href="/wiki/Bolu" title="Bolu">Bolu</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1" title="Çankırı">Çankırı</a> in the north; <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1kkale" title="Kırıkkale">Kırıkkale</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ankara and <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">its province</a> are located in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">Central Anatolia Region</a> of Turkey. The Çubuk Brook flows through the city center of Ankara. It is connected in the western suburbs of the city to the <a href="/wiki/Ankara_River" title="Ankara River">Ankara River</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_River" title="Sakarya River">Sakarya River</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ankara has a <a href="/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold semi-arid climate">cold semi-arid climate</a> under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> (<i>BSk</i>), while under the <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha climate classification</a>, the city is classified as <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental</a> (<i>Dc</i>). Due to its elevation and inland location, Ankara has cold and snowy winters, and hot and dry summers. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn. The city lies in <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">Hardiness zone</a> 7b, and its annual average precipitation is fairly low at 414 millimeters (16 in), nevertheless precipitation can be observed throughout the year. Monthly mean temperatures range from 0.9 °C (33.6 °F) in January to 24.3 °C (75.7 °F) in July, with an annual mean of 12.6 °C (54.7 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-eather1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eather1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ankara's overall temperature regime is very similar to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Ankara (Turkish State Meteorological Service Compound, Keçiören), 1991–2020, extremes 1927–2021 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6<br />(88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.0<br />(105.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4<br />(104.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.1<br />(102.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.0<br />(105.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3<br />(81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br />(29.8) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3<br />(31.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.9<br />(−12.8) </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.2<br />(−11.6) </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.2<br />(−2.6) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2<br />(19.0) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5<br />(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.8<br />(14.4) </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.5<br />(0.5) </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.2<br />(−11.6) </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−24.9<br />(−12.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.6<br />(1.52) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6<br />(1.44) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.9<br />(1.85) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.5<br />(1.75) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.0<br />(2.01) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.2<br />(1.58) </td> <td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(0.58) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(0.57) </td> <td style="background: #E3FFE3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(0.70) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4<br />(1.31) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9<br />(1.26) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.2<br />(1.70) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">413.6<br />(16.28) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.60 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.67 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.87 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.40 </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.53 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.47 </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.60 </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.10 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.50 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.23 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.93 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.00 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">126.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000D8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.7 </td> <td style="background: #0D0DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.2 </td> <td style="background: #1F1FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.4 </td> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.3 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53.1 </td> <td style="background: #5050FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.5 </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.3 </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.8 </td> <td style="background: #1818FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000F7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000D8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.7 </td> <td style="background: #1818FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">60.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #7C7C7C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.2 </td> <td style="background: #B2B276; color:#000000;" class="notheme">101.7 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;" class="notheme">148.8 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.0 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">238.7 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.0 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">328.6 </td> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">316.2 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">264.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195.3 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.0 </td> <td style="background: #888888; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.4 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,332.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #7E7E7E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.2 </td> <td style="background: #B3B372; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 </td> <td style="background: #C4C40B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD36; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #898989; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service" title="Turkish State Meteorological Service">Turkish State Meteorological Service</a><sup id="cite_ref-eather1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eather1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (humidity, 1991–2020)<sup id="cite_ref-WMOCLINO_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2007</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,466,756</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2012</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,965,542</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.14%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2017</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,445,026</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.86%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,782,285</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.21%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Statistical_Institute" title="Turkish Statistical Institute">TÜİK</a><sup id="cite_ref-tuik_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuik-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_road_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ankara_road_map.png/170px-Ankara_road_map.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ankara_road_map.png/255px-Ankara_road_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ankara_road_map.png/340px-Ankara_road_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption>Ankara <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ankara had a population of 75,000 in 1927. There were 74,632 male residents and 48,882 female residents in Ankara according to the 1935 census.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, the population of the Ankara Province was 5,782,285.<sup id="cite_ref-tuik_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuik-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Ankara became the capital of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, it was designated as a planned city for 500,000 future inhabitants. During the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s, the city grew in a planned and orderly pace. However, from the 1950s onward, the city grew much faster than envisioned, because unemployment and poverty forced people to migrate from the countryside into the city to seek a better standard of living. As a result, many illegal houses called <a href="/wiki/Gecekondu" title="Gecekondu">gecekondu</a> were built around the city, causing the unplanned and uncontrolled urban landscape of Ankara, as not enough planned housing could be built fast enough. Although precariously built, the vast majority of them have electricity, running water and modern household amenities. </p><p>Nevertheless, many of these gecekondus have been replaced by huge public housing projects in the form of <a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">tower blocks</a> such as Elvankent, <a href="/wiki/Eryaman,_Etimesgut" title="Eryaman, Etimesgut">Eryaman</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCzelkent,_Etimesgut" title="Güzelkent, Etimesgut">Güzelkent</a>; and also as mass housing compounds for military and civil service accommodation. Although many gecekondus still remain, they too are gradually being replaced by mass housing compounds, as empty land plots in the city of Ankara for new construction projects are becoming impossible to find. </p><p>Çorum and Yozgat, which are located in Central Anatolia and whose population is decreasing, are the provinces with the highest net migration to Ankara.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About one third of the Central Anatolia population of 15,608,868 people resides in Ankara. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> in the whole province for people who are 15 years old or older is 98.18% according to 2020 TÜİK data. Ankara Province also has the highest percentage of tertiary education graduates in Turkey with 29.08% of the population having either an undergraduate, master's or doctor's degree.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_infrastructure">Economy and infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy and infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/250px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/375px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/500px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6%C4%9F%C3%BCt%C3%B6z%C3%BC" title="Söğütözü">Söğütözü</a>, Ankara</figcaption></figure> <p>Ankara has long been a productive agricultural region in Anatolia. In the Ottoman period, Ankara was well known for producing grain, cotton, and fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city has exported <a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">mohair</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Angora_goat" title="Angora goat">Angora goat</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora wool</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Angora_rabbit" title="Angora rabbit">Angora rabbit</a>) internationally for centuries. In the 19th century, the city also exported substantial amounts of <a href="/wiki/Goatskin_(material)" title="Goatskin (material)">goat</a> and cat skins, <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">wax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, berries, and <a href="/wiki/Madder_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Madder root">madder root</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaynes187845_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaynes187845-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was connected to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> by railway before the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, continuing to export mohair, wool, berries, and grain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm191140–41_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191140–41-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">Central Anatolia Region</a> is one of the primary locations of grape and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">wine production in Turkey</a>, and Ankara is particularly famous for its <a href="/wiki/Kalecik_Karas%C4%B1" title="Kalecik Karası">Kalecik Karası</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscat_(grape_and_wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat (grape and wine)">Muscat grapes</a>; and its <a href="/wiki/Kavakl%C4%B1dere_(winery)" title="Kavaklıdere (winery)">Kavaklıdere wine</a>, which is produced in the <a href="/wiki/Kavakl%C4%B1dere,_Ankara" title="Kavaklıdere, Ankara">Kavaklıdere</a> neighborhood within the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ankaya,_Ankara" class="mw-redirect" title="Çankaya, Ankara">Çankaya</a> district of the city. Ankara is also famous for its pears. Another renowned natural product of Ankara is its indigenous type of <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> (<i>Ankara Balı</i>) which is known for its light color and is mostly produced by the <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Forest_Farm_and_Zoo" title="Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo">Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo</a> in the Gazi district, and by other facilities in the Elmadağ, Çubuk and Beypazarı districts. <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ubuk-1_Dam" title="Çubuk-1 Dam">Çubuk-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ubuk-2_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Çubuk-2 Dam">Çubuk-2</a> dams on the Çubuk Brook in Ankara were among the first dams constructed in the Turkish Republic. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay_Square_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay_Square_001.jpg/250px-K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay_Square_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay_Square_001.jpg/375px-K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay_Square_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay_Square_001.jpg/500px-K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay_Square_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay_Square" title="Kızılay Square">Kızılay Square</a> in central Ankara, with the <a href="/wiki/Kahramanlar_Business_Center" title="Kahramanlar Business Center">Emek Business Center</a> (1959–1965), the first <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International Style</a> mixed-use office tower and shopping center in Turkey<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ankara is the center of the state-owned and private Turkish <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">defence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">aerospace</a> companies, where the industrial plants and headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Aerospace_Industries" title="Turkish Aerospace Industries">Turkish Aerospace Industries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_and_Chemical_Industry_Corporation_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation (Turkey)">MKE</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASELSAN" class="mw-redirect" title="ASELSAN">ASELSAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/HAVELSAN" title="HAVELSAN">HAVELSAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/ROKETSAN" class="mw-redirect" title="ROKETSAN">ROKETSAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/FNSS_Defence_Systems" title="FNSS Defence Systems">FNSS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nurol_Makina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurol Makina">Nurol Makina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and numerous other firms are located. Exports to foreign countries from these defense and aerospace firms have steadily increased in the past decades. The <a href="/wiki/International_Defence_Industry_Fair" title="International Defence Industry Fair">IDEF</a> in Ankara is one of the largest international expositions of the global <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms industry</a>. A number of the global <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive companies</a> also have production facilities in Ankara, such as the German bus and truck manufacturer <a href="/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">MAN SE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ankara hosts the <a href="/wiki/OSTIM_Industrial_Zone" title="OSTIM Industrial Zone">OSTIM Industrial Zone</a>, Turkey's largest <a href="/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">industrial park</a>. </p><p>A large percentage of the complicated employment in Ankara is provided by the state institutions; such as the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministries</a>, subministries, and other administrative bodies of the Turkish government. There are also many foreign citizens working as diplomats or clerks in the <a href="/wiki/Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy">embassies</a> of their respective countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Metro" title="Ankara Metro">Ankara Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Central_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara Central Station">Ankara Central Station</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Esenbo%C4%9Fa_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Esenboğa International Airport">Esenboğa International Airport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_asv2021-10_img19_Railway_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ankara_asv2021-10_img19_Railway_station.jpg/220px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img19_Railway_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ankara_asv2021-10_img19_Railway_station.jpg/330px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img19_Railway_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ankara_asv2021-10_img19_Railway_station.jpg/440px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img19_Railway_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7417" data-file-height="4172" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ankara_railway_station" title="Ankara railway station">Ankara railway station</a> is a hub for conventional trains.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_Tren_Gar%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ankara_Tren_Gar%C4%B1.jpg/220px-Ankara_Tren_Gar%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ankara_Tren_Gar%C4%B1.jpg/330px-Ankara_Tren_Gar%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ankara_Tren_Gar%C4%B1.jpg/440px-Ankara_Tren_Gar%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>The new <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Tren_Gar%C4%B1" title="Ankara Tren Garı">ATG terminal</a> is a hub for the <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Turkey" title="High-speed rail in Turkey">high-speed rail</a> (<a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCksek_H%C4%B1zl%C4%B1_Tren" title="Yüksek Hızlı Tren">YHT</a>) services.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Electricity, Gas, Bus General Directorate</i> (EGO)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> operates the <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Metro" title="Ankara Metro">Ankara Metro</a> and other forms of public transportation. Ankara is served by a <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">suburban rail</a> named <a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fkentray" title="Başkentray">Başkentray</a> (B1) and five <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Metro</a> lines (A1, M1, M2, M3, M4) of the Ankara Metro with about 400,000 total daily commuters, while additional subway lines (A2 and M2a/b) are under construction. A 3.2 km (2.0 mi) long <a href="/wiki/Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">gondola lift</a> with four stations connects the district of Şentepe to the <a href="/wiki/Yenimahalle" title="Yenimahalle">Yenimahalle metro station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Central_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara Central Station">Ankara Central Station</a> is a major rail hub in Turkey. The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Railways" title="Turkish State Railways">Turkish State Railways</a> operates passenger train service from Ankara to other major cities, such as: <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Balıkesir">Balıkesir</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya" title="Kütahya">Kütahya</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F" title="Elazığ">Elazığ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Malatya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karab%C3%BCk" title="Karabük">Karabük</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zonguldak" title="Zonguldak">Zonguldak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a>. Commuter rail also runs between the stations of <a href="/wiki/Sincan-Kaya%C5%9F_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Sincan-Kayaş Line">Sincan and Kayaş</a>. On 13 March 2009, the new <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCksek_H%C4%B1zl%C4%B1_Tren" title="Yüksek Hızlı Tren">Yüksek Hızlı Tren</a> (YHT) <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Turkey" title="High-speed rail in Turkey">high-speed rail service</a> began operation between Ankara and Eskişehir. On 23 August 2011, another YHT high-speed line commercially started its service <a href="/wiki/Ankara-Konya_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara-Konya high-speed railway">between Ankara and Konya</a>. On 25 July 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Ankara-Istanbul_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway">Ankara–Istanbul high-speed line</a> of YHT entered service.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Esenbo%C4%9Fa_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Esenboğa International Airport">Esenboğa International Airport</a>, located in the north-east of the city, is Ankara's main airport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ankara_public_transportation_statistics">Ankara public transportation statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ankara public transportation statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The average amount of time people spend commuting on public transit in Ankara on a weekday is 71 minutes. 17% of public transit passengers, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is sixteen minutes, while 28% of users wait for over twenty minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 9.9 km (6.2 mi), while 27% travel for over 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Esenboga_International_Airport_Ankara_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esenboğa International Airport"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Esenboga_International_Airport_Ankara_Turkey.jpg/600px-Esenboga_International_Airport_Ankara_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Esenboga_International_Airport_Ankara_Turkey.jpg/900px-Esenboga_International_Airport_Ankara_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Esenboga_International_Airport_Ankara_Turkey.jpg/1200px-Esenboga_International_Airport_Ankara_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Esenboga_International_Airport_Ankara_Turkey.jpg" title="File:Esenboga International Airport Ankara Turkey.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Esenbo%C4%9Fa_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Esenboğa International Airport">Esenboğa International Airport</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Ankara" title="List of mayors of Ankara">List of mayors of Ankara</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_local_elections_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ankara_local_elections_2019.png/175px-Ankara_local_elections_2019.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ankara_local_elections_2019.png/263px-Ankara_local_elections_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ankara_local_elections_2019.png/350px-Ankara_local_elections_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="1613" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansur_Yava%C5%9F_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mansur_Yava%C5%9F_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Mansur_Yava%C5%9F_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mansur_Yava%C5%9F_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Mansur_Yava%C5%9F_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Mansur_Yava%C5%9F_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mansur_Yava%C5%9F" title="Mansur Yavaş">Mansur Yavaş</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">CHP</a> is the Mayor of Ankara.