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mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Romania" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a 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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Modern_Times_and_national_awakening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Modern_Times_and_national_awakening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Early Modern Times and national awakening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Modern_Times_and_national_awakening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_and_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_and_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Independence and monarchy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_and_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Wars_and_Greater_Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Wars_and_Greater_Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 World Wars and Greater Romania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Wars_and_Greater_Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Communism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Contemporary period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NATO_and_EU_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NATO_and_EU_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.1 NATO and EU integration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NATO_and_EU_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Urbanisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts_and_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Arts and monuments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays,_traditions,_and_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays,_traditions,_and_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Holidays, traditions, and cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays,_traditions,_and_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Romania</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 273 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-273" aria-hidden="true" > 273 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Rumania" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Румыниэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Румыниэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Румание – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Румание" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Roemenië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A4nien" title="Rumänien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rumänien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%AB" title="ሮማንያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሮማንያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रोमानिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रोमानिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C7%A3nia" title="Rumǣnia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rumǣnia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Румыниа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Румыниа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="رومانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رومانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruman%C3%ADa" title="Rumanía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rumanía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܪܘܡܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܪܘܡܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ռումանիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռումանիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A3nii" title="Rumãnii – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Rumãnii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumania" title="Roumania – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Roumania" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruman%C3%ADa" title="Rumanía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rumanía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रोमानिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रोमानिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrum%C3%A1%C3%B1a" title="Rrumáña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rrumáña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumanya" title="Rumanya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Rumanya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C4%B1niya" title="Rumıniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rumıniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="رومانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رومانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="রোমানিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোমানিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Rumania" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румыния – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Румыния" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Румынія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Румынія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Румынія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Румынія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रोमानिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रोमानिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanya" title="Romanya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Romanya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румъния – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Румъния" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A4nien" title="Rumänien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Rumänien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="རོ་མ་ནི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རོ་མ་ནི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunija" title="Rumunija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rumunija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumania" title="Roumania – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Roumania" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Румыни – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Румыни" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Румыни – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Румыни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumanya" title="Rumanya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rumanya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunsko" title="Rumunsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rumunsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Rumania" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruman%C3%ADa" title="Rumanía – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Rumanía" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwmania" title="Rwmania – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rwmania" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A6nien" title="Rumænien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rumænien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="رومانيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="رومانيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumeenie" title="Rumeenie – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Rumeenie" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A4nien" title="Rumänien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rumänien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%AD%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="ރުމޭނިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރުމޭނިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%A9honooj%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tséhonoojí Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tséhonoojí Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumu%C5%84ska" title="Rumuńska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rumuńska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रोमानिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="रोमानिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumeenia" title="Rumeenia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rumeenia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ρουμανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρουμανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Rumania" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Румыния Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Румыния Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rumania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumanio" title="Rumanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rumanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Rumania" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errumania" title="Errumania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errumania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="رومانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رومانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumenia" title="Rumenia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rumenia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumanie" title="Roumanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roumanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roemeenje" title="Roemeenje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Roemeenje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniya" title="Romaniya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Romaniya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanie" title="Romanie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Romanie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%B3m%C3%A1in" title="An Rómáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Rómáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Romaan" title="Yn Romaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Romaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C4%B1niya" title="Romıniya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Romıniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A0inia" title="Romàinia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Romàinia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%C3%ADa" title="Romanía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Romanía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="રોમાનિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રોમાનિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रोमेनिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="रोमेनिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="루마니아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루마니아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romainiya" title="Romainiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Romainiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom%C4%81nia" title="Lomānia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Lomānia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ռումինիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռումինիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रोमानिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोमानिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunska" title="Rumunska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rumunska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunjska" title="Rumunjska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rumunjska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rumania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="রোমানিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="রোমানিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Rumania" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Румыни – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Румыни" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniya" title="Romaniya – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Romaniya" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRomaniya" title="IRomaniya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IRomaniya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAmen%C3%ADa" title="Rúmenía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rúmenía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="רומניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רומניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumeni" title="Rumeni – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rumeni" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumaanii" title="Rumaanii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Rumaanii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ರೊಮಾನಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೊಮಾನಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румыния – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Румыния" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="რუმინეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუმინეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%B9%C5%84sk%C3%B4" title="Rumùńskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Rumùńskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румыния – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Румыния" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumani" title="Roumani – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Roumani" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniya" title="Romaniya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Romaniya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румыния – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Румыния" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woumani" title="Woumani – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Woumani" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumani" title="Roumani – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Roumani" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanya" title="Romanya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Romanya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румыния – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Румыния" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Rumania" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Румыниа – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Румыниа" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດຣູມານີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຣູມານີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumuneja" title="Rumuneja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Rumuneja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C4%81nija" title="Rumānija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rumānija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A4nien" title="Rumänien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rumänien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румыния – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Румыния" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunija" title="Rumunija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rumunija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Roemenië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Rumania" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumiinii" title="Rumiinii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Rumiinii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/romanias" title="romanias – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="romanias" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rumania" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1nia" title="Románia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Románia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रोमानिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रोमानिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Романија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Романија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="റൊമാനിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റൊമാനിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumanija" title="Rumanija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Rumanija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinia" title="Romeinia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Romeinia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रोमेनिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोमेनिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="რუმინეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუმინეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="رومانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رومانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="رومانی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رومانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯔꯣꯃꯥꯅꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯔꯣꯃꯥꯅꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A9nia" title="Roménia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Roménia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румыния – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Румыния" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Румын – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Румын" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ရိုမေးနီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရိုမေးနီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roemenië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Roemenië" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रोमानिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोमानिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रोमानिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रोमानिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="ルーマニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーマニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Rumania" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Румыни – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Румыни" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumeenien" title="Rumeenien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rumeenien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romainya" title="Romainya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Romainya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumanie" title="Roumanie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Roumanie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Rumania" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Румыний – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Румыний" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ରୋମାନିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରୋମାନିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaaniyaa" title="Romaaniyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Romaaniyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminiya" title="Ruminiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ruminiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रोमानिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="रोमानिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniya" title="Romaniya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Romaniya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="رومانیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رومانیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ရိုမေးနီးယားခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ရိုမေးနီးယားခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Rumania" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="رومانیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رومانیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumienia" title="Rumienia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Rumienia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ромыния – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ромыния" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8" title="រូម៉ានី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រូម៉ានី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumanie" title="Roumanie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Roumanie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%C3%ACa" title="Romanìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Romanìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romenia" title="Romenia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Romenia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A4nien" title="Rumänien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rumänien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunia" title="Rumunia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rumunia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ρουμανία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ρουμανία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%AAnia" title="Romênia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Romênia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C4%B1niya" title="Rumıniya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Rumıniya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniya" title="Romaniya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Romaniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia" title="România – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="România" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumuniya" title="Rumuniya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Rumuniya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumenia" title="Rumenia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Rumenia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumanya" title="Rumanya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rumanya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Румуньско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Румуньско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румыния – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Румыния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румыния – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Румыния" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumainie" title="Roumainie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roumainie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A4nien" title="Rumänien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Rumänien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rumania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruman%C3%ACa" title="Rumanìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rumanìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="රුමේනියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රුමේනියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="رومانيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رومانيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRomaniya" title="IRomaniya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IRomaniya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunsko" title="Rumunsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rumunsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romunija" title="Romunija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Romunija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BC%EA%99%91%D0%BD%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Роумꙑнїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Роумꙑнїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%AFm%C5%AF%C5%84ijo" title="Růmůńijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Růmůńijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ڕۆمانیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆمانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romenikondre" title="Romenikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Romenikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Румунија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Румунија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunija" title="Rumunija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rumunija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A4nien" title="Rumänien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rumänien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="உருமேனியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருமேனியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumanya" title="Rumanya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Rumanya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumanya" title="Rumanya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Rumanya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanie" title="Romanie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Romanie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румыния – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Румыния" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းရူဝ်ႇမေးၼီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းရူဝ်ႇမေးၼီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="రొమేనియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రొమేనియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A9nia" title="Roménia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Roménia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศโรมาเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศโรมาเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%AB" title="ሮማንያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሮማንያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Руминия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Руминия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom%C4%93nia" title="Lomēnia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lomēnia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%B6%E1%8E%B9%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%AF" title="ᎶᎹᏂᏯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎶᎹᏂᏯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanya" title="Romanya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Romanya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumyni%C3%BDa" title="Rumyniýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Rumyniýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniya" title="Romaniya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Romaniya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Румыния – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Румыния" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Румунія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Румунія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="رومانیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رومانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%87%D9%85%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="رۇمىنىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رۇمىنىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%C3%ACa" title="Romanìa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Romanìa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanii" title="Romanii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Romanii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia" title="România – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="România" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A4n" title="Rumän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Rumän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumeeni%C3%A4" title="Rumeeniä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Rumeeniä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumaneye" title="Roumaneye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Roumaneye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="羅馬尼亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Roemenië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rumania" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaani" title="Romaani – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Romaani" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="罗马尼亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗马尼亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ראמעניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראמעניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Románíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Románíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅馬尼亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanya" title="Romanya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Romanya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Roemenië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romun%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Romunėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Romunėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅馬尼亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A9ni" title="Ruméni – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ruméni" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Romania" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumynij%C9%99" title="Rumynijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Rumynijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" 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/></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Romania_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Romania (disambiguation)">Romania (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Romania</div><div class="ib-country-names">România (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Romania"><img alt="Flag of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/125px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/188px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/250px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Romania" title="Flag of Romania">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Romania"><img alt="Coat of arms of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="970" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania" title="Coat of arms of Romania"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/De%C8%99teapt%C4%83-te,_rom%C3%A2ne!" title="Deșteaptă-te, române!">Deșteaptă-te, române!</a>" ("Awaken thee, Romanian!") <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="139" data-mwtitle="Desteapta-te,_romane!.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Desteapta-te%2C_romane%21.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Desteapta-te%2C_romane%21.ogg/Desteapta-te%2C_romane%21.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADesteapta-te%2C_romane%21.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADesteapta-te%2C_romane%21.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADesteapta-te%2C_romane%21.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADesteapta-te%2C_romane%21.ogg&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADesteapta-te%2C_romane%21.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADesteapta-te%2C_romane%21.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADesteapta-te%2C_romane%21.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADesteapta-te%2C_romane%21.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADesteapta-te%2C_romane%21.ogg&lang=ro&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ro" label="română ‪(ro)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADesteapta-te%2C_romane%21.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADesteapta-te%2C_romane%21.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADesteapta-te%2C_romane%21.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Romania_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/EU-Romania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-EU-Romania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/EU-Romania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-EU-Romania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/EU-Romania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-EU-Romania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/EU-Romania.svg/250px-EU-Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/EU-Romania.svg/375px-EU-Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/EU-Romania.svg/500px-EU-Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a>Show map of Europe</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Romania (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Romania&params=44_25_N_26_06_E_type:city">44°25′N 26°06′E / 44.417°N 26.100°E / 44.417; 26.100</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (<a href="/wiki/2021_Romanian_census" title="2021 Romanian census">2021</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>89.3% <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a></li><li>6.0% <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania" title="Hungarians in Romania">Hungarians</a></li><li>3.4% <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Roma</a></li><li>1.2% <a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Romania" title="Minorities in Romania">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (<a href="/wiki/2021_Romanian_census" title="2021 Romanian census">2021</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Census2021-Religion-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Contributors_2022_Kivu-5">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>84.7% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>73.6% <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li>6.4% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li>4.4% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Romania" title="Catholic Church in Romania">Catholicism</a></li> <li>0.2% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space;">0.8% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Romania" title="Irreligion in Romania">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space;">0.4% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">other</a></li><li style="white-space;">9% unanswered</li><li style="white-space;">4.9% missing data</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Ciolacu" title="Marcel Ciolacu">Marcel Ciolacu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_Romania" title="President of the Senate of Romania">President of the Senate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ciuc%C4%83" title="Nicolae Ciucă">Nicolae Ciucă</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Romania" title="President of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania">President of the Chamber of Deputies</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Suciu" title="Daniel Suciu">Daniel Suciu</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Romania" title="Senate of Romania">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Romania)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Romania)">Chamber of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Principality of Wallachia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1330</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1346</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Little Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 January 1859</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">Independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 July 1878</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Constitutional monarchy</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 March 1881</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Great_Union" title="Great Union">Great Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 December 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Romania">People's Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 December 1947</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania" title="Constitution of Romania">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 December 1991</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Romania" title="Geography of Romania">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">238,397 km2 (92,046 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-Romanian.Yearbook-6">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">81st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Romania" title="Demographics of Romania">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• January 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">19,064,409<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">65rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/2021_Romanian_census" title="2021 Romanian census">2021</a> census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 19,053,815<a href="#cite_note-Census2021-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">67th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">79.9/km2 (206.9/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">136th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $894.222 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.RO-9">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">35th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $47,203<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.RO-9">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">44th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $380.561 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.RO-9">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">41st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $20,088<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.RO-9">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">56th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 31.0<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-10">[9]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.827<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-11">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">53rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">RON</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Romania" title="Telephone numbers in Romania">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Romania" title="Telephone numbers in Romania">+40</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ro" title=".ro">.ro</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Romania<a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a> is a country located at the crossroads of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>. It borders <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> to the north and east, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> to the east, and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to the southeast. It has a mainly <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a>, and an area of 238,397 km2 (92,046 sq mi) with a population of 19 million people (2023). Romania is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">twelfth-largest country</a> in Europe and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_population" title="List of European Union member states by population">sixth-most populous</a> member state of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Europe's second-longest river, the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, empties into the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a> in the southeast of the country. The <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> cross Romania from the north to the southwest and include <a href="/wiki/Moldoveanu_Peak" title="Moldoveanu Peak">Moldoveanu Peak</a>, at an altitude of 2,544 m (8,346 ft). Romania's capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. Other major <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban centers</a> include <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>. Settlement in the territory of modern Romania began in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a>, later becoming the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> before <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Roman conquest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanisation</a>. The modern Romanian state emerged in 1859 through the union of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">gained independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1877. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Romania joined <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">the Allies</a>, and after the war, territories including <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> were integrated into Romania. In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Romania initially aligned with <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">the Axis</a> but switched to <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">the Allies</a> in 1944. After the war, Romania became a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">socialist republic</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, transitioning to <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">1989 Revolution</a>. Romania is a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a> with a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income economy</a>, recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Romania" title="Foreign relations of Romania">international affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Romania" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Romania">It hosts</a> several <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> and is a growing tourist attraction, receiving 13 million foreign <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Romania" title="Tourism in Romania">visitors in 2023</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> Its economy ranks among the fastest growing in the European Union,<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> primarily driven by the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">service sector</a>. Romania is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_manufacturing_output" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by manufacturing output">net exporter of cars and electric energy</a> worldwide, and its citizens benefit from some of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_Internet_connection_speeds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states by Internet connection speeds">fastest internet speeds globally</a>. Romania is a member of several <a href="/wiki/International_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="International organizations">international organizations</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Romania" title="Name of Romania">Name of Romania</a></div> "Romania" derives from the local name for <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: român), which in turn derives from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/romanus" class="extiw" title="wikt:romanus">romanus</a>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Roman</a>" or "of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>".<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> This ethnonym for Romanians is first attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> The oldest known surviving document written in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> that can be precisely dated, a 1521 letter known as the "<a href="/wiki/Neac%C8%99u%27s_letter" title="Neacșu's letter">Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung</a>",<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> is notable for including the first documented occurrence of Romanian in a country name: Wallachia is mentioned as Țara Rumânească. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">History of Romania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> Human remains found in <a href="/wiki/Pe%C8%99tera_cu_Oase" title="Peștera cu Oase">Peștera cu Oase</a> ("Cave with Bones"), radiocarbon date from circa 40,000 years ago, and represent the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice201360–61-22">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> agriculture spread after the arrival of a mixed group of people from <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> in the 6th millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19911–2-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2013125–127-24">[22]</a> Excavations near a <a href="/wiki/Salt_spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt spring">salt spring</a> at <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2n%C4%83tori-Neam%C8%9B" title="Vânători-Neamț">Lunca</a> yielded the earliest evidence for salt exploitation in Europe; here salt production began between the 5th and 4th millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> The first permanent settlements developed into "proto-cities",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2013149-26">[24]</a> which were larger than 320 hectares (800 acres).<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19912-28">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:02013_Der_bemalten_Keramik_vom_Trypillja-Typus_am_Anfang_des_30.Jhs.v._Chr._beim_Dorfe_Biltsche-Solote,_B4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/02013_Der_bemalten_Keramik_vom_Trypillja-Typus_am_Anfang_des_30.Jhs.v._Chr._beim_Dorfe_Biltsche-Solote%2C_B4.JPG/170px-02013_Der_bemalten_Keramik_vom_Trypillja-Typus_am_Anfang_des_30.Jhs.v._Chr._beim_Dorfe_Biltsche-Solote%2C_B4.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/02013_Der_bemalten_Keramik_vom_Trypillja-Typus_am_Anfang_des_30.Jhs.v._Chr._beim_Dorfe_Biltsche-Solote%2C_B4.JPG/255px-02013_Der_bemalten_Keramik_vom_Trypillja-Typus_am_Anfang_des_30.Jhs.v._Chr._beim_Dorfe_Biltsche-Solote%2C_B4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/02013_Der_bemalten_Keramik_vom_Trypillja-Typus_am_Anfang_des_30.Jhs.v._Chr._beim_Dorfe_Biltsche-Solote%2C_B4.JPG/340px-02013_Der_bemalten_Keramik_vom_Trypillja-Typus_am_Anfang_des_30.Jhs.v._Chr._beim_Dorfe_Biltsche-Solote%2C_B4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2684" /></a><figcaption>Ceramics from the <a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a> period (c. 5500 to 2750 BC)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a>—the best known <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)" title="Old Europe (archaeology)">Old Europe</a>—flourished in <a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a>, southeastern Transylvania and northeastern Moldavia between c. 5500 to 2750 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Mantu-29">[27]</a> During its middle phase (c. 4000 to 3500 BC), populations belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture built the largest settlements in <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a>, some of which contained as many as three thousand structures and were possibly inhabited by 20,000 to 46,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> The first fortified settlements appeared around 1800 BC, showing the militant character of <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> societies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19912-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_Antiquity" title="Romania in Antiquity">Romania in Antiquity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy of the Roman Empire</a></div> Greek colonies established on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast in the 7th century BC became important centres of commerce with the local tribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19913-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins20143-32">[30]</a> Among the native peoples, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> listed the <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a> of the Lower Danube region, the <a href="/wiki/Agathyrsi" title="Agathyrsi">Agathyrsi</a> of Transylvania and the <a href="/wiki/Syginnae" class="mw-redirect" title="Syginnae">Syginnae</a> of the plains along the river <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> at the beginning of the 5th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERustoiu200532,_35–36-33">[31]</a> Centuries later, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> associated the Getae with the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a> who dominated the lands along the southern <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> in the 1st century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins20147-34">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bratarile_Dacice_IMG_7303.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bratarile_Dacice_IMG_7303.JPG/300px-Bratarile_Dacice_IMG_7303.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bratarile_Dacice_IMG_7303.JPG/450px-Bratarile_Dacice_IMG_7303.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bratarile_Dacice_IMG_7303.JPG/600px-Bratarile_Dacice_IMG_7303.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dacian_bracelets" title="Dacian bracelets">Dacian gold bracelets</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_Regia" title="Sarmizegetusa Regia">Sarmizegetusa Regia</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romania</a> dated the 1st century BC or 1st century AD <a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">Burebista</a> was the first Dacian ruler to unite the local tribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins20147-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199914-36">[34]</a> He also conquered the Greek colonies in <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> and the neighbouring peoples as far as the Middle Danube and the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a> between around 55 and 44 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins20147-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199914–15-37">[35]</a> After Burebista was murdered in 44 BC, his kingdom collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins20147-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19914-38">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarmizegetusa_Regia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Remains of circular buildings in a glade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sarmizegetusa_Regia.JPG/220px-Sarmizegetusa_Regia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sarmizegetusa_Regia.JPG/330px-Sarmizegetusa_Regia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sarmizegetusa_Regia.JPG/440px-Sarmizegetusa_Regia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of sanctuaries at <a href="/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_Regia" title="Sarmizegetusa Regia">Sarmizegetusa Regia</a> (Dacia's capital during the reigns of Burebista and Decebalus)</figcaption></figure> The Romans reached <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> during Burebista's reign and conquered Dobruja in 46 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19914-38">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> was again united under <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a> around 85 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins20147-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199915-39">[37]</a> He resisted the Romans for decades, but the Roman army defeated his troops in 106 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins20149–10-40">[38]</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> transformed <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a>, and the greater part of Transylvania into a new <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> called <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a>, but