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 8 April 2019, the mayor of Ankara is <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Yava%C5%9F" title="Mansur Yavaş">Mansur Yavaş</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> (CHP), who won the <a href="/wiki/2019_Ankara_mayoral_election" title="2019 Ankara mayoral election">mayoral election in 2019</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_Ankara_mayoral_election" title="2024 Ankara mayoral election">2024</a>. </p><p>Ankara is politically a triple battleground between the ruling conservative <a href="/wiki/AK_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="AK Party">AK Party</a>, the opposition <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalist</a> center-left <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> (CHP) and the nationalist far-right <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">MHP</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">province of Ankara</a> is divided into 25 districts. Historically, the CHP's key and almost only political stronghold in Ankara lied within the central area of <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ankaya,_Ankara_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Çankaya, Ankara (district)">Çankaya</a>, which is the city's most populous district. While the CHP has always gained between 60 and 70% of the vote in Çankaya since 2002, political support elsewhere throughout Ankara was minimal. The high population within Çankaya, as well as <a href="/wiki/Yenimahalle" title="Yenimahalle">Yenimahalle</a> to an extent, has allowed the CHP to take overall second place behind the AK Party in both local and general elections, with the MHP a close third, despite the fact that the MHP was politically stronger than the CHP in almost every other district. Overall, the AK Party enjoyed the most support throughout the city. The electorate of Ankara thus tended to vote in favor of the political right, far more so than the other main cities of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>. In retrospect, the <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_protests_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="2013–14 protests in Turkey">2013–14 protests against the AK Party government</a> were particularly strong in Ankara, proving to be fatal on multiple occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #000099; border-bottom:2px solid #000099; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Ankara district Municipalities <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/2024_Ankara_mayoral_election" title="2024 Ankara mayoral election">Local elections, 2024</a></span></div> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">CHP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">16 / 25</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #cc0000; width: 64%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/AK_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="AK Party">AK Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">8 / 25</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #fdc400; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Independent</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 25</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The city suffered from a series of terrorist attacks in 2015 and 2016, most notably on <a href="/wiki/2015_Ankara_bombings" title="2015 Ankara bombings">10 October 2015</a>; <a href="/wiki/February_2016_Ankara_bombing" title="February 2016 Ankara bombing">17 February 2016</a>; and <a href="/wiki/March_2016_Ankara_bombing" title="March 2016 Ankara bombing">13 March 2016</a>. The city was also one of the sites of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="2016 Turkish coup attempt">coup</a> attempt on 15 July 2016. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Melih_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7ek" title="Melih Gökçek">Melih Gökçek</a> was the Metropolitan Mayor of Ankara between 1994 and 2017. Initially elected in the <a href="/wiki/1994_Turkish_local_elections" title="1994 Turkish local elections">1994 local elections</a>, he was re-elected in <a href="/wiki/1999_Turkish_local_elections" title="1999 Turkish local elections">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Turkish_local_elections" title="2004 Turkish local elections">2004</a> and <a href="/wiki/2009_Turkish_local_elections" title="2009 Turkish local elections">2009</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2014_Turkish_local_elections" title="2014 Turkish local elections">2014 local elections</a>, Gökçek stood for a fifth term. The MHP's metropolitan mayoral candidate for the 2009 local elections, <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Yava%C5%9F" title="Mansur Yavaş">Mansur Yavaş</a>, stood as the CHP's candidate against Gökçek in 2014. In a heavily controversial election, Gökçek was declared the winner by just 1% ahead of Yavaş amid allegations of systematic electoral fraud. With the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Election_Council_(Turkey)" title="Supreme Election Council (Turkey)">Supreme Electoral Council</a> and courts rejecting his appeals, Yavaş declared his intention to take the irregularities to the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>. Although Gökçek was inaugurated for a fifth term, most election observers believe<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Yavaş was the winner of the election.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gökçek resigned on 28 October 2017 and was replaced by the former mayor of <a href="/wiki/Sincan,_Ankara" title="Sincan, Ankara">Sincan</a> district, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Tuna" title="Mustafa Tuna">Mustafa Tuna</a>; who was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Yava%C5%9F" title="Mansur Yavaş">Mansur Yavaş</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">CHP</a>, the current mayor of Ankara, <a href="/wiki/2019_Ankara_mayoral_election" title="2019 Ankara mayoral election">elected in 2019</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient/archeological_sites"><span id="Ancient.2Farcheological_sites"></span>Ancient/archeological sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ancient/archeological sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ankara_Castle.jpg/220px-Ankara_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ankara_Castle.jpg/330px-Ankara_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ankara_Castle.jpg/440px-Ankara_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4767" data-file-height="3039" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Castle" title="Ankara Castle">Ankara castle and citadel</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AugustusAnkara2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/AugustusAnkara2.jpg/220px-AugustusAnkara2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/AugustusAnkara2.jpg/330px-AugustusAnkara2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/AugustusAnkara2.jpg/440px-AugustusAnkara2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5064" data-file-height="3408" /></a><figcaption>At the <a href="/wiki/Monumentum_Ancyranum" class="mw-redirect" title="Monumentum Ancyranum">Monumentum Ancyranum</a> (<i>Temple of Augustus and Rome</i>) in Ulus, the primary intact copy of <a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae</a> written by the first Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> survives.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_Thermen12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ankara_Thermen12.jpg/220px-Ankara_Thermen12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ankara_Thermen12.jpg/330px-Ankara_Thermen12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ankara_Thermen12.jpg/440px-Ankara_Thermen12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5056" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_of_Ankara" title="Roman Baths of Ankara">Roman Baths of Ankara</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ankara_Citadel">Ankara Citadel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ankara Citadel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Castle" title="Ankara Castle">Ankara castle and citadel</a> were laid by the Galatians on a prominent <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> outcrop (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ankara&params=39.941_N_32.864_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°56′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°51′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.941°N 32.864°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.941; 32.864</span></span></span></a></span></span>), and the rest was completed by the Romans. The Byzantines and Seljuks further made restorations and additions. The area around and inside the citadel, being the oldest part of Ankara, contains many fine examples of traditional architecture. There are also recreational areas to relax. Many restored traditional Turkish houses inside the citadel area have found new life as restaurants, serving local cuisine. </p><p>The citadel was depicted in various Turkish banknotes during 1927–1952 and 1983–1989.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Theater">Roman Theater</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Roman Theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The remains, the stage, and the backstage of the Roman theater can be seen outside <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Castle" title="Ankara Castle">the castle</a>. Roman statues that were found here are exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a>. The seating area is still under excavation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temple_of_Augustus_and_Rome">Temple of Augustus and Rome</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Temple of Augustus and Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monumentum_Ancyranum" class="mw-redirect" title="Monumentum Ancyranum">Monumentum Ancyranum</a></div> <p>The Augusteum,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911b953_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911b953-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now known as the Temple of Augustus and Rome, was built 25 <abbr title="sometime between">x</abbr> 20 BC following the conquest of Central Anatolia by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Ancyra then formed the capital of the new <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in AD 14, a copy of the text of the <i><a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae Divi Augusti</a></i> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Monumentum_Ancyranum" class="mw-redirect" title="Monumentum Ancyranum">Monumentum Ancyranum</a></i>) was inscribed on the interior of the temple's <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pronaos</i></span></i> in Latin and a Greek translation on an exterior wall of the <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cella</i></span></i>. The temple on the ancient acropolis of Ancyra was enlarged in the 2nd century and converted into a church in the 5th century. It is located in the Ulus quarter of the city. It was subsequently publicized by the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a> ambassador <a href="/wiki/Ogier_Ghiselin_de_Busbecq" title="Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq">Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq</a> in the 16th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Baths">Roman Baths</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Roman Baths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_of_Ankara" title="Roman Baths of Ankara">Roman Baths of Ankara</a> have all the typical features of a classical <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Roman bath complex</a>: a <i><a href="/wiki/Frigidarium" title="Frigidarium">frigidarium</a></i> (cold room), a <i><a href="/wiki/Tepidarium" title="Tepidarium">tepidarium</a></i> (warm room) and a <i><a href="/wiki/Caldarium" title="Caldarium">caldarium</a></i> (hot room). The baths were built during the reign of the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> in the early 3rd century to honor <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepios</a>, the God of Medicine. Today, only the basement and first floors remain. It is situated in the Ulus quarter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Road">Roman Road</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Roman Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Road_of_Ankara" title="Roman Road of Ankara">Roman Road of Ankara</a> or <i>Cardo Maximus</i> was found in 1995 by Turkish archeologist Cevdet Bayburtluoğlu. It is 216 meters (709 feet) long and 6.7 meters (22.0 feet) wide. Many ancient artifacts were discovered during the excavations along the road and most of them are displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Antik_Ankara_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antik_Ankara-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Column_of_Julian">Column of Julian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Column of Julian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Column of Julian or Julianus, now in the Ulus district, was erected in honor of the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a>'s visit to Ancyra in 362. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mosques">Mosques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mosques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kocatepe_Mosque">Kocatepe Mosque</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Kocatepe Mosque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ANKARA_KOCATEPE_CAM%C4%B0%C4%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ANKARA_KOCATEPE_CAM%C4%B0%C4%B0.jpg/200px-ANKARA_KOCATEPE_CAM%C4%B0%C4%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ANKARA_KOCATEPE_CAM%C4%B0%C4%B0.jpg/300px-ANKARA_KOCATEPE_CAM%C4%B0%C4%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ANKARA_KOCATEPE_CAM%C4%B0%C4%B0.jpg/400px-ANKARA_KOCATEPE_CAM%C4%B0%C4%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmet_Hamdi_Akseki_Mosque,_Ankara_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ahmet_Hamdi_Akseki_Mosque%2C_Ankara_02.jpg/200px-Ahmet_Hamdi_Akseki_Mosque%2C_Ankara_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ahmet_Hamdi_Akseki_Mosque%2C_Ankara_02.jpg/300px-Ahmet_Hamdi_Akseki_Mosque%2C_Ankara_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ahmet_Hamdi_Akseki_Mosque%2C_Ankara_02.jpg/400px-Ahmet_Hamdi_Akseki_Mosque%2C_Ankara_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>Top</b>: Kocatepe Mosque (1987)<br /><b>Bottom</b>: Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque (2013)</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kocatepe_Mosque" title="Kocatepe Mosque">Kocatepe Mosque</a> is the largest mosque in the city. Located in the Kocatepe quarter, it was constructed between 1967 and 1987 in classical <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman style</a> with four minarets. Its size and prominent location have made it a landmark for the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ahmet_Hamdi_Akseki_Mosque">Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque is located near the Presidency of Religious Affairs on the <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a> Road. Built in the Turkish neoclassical style, it is one of the largest new mosques in the city, completed and opened in 2013. It can accommodate 6 thousand people during general prayers, and up to 30 thousand people during funeral prayers. The mosque was decorated with <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk style</a> patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yeni_(Cenab_Ahmet)_Mosque"><span id="Yeni_.28Cenab_Ahmet.29_Mosque"></span>Yeni (Cenab Ahmet) Mosque</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Yeni (Cenab Ahmet) Mosque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is the largest Ottoman mosque in Ankara and was built by the famous architect Sinan in the 16th century. The mimber (pulpit) and mihrap (prayer niche) are of white marble, and the mosque itself is of Ankara stone, an example of very fine workmanship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hacı_Bayram_Mosque"><span id="Hac.C4.B1_Bayram_Mosque"></span>Hacı Bayram Mosque</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Hacı Bayram Mosque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haci_Bayram_Mosque_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Haci_Bayram_Mosque_01.jpg/220px-Haci_Bayram_Mosque_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Haci_Bayram_Mosque_01.jpg/330px-Haci_Bayram_Mosque_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Haci_Bayram_Mosque_01.jpg/440px-Haci_Bayram_Mosque_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4569" data-file-height="3137" /></a><figcaption>Hacı Bayram Mosque (1428)</figcaption></figure> <p>This mosque, in the Ulus quarter next to the <a href="/wiki/Monumentum_Ancyranum" class="mw-redirect" title="Monumentum Ancyranum">Temple of Augustus</a>, was built in the early 15th century in Seljuk style by an unknown architect. It was subsequently restored by architect <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a> in the 16th century, with <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya" title="Kütahya">Kütahya</a> tiles being added in the 18th century. The mosque was built in honor of <a href="/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_Bayram-%C4%B1_Veli" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacı Bayram-ı Veli">Hacı Bayram-ı Veli</a>, whose tomb is next to the mosque, two years before his death (1427–28).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usable space inside this mosque is 437 m<sup>2</sup> (4,704 sq ft) on the first floor and 263 m<sup>2</sup> (2,831 sq ft) on the second floor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ahi_Elvan_Mosque">Ahi Elvan Mosque</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ahi Elvan Mosque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was founded in the Ulus quarter near the Ankara Citadel and was constructed by the <a href="/wiki/Ahis" title="Ahis">Ahi fraternity</a> during the late 14th and early 15th centuries. The finely carved walnut mimber (pulpit) is of particular interest.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alâeddin_Mosque"><span id="Al.C3.A2eddin_Mosque"></span>Alâeddin Mosque</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Alâeddin Mosque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Alâeddin Mosque is the oldest mosque in Ankara. It has a <a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">carved</a> <a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">walnut</a> <a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">mimber</a>, the inscription on which records that the mosque was completed in early <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH 574</a> (which corresponds to the summer of 1178 AD) and was built by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk</a> prince Muhiddin Mesud Şah (died 1204), the <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a> of Ankara, who was the son of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate">Anatolian Seljuk sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_II" title="Kilij Arslan II">Kılıç Arslan II</a> (reigned 1156–1192.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_monuments">Modern monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Modern monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Victory_Monument">Victory Monument</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Victory Monument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_asv2021-10_img38_Victory_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ankara_asv2021-10_img38_Victory_Monument.jpg/200px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img38_Victory_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ankara_asv2021-10_img38_Victory_Monument.jpg/300px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img38_Victory_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ankara_asv2021-10_img38_Victory_Monument.jpg/400px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img38_Victory_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5112" data-file-height="5112" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hittite_Sun_Course_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hittite_Sun_Course_Monument.jpg/200px-Hittite_Sun_Course_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hittite_Sun_Course_Monument.jpg/300px-Hittite_Sun_Course_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hittite_Sun_Course_Monument.jpg/400px-Hittite_Sun_Course_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>Top</b>: Victory Monument (1927)<br /><b>Bottom</b>: <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Sun_Course_Monument" title="Hittite Sun Course Monument">Hittite Sun Course Monument</a> (1978)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Victory_Monument_(Ankara)" title="Victory Monument (Ankara)">Victory Monument</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_Zafer_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Ankara Zafer Anıtı">Zafer Anıtı</a></i>) was crafted by Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel in 1925 and was erected in 1927 at <a href="/wiki/Ulus_Square" title="Ulus Square">Ulus Square</a>. The monument is made of <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> and features an <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue" title="Equestrian statue">equestrian statue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, who wears a Republic era modern military uniform, with the rank <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Statue_of_Atatürk"><span id="Statue_of_Atat.C3.BCrk"></span>Statue of Atatürk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Statue of Atatürk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located at Zafer(Victory) Square (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i>Zafer Meydanı</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> statue was crafted by the renowned Italian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Canonica" title="Pietro Canonica">Pietro Canonica</a> in 1927 and depicts a standing Atatürk who wears a Republic era modern military uniform, with the rank <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monument_to_a_Secure,_Confident_Future"><span id="Monument_to_a_Secure.2C_Confident_Future"></span>Monument to a Secure, Confident Future</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Monument to a Secure, Confident Future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This monument, located in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCvenpark" title="Güvenpark">Güvenpark</a> near Kızılay Square, was erected in 1935 and bears Atatürk's advice to his people: "Turk! Be proud, work hard, and believe in yourself." (There is debate on whether or not Atatürk actually said "Use your mind"(Turkish: öğün) instead of "Be proud"(Turkish: övün))<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monument was depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">reverse</a> of the Turkish 5 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">lira</a> banknote of 1937–1952<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of the 1000 lira banknotes of 1939–1946.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hatti_Monument">Hatti Monument</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Hatti Monument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erected in 1978 at <a href="/wiki/S%C4%B1hhiye_Square" title="Sıhhiye Square">Sıhhiye Square</a>, this impressive monument symbolizes the <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hatti</a> Sun Disc (which was later adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>) and commemorates Anatolia's earliest known civilization. The Hatti Sun Disc has been used in the previous logo of Ankara Metropolitan Municipality. It was also used in the previous logo of the Ministry of Culture & Tourism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inns">Inns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Inns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suluhan">Suluhan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Suluhan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_september_2011_9289.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ankara_september_2011_9289.jpg/220px-Ankara_september_2011_9289.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ankara_september_2011_9289.jpg/330px-Ankara_september_2011_9289.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ankara_september_2011_9289.jpg/440px-Ankara_september_2011_9289.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Çengelhan Rahmi M. Koç Museum courtyard has been covered with a glass roof.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Suluhan" title="Suluhan">Suluhan</a> is a historical Inn in Ankara. It is also called the <i>Hasanpaşa Han</i>. It is about 400 meters (1,300 ft) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Ulus_Square" title="Ulus Square">Ulus Square</a> and situated in the Hacıdoğan neighborhood. According to the <i>vakfiye</i> (inscription) of the building, the Ottoman era <i>han</i> was commissioned by Hasan Pasha, a regional <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbey</a>, and was constructed between 1508 and 1511, during the final years of the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ank_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ank-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 102 rooms (now shops) which face the two yards.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In each room there is a window, a niche and a chimney.<sup id="cite_ref-Ank2_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ank2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Çengelhan_Rahmi_M._Koç_Museum"><span id=".C3.87engelhan_Rahmi_M._Ko.C3.A7_Museum"></span>Çengelhan Rahmi M. Koç Museum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Çengelhan Rahmi M. Koç Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C3%87engelhan_Rahmi_M._Ko%C3%A7_Museum" title="Çengelhan Rahmi M. Koç Museum">Çengelhan Rahmi M. Koç Museum</a> is a museum of industrial technology situated in <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87engel_Han" class="extiw" title="tr:Çengel Han">Çengel Han</a>, an Ottoman era Inn which was completed in 1523, during the early years of the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>. The exhibits include industrial/technological artifacts from the 1850s onwards. There are also sections about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey; Vehbi Koç, Rahmi Koç's father and one of the first industrialists of Turkey, and Ankara city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shopping">Shopping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Shopping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_Armada_Al%C4%B1%C5%9Fveri%C5%9F_Merkezi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ankara_Armada_Al%C4%B1%C5%9Fveri%C5%9F_Merkezi.JPG/250px-Ankara_Armada_Al%C4%B1%C5%9Fveri%C5%9F_Merkezi.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ankara_Armada_Al%C4%B1%C5%9Fveri%C5%9F_Merkezi.JPG/375px-Ankara_Armada_Al%C4%B1%C5%9Fveri%C5%9F_Merkezi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ankara_Armada_Al%C4%B1%C5%9Fveri%C5%9F_Merkezi.JPG/500px-Ankara_Armada_Al%C4%B1%C5%9Fveri%C5%9F_Merkezi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="2123" /></a><figcaption>Armada Shopping Mall</figcaption></figure> <p>Foreign visitors to Ankara usually like to visit the old shops in <i>Çıkrıkçılar Yokuşu</i> (Weavers' Road) near Ulus, where myriad things ranging from traditional fabrics, hand-woven carpets and leather products can be found at bargain prices. <i>Bakırcılar Çarşısı</i> (Bazaar of Coppersmiths) is particularly popular, and many interesting items, not just of copper, can be found here like jewelry, carpets, costumes, antiques and embroidery. Up the hill to the castle gate, there are many shops selling a huge and fresh collection of spices, <a href="/wiki/Dried_fruit" title="Dried fruit">dried fruits</a>, nuts, and other produce. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_asv2021-10_img15_Atakule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ankara_asv2021-10_img15_Atakule.jpg/170px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img15_Atakule.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ankara_asv2021-10_img15_Atakule.jpg/255px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img15_Atakule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ankara_asv2021-10_img15_Atakule.jpg/340px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img15_Atakule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5205" data-file-height="6246" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atakule" title="Atakule">Atakule Shopping Mall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern shopping areas are mostly found in <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay,_Ankara" title="Kızılay, Ankara">Kızılay</a>, or on Tunalı Hilmi Avenue, including the modern mall of <a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Turkey#Ankara" title="List of shopping malls in Turkey">Karum</a> (named after the ancient <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> merchant colonies called <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe#Kârum_Kaneš" title="Kültepe"><i>Kârum</i></a> that were established in <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">central</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a>) which is located towards the end of the Avenue; and in <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ankaya,_Ankara" class="mw-redirect" title="Çankaya, Ankara">Çankaya</a>, the quarter with the highest elevation in the city. <a href="/wiki/Atakule" title="Atakule">Atakule Tower</a> next to <a href="/wiki/Atakule#Atrium_shopping_mall" title="Atakule">Atrium Mall</a> in Çankaya has views over Ankara and also has a <a href="/wiki/Revolving_restaurant" title="Revolving restaurant">revolving restaurant</a> at the top. The symbol of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Turkey#Ankara" title="List of shopping malls in Turkey">Armada Shopping Mall</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">anchor</a>, and there's a large anchor monument at its entrance, as a reference to the ancient Greek name of the city, Ἄγκυρα (Ánkyra), which means anchor. Likewise, the anchor monument is also related with the Spanish name of the mall, Armada, which means <a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">naval fleet</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yda_Ankara_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Yda_Ankara_2024.jpg/170px-Yda_Ankara_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Yda_Ankara_2024.jpg/255px-Yda_Ankara_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Yda_Ankara_2024.jpg/340px-Yda_Ankara_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>YDA Center in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6%C4%9F%C3%BCt%C3%B6z%C3%BC" title="Söğütözü">Söğütözü</a>, Ankara</figcaption></figure> <p>As Ankara started expanding westward in the 1970s, several modern, suburbia-style developments, mini-cities and business districts such as <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6%C4%9F%C3%BCt%C3%B6z%C3%BC" title="Söğütözü">Söğütözü</a> began to rise along the western highway, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a> Road. The <i>Armada</i>, <i>CEPA</i> and <i>Kentpark</i> malls on the highway, the <i>Galleria</i>, <i>Arcadium</i> and <i>Gordion</i> in Ümitköy, and a huge mall, <i>Real</i> in Bilkent Center, offer North American and European style shopping opportunities (these places can be reached through the Eskişehir Highway.) There is also the newly expanded <i><a href="/wiki/ANKAmall" title="ANKAmall">ANKAmall</a></i> at the outskirts, on the Istanbul Highway, which houses most of the well-known international brands. This mall is the largest throughout the Ankara region. In 2014, a few more shopping malls were open in Ankara. They are <i>Next Level</i> and <i>Taurus</i> on the Boulevard of <a href="/wiki/Mevlana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlana">Mevlana</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a> Road). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_arts">The arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: The arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_asv2021-10_img54_view_from_Gen%C3%A7lik_Park_Ferris_wheel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ankara_asv2021-10_img54_view_from_Gen%C3%A7lik_Park_Ferris_wheel.jpg/250px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img54_view_from_Gen%C3%A7lik_Park_Ferris_wheel.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ankara_asv2021-10_img54_view_from_Gen%C3%A7lik_Park_Ferris_wheel.jpg/375px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img54_view_from_Gen%C3%A7lik_Park_Ferris_wheel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ankara_asv2021-10_img54_view_from_Gen%C3%A7lik_Park_Ferris_wheel.jpg/500px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img54_view_from_Gen%C3%A7lik_Park_Ferris_wheel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7298" data-file-height="4561" /></a><figcaption>Ankara Opera House of the Turkish State Opera and Ballet (1933)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSOAdaAnkaraExterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CSOAdaAnkaraExterior.jpg/170px-CSOAdaAnkaraExterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CSOAdaAnkaraExterior.jpg/255px-CSOAdaAnkaraExterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CSOAdaAnkaraExterior.jpg/340px-CSOAdaAnkaraExterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/CSO_Ada_Ankara" title="CSO Ada Ankara">CSO Ada Ankara</a> serves as the Presidential Symphony Orchestra Concert Hall.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Opera_and_Ballet" title="Turkish State Opera and Ballet">Turkish State Opera and Ballet</a>, the national directorate of opera and ballet companies of Turkey, has its headquarters in Ankara, and serves the city with three venues: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Opera_House" title="Ankara Opera House">Ankara Opera House</a> (<i>Opera Sahnesi</i>, also known as <i>Büyük Tiyatro</i>) is the largest of the three venues for opera and ballet in Ankara.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ankara is host to five classical music orchestras: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Presidential Symphony Orchestra">Presidential Symphony Orchestra</a> (Turkish Presidential Symphony Orchestra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilkent_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Bilkent Symphony Orchestra">Bilkent Symphony Orchestra</a> (BSO) is a major symphony orchestra of Turkey.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacettepe_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Hacettepe Symphony Orchestra">Hacettepe Symphony Orchestra</a> was founded in 2003 and directed by Erol Erdinç</li> <li>Başkent Oda Orkestrası (Chamber Orchestra of the Capital)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There are four concert halls in the city: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSO_Concert_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="CSO Concert Hall">CSO Concert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilkent_Concert_Hall" title="Bilkent Concert Hall">Bilkent Concert Hall</a> is a performing arts center in Ankara. It is located in the Bilkent University campus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEB_%C5%9Eura_Salonu" title="MEB Şura Salonu">MEB Şura Salonu</a> (also known as the Festival Hall), It is noted for its tango performances.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ankaya_%C3%87a%C4%9Fda%C5%9F_Sanatlar_Merkezi_Concert_Hall" title="Çankaya Çağdaş Sanatlar Merkezi Concert Hall">Çankaya Çağdaş Sanatlar Merkezi Concert Hall</a> was founded in 1994.</li></ul> <p>The city has been host to several well-established, annual theater, music, film festivals: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_International_Music_Festival" title="Ankara International Music Festival">Ankara International Music Festival</a>, a music festival organized in the Turkish capital presenting classical music and ballet programs.</li></ul> <p>Ankara also has a number of concert venues such as <i>Eskiyeni</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/IF_Performance_Hall" title="IF Performance Hall">IF Performance Hall</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Joker_(venues_chain)" title="Jolly Joker (venues chain)">Jolly Joker</a></i>, <i>Kite</i>, <i>Nefes Bar</i>, and <i>Route</i>, which host the live performances and events of popular musicians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theater">Theater</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Theatres" title="Turkish State Theatres">Turkish State Theatres</a> also has its head office in Ankara and runs the following stages in the city: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/125._Y%C4%B1l_%C3%87ayyolu_Sahnesi" class="mw-redirect" title="125. Yıl Çayyolu Sahnesi">125. Yıl Çayyolu Sahnesi</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_Devlet_Tiyatrosu" class="extiw" title="tr:Ankara Devlet Tiyatrosu">Büyük Tiyatro</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Tiyatro" class="mw-redirect" title="Küçük Tiyatro">Küçük Tiyatro</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Einasi_Sahnesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Şinasi Sahnesi">Şinasi Sahnesi</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%BCn_Sahnesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Akün Sahnesi">Akün Sahnesi</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1nda%C4%9F_Tiyatrosu" class="mw-redirect" title="Altındağ Tiyatrosu">Altındağ Tiyatrosu</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0rfan_%C5%9Eahinba%C5%9F_At%C3%B6lye_Sahnesi" class="mw-redirect" title="İrfan Şahinbaş Atölye Sahnesi">İrfan Şahinbaş Atölye Sahnesi</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_Tiyatrosu" class="mw-redirect" title="Oda Tiyatrosu">Oda Tiyatrosu</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahir_Canova_Sahnesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahir Canova Sahnesi">Mahir Canova Sahnesi</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_Ertu%C4%9Frul_Sahnesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhsin Ertuğrul Sahnesi">Muhsin Ertuğrul Sahnesi</a>.</li></ul> </div> <p>In addition, the city is served by several private theater companies, among which <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_Sanat_Tiyatrosu" class="extiw" title="tr:Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu">Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu</a>, who have their own stage in the city center, is a notable example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are about 50 museums in the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Museum of Anatolian Civilizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a> (<i>Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi</i>) is situated at the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Castle" title="Ankara Castle">Ankara Castle</a>. It is an old 15th century <a href="/wiki/Bedesten" title="Bedesten">bedesten</a> (covered bazaar)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that has been restored and now houses a collection of <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hittite_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite empire">Hatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> works as well as a major section dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydian</a> treasures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anıtkabir"><span id="An.C4.B1tkabir"></span>Anıtkabir</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Anıtkabir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An%C4%B1tkabir_ziyareti.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/An%C4%B1tkabir_ziyareti.jpeg/220px-An%C4%B1tkabir_ziyareti.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/An%C4%B1tkabir_ziyareti.jpeg/330px-An%C4%B1tkabir_ziyareti.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/An%C4%B1tkabir_ziyareti.jpeg/440px-An%C4%B1tkabir_ziyareti.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Atatürk's Mausoleum</a> is the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the Republic of Turkey.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Anıtkabir</a> is located on an imposing hill, which forms the <i>Anıttepe</i> quarter of the city, where the mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, founder of the Republic of Turkey, stands. Completed in 1953, it is a fusion of ancient and modern architectural styles. An adjacent museum houses a wax statue of Atatürk, his writings, letters and personal items, as well as an exhibition of photographs recording important moments in his life and during the establishment of the Republic. Anıtkabir is open every day, while the adjacent museum is open every day except Mondays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ankara_Ethnography_Museum">Ankara Ethnography Museum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Ankara Ethnography Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnography_Museum_of_Ankara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ethnography_Museum_of_Ankara.jpg/220px-Ethnography_Museum_of_Ankara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ethnography_Museum_of_Ankara.jpg/330px-Ethnography_Museum_of_Ankara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ethnography_Museum_of_Ankara.jpg/440px-Ethnography_Museum_of_Ankara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4909" data-file-height="3273" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ethnography_Museum_of_Ankara" title="Ethnography Museum of Ankara">Ethnography Museum of Ankara</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ethnography_Museum_of_Ankara" title="Ethnography Museum of Ankara">Ankara Ethnography Museum</a> (<i>Etnoğrafya Müzesi</i>) is located opposite to the <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Opera_House" title="Ankara Opera House">Ankara Opera House</a> on Talat Paşa Boulevard, in the Ulus district. There is a fine collection of folkloric items, as well as artifacts from the Seljuk and Ottoman periods. In front of the museum building, there is a <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue" title="Equestrian statue">equestrian statue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> (who wears a Republic era modern military uniform, with the rank <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a>) which was crafted in 1927<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the renowned Italian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Canonica" title="Pietro Canonica">Pietro Canonica</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum">State Art and Sculpture Museum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: State Art and Sculpture Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_asv2021-10_img64_Arts_and_Sculpture_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ankara_asv2021-10_img64_Arts_and_Sculpture_Museum.jpg/220px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img64_Arts_and_Sculpture_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ankara_asv2021-10_img64_Arts_and_Sculpture_Museum.jpg/330px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img64_Arts_and_Sculpture_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ankara_asv2021-10_img64_Arts_and_Sculpture_Museum.jpg/440px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img64_Arts_and_Sculpture_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7163" data-file-height="4029" /></a><figcaption>State Art and Sculpture Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum" title="State Art and Sculpture Museum">State Art and Sculpture Museum</a> (<i>Resim-Heykel Müzesi</i>) which opened to the public in 1980<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is close to the Ethnography Museum and houses a rich collection of Turkish art from the late 19th century to the present day. There are also galleries which host guest exhibitions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cer_Modern">Cer Modern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Cer Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cer Modern is the modern-arts museum of Ankara, inaugurated on 1 April 2010. It is situated in the renovated building of the historic <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Railways" title="Turkish State Railways">TCDD</a> Cer Atölyeleri, formerly a workshop of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Railways" title="Turkish State Railways">Turkish State Railways</a>. The museum incorporates the largest exhibition hall in Turkey. The museum holds periodic exhibitions of modern and contemporary art as well as hosting other contemporary arts events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_of_Independence_Museum">War of Independence Museum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: War of Independence Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_asv2021-10_img45_Cumhuriyet_Street_on_29Oct.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ankara_asv2021-10_img45_Cumhuriyet_Street_on_29Oct.jpg/220px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img45_Cumhuriyet_Street_on_29Oct.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ankara_asv2021-10_img45_Cumhuriyet_Street_on_29Oct.jpg/330px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img45_Cumhuriyet_Street_on_29Oct.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ankara_asv2021-10_img45_Cumhuriyet_Street_on_29Oct.jpg/440px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img45_Cumhuriyet_Street_on_29Oct.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7434" data-file-height="3717" /></a><figcaption>The War of Independence Museum, used as the first Turkish Grand National Assembly building</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/War_of_Independence_Museum" title="War of Independence Museum">War of Independence Museum</a> (<i>Kurtuluş Savaşı Müzesi</i>) is located on <a href="/wiki/Ulus_Square" title="Ulus Square">Ulus Square</a>. It was originally the first Parliament building (TBMM) of the Republic of Turkey. The War of Independence was planned and directed here as recorded in various photographs and items presently on exhibition. In another display, <a href="/wiki/Wax_sculpture" title="Wax sculpture">wax figures</a> of former presidents of the Republic of Turkey are on exhibit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mehmet_Akif_Literature_Museum_Library">Mehmet Akif Literature Museum Library</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Mehmet Akif Literature Museum Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Akif_Literature_Museum_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet Akif Literature Museum Library">Mehmet Akif Literature Museum Library</a> is an important literary museum and archive opened in 2011 and dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Akif_Ersoy" title="Mehmet Akif Ersoy">Mehmet Akif Ersoy</a> (1873–1936), the poet of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish National Anthem">Turkish National Anthem</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="TCDD_Open_Air_Steam_Locomotive_Museum">TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/TCDD_Open_Air_Steam_Locomotive_Museum" title="TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum">TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Open-air_museum" title="Open-air museum">open-air museum</a> which traces the history of <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ankara_Aviation_Museum">Ankara Aviation Museum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Ankara Aviation Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ankara Aviation Museum (<i>Hava Kuvvetleri Müzesi Komutanlığı</i>) is located near the Istanbul Road in Etimesgut. The museum opened to the public in September 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is home to various missiles, avionics, aviation materials and aircraft that have served in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish Air Force</a> (e.g. combat aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/F-86_Sabre" class="mw-redirect" title="F-86 Sabre">F-86 Sabre</a>, <a href="/wiki/F-100_Super_Sabre" class="mw-redirect" title="F-100 Super Sabre">F-100 Super Sabre</a>, <a href="/wiki/F-102_Delta_Dagger" class="mw-redirect" title="F-102 Delta Dagger">F-102 Delta Dagger</a>, <a href="/wiki/F-104_Starfighter" class="mw-redirect" title="F-104 Starfighter">F-104 Starfighter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-5" title="Northrop F-5">F-5 Freedom Fighter</a>, <a href="/wiki/F-4_Phantom_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-4 Phantom II">F-4 Phantom</a>; and cargo planes such as the <a href="/wiki/Transall_C-160" title="Transall C-160">Transall C-160</a>.) Also a Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21">MiG-21</a>, a Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-19" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19">MiG-19</a>, and a Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17">MiG-17</a> are on display at the museum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="METU_Science_and_Technology_Museum">METU Science and Technology Museum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: METU Science and Technology Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/METU_Science_and_Technology_Museum" title="METU Science and Technology Museum">METU Science and Technology Museum</a> (<i>ODTÜ Bilim ve Teknoloji Müzesi</i>) is located inside the <a href="/wiki/METU" class="mw-redirect" title="METU">Middle East Technical University</a> campus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_asv2021-10_img20_Ankara_Arena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ankara_asv2021-10_img20_Ankara_Arena.jpg/220px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img20_Ankara_Arena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ankara_asv2021-10_img20_Ankara_Arena.jpg/330px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img20_Ankara_Arena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ankara_asv2021-10_img20_Ankara_Arena.jpg/440px-Ankara_asv2021-10_img20_Ankara_Arena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6757" data-file-height="4223" /></a><figcaption>Ankara Arena (2010)</figcaption></figure> <p>As with all other cities of Turkey, football is the most popular sport in Ankara. The city currently has one <a href="/wiki/Football_team" title="Football team">football club</a> competing in the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig" title="Süper Lig">Turkish Süper Lig</a>: <a href="/wiki/MKE_Ankarag%C3%BCc%C3%BC" title="MKE Ankaragücü">Ankaragücü</a>, founded in 1910, is the oldest club in Ankara and is associated with Ankara's military arsenal manufacturing company <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_and_Chemical_Industry_Corporation" title="Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation">MKE</a>. They were the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cup" title="Turkish Cup">Turkish Cup</a> winners in 1972 and 1981. <a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%A7lerbirli%C4%9Fi_S.K." title="Gençlerbirliği S.K.">Gençlerbirliği</a>, founded in 1923, play in the <a href="/wiki/TFF_First_League" class="mw-redirect" title="TFF First League">TFF First League</a> and are known as the <i>Ankara Gale</i> or the <i>Poppies</i> because of their colors: red and black. They were the Turkish Cup winners in 1987 and 2001. <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Ke%C3%A7i%C3%B6reng%C3%BCc%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara Keçiörengücü">Ankara Keçiörengücü</a> also currently play in the <a href="/wiki/TFF_First_League" class="mw-redirect" title="TFF First League">TFF First League</a>. <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediye_Ankaraspor" class="mw-redirect" title="Büyükşehir Belediye Ankaraspor">Büyükşehir Belediye Ankaraspor</a> also played in the Süper Lig until 2010, when they were expelled. The club was reconstituted in 2014 as <a href="/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1spor" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanlıspor">Osmanlıspor</a> but have since returned to their old identity as <a href="/wiki/Ankaraspor" title="Ankaraspor">Ankaraspor</a>. Ankaraspor currently play in the <a href="/wiki/TFF_Second_League" class="mw-redirect" title="TFF Second League">TFF Second League</a> at the Etimesgut Belediyesi Atatürk Stadium. Gençlerbirliği's B team, <a href="/wiki/Hacettepe_S.K." title="Hacettepe S.K.">Hacettepe S.K.</a> (formerly known as Gençlerbirliği OFTAŞ) played in the Süper Lig but folded in 2023. <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Demirspor" title="Ankara Demirspor">Ankara Demirspor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etimesgut_Belediyespor" title="Etimesgut Belediyespor">Etimesgut Belediyespor</a> also play in the <a href="/wiki/TFF_Second_League" class="mw-redirect" title="TFF Second League">TFF Second League</a>. </p><p>Ankara has a large number of minor teams, playing at regional levels, including <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ankaya_FK" class="mw-redirect" title="Çankaya FK">Çankaya FK</a>, Altındağspor,<sup id="cite_ref-tff_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tff-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mamak_FK" title="Mamak FK">Mamak FK</a>, Çubukspor, and Bağlumspor. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Basketbol_S%C3%BCper_Ligi" title="Basketbol Süper Ligi">Turkish Basketball Super League</a>, Ankara is represented by <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_Telekom_B.K." title="Türk Telekom B.K.">Türk Telekom B.K.