Dacian and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatian</a> tribes continued to dominate the lands along the Roman frontiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19916-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu200568–69,_97–98-42">[40]</a> The Romans pursued an organised colonisation policy, and the provincials enjoyed a long period of peace and prosperity in the 2nd century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199922–23-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201413–14-44">[42]</a> Scholars accepting the Daco-Roman continuity theory—one of the main theories about the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">origin of the Romanians</a>—say that the cohabitation of the native Dacians and the Roman colonists in Roman Dacia was the first phase of the Romanians' <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199110-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199919–20-46">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Carpians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpians">Carpians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, and other neighbouring tribes made regular raids against Dacia from the 210s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201414-47">[45]</a> The Romans could not resist, and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> ordered the evacuation of the province <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Trajana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacia Trajana">Dacia Trajana</a> in the 270s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu2005105–107-48">[46]</a> Scholars supporting the continuity theory are convinced that most Latin-speaking commoners stayed behind when the army and civil administration were withdrawn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19918,_10-49">[47]</a> The Romans did not abandon their fortresses along the northern banks of the Lower Danube for decades, and Dobruja (known as <a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythia Minor (Roman province)">Scythia Minor</a>) remained an integral part of the Roman Empire until the early 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199110-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu2005108,_110–111-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Romania in the Early Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Middle Ages">Romania in the Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Wallachia" title="Founding of Wallachia">Founding of Wallachia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Moldavia" title="Founding of Moldavia">Founding of Moldavia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gutthiuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gutthiuda.jpg/170px-Gutthiuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gutthiuda.jpg/255px-Gutthiuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gutthiuda.jpg/340px-Gutthiuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a>, and the neighbouring tribes (370s AD)</figcaption></figure> The Goths were expanding towards the Lower Danube from the 230s, forcing the native peoples to flee to the Roman Empire or to accept their <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201416-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010116–117,_165-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu2005117–118-53">[51]</a> The Goths' rule ended abruptly when the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> invaded their territory in 376, causing new waves of migrations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201416-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu2005117–118-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010151-54">[52]</a> The Huns forced the remnants of the local population into submission, but their empire collapsed in 454.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201416-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010151,_207–208-55">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a> took possession of the former Dacia province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBóna199466–67-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200654-57">[55]</a> Place names that are of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> origin abound in Romania, indicating that a significant Slavic-speaking population lived in the territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu2005131-58">[56]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavic</a> groups settled in Moldavia and Wallachia in the 6th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010395–397-59">[57]</a> in Transylvania around 600.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBóna199497–99-60">[58]</a> The nomadic <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> defeated the Gepids and established a powerful empire around 570.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201416-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200662–63-61">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, who also came from the European <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a>, occupied the Lower Danube region in 680.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201416-51">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans850.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Balkans850.png/220px-Balkans850.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Balkans850.png/330px-Balkans850.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Balkans850.png/440px-Balkans850.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> (681–1018) around 850</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avar Khaganate</a> collapsed in the 790s, the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> became the dominant power of the region, occupying lands as far as the river <a href="/wiki/Tisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tisa">Tisa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201416-51">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> had a mixed population consisting of the Bulgar conquerors, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a> (or Romanians) but the <a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">Slavicisation</a> of the Bulgar elite had already begun in the 9th century. Following the conquest of southern <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> around 830, people from the Bulgar Empire mined salt at the local salt mines.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Preslav" title="Council of Preslav">Council of Preslav</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> the language of liturgy in the country in 893.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006168,_177-63">[61]</a> The Vlachs also adopted Old Church Slavonic as their liturgical language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201437-64">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Magyars</a> (or Hungarians) took control of the steppes north of the Lower Danube in the 830s, but the Bulgarians and the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> jointly forced them to abandon this region for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Great Hungarian Plain">lowlands along the Middle Danube</a> around 894.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006123,_178-65">[63]</a> Centuries later, the <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hungarorum">Gesta Hungarorum</a> wrote of the invading Magyars' wars against three dukes—<a href="/wiki/Glad_(duke)" title="Glad (duke)">Glad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menumorut" title="Menumorut">Menumorut</a> and the Vlach <a href="/wiki/Gelou" title="Gelou">Gelou</a>—for Banat, Crișana and Transylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201420-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199114–15-67">[65]</a> The Gesta also listed many peoples—Slavs, Bulgarians, Vlachs, <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a>—inhabiting the same regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESălăgean2005140-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199936-69">[67]</a> The reliability of the Gesta is debated. Some scholars regard it as a basically accurate account, others describe it as a literary work filled with invented details.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200615–16_(note_41)-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESălăgean2005140–141-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBóna1994111-72">[70]</a> The Pechenegs seized the lowlands abandoned by the Hungarians to the east of the Carpathians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006182–183-73">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> missionaries proselytised in the lands east of the Tisa from the 940s<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006189–190-74">[72]</a> and Byzantine troops occupied Dobruja in the 970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESălăgean2005152-75">[73]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">king of Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I</a>, who supported Western European missionaries, defeated the local chieftains and established <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Romania" title="Catholic Church in Romania">Roman Catholic bishoprics</a> (office of a bishop) in Transylvania and Banat in the early 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006248–250-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199940–41-77">[75]</a> Significant Pecheneg groups fled to the Byzantine Empire in the 1040s; the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> followed them, and the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> became the dominant power of the steppes in the 1060s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006304–305-78">[76]</a> Cooperation between the Cumans and the Vlachs against the Byzantine Empire is well documented from the end of the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESălăgean2005157-79">[77]</a> Scholars who reject the Daco-Roman continuity theory say that the first Vlach groups left their <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan</a> homeland for the mountain pastures of the eastern and southern Carpathians in the 11th century, establishing the Romanians' presence in the lands to the north of the Lower Danube.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBóna1994183-80">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlad_Tepes_-_Blatt_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Vlad_Tepes_-_Blatt_2.jpg/220px-Vlad_Tepes_-_Blatt_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Vlad_Tepes_-_Blatt_2.jpg/330px-Vlad_Tepes_-_Blatt_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Vlad_Tepes_-_Blatt_2.jpg/440px-Vlad_Tepes_-_Blatt_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary woodcut depicting <a href="/wiki/Vlad_III_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad III of Wallachia">Vlad III of Wallachia</a> (also known as Vlad the Impaler) medieval ruler of Wallachia, published in Nuremberg in 1488. The most famous Romanian ruler in world history.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_the_Great,_1488,_Vorone%C5%A3_Monastery,_portrait_size.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Stephen_the_Great%2C_1488%2C_Vorone%C5%A3_Monastery%2C_portrait_size.jpg/220px-Stephen_the_Great%2C_1488%2C_Vorone%C5%A3_Monastery%2C_portrait_size.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Stephen_the_Great%2C_1488%2C_Vorone%C5%A3_Monastery%2C_portrait_size.jpg/330px-Stephen_the_Great%2C_1488%2C_Vorone%C5%A3_Monastery%2C_portrait_size.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Stephen_the_Great%2C_1488%2C_Vorone%C5%A3_Monastery%2C_portrait_size.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary depiction of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_the_Great" title="Stephen the Great">Stephen the Great</a>, voivode of Moldavia, 1488, <a href="/wiki/Vorone%C5%A3_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Voroneţ Monastery">Voroneţ Monastery</a>. The longest reigning ruler in Romanian medieval history, from 1457 to 1504, 47 years.</figcaption></figure> Exposed to nomadic incursions, Transylvania developed into an important border province of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESălăgean2005158–159-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBóna1994144–145-82">[80]</a> The Székelys—a community of free warriors—settled in central Transylvania around 1100 and moved to the easternmost regions around 1200.