</a>, who play at the <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Arena" title="Ankara Arena">Ankara Arena</a>. <a href="/wiki/TED_Ankara_Kolejliler" title="TED Ankara Kolejliler">TED Ankara Kolejliler</a>, MKE Ankaragücü, and <a href="/wiki/OGM_Ormanspor" title="OGM Ormanspor">OGM Ormanspor</a> play in the second-tier <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_Basketbol_Ligi" title="Türkiye Basketbol Ligi">Turkish First League</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Halkbank_Ankara" class="mw-redirect" title="Halkbank Ankara">Halkbank Ankara</a> is the leading domestic powerhouse in men's volleyball, having won many championships and cups in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Men%27s_Volleyball_League" title="Turkish Men's Volleyball League">Turkish Men's Volleyball League</a> and even the <a href="/wiki/CEV_Cup" title="CEV Cup">CEV Cup</a> in 2013. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Ice_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara Ice Palace">Ankara Buz Pateni Sarayı</a> is where the <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">ice skating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> competitions take place in the city. </p><p>There are many popular spots for <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">skateboarding</a> which is active in the city since the 1980s. Skaters in Ankara usually meet in the park near the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a>. </p><p>The 2012-built <a href="/wiki/THF_Sport_Hall" title="THF Sport Hall">THF Sport Hall</a> hosts the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Handball_Super_League" title="Turkish Handball Super League">Handball Super League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Handball_Super_League" title="Turkish Women's Handball Super League">Women's Handball Super League</a> matches scheduled in Ankara.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks">Parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba%C5%9Fkent_Millet_Bah%C3%A7esi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ba%C5%9Fkent_Millet_Bah%C3%A7esi2.jpg/220px-Ba%C5%9Fkent_Millet_Bah%C3%A7esi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ba%C5%9Fkent_Millet_Bah%C3%A7esi2.jpg/330px-Ba%C5%9Fkent_Millet_Bah%C3%A7esi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ba%C5%9Fkent_Millet_Bah%C3%A7esi2.jpg/440px-Ba%C5%9Fkent_Millet_Bah%C3%A7esi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Nation's Garden in Ankara</figcaption></figure> <p>Ankara has many parks and open spaces mainly established in the early years of the Republic and well maintained and expanded thereafter. The most important of these parks are: <a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%A7lik_Park%C4%B1" title="Gençlik Parkı">Gençlik Parkı</a> (houses an <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement park</a> with a large pond for rowing), the <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical garden</a>, Seğmenler Park, Anayasa Park, <a href="/wiki/Ku%C4%9Fulu_Park" title="Kuğulu Park">Kuğulu Park</a> (famous for the swans received as a gift from the <a href="/wiki/PRC" class="mw-redirect" title="PRC">Chinese</a> government), <a href="/wiki/Abdi_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i" title="Abdi İpekçi">Abdi İpekçi</a> Park, <a href="/wiki/Esertepe_Park%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Esertepe Parkı">Esertepe Parkı</a>, Güven Park (see above for the monument), Kurtuluş Park (has an ice-skating rink), <a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1npark" title="Altınpark">Altınpark</a> (also a prominent exposition/fair area), Harikalar Diyarı (claimed to be Biggest Park of Europe inside city borders) and Göksu Park. <a href="/wiki/Dikmen_Vadisi" title="Dikmen Vadisi">Dikmen Vadisi</a> (Dikmen Valley) is a 70 hectares (170 acres) park and recreation area situated in Çankaya district. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6ksupark_Ankara_-_21821118323.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/G%C3%B6ksupark_Ankara_-_21821118323.jpg/220px-G%C3%B6ksupark_Ankara_-_21821118323.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/G%C3%B6ksupark_Ankara_-_21821118323.jpg/330px-G%C3%B6ksupark_Ankara_-_21821118323.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/G%C3%B6ksupark_Ankara_-_21821118323.jpg/440px-G%C3%B6ksupark_Ankara_-_21821118323.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ksu_Park" title="Göksu Park">Göksu Park</a> in Ankara</figcaption></figure> <p>Gençlik Park was depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">reverse</a> of the Turkish 100 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">lira</a> banknotes of 1952–1976.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TR_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lcahamam_asv2021-10_img02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/TR_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lcahamam_asv2021-10_img02.jpg/220px-TR_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lcahamam_asv2021-10_img02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/TR_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lcahamam_asv2021-10_img02.jpg/330px-TR_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lcahamam_asv2021-10_img02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/TR_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lcahamam_asv2021-10_img02.jpg/440px-TR_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lcahamam_asv2021-10_img02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/So%C4%9Fuksu_National_Park" title="Soğuksu National Park">Soğuksu National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Forest_Farm_and_Zoo" title="Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo">Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo</a> (<i>Atatürk Orman Çiftliği</i>) is an expansive recreational farming area which houses a <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoo</a>, several small agricultural farms, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a>, restaurants, a <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">dairy farm</a> and a brewery. It is a pleasant place to spend a day with family, be it for having picnics, hiking, biking or simply enjoying good food and nature. There is also an exact replica of the house where Atatürk was born in 1881, in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, Greece. Visitors to the "Çiftlik" (farm) as it is affectionately called by Ankarans, can sample such famous products of the farm such as old-fashioned beer and <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>, fresh <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a> and meat rolls/kebabs made on charcoal, at a traditional restaurant (<i>Merkez Lokantası</i>, Central Restaurant), cafés and other establishments scattered around the farm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ankara" title="Education in Ankara">Education in Ankara</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities">Universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ankara is noted, within Turkey, for the multitude of universities it is home to. These include the following, several of them being among the most reputable in the country: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_University" title="Ankara University">Ankara University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At%C4%B1l%C4%B1m_University" title="Atılım University">Atılım University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fkent_University" title="Başkent University">Başkent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilkent_University" title="Bilkent University">Bilkent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ankaya_University" title="Çankaya University">Çankaya University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazi_University" title="Gazi University">Gazi University</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BClhane_Asker%C3%AE_T%C4%B1p_Akademisi" class="extiw" title="tr:Gülhane Askerî Tıp Akademisi">Gülhane Military Medical Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacettepe_University" title="Hacettepe University">Hacettepe University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University" title="Middle East Technical University">Middle East Technical University</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_%C3%9Cniversitesi" class="extiw" title="tr:TED Üniversitesi">TED University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOBB_University_of_Economics_and_Technology" title="TOBB University of Economics and Technology">TOBB University of Economics and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_Hava_Kurumu_%C3%9Cniversitesi" class="extiw" title="tr:Türk Hava Kurumu Üniversitesi">Turkish Aeronautical Association University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Military_Academy" title="Turkish Military Academy">Turkish Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Police_Academy" title="Turkish National Police Academy">Turkish National Police Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufuk_University" title="Ufuk University">Ufuk University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Beyaz%C4%B1t_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Yıldırım Beyazıt University">Yıldırım Beyazıt University</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna">Fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angora_cat">Angora cat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Angora cat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Angora" title="Turkish Angora">Turkish Angora</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odd-eyed_Turkish_Angora_cat_-_20080830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Odd-eyed_Turkish_Angora_cat_-_20080830.jpg/180px-Odd-eyed_Turkish_Angora_cat_-_20080830.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Odd-eyed_Turkish_Angora_cat_-_20080830.jpg/270px-Odd-eyed_Turkish_Angora_cat_-_20080830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Odd-eyed_Turkish_Angora_cat_-_20080830.jpg/360px-Odd-eyed_Turkish_Angora_cat_-_20080830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Angora" title="Turkish Angora">Angora cat</a> with odd eyes (heterochromia), which is common among the Angoras</figcaption></figure> <p>Ankara is home to a world-famous domestic <a href="/wiki/Cat_breed" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat breed">cat breed</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Angora" title="Turkish Angora">Turkish Angora</a>, called <i>Ankara kedisi</i> (Ankara cat) in Turkish. Turkish Angoras are one of the ancient, naturally occurring cat breeds, having originated in Ankara and its surrounding region in central Anatolia. </p><p>They mostly have a white, silky, medium to long length coat, no undercoat and a fine bone structure. There seems to be a connection between the Angora Cats and <a href="/wiki/Persian_(cat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian (cat)">Persians</a>, and the Turkish Angora is also a distant cousin of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Van" title="Turkish Van">Turkish Van</a>. Although they are known for their shimmery white coat, there are more than twenty varieties including black, blue and reddish fur. They come in <a href="/wiki/Tabby_cat" title="Tabby cat">tabby</a> and tabby-white, along with smoke varieties, and are in every color other than pointed, lavender, and cinnamon (all of which would indicate breeding to an outcross.) </p><p>Eyes may be blue, green, or amber, or even one blue and one amber or green. The <a href="/wiki/Cat_coat_genetics#White_spotting_and_epistatic_white" title="Cat coat genetics">W gene</a> which is responsible for the white coat and blue eye is closely related to the hearing ability, and the presence of a blue eye can indicate that the cat is deaf to the side the blue eye is located. However, a great many blue and <a href="/wiki/Odd-eyed_cat" title="Odd-eyed cat">odd-eyed</a> white cats have normal hearing, and even deaf cats lead a very normal life if kept indoors. </p><p>Ears are pointed and large, eyes are almond shaped and the head is massive with a two plane profile. Another characteristic is the tail, which is often kept parallel to the back. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angora_goat">Angora goat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Angora goat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Angora_goat" title="Angora goat">Angora goat</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angora1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Angora1.JPG/180px-Angora1.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Angora1.JPG/270px-Angora1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Angora1.JPG/360px-Angora1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Angora goat</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Angora_goat" title="Angora goat">Angora goat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Ankara keçisi</i>) is a breed of <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">domestic goat</a> that originated in Ankara and its surrounding region in central Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekarius_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekarius-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This breed was first mentioned in the time of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, roughly in 1500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Angora goats were brought to Europe by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, about 1554, but, like later imports, were not very successful. Angora goats were first introduced in the United States in 1849 by James P. Davis. Seven adult goats were a gift from Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a> in appreciation for his services and advice on the raising of cotton. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pile_(textile)" title="Pile (textile)">fleece</a> taken from an Angora goat is called <a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">mohair</a>. A single goat produces between five and eight kilograms (11 and 18 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pounds</a>) of hair per year. Angoras are shorn twice a year, unlike <a href="/wiki/Domestic_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic sheep">sheep</a>, which are shorn only once. Angoras have high nutritional requirements due to their rapid hair growth. A poor quality diet will curtail mohair development. The United States, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and South Africa are the top producers of mohair. </p><p>For a long period of time, Angora goats were bred for their white coat. In 1998, the Colored Angora Goat Breeders Association was set up to promote breeding of colored Angoras. Today, Angora goats produce white, black (deep black to greys and silver), red (the color fades significantly as the goat gets older), and brownish fiber. </p><p>Angora goats were depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">reverse</a> of the Turkish 50 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">lira</a> banknotes of 1938–1952.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angora_rabbit">Angora rabbit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Angora rabbit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Angora_rabbit" title="Angora rabbit">Angora rabbit</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joey_Giant_Angora_Buck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Joey_Giant_Angora_Buck.jpg/180px-Joey_Giant_Angora_Buck.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Joey_Giant_Angora_Buck.jpg/270px-Joey_Giant_Angora_Buck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Joey_Giant_Angora_Buck.jpg/360px-Joey_Giant_Angora_Buck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Angora rabbit</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Angora_rabbit" title="Angora rabbit">Angora rabbit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Ankara tavşanı</i>) is a variety of domestic rabbit bred for its long, soft hair. The Angora is one of the oldest types of domestic rabbit, originating in Ankara and its surrounding region in central Anatolia, along with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Angora" title="Turkish Angora">Angora cat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angora_goat" title="Angora goat">Angora goat</a>. The rabbits were popular pets with French royalty in the mid-18th century, and spread to other parts of Europe by the end of the century. They first appeared in the United States in the early 20th century. They are bred largely for their long <a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora wool</a>, which may be removed by <a href="/wiki/Sheep_shearing" title="Sheep shearing">shearing</a>, combing, or <a href="/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)" title="Plucking (hair removal)">plucking</a> (gently pulling loose wool). </p><p>Angoras are bred mainly for their wool because it is silky and soft. They have a humorous appearance, as they oddly resemble a fur ball. Most are calm and docile but should be handled carefully. Grooming is necessary to prevent the fiber from matting and felting on the rabbit. A condition called "wool block" is common in Angora rabbits and should be treated quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes they are shorn in the summer as the long fur can cause the rabbits to overheat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Turkey" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey">List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ankara is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea (since 1971)<sup id="cite_ref-Seoul_twinnings2_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seoul_twinnings2-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seoul_winnings_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seoul_winnings-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, Pakistan (since 1982)<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malaysia (since 1984)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Beijing, China (since 1990)<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, Jordan (since 1992)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, Kyrgyzstan (since 1992)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary (since 1992)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan"><img alt="Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, Sudan (since 1992)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Moscow, Russia (since 1992)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria (since 1992)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba (since 1993)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine (since 1993)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan"><img alt="Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, Turkmenistan (since 1994)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait"><img alt="Kuwait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>, Kuwait (since 1994)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1994)<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, Albania (since 1995)<sup id="cite_ref-International_relations_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_relations-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia (since 1996)<sup id="cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a>, Russia (since 1997)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alanya" title="Alanya">Alanya</a>, Turkey</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania (since 1998)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, Vietnam (since 1998)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain"><img alt="Bahrain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>, Bahrain (since 2000)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, Somalia (since 2000)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile (since 2000)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan (since 2001)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan"><img alt="Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>, Tajikistan (since 2003)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan"><img alt="Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, Afghanistan (since 2003)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia"><img alt="Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, Mongolia (since 2003)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt (since 2004)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, Moldova (since 2004)<sup id="cite_ref-Chișinău_winnings_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chișinău_winnings-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a">Sana'a</a>, Yemen (since 2004)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, Uzbekistan (since 2004)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, Kosovo (since 2005)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, Russia (since 2005)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (since 2005)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia (since 2006)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus (since 2007)<sup id="cite_ref-Minsk_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minsk-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Croatia (since 2008)<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Syria (since 2010)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a>, Guinea-Bissau (since 2011)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, US (since 2011)<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand (since 2012)<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran (since 2013)<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar"><img alt="Qatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, Qatar (since 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>, Montenegro (since 7 March 2019)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus"><img alt="Northern Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a>, Northern Cyprus</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti"><img alt="Djibouti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_City" title="Djibouti City">Djibouti City</a>, Djibouti (since 2017)<sup id="cite_ref-diyanet_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diyanet-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partner_cities">Partner cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Partner cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, North Macedonia (since 1995)<sup id="cite_ref-Ankara_winnings_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankara_winnings-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Angora" title="Turkish Angora">Angora cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_goat" title="Angora goat">Angora goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_rabbit" title="Angora rabbit">Angora rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Agreement" title="Ankara Agreement">Ankara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Arena" title="Ankara Arena">Ankara Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Central_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara Central railway station">Ankara Central Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esenbo%C4%9Fa_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Esenboğa International Airport">Ankara Esenboğa International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Metro" title="Ankara Metro">Ankara Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">Ankara Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_University" title="Ankara University">Ankara University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATO_Congresium" title="ATO Congresium">ATO Congresium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Ancyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil of Ancyra">Basil of Ancyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ancyra" title="Battle of Ancyra">Battle of Ancyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Battle of Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Ancyra" title="Clement of Ancyra">Clement of Ancyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemellus_of_Ancyra" title="Gemellus of Ancyra">Gemellus of Ancyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ankara" title="History of Ankara">History of Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Ankara_Province" title="List of hospitals in Ankara Province">List of hospitals in Ankara Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Ankara" title="List of mayors of Ankara">List of mayors of Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ankara_Province" title="List of municipalities in Ankara Province">List of municipalities in Ankara Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Ankara" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of Ankara">List of districts of Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Ankara" title="List of people from Ankara">List of people from Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Ankara" title="List of tallest buildings in Ankara">List of tallest buildings in Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_of_Ancyra" title="Marcellus of Ancyra">Marcellus of Ancyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumentum_Ancyranum" class="mw-redirect" title="Monumentum Ancyranum">Monumentum Ancyranum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_of_Sinai" title="Nilus of Sinai">Nilus of Ancyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_of_Ankara" title="Roman Baths of Ankara">Roman Baths of Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Ancyra" title="Synod of Ancyra">Synod of Ancyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodotus_of_Ancyra_(bishop)" title="Theodotus of Ancyra (bishop)">Theodotus of Ancyra (bishop)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodotus_of_Ancyra_(martyr)" title="Theodotus of Ancyra (martyr)">Theodotus of Ancyra (martyr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ankara" title="Timeline of Ankara">Timeline of Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Treaty of Ankara (disambiguation)">Treaty of Ankara (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Monument_(Ankara)" title="Victory Monument (Ankara)">Victory Monument (Ankara)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFİlkerZerrinRüyaKerime2020" class="citation web cs1">İlker, Alan; Zerrin, Demirörs; Rüya, Bayar; Kerime, 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Municipality+of+Ankara%3A+Green+areas+per+head&rft.pub=Ankara.bel.tr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ankara.bel.tr%2FAbbSayfalari%2Fhizmet_birimleri%2FCevre%2Fkisi_basina_dusen_yesil_alan.