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199943-83">[81]</a> Colonists from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a>' ancestors—came to the province in the 1150s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199943-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201421-84">[82]</a> A high-ranking royal official, styled <a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Transylvania" title="Voivode of Transylvania">voivode</a>, ruled the Transylvanian <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary_(before_1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of Hungary (before 1920)">counties</a> from the 1170s, but the Székely and Saxon <a href="/wiki/Seat_(territorial_administrative_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat (territorial administrative unit)">seats</a> (or districts) were not subject to the voivodes' authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199941–43-85">[83]</a> Royal charters wrote of the "<a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a>' land" in southern Transylvania in the early 13th century, indicating the existence of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_district" title="Romanian district">autonomous Romanian communities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBóna1994189-86">[84]</a> Papal correspondence mentions the activities of Orthodox prelates among the Romanians in Muntenia in the 1230s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006408-87">[85]</a> Also in the 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> started establishing <a href="/wiki/Genoese_colonies" title="Genoese colonies">colonies</a> on the Black Sea, including <a href="/wiki/Calafat" title="Calafat">Calafat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> The Mongols destroyed large territories during <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">their invasion of Eastern and Central Europe</a> in 1241 and 1242.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199943–44-90">[88]</a> The Mongols' <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> emerged as the dominant power of Eastern Europe, but <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Béla IV">Béla IV</a> of Hungary's land grant to the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitallers" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights Hospitallers">Knights Hospitallers</a> in Oltenia and Muntenia shows that the local <a href="/wiki/Vlach" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlach">Vlach</a> rulers were subject to the king's authority in 1247.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006407,_414-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199944-92">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Basarab_I_of_Wallachia" title="Basarab I of Wallachia">Basarab I of Wallachia</a> united the Romanian polities between the southern Carpathians and the Lower Danube in the 1310s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199945-93">[91]</a> He defeated the Hungarian royal army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Posada" title="Battle of Posada">Battle of Posada</a> and secured the independence of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Wallachia">Wallachia</a> in 1330.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199946-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199117-95">[93]</a> The second Romanian principality, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, achieved full autonomy during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_I_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogdan I of Moldavia">Bogdan I</a> around 1360.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199117-95">[93]</a> A local dynasty ruled the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Dobruja" title="Despotate of Dobruja">Despotate of Dobruja</a> in the second half of the 14th century, but the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> took possession of the territory after 1388.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESălăgean2005202-96">[94]</a> Princes <a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad III of Wallachia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_the_Great" title="Stephen the Great">Stephen III of Moldavia</a> defended their countries' independence against the Ottomans. Most Wallachian and Moldavian princes paid a regular tribute to the Ottoman sultans from 1417 and 1456, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201426–29-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199960–61,_63–66-98">[96]</a> A military commander of Romanian origin, <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>, organised the defence of the Kingdom of Hungary until his death in 1456.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199961–62-99">[97]</a> Increasing taxes outraged the Transylvanian peasants, and <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_peasant_revolt" title="Transylvanian peasant revolt">they rose up in an open rebellion</a> in 1437, but the Hungarian nobles and the heads of the Saxon and Székely communities jointly suppressed their revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199130–31-100">[98]</a> The formal alliance of the Hungarian, Saxon, and Székely leaders, known as the <a href="/wiki/Unio_Trium_Nationum" title="Unio Trium Nationum">Union of the Three Nations</a>, became an important element of the self-government of Transylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199952–53-101">[99]</a> The Orthodox Romanian <a href="/wiki/Knez_(Vlach_leader)" title="Knez (Vlach leader)">knezes</a> ("chiefs") were excluded from the Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199952–53-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Modern_Times_and_national_awakening">Early Modern Times and national awakening</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Romania">Early Modern Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">Romanian War of Independence</a></div> The Kingdom of Hungary collapsed, and the Ottomans occupied parts of Banat and Crișana in 1541.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199952–53-101">[99]</a> Transylvania and <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a>, along with the rest of Banat and Crișana developed into a new state under Ottoman suzerainty, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199141-102">[100]</a> Reformation spread and four denominations—<a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Romania" title="Reformed Church in Romania">Calvinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Augustan_Confession_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession in Romania">Lutheranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Church_of_Transylvania" title="Unitarian Church of Transylvania">Unitarianism</a>, and Roman Catholicism—were officially acknowledged in 1568.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199969-103">[101]</a> The Romanians' Orthodox faith remained only tolerated,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199969-103">[101]</a> although they made up more than one-third of the population, according to 17th-century estimations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrócsányiMiskolczy1994419-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199171-105">[103]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Moldavia,_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_(1600).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png/130px-Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png/195px-Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png/260px-Moldavia%2C_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave%27s_authority_%281600%29.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="413" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:76px;max-width:76px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MihaiViteazul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/MihaiViteazul.jpg/74px-MihaiViteazul.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/MihaiViteazul.jpg/111px-MihaiViteazul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/MihaiViteazul.jpg/148px-MihaiViteazul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2471" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">During the <a href="/wiki/Long_Turkish_War" title="Long Turkish War">Long Turkish War</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wallachia">Wallachian Prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a> (portrayed to the right) reigned briefly over the three medieval principalities of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, covering most of the present-day territory of Romania.</div></div></div></div> The princes of Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia joined the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1594)" title="Holy League (1594)">Holy League</a> against the Ottoman Empire in 1594.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199154-106">[104]</a> The Wallachian prince, <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a>, united the three principalities under his rule in May 1600.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201435-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199155–56-108">[106]</a> The neighboring powers forced him to abdicate in September, but he became a symbol of the unification of the Romanian lands in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201435-107">[105]</a> Although the rulers of the three principalities continued to pay tribute to the Ottomans, the most talented princes—<a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bethlen" title="Gabriel Bethlen">Gabriel Bethlen</a> of Transylvania, <a href="/wiki/Matei_Basarab" title="Matei Basarab">Matei Basarab</a> of Wallachia, and <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Lupu" title="Vasile Lupu">Vasile Lupu</a> of Moldavia—strengthened their autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199975–76-109">[107]</a> The united armies of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1684)" title="Holy League (1684)">Holy League</a> expelled the Ottoman troops from Central Europe between 1684 and 1699, and the Principality of Transylvania was integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199979-110">[108]</a> The Habsburgs supported the Catholic clergy and persuaded the Orthodox Romanian prelates to accept the <a href="/wiki/Church_union" title="Church union">union with the Roman Catholic Church</a> in 1699.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199142-111">[109]</a> The Church Union strengthened the Romanian intellectuals' devotion to their Roman heritage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201460-112">[110]</a> The Orthodox Church was restored in Transylvania only after Orthodox monks stirred up revolts in 1744 and 1759.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201461-113">[111]</a> The organisation of the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Military_Frontier" title="Transylvanian Military Frontier">Transylvanian Military Frontier</a> caused further disturbances, <a href="/wiki/Siculicidium" title="Siculicidium">especially among the Székelys in 1764</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrócsányiMiskolczy1994432–434-114">[112]</a> Princes <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a> of Moldavia and <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncoveanu" title="Constantin Brâncoveanu">Constantin Brâncoveanu</a> of Wallachia concluded alliances with the Habsburg Monarchy and Russia against the Ottomans, but they were dethroned in 1711 and 1714, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201444–45-115">[113]</a> The sultans lost confidence in the native princes and appointed Orthodox merchants from the <a href="/wiki/Fener" title="Fener">Phanar</a> district of Istanbul to rule Moldova and Wallachia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201455–56-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199173–74-117">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariot</a> princes pursued oppressive fiscal policies and dissolved the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199174–75,_78-118">[116]</a> The neighboring powers took advantage of the situation: the Habsburg Monarchy annexed the northwestern part of Moldavia, or <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, in 1775, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> seized the eastern half of Moldavia, or <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, in 1812.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199992-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199175–76-120">[118]</a> A census revealed that the Romanians were more numerous than any other ethnic group in Transylvania in 1733, but legislation continued to use contemptuous adjectives (such as "tolerated" and "admitted") when referring to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199987-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrócsányiMiskolczy1994427–428-122">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Uniate bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inocen%C8%9Biu_Micu-Klein" title="Inocențiu Micu-Klein">Inocențiu Micu-Klein</a> who demanded recognition of the Romanians as the fourth privileged nation was forced into exile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199189–90-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrócsányiMiskolczy1994427–428-122">[120]</a> Uniate and Orthodox clerics and laymen jointly signed a <a href="/wiki/Supplex_Libellus_Valachorum" title="Supplex Libellus Valachorum">plea for the Transylvanian Romanians' emancipation</a> in 1791, but the monarch and the local authorities refused to grant their requests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201473–74-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199987-121">[119]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation_1859-2010.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation_1859-2010.gif/220px-RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation_1859-2010.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation_1859-2010.gif/330px-RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation_1859-2010.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation_1859-2010.gif/440px-RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation_1859-2010.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption>Animated map depicting the territorial changes of Romania from 1859 to 2010</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a> authorised the Russian ambassador in Istanbul to defend the autonomy of Moldavia and Wallachia (known as the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a>) in 1774.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201468-125">[123]</a> Taking advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, a Wallachian lesser nobleman, Tudor Vladimirescu, stirred up a revolt against the Ottomans in January 1821, but he was murdered in June by Phanariot Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991103–104-126">[124]</a> After a <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%9329)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)">new Russo-Turkish War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Treaty of Adrianople</a> strengthened the autonomy of the Danubian Principalities in 1829, although it also acknowledged the sultan's right to confirm the election of the princes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201481-127">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu" title="Mihail Kogălniceanu">Mihail Kogălniceanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_B%C4%83lcescu" title="Nicolae Bălcescu">Nicolae Bălcescu</a> and other leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Moldavian Revolution of 1848">1848 revolutions in Moldavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">Wallachia</a> demanded the emancipation of the peasants and the union of the two principalities, but Russian and Ottoman troops crushed their revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199999-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201496–97-129">[127]</a> The Wallachian revolutionists were the first to adopt the blue, yellow and red <a href="/wiki/Tricolour_(flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricolour (flag)">tricolour</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Romania" title="Flag of Romania">national flag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999100-130">[128]</a> In Transylvania, most Romanians supported the imperial government against the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian revolutionaries</a> after the Diet passed a law concerning the union of Transylvania and Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999100-130">[128]</a> Bishop <a href="/wiki/Andrei_%C8%98aguna" title="Andrei Șaguna">Andrei Șaguna</a> proposed the unification of the Romanians of the Habsburg Monarchy in a separate duchy, but the central government refused to change the internal borders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201499-131">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Johann_Cuza_Kriehuber_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Alexander_Johann_Cuza_Kriehuber_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Alexander_Johann_Cuza_Kriehuber_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Alexander_Johann_Cuza_Kriehuber_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Alexander_Johann_Cuza_Kriehuber_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Alexander_Johann_Cuza_Kriehuber_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Alexander_Johann_Cuza_Kriehuber_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Domnitor" title="Domnitor">Domnitor</a> (i.e. Prince) of Romania (at that time the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia) between 1862 and 1866</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_and_monarchy">Independence and monarchy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">United Principalities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Treaty of Paris</a> put the Danubian Principalities under the collective guardianship of the <a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)">Great Powers</a> in 1856.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201496–97-129">[127]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc_Divans" title="Ad hoc Divans">special assemblies</a> convoked in Moldavia and Wallachia urged <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">the unification of the two principalities</a>, the Great Powers did not prevent the election of <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a> as their collective <a href="/wiki/Domnitor" title="Domnitor">domnitor</a> (or ruling prince) in January 1859.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999108-132">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">united principalities</a> officially adopted the name Romania on 21 February 1862.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014105–106-133">[131]</a> Cuza's government carried out a series of reforms, including the secularisation of the property of monasteries and agrarian reform, but a coalition of conservative and radical politicians forced him to abdicate in February 1866.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999109–111-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014109–111-135">[133]</a> Cuza's successor, a German prince, <a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a> (or Carol I), was elected in May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999111-136">[134]</a> The parliament adopted the <a href="/wiki/1866_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1866 Constitution of Romania">first constitution of Romania</a> in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999112-137">[135]</a> The Great Powers acknowledged Romania's full independence at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> and Carol I was crowned king in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014118-138">[136]</a> The Congress also granted the Danube Delta and Dobruja to Romania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014118-138">[136]</a> Although Romanian scholars strove for the unification of all Romanians into a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a>, the government did not openly support their <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentist</a> projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991166-139">[137]</a> The Transylvanian Romanians and Saxons wanted to maintain the separate status of Transylvania in the Habsburg Monarchy, but the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise</a> brought about the union of the province with Hungary in 1867.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991157-140">[138]</a> Ethnic Romanian politicians sharply opposed the Hungarian government's attempts to transform Hungary into a national state, especially the laws prescribing the obligatory teaching of Hungarian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014118-138">[136]</a> Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Party" title="Romanian National Party">Romanian National Party</a> proposed the federalisation of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and the Romanian intellectuals established a cultural association to promote the use of Romanian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014145-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999118–119-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Wars_and_Greater_Romania">World Wars and Greater Romania</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania in World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria-Hungary_(ethnic).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Austria-Hungary_%28ethnic%29.jpg/220px-Austria-Hungary_%28ethnic%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Austria-Hungary_%28ethnic%29.jpg/330px-Austria-Hungary_%28ethnic%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Austria-Hungary_%28ethnic%29.jpg/440px-Austria-Hungary_%28ethnic%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4314" data-file-height="2820" /></a><figcaption>Late 19th century ethnic map of Central Europe depicting predominantly Romanian-inhabited territories in blue. <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> are marked in yellow and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> in pink.</figcaption></figure> Fearing Russian expansionism, Romania secretly joined the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in 1883, but public opinion remained hostile to Austria-Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014149–150-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991165-144">[142]</a> Romania seized <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a> from Bulgaria in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014150-145">[143]</a> German and Austrian-Hungarian diplomacy supported Bulgaria during the war, bringing about a rapprochement between Romania and the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> of France, Russia and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014150-145">[143]</a> The country remained neutral when <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out in 1914, but Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a> started negotiations with the Entente Powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999122-146">[144]</a> After they promised Austrian-Hungarian territories with a majority of ethnic Romanian population to Romania in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a>, Romania entered the war against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999122-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014151-147">[145]</a> The German and Austrian-Hungarian troops defeated the Romanian army and occupied three-quarters of the country by early 1917.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991169–170-148">[146]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> turned Russia from an ally into an enemy, Romania was forced to sign a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">harsh peace treaty</a> with the Central Powers in May 1918,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014155-149">[147]</a> but the collapse of Russia also enabled the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">union of Bessarabia with Romania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991170–171-150">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">King Ferdinand</a> again mobilised the Romanian army on behalf of the Entente Powers a day before <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Germany capitulated</a> on 11 November 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014155-149">[147]</a> Austria-Hungary quickly disintegrated after the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014155-149">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/General_Congress_of_Bukovina" title="General Congress of Bukovina">General Congress of Bukovina</a> proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bukovina_with_Romania" title="Union of Bukovina with Romania">the union of the province with Romania</a> on 28 November 1918, and the <a href="/wiki/1918_Romanian_National_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Romanian National Assembly election">Grand National Assembly</a> proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">the union of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș with the kingdom</a> on 1 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014156-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999124–125-152">[150]</a> Peace treaties with Austria, Bulgaria and Hungary delineated the new borders in 1919 and 1920, but the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> did not acknowledge the loss of Bessarabia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999125-153">[151]</a> Romania achieved its greatest territorial extent, expanding from the pre-war 137,000 to 295,000 km2 (53,000 to 114,000 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991189-154">[152]</a> A new electoral system granted <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights">voting rights</a> to all adult male citizens, and a series of radical agrarian reforms transformed the country into a "nation of small landowners" between 1918 and 1921.