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.academic.ru/sa%C3%B1kara/sa/ru/">"Перевод sañkara с санскрита на русский"</a>. <i>Словари и энциклопедии на Академике</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4+sa%C3%B1kara+%D1%81+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.academic.ru%2Fsa%25C3%25B1kara%2Fsa%2Fru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qgmpff-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qgmpff_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021115072135/http://socialscience.tjc.edu/mkho/fulbright/1998/turkey/turman3.htm">"Judy Turman: Early Christianity in Turkey"</a>. Socialscience.tjc.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialscience.tjc.edu/mkho/fulbright/1998/turkey/turman3.htm">the original</a> on 15 November 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judy+Turman%3A+Early+Christianity+in+Turkey&rft.pub=Socialscience.tjc.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocialscience.tjc.edu%2Fmkho%2Ffulbright%2F1998%2Fturkey%2Fturman3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xtxpyw-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xtxpyw_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/seyahat/4407373_p.asp">"Saffet Emre Tonguç: Ankara (Hürriyet Seyahat)"</a>. Hurriyet.com.tr. 15 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090608115709/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/seyahat/4407373_p.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saffet+Emre+Tongu%C3%A7%3A+Ankara+%28H%C3%BCrriyet+Seyahat%29&rft.pub=Hurriyet.com.tr&rft.date=2006-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fseyahat%2F4407373_p.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorny-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gorny_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gorny, Ronald L. "Zippalanda and Ankuwa: The Geography of Central Anatolia in the Second Millennium B.C." <i>The Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. Vol. 117 (1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaynes187845-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaynes187845_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaynes187845_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaynes187845_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaynes1878">Baynes 1878</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <i>Description of Greece, 1.4.1., "Ancyra was actually older even than that."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, xxxviii. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TIB-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIB_30-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelke1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Belke, Klaus (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tabulaimperiibyz0000unse/page/126">"Ankyra"</a>. <i>Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 4: Galatien und Lykaonien</i> (in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tabulaimperiibyz0000unse/page/126">126–130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-0634-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-0634-0"><bdi>978-3-7001-0634-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ankyra&rft.btitle=Tabula+Imperii+Byzantini%2C+Band+4%3A+Galatien+und+Lykaonien&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=126-130&rft.pub=Verlag+der+%C3%96sterreichischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-3-7001-0634-0&rft.aulast=Belke&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftabulaimperiibyz0000unse%2Fpage%2F126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The History of al-Tabari Vol. 33: Storm and Stress along the Northern Frontiers of the 'Abbasid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Mu'tasim A.D. 833-842/A.H. 218–227</i>. SUNY Press. 2015. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791497210" title="Special:BookSources/9780791497210"><bdi>9780791497210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-Tabari+Vol.+33%3A+Storm+and+Stress+along+the+Northern+Frontiers+of+the+%27Abbasid+Caliphate%3A+The+Caliphate+of+al-Mu%27tasim+A.D.+833-842%2FA.H.+218%E2%80%93227&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780791497210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankinship1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Yahya_Blankinship" title="Khalid Yahya Blankinship">Blankinship, Khalid Yahya</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jz0Yy053WS4C"><i>The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads</i></a>. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1827-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1827-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-1827-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Jih%C3%A2d+State%3A+The+Reign+of+Hish%C4%81m+ibn+%CA%BBAbd+al-Malik+and+the+Collapse+of+the+Umayyads&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1827-7&rft.aulast=Blankinship&rft.aufirst=Khalid+Yahya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJz0Yy053WS4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRockwell1911">Rockwell 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParvis2006325–345-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParvis2006325–345_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParvis2006">Parvis 2006</a>, pp. 325–345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gibbon-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gibbon_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon, Edward</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i>. p. Chapter 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=Chapter+23&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bull_Universi_Dominici_gregis-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bull_Universi_Dominici_gregis_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k51627x/f401.image">Bull <i>Universi Dominici gregis</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150330045229/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k51627x/f401.image">Archived</a> 30 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Giovanni Domenico Mansi, <i>Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova et Amplissima Collectio</i>, vol. XL, coll. 779–780</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gallica.bnf.fr-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gallica.bnf.fr_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Tournebize, v. <i>II. Ancyre, évêché arménien catholique</i>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6561037d/f796.image"><i>Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150628235228/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6561037d/f796.image">Archived</a> 28 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, vol. II, Paris 1914, coll. 1543–1546</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio 2013</i> (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>), p. 832</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ankara">"Ankara | Location, History, Economy, & Facts"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210101013721/https://www.britannica.com/place/Ankara">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932020%3A+Ankara-Bolge&rft.pub=National+Centers+for+Environmental+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FTurkiye%2FCSV%2FAnkara_Bolge_17130.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tuik-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tuik_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tuik_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en">"Population Of SRE-1, SRE-2, Provinces and Districts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Statistical_Institute" title="Turkish Statistical Institute">TÜIK</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FNSS+Savunma+Sistemleri+A.%C5%9E.&rft.au=FNSS+Savunma+Sistemleri+A.%C5%9E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fnss.com.tr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nurolmakina.com.tr/">"Nurol Makina ve Sanayi A.Ş."</a> <i>nurolmakina.com.tr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100322233142/http://www.nurolmakina.com.tr/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nurolmakina.com.tr&rft.atitle=Nurol+Makina+ve+Sanayi+A.%C5%9E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nurolmakina.com.tr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.man.com.tr/">"MAN Turkiye"</a>. <i>man.com.tr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131026043012/http://www.man.com.tr/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man.com.tr&rft.atitle=MAN+Turkiye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.man.com.tr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ego.gov.tr">"EGO Genel Müdürlüğü"</a>. Ego.gov.tr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123055229/http://www.ego.gov.tr/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EGO+Genel+M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC&rft.pub=Ego.gov.tr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ego.gov.tr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140521233912/http://en.leitner-ropeways.com/Home/Largest-urban-ropeway-on-Eurasian-continent-opens-to-celebrations-in-Ankara">"Largest urban ropeway on Eurasian continent opens to celebrations in Ankara"</a>. Leitner ropeways. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.leitner-ropeways.com/Home/Largest-urban-ropeway-on-Eurasian-continent-opens-to-celebrations-in-Ankara">the original</a> on 21 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+urban+ropeway+on+Eurasian+continent+opens+to+celebrations+in+Ankara&rft.pub=Leitner+ropeways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.leitner-ropeways.com%2FHome%2FLargest-urban-ropeway-on-Eurasian-continent-opens-to-celebrations-in-Ankara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214115431/http://www.uic.org/com/uic-e-news/410/article/inauguration-ceremony-of-ankara?page=thickbox_enews">"Successful inauguration of Ankara – Istanbul High Speed Line"</a>. <i>uic.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uic.org/com/uic-e-news/410/article/inauguration-ceremony-of-ankara?page=thickbox_enews">the original</a> on 14 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uic.org&rft.atitle=Successful+inauguration+of+Ankara+%E2%80%93+Istanbul+High+Speed+Line&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uic.org%2Fcom%2Fuic-e-news%2F410%2Farticle%2Finauguration-ceremony-of-ankara%3Fpage%3Dthickbox_enews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Turkey_Ankara-1723">"Ankara Public Transportation Statistics"</a>. Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212539/https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Turkey_Ankara-1723">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ankara+Public+Transportation+Statistics&rft.pub=Global+Public+Transit+Index+by+Moovit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoovitapp.com%2Finsights%2Fen%2FMoovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Turkey_Ankara-1723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Material was copied from this source, which is available under a <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/05/ethem-sarisuluk-killed-turkey-protests_n_3390502.html">"Turkish Protester Ethem Sarısülük Is Dead, Family Says [UPDATED]"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. 5 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020010640/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/05/ethem-sarisuluk-killed-turkey-protests_n_3390502.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Turkish+Protester+Ethem+Sar%C4%B1s%C3%BCl%C3%BCk+Is+Dead%2C+Family+Says+%5BUPDATED%5D&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F06%2F05%2Fethem-sarisuluk-killed-turkey-protests_n_3390502.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Turkey's Prime Minister: Erdoğan v. judges, again". <i>The Economist</i>. Vol. 411, no. 8883. 19 April 2014. pp. 32–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Prime+Minister%3A+Erdo%C4%9Fan+v.+judges%2C+again&rft.volume=411&rft.issue=8883&rft.pages=32-36&rft.date=2014-04-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721195513/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/turkey-election-chp-ankara-challenge-vote.html">"Turkish opposition party will challenge Ankara vote – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East"</a>. <i>Al-Monitor</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/turkey-election-chp-ankara-challenge-vote.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Turkish+opposition+party+will+challenge+Ankara+vote+%E2%80%93+Al-Monitor%3A+the+Pulse+of+the+Middle+East&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2014%2F03%2Fturkey-election-chp-ankara-challenge-vote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erikmeyersson.com/2014/04/01/is-something-rotten-in-ankaras-mayoral-election-a-very-preliminary-statistical-analysis/">"Is Something Rotten in Ankara's Mayoral Election? A Very Preliminary Statistical Analysis"</a>. <i>Erik Meyersson</i>. April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160716160539/https://erikmeyersson.com/2014/04/01/is-something-rotten-in-ankaras-mayoral-election-a-very-preliminary-statistical-analysis/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Erik+Meyersson&rft.atitle=Is+Something+Rotten+in+Ankara%27s+Mayoral+Election%3F+A+Very+Preliminary+Statistical+Analysis&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ferikmeyersson.com%2F2014%2F04%2F01%2Fis-something-rotten-in-ankaras-mayoral-election-a-very-preliminary-statistical-analysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Parkinson_And_Emre_Peker2014" class="citation web cs1">Joe Parkinson And Emre Peker (1 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303978304579475510758359516">"Turkish Opposition Cries Vote Fraud Amid Crackdown – WSJ"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170414082039/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303978304579475510758359516">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Turkish+Opposition+Cries+Vote+Fraud+Amid+Crackdown+%E2%80%93+WSJ&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.au=Joe+Parkinson+And+Emre+Peker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702303978304579475510758359516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/chps-ankara-candidate-vows-to-defend-votes-as-police-crack-down-on-protest.aspx?pageID=238&nID=64391&NewsCatID=338">"CHP's Ankara candidate vows to defend votes as police crack down on protest – POLITICS"</a>. <i>hurriyetdailynews.com</i>. 2 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029034259/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/chps-ankara-candidate-vows-to-defend-votes-as-police-crack-down-on-protest.aspx?pageID=238&nID=64391&NewsCatID=338">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hurriyetdailynews.com&rft.atitle=CHP%27s+Ankara+candidate+vows+to+defend+votes+as+police+crack+down+on+protest+%E2%80%93+POLITICS&rft.date=2014-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fchps-ankara-candidate-vows-to-defend-votes-as-police-crack-down-on-protest.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D64391%26NewsCatID%3D338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029042436/https://news.vice.com/article/turkeys-weirdest-mayor-wont-be-distracted-by-electoral-fraud-allegations">"Turkey's Weirdest Mayor Won't Be Distracted By Electoral Fraud Allegations"</a>. <i>VICE News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.vice.com/article/turkeys-weirdest-mayor-wont-be-distracted-by-electoral-fraud-allegations">the original</a> on 29 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VICE+News&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Weirdest+Mayor+Won%27t+Be+Distracted+By+Electoral+Fraud+Allegations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.vice.com%2Farticle%2Fturkeys-weirdest-mayor-wont-be-distracted-by-electoral-fraud-allegations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The citadel was depicted in the following Turkish banknotes: <ul><li>On the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a> of the 1 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">lira</a> banknote of 1927–1939 (1. Emission Group – One Turkish Lira – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E1/6.htm">I. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417141856/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E1/6.htm">Archived</a> 17 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li>On the obverse of the 5 lira banknote of 1927–1937 (1. Emission Group – Five Turkish Lira – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E1/10.htm">I. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426025336/http://tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E1/10.htm">Archived</a> 26 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li>On the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">reverse</a> of the 10 lira banknote of 1927–1938 (1. Emission Group – Ten Turkish Lira – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E1/14.htm">I. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426024951/http://tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E1/14.htm">Archived</a> 26 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li>On the reverse of the 10 lira banknote of 1938–1952 (2. Emission Group – Ten Turkish Lira – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E2/52.htm">I. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225021428/http://tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E2/52.htm">Archived</a> 25 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li>On the reverse of the 100 lira banknotes of 1983–1989 (7. Emission Group – One Hundred Turkish Lira – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/256.htm">I. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090603080558/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/256.htm">Archived</a> 3 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/258.htm">II. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090603083227/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/258.htm">Archived</a> 3 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li></ul> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615060512/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Archived</a> 15 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Banknote Museum. – Links retrieved on 20 April 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417141856/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E1/6.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"E 1" – The Banknotes of 1. Emission Group – "One Turkish Lira"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>tcmb.gov.tr</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E1/6.htm">the original</a> on 17 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tcmb.gov.tr&rft.atitle=%22E+1%22+%E2%80%93+The+Banknotes+of+1.+Emission+Group+%E2%80%93+%22One+Turkish+Lira%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcmb.gov.tr%2Fyeni%2Fbanknote%2FE1%2F6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911b953-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911b953_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911b">Chisholm 1911b</a>, p. 953.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v3.arkitera.com/news.php?action=displayNewsItem&ID=26016">"Roma Yolu"</a>. arkitera.com. 14 March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512204914/http://v3.arkitera.com/news.php?action=displayNewsItem&ID=26016">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roma+Yolu&rft.pub=arkitera.com&rft.date=2007-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fv3.arkitera.com%2Fnews.php%3Faction%3DdisplayNewsItem%26ID%3D26016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antik_Ankara-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antik_Ankara_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargın2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sargın, Haluk (2012). <i>Antik Ankara</i> (in Turkish). Ankara: Arkadaş Yayınevi. pp. 126, 127, 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-509-719-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-509-719-0"><bdi>978-975-509-719-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antik+Ankara&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pages=126%2C+127%2C+128&rft.pub=Arkada%C5%9F+Yay%C4%B1nevi&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-975-509-719-0&rft.aulast=Sarg%C4%B1n&rft.aufirst=Haluk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218022254/http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/tr/icerik/ahmet-hamdi-akseki-camii-dualarla-ibadete-acildi/8078">"Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque has been opened for prayers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/tr/icerik/ahmet-hamdi-akseki-camii-dualarla-ibadete-acildi/8078">the original</a> on 18 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ahmet+Hamdi+Akseki+Mosque+has+been+opened+for+prayers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diyanet.gov.tr%2Ftr%2Ficerik%2Fahmet-hamdi-akseki-camii-dualarla-ibadete-acildi%2F8078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonTech_Yazılım" class="citation web cs1">SonTech Yazılım. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.HaciBayramiVeli.com">"Hacı Bayram-ı Veli :. hacıbayramveli, hacı bayramveli, haci bayrami veli, hacıbayram, nasihatleri, hacı bayram cami, hayatı, hacıbayram-ı veli"</a>. Hacibayramiveli.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090525033235/http://www.hacibayramiveli.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hac%C4%B1+Bayram-%C4%B1+Veli+%3A.+hac%C4%B1bayramveli%2C+hac%C4%B1+bayramveli%2C+haci+bayrami+veli%2C+hac%C4%B1bayram%2C+nasihatleri%2C+hac%C4%B1+bayram+cami%2C+hayat%C4%B1%2C+hac%C4%B1bayram-%C4%B1+veli&rft.pub=Hacibayramiveli.com&rft.au=SonTech+Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.HaciBayramiVeli.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ankara.com/museums.html">"Museums – Ankara.com: City guide of Turkey's Capital"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190131145302/http://www.ankara.com/museums.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museums+%E2%80%93+Ankara.com%3A+City+guide+of+Turkey%27s+Capital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ankara.com%2Fmuseums.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kulturvarliklari.gov.tr/TR,43950/ankara-ulus-ataturk-aniti.html">Ministry of Culture page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072834/http://www.kulturvarliklari.gov.tr/TR,43950/ankara-ulus-ataturk-aniti.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malumatfurus.org/turk-ogun-calis-guven-sozu-ovunmek/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Türk Öğün, Çalış, Güven" Sözündeki "Övünmek" Vurgusu"</a>. 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22T%C3%BCrk+%C3%96%C4%9F%C3%BCn%2C+%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9F%2C+G%C3%BCven%22+S%C3%B6z%C3%BCndeki+%22%C3%96v%C3%BCnmek%22+Vurgusu&rft.date=2021-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malumatfurus.org%2Fturk-ogun-calis-guven-sozu-ovunmek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615060512/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Archived</a> 15 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Banknotes of 2. Emission Group – Five Turkish Lira – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E2/48.htm">I. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203053233/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E2/48.htm">Archived</a> 3 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615060512/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Archived</a> 15 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Banknote Museum: 2. Emission Group – One Thousand Turkish Lira – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E2/70.htm">I. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225021015/http://tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E2/70.htm">Archived</a> 25 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E2/72.htm">II. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070912195327/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E2/72.htm">Archived</a> 12 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ank-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ank_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185638/http://ankaratarihi.blogspot.com/2009/12/eski-hana-yeni-cehre-suluhan.html">"Ankara: ESKİ HAN'A YENİ ÇEHRE: SULUHAN"</a>. 3 December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ankaratarihi.blogspot.com/2009/12/eski-hana-yeni-cehre-suluhan.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ankara%3A+ESK%C4%B0+HAN%27A+YEN%C4%B0+%C3%87EHRE%3A+SULUHAN&rft.date=2009-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fankaratarihi.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F12%2Feski-hana-yeni-cehre-suluhan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/Eski_Han_a_yeni_cehre__Suluhan/Blog/?BlogNo=171373">"Eski Han'a yeni çehre: Suluhan/Kent Tarihi/milliyet blog"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312053234/http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/Eski_Han_a_yeni_cehre__Suluhan/Blog/?BlogNo=171373">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eski+Han%27a+yeni+%C3%A7ehre%3A+Suluhan%2FKent+Tarihi%2Fmilliyet+blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.milliyet.com.tr%2FEski_Han_a_yeni_cehre__Suluhan%2FBlog%2F%3FBlogNo%3D171373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ank2-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ank2_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuncer" class="citation web cs1">Tuncer, Mehmet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ankaratarihi.blogspot.com/2009/12/eski-hana-yeni-cehre-suluhan.html">"Ankara: ESKİ HAN'A YENİ ÇEHRE: SULUHAN"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185638/http://ankaratarihi.blogspot.com/2009/12/eski-hana-yeni-cehre-suluhan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ankara%3A+ESK%C4%B0+HAN%27A+YEN%C4%B0+%C3%87EHRE%3A+SULUHAN&rft.aulast=Tuncer&rft.aufirst=Mehmet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fankaratarihi.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F12%2Feski-hana-yeni-cehre-suluhan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070322005734/http://www.boorkestrasi.com/">"Index of /"</a>. Boorkestrasi.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boorkestrasi.com/">the original</a> on 22 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+of+%2F&rft.pub=Boorkestrasi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boorkestrasi.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlanet" class="citation web cs1">Planet, Lonely. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/turkey/central-anatolia/ankara/sights/museums-galleries/museum-anatolian-civilisations">"Museum of Anatolian Civilisations – Lonely Planet"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828183359/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/turkey/central-anatolia/ankara/sights/museums-galleries/museum-anatolian-civilisations">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+of+Anatolian+Civilisations+%E2%80%93+Lonely+Planet&rft.aulast=Planet&rft.aufirst=Lonely&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fturkey%2Fcentral-anatolia%2Fankara%2Fsights%2Fmuseums-galleries%2Fmuseum-anatolian-civilisations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806193224/http://www.muze.gov.tr/en/museums/ethnography-museum-of-ankara">"Ethnography Museum of Ankara – Müze"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muze.gov.tr/en/museums/ethnography-museum-of-ankara">the original</a> on 6 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnography+Museum+of+Ankara+%E2%80%93+M%C3%BCze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muze.gov.tr%2Fen%2Fmuseums%2Fethnography-museum-of-ankara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kulturturizm.gov.tr/EN,117565/ankara-art-and-sculpture-museum-directorate.html">"Ankara Art and Sculpture Museum Directorate"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820001802/http://www.kulturturizm.gov.tr/EN,117565/ankara-art-and-sculpture-museum-directorate.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ankara+Art+and+Sculpture+Museum+Directorate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kulturturizm.gov.tr%2FEN%2C117565%2Fankara-art-and-sculpture-museum-directorate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815192301/https://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/en-us/Turkish_Air_Force/Air_Force_Museums/Ankara_Aviation_Museum">"Turkish Air Force – Air Force Museums – Ankara Aviation Museum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/en-us/Turkish_Air_Force/Air_Force_Museums/Ankara_Aviation_Museum">the original</a> on 15 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+Air+Force+%E2%80%93+Air+Force+Museums+%E2%80%93+Ankara+Aviation+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hvkk.tsk.tr%2Fen-us%2FTurkish_Air_Force%2FAir_Force_Museums%2FAnkara_Aviation_Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tff-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tff_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageID=395&kulupID=3351">"Altindağ Spor – Kulüp Bilgileri TFF"</a>. <i>tff.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918141304/https://tff.org/Default.aspx?pageID=395&kulupID=3351">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tff.org&rft.atitle=Altinda%C4%9F+Spor+%E2%80%93+Kul%C3%BCp+Bilgileri+TFF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tff.org%2FDefault.aspx%3FpageID%3D395%26kulupID%3D3351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportstv.com.tr/sampiyon-kim-olacak-2/">"Hentbol-Şampiyon kim olacak?"</a>. <i>Sports TV</i> (in Turkish). 20 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321131101/http://www.sportstv.com.tr/sampiyon-kim-olacak-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+TV&rft.atitle=Hentbol-%C5%9Eampiyon+kim+olacak%3F&rft.date=2013-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportstv.com.tr%2Fsampiyon-kim-olacak-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615060512/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Archived</a> 15 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Banknote Museum: 5. Emission Group – One Hundred Turkish Lira – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E5/168.htm">I. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204092341/http://tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E5/168.htm">Archived</a> 4 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E5/170.htm">II. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204092346/http://tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E5/170.htm">Archived</a> 4 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E5/172.htm">III. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204092351/http://tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E5/172.htm">Archived</a> 4 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E5/174.htm">IV. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204092356/http://tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E5/174.htm">Archived</a> 4 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E5/176.htm">V. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204092402/http://tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E5/176.htm">Archived</a> 4 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E5/179.htm">VI. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204092407/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E5/179.htm">Archived</a> 4 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ekarius-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ekarius_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol_Ekarius2008" class="citation book cs1">Carol Ekarius (10 September 2008). <i>Storey's Illustrated Breed Guide to Sheep, Goats, Cattle, and Pigs: 163 Breeds from Common to Rare</i>. Storey Publishing. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60342-037-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60342-037-2"><bdi>978-1-60342-037-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storey%27s+Illustrated+Breed+Guide+to+Sheep%2C+Goats%2C+Cattle%2C+and+Pigs%3A+163+Breeds+from+Common+to+Rare&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Storey+Publishing&rft.date=2008-09-10&rft.isbn=978-1-60342-037-2&rft.au=Carol+Ekarius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703174935/http://daisyshillfarm.com/My_Homepage_Files/Page2.html">"Angora Goats history"</a>. Daisyshillfarm.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daisyshillfarm.com/My_Homepage_Files/Page2.html">the original</a> on 3 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angora+Goats+history&rft.pub=Daisyshillfarm.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaisyshillfarm.com%2FMy_Homepage_Files%2FPage2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615060512/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Archived</a> 15 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Banknote Museum:<br />2. Emission Group – Fifty Turkish Lira – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E2/56.htm">I. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225021444/http://tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E2/56.htm">Archived</a> 25 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>;<br />3. Emission Group – Fifty Turkish Lira – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E3/86.htm">I. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225181717/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E3/86.htm">Archived</a> 25 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E3/88.htm">II. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070912194725/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E3/88.htm">Archived</a> 12 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joyofhandspinning.com/angora-care.shtml">"Angora Rabbit Breeds – How to Care for Your Angora Rabbit"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125215910/http://joyofhandspinning.com/angora-care.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angora+Rabbit+Breeds+%E2%80%93+How+to+Care+for+Your+Angora+Rabbit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joyofhandspinning.com%2Fangora-care.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara">"Sister Cities of Ankera"</a>. Ankera, Turkey: T.C. Ankara Büyükþehir Belediyesi Baþkanlýðý. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190520/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara/#.V6zuCGVvfxs">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities+of+Ankera&rft.place=Ankera%2C+Turkey&rft.pub=T.C.+Ankara+B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C3%BEehir+Belediyesi+Ba%C3%BEkanl%C3%BD%C3%B0%C3%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ankara.bel.tr%2Fen%2Fforeign-relations-department%2Fsister-cities-of-ankara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seoul_twinnings2-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seoul_twinnings2_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html">"International Cooperation: Sister Cities"</a>. <i>Seoul Metropolitan Government</i>. seoul.go.kr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html">the original</a> on 10 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seoul+Metropolitan+Government&rft.atitle=International+Cooperation%3A+Sister+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.seoul.go.kr%2Fgover%2Fcooper%2Fcoo_02sis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seoul_winnings-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seoul_winnings_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6">"Seoul -Sister Cities [via WayBackMachine]"</a>. <i>Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived 2012-04-25)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6">the original</a> on 25 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seoul+Metropolitan+Government+%28archived+2012-04-25%29&rft.atitle=Seoul+-Sister+Cities+%5Bvia+WayBackMachine%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.seoul.go.kr%2Fgtk%2Fcg%2Fcityhall.php%3Fpidx%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreater_Municipality_of_Ankara" class="citation web cs1">Greater Municipality of Ankara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705145123/http://www.ankara.bel.tr/AbbSayfalariEn/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/kardes_sehirler.aspx">"Sister Cities of Ankara"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ankara.bel.tr/AbbSayfalariEn/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/kardes_sehirler.aspx">the original</a> on 5 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities+of+Ankara&rft.au=Greater+Municipality+of+Ankara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ankara.bel.tr%2FAbbSayfalariEn%2Fhizmet_birimleri%2Fdis_dairesi_baskanligi%2Fkardes_sehirler.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/">"Sister Cities"</a>. Beijing Municipal Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100216015454/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities&rft.pub=Beijing+Municipal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebeijing.gov.cn%2FSister_Cities%2FSister_City%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdaenet_d.o.o." class="citation web cs1">daenet d.o.o. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412141407/http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=160">"Sarajevo Official Web Site: Sister cities"</a>. Sarajevo.ba. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=160">the original</a> on 12 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarajevo+Official+Web+Site%3A+Sister+cities&rft.pub=Sarajevo.ba&rft.au=daenet+d.o.o.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sarajevo.ba%2Fen%2Fstream.php%3Fkat%3D160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_relations-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-International_relations_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010042121/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf">"Twinning Cities: International Relations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Municipality of Tirana</i>. tirana.gov.al. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Municipality+of+Tirana&rft.atitle=Twinning+Cities%3A+International+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tirana.gov.al%2Fcommon%2Fimages%2FInternational%2520Relations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724120155/http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=4571">"Tbilisi Sister Cities"</a>. <i>Tbilisi City Hall</i>. Tbilisi Municipal Portal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=4571">the original</a> on 24 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tbilisi+City+Hall&rft.atitle=Tbilisi+Sister+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbilisi.gov.ge%2Findex.php%3Flang_id%3DENG%26sec_id%3D4571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chișinău_winnings-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chișinău_winnings_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120903122220/http://www.chisinau.md/tabview.php?l=ro&idc=526">"Oraşe înfrăţite (Twin cities of Minsk) <i>[via WaybackMachine.com]</i>"</a> (in Romanian). Primăria Municipiului Chişinău. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chisinau.md/tabview.php?l=ro&idc=526">the original</a> on 3 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ora%C5%9Fe+%C3%AEnfr%C4%83%C5%A3ite+%28Twin+cities+of+Minsk%29+%5Bvia+WaybackMachine.com%5D&rft.pub=Prim%C4%83ria+Municipiului+Chi%C5%9Fin%C4%83u&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chisinau.md%2Ftabview.php%3Fl%3Dro%26idc%3D526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minsk-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minsk_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502075333/http://minsk.gov.by/ru/city/">"Twin towns and Sister cities of Minsk <i>[via WaybackMachine.com]</i>"</a> (in Russian). The department of protocol and international relations of Minsk City Executive Committee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minsk.gov.by/ru/city/">the original</a> on 2 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twin+towns+and+Sister+cities+of+Minsk+%5Bvia+WaybackMachine.com%5D&rft.pub=The+department+of+protocol+and+international+relations+of+Minsk+City+Executive+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminsk.gov.by%2Fru%2Fcity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029034144/http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/kardes_kent/kardes_kent_2/zagrep_ile_ankara.aspx">"Signing Sister City Protocol between Zagreb and Ankara"</a>. Ankara Metropolitan Municipality. 27 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/kardes_kent/kardes_kent_2/zagrep_ile_ankara.aspx">the original</a> on 29 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Signing+Sister+City+Protocol+between+Zagreb+and+Ankara&rft.pub=Ankara+Metropolitan+Municipality&rft.date=2008-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ankara-bel.gov.tr%2FAbbSayfalari%2Fhizmet_birimleri%2Fdis_dairesi_baskanligi%2Fkardes_kent%2Fkardes_kent_2%2Fzagrep_ile_ankara.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://os.dc.gov/node/63502">"Frequently Asked Questions – Office of Protocol and International Affairs"</a>. District of Columbia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921014908/http://os.dc.gov/node/63502">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+%E2%80%93+Office+of+Protocol+and+International+Affairs&rft.pub=District+of+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fos.dc.gov%2Fnode%2F63502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangkok_Metropolitan_AdministrationGreater_Ankara_Municipality2012" class="citation web cs1">Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; Greater Ankara Municipality (21 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Angara.pdf">"Friendship and cooperation agreement between Bangkok Metropolitan Administration of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Greater Ankara Municipality of the Republic of Turkey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411202948/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Angara.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friendship+and+cooperation+agreement+between+Bangkok+Metropolitan+Administration+of+the+Kingdom+of+Thailand+and+the+Greater+Ankara+Municipality+of+the+Republic+of+Turkey&rft.date=2012-03-21&rft.au=Bangkok+Metropolitan+Administration&rft.au=Greater+Ankara+Municipality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiad.bangkok.go.th%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FAngara.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13920927001088">"Tehran, Ankara to Sign Sister City Agreement Today"</a>. FarsNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016094737/http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13920927001088">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tehran%2C+Ankara+to+Sign+Sister+City+Agreement+Today&rft.pub=FarsNews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.farsnews.com%2Fnewstext.aspx%3Fnn%3D13920927001088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulf-times.com/story/509443/Doha-Ankara-sign-twinning-agreement">"Doha, Ankara sign twinning agreement"</a>. <i>Gulf Times</i>. 24 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180531060530/http://www.gulf-times.com/story/509443/Doha-Ankara-sign-twinning-agreement">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulf+Times&rft.atitle=Doha%2C+Ankara+sign+twinning+agreement&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gulf-times.com%2Fstory%2F509443%2FDoha-Ankara-sign-twinning-agreement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diyanet-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diyanet_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/en-US/Content/PrintDetail/9978/">"208 sister cities in 93 countries"</a>. <i>diyanet.gov.tr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406181403/http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/en-US/Content/PrintDetail/9978/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=diyanet.gov.tr&rft.atitle=208+sister+cities+in+93+countries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diyanet.gov.tr%2Fen-US%2FContent%2FPrintDetail%2F9978%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ankara_winnings-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ankara_winnings_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114033014/http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx">"Kardeş Kentleri Lists ve 5 Mayıs Avrupa Günü Kutlaması <i>[via WaybackMachine.com]</i>"</a> (in Turkish). Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi – Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx">the original</a> on 14 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karde%C5%9F+Kentleri+Lists+ve+5+May%C4%B1s+Avrupa+G%C3%BCn%C3%BC+Kutlamas%C4%B1+%5Bvia+WaybackMachine.com%5D&rft.pub=Ankara+B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir+Belediyesi+%E2%80%93+T%C3%BCm+Haklar%C4%B1+Sakl%C4%B1d%C4%B1r&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ankara-bel.gov.tr%2FAbbSayfalari%2Fhizmet_birimleri%2Fdis_dairesi_baskanligi%2Favrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ankara Province / Metropolitan municipality [25,653.46 km² (including lake)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gölbaşı1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gölbaşı1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> / 24,521 km² (excluding lake), according to the Turkish Statistical Institute – TÜİK] is a province (<span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">il</i></span>) of Turkey which has <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province#Districts" title="Ankara Province">25 districts</a> (<span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">ilçe</i></span>), and 9 of these districts form the urban area of Ankara city (4,130.2 km² including lake).<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Altındağ = 158.2 km² <br />Çankaya = 454.2 km² <br />Etimesgut = 283.2 km² <br />Gölbaşı = 1,508.6 km² (a small area is part of the city proper)<sup id="cite_ref-Gölbaşı1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gölbaşı1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Keçiören = 152.2 km² <br />Mamak = 345.7 km² <br />Pursaklar = 133.7 km² <br />Sincan = 862.3 km² <br />Yenimahalle = 232.1 km²</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ANG</span>-kər-ə</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">AHNG</span>-kər-ə</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AHD_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHD-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MerWeb_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MerWeb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Turkish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[ˈɑŋkɑɾɑ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a5\/Ankara_pronunciation.ogg\/Ankara_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ankara pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Ankara_pronunciation.ogg/Ankara_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Ankara pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; abbreviated <b>Ank.</b><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">an-<span style="font-size:90%">SY</span>-rə</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-AHD_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHD-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MerWeb_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MerWeb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ang-<span style="font-size:90%">GOR</span>-ə</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ANG</span>-gə-rə</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-AHD_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHD-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaynes1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Angora"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Angora">"Angora" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Angora&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=45&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911b). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ancyra"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ancyra">"Ancyra" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 953.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancyra&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=953&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParvis2006" class="citation book cs1">Parvis, Sarah (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-jgsQihyWTEC"><i>Marcellus of Ancyra And the Lost Years of the Arian Controversy 325–345</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928013-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928013-1"><bdi>978-0-19-928013-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcellus+of+Ancyra+And+the+Lost+Years+of+the+Arian+Controversy+325%E2%80%93345&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928013-1&rft.aulast=Parvis&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-jgsQihyWTEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attribution">Attribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Attribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Angora" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Angora">Angora</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Angora&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=40-41&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockwell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rockwell, William Walker (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ancyra" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ancyra">Ancyra</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancyra&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rockwell&rft.aufirst=William+Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMembers_of_Staff_of_the_Museum2006" class="citation book cs1">Members of Staff of the Museum (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/museumofanatolia0000anad"><i>Guide book to The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</i></a></span>. Ankara: "The association for the support and encouragement of the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations." Dönmez offset (Printer). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-17-2198-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-17-2198-3"><bdi>978-975-17-2198-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+book+to+The+Museum+of+Anatolian+Civilizations&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pub=%22The+association+for+the+support+and+encouragement+of+the+Museum+of+Anatolian+Civilizations.%22+D%C3%B6nmez+offset+%28Printer%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-975-17-2198-3&rft.au=Members+of+Staff+of+the+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuseumofanatolia0000anad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkara" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Ankara</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ankara" class="extiw" title="c:Ankara">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Ankara" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Ankara">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ankara" class="extiw" title="voy:Ankara">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3640" class="extiw" title="d:Q3640">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ankara.gov.tr">Governorate of Ankara</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130080250/http://www.ankara.bel.tr/">Municipality of Ankara</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0128.htm">GCatholic – (former and) Latin titular see</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t2026.htm">GCatholic – former and titular Armenian Catholic see</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ankaraka.org.tr">Ankara Development Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417190926/http://esenbogaairport.com/">Esenboğa International Airport</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/223422">Ankara</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Ankara" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ankara" title="Template:Ankara"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ankara" title="Template talk:Ankara"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ankara" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ankara"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Ankara" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Ankara</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Ankara" title="List of airports in Ankara">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Ankara" title="List of bridges in Ankara">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Ankara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of Ankara (page does not exist)">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cycling_in_Ankara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cycling in Ankara (page does not exist)">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ankara" title="Economy of Ankara">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ankara" title="Education in Ankara">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ankara" title="History of Ankara">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ankara" title="Timeline of Ankara">Timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_Ankara" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries in Ankara">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Ankara" title="List of mayors of Ankara">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Ankara" title="List of tallest buildings in Ankara">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topography_of_Ankara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topography of Ankara (page does not exist)">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Ankara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Ankara (page does not exist)">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Metro" title="Ankara Metro">Ankara Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9ET%C4%B0" title="AŞTİ">AŞTİ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esenbo%C4%9Fa_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Esenboğa International Airport">Esenboğa International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etimesgut_Air_Base" title="Etimesgut Air Base">Etimesgut Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGO_Ankara" class="mw-redirect" title="EGO Ankara">EGO Ankara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Anıtkabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Museum_Mansion" title="Atatürk Museum Mansion">Atatürk Museum Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erimtan_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Erimtan Museum">Erimtan Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembe_K%C3%B6%C5%9Fk" title="Pembe Köşk">Pembe Köşk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87engelhan_Rahmi_M._Ko%C3%A7_Museum" title="Çengelhan Rahmi M. Koç Museum">Çengelhan Rahmi M. Koç Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography_Museum_of_Ankara" title="Ethnography Museum of Ankara">Ethnography Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feza_G%C3%BCrsey_Science_Center" title="Feza Gürsey Science Center">Feza Gürsey Science Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Akif_Ersoy_Literature_Museum_Library" title="Mehmet Akif Ersoy Literature Museum Library">Mehmet Akif Ersoy Literature Museum Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/METU_Science_and_Technology_Museum" title="METU Science and Technology Museum">METU Science and Technology Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%B0T_Museum_of_Espionage" title="MİT Museum of Espionage">MİT Museum of Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_of_Ankara" title="Roman Baths of Ankara">Roman Baths of Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum" title="State Art and Sculpture Museum">State Art and Sculpture Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCDD_Open_Air_Steam_Locomotive_Museum" title="TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum">TCDD Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulucanlar_Prison_Museum" title="Ulucanlar Prison Museum">Ulucanlar Prison Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vak%C4%B1f_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakıf Museum">Vakıf Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Independence_Museum" title="War of Independence Museum">War of Independence Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/125th_Anniversary_%C3%87ayyolu_Stage" title="125th Anniversary Çayyolu Stage">125th Anniversary Çayyolu Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1nda%C4%9F_Theatre" title="Altındağ Theatre">Altındağ Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Opera_House" title="Ankara Opera House">Ankara Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0rfan_%C5%9Eahinba%C5%9F_Workshop_Stage" title="İrfan Şahinbaş Workshop Stage">İrfan Şahinbaş Workshop Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Theatre" title="Küçük Theatre">Küçük Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahir_Canova_Stage" title="Mahir Canova Stage">Mahir Canova Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_Ertu%C4%9Frul_Stage" title="Muhsin Ertuğrul Stage">Muhsin Ertuğrul Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_Theatre" title="Oda Theatre">Oda Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Einasi_Stage" title="Şinasi Stage">Şinasi Stage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concert halls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Opera_House" title="Ankara Opera House">Ankara Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilkent_Concert_Hall" title="Bilkent Concert Hall">Bilkent Concert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ankaya_%C3%87a%C4%9Fda%C5%9F_Sanatlar_Merkezi_Concert_Hall" title="Çankaya Çağdaş Sanatlar Merkezi Concert Hall">Çankaya Çağdaş Sanatlar Merkezi Concert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSO_Concert_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="CSO Concert Hall">CSO Concert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IF_Performance_Hall" title="IF Performance Hall">IF Performance Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Joker_(venues_chain)" title="Jolly Joker (venues chain)">Jolly Joker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEB_%C5%9Eura_Salonu" title="MEB Şura Salonu">MEB Şura Salonu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Library_(Turkey)" title="Presidential Library (Turkey)">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Turkey" title="National Library of Turkey">National Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Akif_Ersoy_Literature_Museum_Library" title="Mehmet Akif Ersoy Literature Museum Library">Mehmet Akif Ersoy Literature Museum Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_19_May%C4%B1s_Stadium" title="Ankara 19 Mayıs Stadium">Ankara 19 Mayıs Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_75th_Anniversary_Race_Course" title="Ankara 75th Anniversary Race Course">Ankara 75th Anniversary Race Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Aktepe_Stadium" title="Ankara Aktepe Stadium">Ankara Aktepe Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Arena" title="Ankara Arena">Ankara Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Atat%C3%BCrk_Sport_Hall" title="Ankara Atatürk Sport Hall">Ankara Atatürk Sport Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASKI_Sport_Hall" title="ASKI Sport Hall">ASKI Sport Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fkent_Volleyball_Hall" title="Başkent Volleyball Hall">Başkent Volleyball Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BelPa_Ice_Skating_Facility" title="BelPa Ice Skating Facility">BelPa Ice Skating Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebeci_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Stadium" title="Cebeci İnönü Stadium">Cebeci İnönü Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryaman_Stadium" title="Eryaman Stadium">Eryaman Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_Stadium" title="Osmanlı Stadium">Osmanlı Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_S%C4%B1rr%C4%B1_Tarcan_Sport_Hall" title="Selim Sırrı Tarcan Sport Hall">Selim Sırrı Tarcan Sport Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THF_Sport_Hall" title="THF Sport Hall">THF Sport Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Atat%C3%BCrk_Anadolu_Lisesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara Atatürk Anadolu Lisesi">Atatürk Anadolu Lisesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Atat%C3%BCrk_Lisesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara Atatürk Lisesi">Atatürk Lisesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Milli_Piyango_Anadolu_Lisesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara Milli Piyango Anadolu Lisesi">Milli Piyango Anadolu Lisesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Science_High_School" title="Ankara Science High School">Science High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazi_Anadolu_Lisesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazi Anadolu Lisesi">Gazi Anadolu Lisesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_Charles_de_Gaulle,_Ankara" title="Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle, Ankara">Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle, Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TED_Ankara_College_Foundation_Schools" title="TED Ankara College Foundation Schools">TED Ankara College Foundation Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVF_Fine_Arts_and_Sports_High_School" title="TVF Fine Arts and Sports High School">TVF Fine Arts and Sports High School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities<br />Colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_University" title="Ankara University">Ankara University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At%C4%B1l%C4%B1m_University" title="Atılım University">Atılım University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilkent_University" title="Bilkent University">Bilkent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ankaya_University" title="Çankaya University">Çankaya University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazi_University" title="Gazi University">Gazi University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacettepe_University" title="Hacettepe University">Hacettepe University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacettepe_University_Ankara_State_Conservatory" title="Hacettepe University Ankara State Conservatory">Hacettepe University Ankara State Conservatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University" title="Middle East Technical University">Middle East Technical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOBB_University_of_Economics_and_Technology" title="TOBB University of Economics and Technology">TOBB University of Economics and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Police_Academy" title="Turkish National Police Academy">Turkish National Police Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Beyaz%C4%B1t_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Yıldırım Beyazıt University">Yıldırım Beyazıt University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Synagogue" title="Ankara Synagogue">Ankara Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aslanhane_Mosque" title="Aslanhane Mosque">Aslanhane Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_Bayram_Mosque" title="Hacı Bayram Mosque">Hacı Bayram Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocatepe_Mosque" title="Kocatepe Mosque">Kocatepe Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltepe_Mosque" title="Maltepe Mosque">Maltepe Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Teresa%27s_Catholic_Church,_Ankara" title="St. Teresa's Catholic Church, Ankara">St. Térèse Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1npark" title="Altınpark">Altınpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Forest_Farm_and_Zoo" title="Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo">Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikmen_Vadisi" title="Dikmen Vadisi">Dikmen Vadisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esertepe_Park" title="Esertepe Park">Esertepe Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%A7lik_Park%C4%B1" title="Gençlik Parkı">Gençlik Parkı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6k%C3%A7ek_Park" title="Gökçek Park">Gökçek Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ksu_Park" title="Göksu Park">Göksu Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCvenpark" title="Güvenpark">Güvenpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%C4%9Fulu_Park" title="Kuğulu Park">Kuğulu Park</a></li> <li>Wonderland Ankara</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets<br />Squares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Boulevard" title="Atatürk Boulevard">Atatürk Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangabandhu_Boulevard" title="Bangabandhu Boulevard">Bangabandhu Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnah_Caddesi" title="Cinnah Caddesi">Cinnah Caddesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazi_Mustafa_Kemal_Boulevard,_Ankara" title="Gazi Mustafa Kemal Boulevard, Ankara">Gazi Mustafa Kemal Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Boulevard_(Ankara)" title="İsmet İnönü Boulevard (Ankara)">İsmet İnönü Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay_Square" title="Kızılay Square">Kızılay Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevlana_Boulevard" title="Mevlana Boulevard">Mevlana Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithatpa%C5%9Fa_Avenue" title="Mithatpaşa Avenue">Mithatpaşa Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%B1hhiye_Square" title="Sıhhiye Square">Sıhhiye Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCsl%C3%BC_Sokak,_%C3%87ankaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Süslü Sokak, Çankaya (page does not exist)">Süslü Sokak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulus_Square" title="Ulus Square">Ulus Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafer_Square" title="Zafer Square">Zafer Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Castle" title="Ankara Castle">Ankara Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_International_Music_Festival" title="Ankara International Music Festival">Ankara International Music Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_Sun_Course_Monument" title="Hittite Sun Course Monument">Hittite Sun Course Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavakl%C4%B1dere_(winery)" title="Kavaklıdere (winery)">Kavaklıdere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke%C3%A7i%C3%B6ren_Gondola" title="Keçiören Gondola">Keçiören Gondola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Road_of_Ankara" title="Roman Road of Ankara">Roman Road of Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus_and_Rome" title="Temple of Augustus and Rome">Temple of Augustus and Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Karya%C4%9Fd%C4%B1_Hatun" title="Tomb of Karyağdı Hatun">Tomb of Karyağdı Hatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Monument_(Ankara)" title="Victory Monument (Ankara)">Victory Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region_(geographical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region (geographical)">Central Anatolia Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ankara" title="Category:Ankara">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Central Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">South Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Southeast Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">West Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>East Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>North Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Camp_Thunder_Cove" title="Camp Thunder Cove">Camp Thunder Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">BIOT</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flying_Fish_Cove" title="Flying Fish Cove">Flying Fish Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands">West Island</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ankara</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></i> (de facto) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.3em; line-height:1.3em;"><div><b>*</b> Disputed. See: <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz-Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz-Georgian conflict">Abkhaz-Georgian conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian-Ossetian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Ossetian conflict">Georgian-Ossetian conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, Netherlands<sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a></b>, Andorra</li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ankara</a></b>, Turkey<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, Kazakhstan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></b>, Greece</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, Azerbaijan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></b>, Serbia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b>, Germany</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></b>, Switzerland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></b>, Slovakia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></b>, Belgium<sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></b>, Romania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></b>, Hungary</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></b>, Moldova</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b>, Denmark</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></b>, Ireland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b>, Finland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></b>, Ukraine</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></b>, Portugal</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></b>, Slovenia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b>, United Kingdom</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></b>, Luxembourg</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b>, Spain</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></b>, Belarus</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b><sup>5</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, Russia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, Cyprus<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b>, Norway</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></b>, France</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a></b>, Montenegro</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></b>, Czech Republic</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b>, Iceland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></b>, Latvia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></b>, Italy</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a></b>, San Marino</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></b>, North Macedonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></b>, Bulgaria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b>, Sweden</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></b>, Estonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, Georgia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></b>, Albania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></b>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></b>, Malta</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></b><sup>4</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b>, Austria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></b>, Lithuania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></b>, Poland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, Armenia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></b>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with<br />limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, Northern Cyprus</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></b>, Kosovo</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a></b>, Abkhazia</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></b>, Transnistria</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, South Ossetia</i><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b></i>, England</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></b></i>, Scotland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></b></i>, Wales</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></b></i>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></b></i>, Isle of Man</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b></i>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b></i>, Gibraltar</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></b></i>, Jersey</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></b></i>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a></b>, Svalbard (Norway)</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></b>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></b></i>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a></b></i>, Burgenland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></b></i>, Styria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></b></i>, Tyrol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></b></i>, Carinthia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></b></i>, Upper Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></b></i>, Salzburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a></b></i>, Lower Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b></i>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a></b></i>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></b></i>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></b></i> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a></b></i>, Brčko District</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b></i>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></i>, Berlin</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></i>, Bremen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></b></i>, Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></b></i>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></b></i>, Thuringia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b></i>, Hamburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></b></i>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></b></i>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></b></i>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></b></i>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></b></i>, Bavaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></b></i>, Brandenburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></b></i>, Saarland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></b></i>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></b></i>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></b></i>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></b></i>, Chuvashia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></b></i>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></b></i>, Kalmykia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></b></i>, Chechnya</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></b></i>, Udmurtia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></b></i>, Tatarstan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magas" title="Magas">Magas</a></b></i>, Ingushetia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></b></i>, Dagestan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></b></i>, Adygea</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></b></i>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></b></i>, Karelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></b></i>, Mordovia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></b></i>, Komi</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></b></i>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></b></i>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></b></i>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a></b></i>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></b></i>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a></b></i>, Perm Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a></b></i>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></b></i>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></b></i>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></b></i>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a></b></i>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></b></i>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></b></i>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a></b></i>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></b></i>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a></b></i>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a></b></i>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a></b></i>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></b></i>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></b></i>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a></b></i>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a></b></i>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a></b></i>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a></b></i>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></b></i>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a></b></i>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a></b></i>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></b></i>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></b></i>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></b></i>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a></b></i>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></b></i>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></b></i>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></b></i>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a></b></i>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a></b></i>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></b></i>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a></b></i>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a></b></i>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></b></i>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></b></i>, Aargau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a></b></i>, Uri</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a></b></i>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></b></i>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></b></i>, Ticino</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></b></i>, Grisons</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a></b></i>, Jura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></b></i>, Thurgau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></b></i>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></b></i>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></b></i>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></b></i>, Vaud</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a></b></i>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></b></i>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></b></i>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></b></i>, Obwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></b></i>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></b></i>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></b></i>, Valais</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></b></i>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a></b></i>, Nidwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></b></i>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a></b></i>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a></b></i>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></b></i>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></b></i>, Sardinia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></b></i>, Sicily</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></b></i>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></b></i>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></b></i>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a></b></i>, Azores</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a></b></i>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></b></i>, Catalonia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></b></i> & <i><b><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></b></i>, Canary Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></b></i>, La Rioja</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b></i>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a></b></i>, Extremadura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></b></i>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a></b></i>, Asturias</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></b></i>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></b></i>, Navarre</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a></b></i>, Cantabria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></b></i>, Galicia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></b></i>, Andalusia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></b></i>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></b></i>, Valencian Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></b></i>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></b></i>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></b></i>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a></b></i>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></i>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></b></i>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a></b></i>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a></b></i>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></b></i>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></b></i>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_Capital_cities_of_the_candidate_countries_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capital_cities_of_the_European_Union_candidates" title="Template:Capital cities of the European Union candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capital_cities_of_the_European_Union_candidates" title="Template talk:Capital cities of the European Union candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capital_cities_of_the_European_Union_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capital cities of the European Union candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_Capital_cities_of_the_candidate_countries_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a> cities of the <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Current_agenda_and_applicants" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">candidate countries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo"><img alt="Sarajevo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Coat_of_arms_of_Sarajevo.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sarajevo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Coat_of_arms_of_Sarajevo.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sarajevo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Coat_of_arms_of_Sarajevo.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sarajevo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="237" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia (country)</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi"><img alt="Tbilisi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Insigne_incognitum.svg/45px-Insigne_incognitum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Insigne_incognitum.svg/68px-Insigne_incognitum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Insigne_incognitum.svg/90px-Insigne_incognitum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica"><img alt="Podgorica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Insigne_Birziminii.svg/45px-Insigne_Birziminii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Insigne_Birziminii.svg/68px-Insigne_Birziminii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Insigne_Birziminii.svg/90px-Insigne_Birziminii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade"><img alt="Belgrade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Insigne_Belogradi.svg/45px-Insigne_Belogradi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Insigne_Belogradi.svg/68px-Insigne_Belogradi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Insigne_Belogradi.svg/90px-Insigne_Belogradi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana"><img alt="Tirana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Insigne_Tyranae.svg/45px-Insigne_Tyranae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Insigne_Tyranae.svg/68px-Insigne_Tyranae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Insigne_Tyranae.svg/90px-Insigne_Tyranae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="378" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje"><img alt="Skopje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Insigne_Scopiae.svg/45px-Insigne_Scopiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Insigne_Scopiae.svg/68px-Insigne_Scopiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Insigne_Scopiae.svg/90px-Insigne_Scopiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău"><img alt="Chișinău" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Insigne_incognitum.svg/45px-Insigne_incognitum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Insigne_incognitum.svg/68px-Insigne_incognitum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Insigne_incognitum.svg/90px-Insigne_incognitum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>:</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv"><img alt="Kyiv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/45px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/68px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/90px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="683" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>:</small><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ankara</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Insigne_incognitum.svg/45px-Insigne_incognitum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Insigne_incognitum.svg/68px-Insigne_incognitum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Insigne_incognitum.svg/90px-Insigne_incognitum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ankara_in_Ankara_Province_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Template:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ankara_in_Ankara_Province_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ankara in <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">Ankara Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akyurt" title="Akyurt">Akyurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1nda%C4%9F" title="Altındağ">Altındağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aya%C5%9F" title="Ayaş">Ayaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bala,_Ankara" title="Bala, Ankara">Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beypazar%C4%B1" title="Beypazarı">Beypazarı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87aml%C4%B1dere,_Ankara" title="Çamlıdere, Ankara">Çamlıdere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ankaya_District" title="Çankaya District">Çankaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ubuk" title="Çubuk">Çubuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmada%C4%9F,_Ankara" title="Elmadağ, Ankara">Elmadağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etimesgut" title="Etimesgut">Etimesgut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evren,_Ankara" title="Evren, Ankara">Evren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6lba%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Ankara" title="Gölbaşı, Ankara">Gölbaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCd%C3%BCl" title="Güdül">Güdül</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymana" title="Haymana">Haymana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahramankazan" title="Kahramankazan">Kahramankazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalecik,_Ankara" title="Kalecik, Ankara">Kalecik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke%C3%A7i%C3%B6ren" title="Keçiören">Keçiören</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lcahamam" title="Kızılcahamam">Kızılcahamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamak,_Ankara" title="Mamak, Ankara">Mamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han" title="Nallıhan">Nallıhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polatl%C4%B1" title="Polatlı">Polatlı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursaklar" title="Pursaklar">Pursaklar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eerefliko%C3%A7hisar" title="Şereflikoçhisar">Şereflikoçhisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sincan,_Ankara" title="Sincan, Ankara">Sincan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenimahalle" title="Yenimahalle">Yenimahalle</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/100px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/150px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/200px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><br /><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Ankara"><img alt="Districts of Ankara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ankara_districts.png/100px-Ankara_districts.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ankara_districts.png/150px-Ankara_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ankara_districts.png/200px-Ankara_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Ankara</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_provinces_by_region"><b>List of <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">provinces</a> by <a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Turkey" title="NUTS statistical regions of Turkey">region</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Region_(statistical)" title="Istanbul Region (statistical)">Istanbul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Marmara_Region_(statistical)" title="West Marmara Region (statistical)">West Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir_Province" title="Balıkesir Province">Balıkesir</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_Province" title="Çanakkale Province">Çanakkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirne_Province" title="Edirne Province">Edirne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rklareli_Province" title="Kırklareli Province">Kırklareli</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F_Province" title="Tekirdağ Province">Tekirdağ</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Region_(statistical)" title="Aegean Region (statistical)">Aegean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afyonkarahisar_Province" title="Afyonkarahisar Province">Afyonkarahisar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province" title="Aydın Province">Aydın</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Denizli_Province" title="Denizli Province">Denizli</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Province" title="İzmir Province">İzmir</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya_Province" title="Kütahya Province">Kütahya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manisa_Province" title="Manisa Province">Manisa</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla_Province" title="Muğla Province">Muğla</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%9Fak_Province" title="Uşak Province">Uşak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Marmara_Region" title="East Marmara Region">East Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilecik_Province" title="Bilecik Province">Bilecik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolu_Province" title="Bolu Province">Bolu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Province" title="Bursa Province">Bursa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzce_Province" title="Düzce Province">Düzce</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Eskişehir Province">Eskişehir</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalova_Province" title="Yalova Province">Yalova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="West Anatolia Region (statistical)">West Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">Ankara</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaman_Province" title="Karaman Province">Karaman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Konya_Province" title="Konya Province">Konya</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region_(statistical)" title="Mediterranean Region (statistical)">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antalya_Province" title="Antalya Province">Antalya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdur_Province" title="Burdur Province">Burdur</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isparta_Province" title="Isparta Province">Isparta</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_Province" title="Kahramanmaraş Province">Kahramanmaraş</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="Central Anatolia Region (statistical)">Central Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksaray_Province" title="Aksaray Province">Aksaray</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kayseri_Province" title="Kayseri Province">Kayseri</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1kkale_Province" title="Kırıkkale Province">Kırıkkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Kırşehir Province">Kırşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nev%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Nevşehir Province">Nevşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde_Province" title="Niğde Province">Niğde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Province" title="Sivas Province">Sivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yozgat_Province" title="Yozgat Province">Yozgat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Black_Sea_Region_(statistical)" title="West Black Sea Region (statistical)">West Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Province" title="Amasya Province">Amasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart%C4%B1n_Province" title="Bartın Province">Bartın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1_Province" title="Çankırı Province">Çankırı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orum_Province" title="Çorum Province">Çorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karab%C3%BCk_Province" title="Karabük Province">Karabük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Province" title="Kastamonu Province">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_Province" title="Sinop Province">Sinop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokat_Province" title="Tokat Province">Tokat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonguldak_Province" title="Zonguldak Province">Zonguldak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Black_Sea_Region_(statistical)" title="East Black Sea Region (statistical)">East Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artvin_Province" title="Artvin Province">Artvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun_Province" title="Giresun Province">Giresun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane_Province" title="Gümüşhane Province">Gümüşhane</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ordu_Province" title="Ordu Province">Ordu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize_Province" title="Rize Province">Rize</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="Northeast Anatolia Region (statistical)">Northeast Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_Province" title="Ağrı Province">Ağrı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardahan_Province" title="Ardahan Province">Ardahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayburt_Province" title="Bayburt Province">Bayburt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzincan_Province" title="Erzincan Province">Erzincan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Province" title="Erzurum Province">Erzurum</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province" title="Iğdır Province">Iğdır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kars_Province" title="Kars Province">Kars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_East_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="Central East Anatolia Region (statistical)">Central East Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l_Province" title="Bingöl Province">Bingöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Province" title="Bitlis Province">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Province" title="Elazığ Province">Elazığ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Province" title="Hakkâri Province">Hakkâri</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malatya_Province" title="Malatya Province">Malatya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F_Province" title="Muş Province">Muş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunceli_Province" title="Tunceli Province">Tunceli</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="Southeast Anatolia Region (statistical)">Southeast Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C4%B1yaman_Province" title="Adıyaman Province">Adıyaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Province" title="Batman Province">Batman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakır</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep_Province" title="Gaziantep Province">Gaziantep</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilis_Province" title="Kilis Province">Kilis</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siirt_Province" title="Siirt Province">Siirt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_Province" title="Şırnak Province">Şırnak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipalities</a> are bolded.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Template:Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalya_Province" title="Antalya Province">Antalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province" title="Aydın Province">Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir_Province" title="Balıkesir Province">Balıkesir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Province" title="Bursa Province">Bursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denizli_Province" title="Denizli Province">Denizli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Province" title="Erzurum Province">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Eskişehir Province">Eskişehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep_Province" title="Gaziantep Province">Gaziantep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">İstanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Province" title="İzmir Province">İzmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayseri_Province" title="Kayseri Province">Kayseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_Province" title="Konya Province">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_Province" title="Kahramanmaraş Province">Kahramanmaraş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malatya_Province" title="Malatya Province">Malatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manisa_Province" title="Manisa Province">Manisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla_Province" title="Muğla Province">Muğla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu_Province" title="Ordu Province">Ordu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F_Province" title="Tekirdağ Province">Tekirdağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Largest_cities_or_towns_in_TurkeyTÜİK&#039;s_address-based_calculation_from_31_December_2023_published_at_7th_of_February_2024." style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_in_Turkey" title="Template:Largest cities in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Largest cities in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Largest_cities_or_towns_in_TurkeyTÜİK&#039;s_address-based_calculation_from_31_December_2023_published_at_7th_of_February_2024." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Largest cities or towns in Turkey<br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Statistical_Institute" title="Turkish Statistical Institute">TÜİK</a>'s address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published at 7th of February 2024.</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Istanbul"><img alt="Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/120px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/180px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/240px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="1595" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ankara"><img alt="Ankara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/120px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/180px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/240px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2508" /></a></span><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ankara</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,655,924</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,938,389 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="İzmir"><img alt="İzmir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg/120px-Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg/180px-Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg/240px-Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4068" data-file-height="2019" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bursa_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bursa"><img alt="Bursa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bursa_image.jpg/120px-Bursa_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bursa_image.jpg/180px-Bursa_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bursa_image.jpg/240px-Bursa_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="2905" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ankara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,803,482</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,818,133 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,479,525</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hatay" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatay">Hatay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,544,640 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,214,571</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manisa" title="Manisa">Manisa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,475,716 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,696,249</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,445,683 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,320,241</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,377,546 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,270,298</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Balıkesir">Balıkesir</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,273,519 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,213,964</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F" title="Tekirdağ">Tekirdağ</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,167,059 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,164,134</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Aydın</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,161,702 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,102,907</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,127,612 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3640#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3640#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3640#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134850266">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turkey--Ankara"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204167/">FAST</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyGYVBvPkRRCWrpCpdYT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ankara"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4002075-7">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ankara (Turkey)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78095510">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="アンカラ"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628181">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ankara (Turecko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge136896&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ankara (Turquía)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452503">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ankara"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90850517">Norway</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ankara"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/2681">Vatican</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ankara (Turkey)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552542005171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b73dae97-1817-453c-a499-932d5755f1e2">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ankara (Turquie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027551768">IdRef</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044264">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ankara">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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