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014167-155">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a> as a principle was enacted, but women could not vote or be candidates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014180-156">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calypso_Botez" title="Calypso Botez">Calypso Botez</a> established the National Council of Romanian Women to promote feminist ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014180-156">[154]</a> Romania was a multiethnic country, with ethnic minorities making up about 30% of the population, but the <a href="/wiki/1923_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1923 Constitution of Romania">new constitution</a> declared it a unitary national state in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991189-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999127-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014158,_183-158">[156]</a> Although minorities could establish their own schools, Romanian language, history and geography could only be taught in Romanian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014183-159">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Romania" title="Agriculture in Romania">Agriculture</a> remained the principal sector of economy, but several branches of industry—especially the production of coal, oil, metals, synthetic rubber, explosives and cosmetics—developed during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999128-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014179-161">[159]</a> With oil production of 5.8 million tons in 1930, Romania ranked sixth in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014179-161">[159]</a> Two parties, the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberal Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a>, dominated political life, but the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Romania" title="Great Depression in Romania">Great Depression in Romania</a> brought about significant changes in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999129-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014167–169-163">[161]</a> The democratic parties were squeezed between conflicts with the fascist and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> and the authoritarian tendencies of <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">King Carol II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014167–168-164">[162]</a> The King promulgated a <a href="/wiki/1938_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1938 Constitution of Romania">new constitution</a> and dissolved the political parties in 1938, replacing the parliamentary system with a royal dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014174–175-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991207-166">[164]</a> The 1938 <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> convinced King Carol II that France and the United Kingdom could not defend Romanian interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014198-167">[165]</a> German preparations for a new war required the regular supply of Romanian oil and agricultural products.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014198-167">[165]</a> The two countries concluded a treaty concerning the coordination of their economic policies in 1939, but the King could not persuade <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> to guarantee Romania's frontiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014198–199-168">[166]</a> Romania was forced to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union</a> on 26 June 1940, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> to Hungary on 30 August, and Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria in September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999131–132-169">[167]</a> After the territorial losses, the King was forced to abdicate in favour of his minor son, <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a>, on 6 September, and Romania was transformed into a <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">national-legionary state</a> under the leadership of General <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999133-170">[168]</a> Antonescu signed the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> of Germany, Italy and Japan on 23 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991213-171">[169]</a> The Iron Guard staged a coup against Antonescu, but he crushed the riot with German support and introduced a military dictatorship in early 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991214–215-172">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Tidal_Wave_in_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Operation_Tidal_Wave_in_1943.jpg/220px-Operation_Tidal_Wave_in_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Operation_Tidal_Wave_in_1943.jpg/330px-Operation_Tidal_Wave_in_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Operation_Tidal_Wave_in_1943.jpg/440px-Operation_Tidal_Wave_in_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1853" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>American <a href="/wiki/B-24_Liberator" class="mw-redirect" title="B-24 Liberator">B-24 Liberator</a> flying over a burning oil refinery at <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a>, as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tidal_Wave" title="Operation Tidal Wave">Operation Tidal Wave</a> on 1 August 1943. Due to its role as a significant supplier of oil to the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a>, Romania was a prime target of <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> strategic bombing in 1943 and 1944.</figcaption></figure> Romania entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> soon after the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion of the Soviet Union</a> in June 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014208-173">[171]</a> The country regained Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, and the Germans placed <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria</a> (the territory between the rivers Dniester and Dnieper) under Romanian administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991216–217-174">[172]</a> Romanian and German troops massacred at least 160,000 local Jews in these territories; more than 105,000 Jews and about 11,000 Gypsies died during their deportation from Bessarabia to Transnistria.<a href="#cite_note-Commission-175">[173]</a> Most of the Jewish population of Moldavia, Wallachia, Banat and Southern Transylvania survived,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991222-176">[174]</a> but their fundamental rights were limited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014210-177">[175]</a> After the September 1943 <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Allied armistice with Italy</a>, Romania became the second Axis power in Europe in 1943–1944.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Margarethe">German occupation of Hungary</a> in March 1944, about 132,000 Jews – mainly Hungarian-speaking – were deported to <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> from Northern Transylvania with the Hungarian authorities' support.<a href="#cite_note-Commission-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994689-180">[178]</a> After the Soviet victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> in 1943, <a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Iuliu Maniu</a>, a leader of the opposition to Antonescu, entered into secret negotiations with British diplomats who made it clear that Romania had to seek reconciliation with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014211–212-181">[179]</a> To facilitate the coordination of their activities against Antonescu's regime, the National Liberal and National Peasants' parties established the National Democratic Bloc, which also included the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Social_Democratic_Party_(1927%E2%80%9348)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–48)">Social Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Communist</a> parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991219-182">[180]</a> After a successful Soviet offensive, the young <a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">King Michael I ordered Antonescu's arrest</a> and appointed politicians from the National Democratic Bloc to form a new government on 23 August 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014215-183">[181]</a> Romania switched sides during the war, and nearly 250,000 Romanian troops joined the Red Army's military campaign against Hungary and Germany, but <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> regarded the country as an occupied territory within the Soviet sphere of influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014215,_221-184">[182]</a> Stalin's deputy instructed the King to make the Communists' candidate, <a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a>, the prime minister in March 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991223–224-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999138-186">[184]</a> The Romanian administration in Northern Transylvania was soon restored, and Groza's government carried out an agrarian reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999138-186">[184]</a> In February 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties</a> confirmed the return of Northern Transylvania to Romania, but they also legalised the presence of units of the Red Army in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöpeczi1994692-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991224-188">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communism">Communism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mihai.jpg/180px-Mihai.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mihai.jpg/270px-Mihai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mihai.jpg/360px-Mihai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I of Romania</a> was forced to <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdicate</a> by the communists in late December 1947, simultaneously with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupation</a> of the country.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupation of Romania</a>, the communist-dominated government called for new <a href="/wiki/1946_Romanian_general_election" title="1946 Romanian general election">elections</a> in 1946, which they <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">fraudulently won</a>, with a fabricated 70% majority of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> Thus, they rapidly established themselves as the dominant political force.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a>, a communist party leader imprisoned in 1933, escaped in 1944 to become Romania's first communist leader. In February 1947, he and others forced <a href="/wiki/King_Michael_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael I">King Michael I</a> to <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdicate</a> and leave the country and proclaimed Romania a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">people's republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Romania remained under the direct military occupation and economic control of the USSR until the late 1950s. During this period, Romania's vast natural resources were drained continuously by mixed Soviet-Romanian companies (<a href="/wiki/SovRom" title="SovRom">SovRoms</a>) set up for unilateral exploitative purposes.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> In 1948, the state began to <a href="/wiki/Nationalization_in_Romania" title="Nationalization in Romania">nationalise</a> private firms and to <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_Romania" title="Collectivization in Romania">collectivise</a> agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Until the early 1960s, the government severely curtailed political liberties and vigorously suppressed any dissent with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a>—the Romanian secret police. During this period the regime launched several campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Purges" class="mw-redirect" title="Purges">purges</a> during which numerous "<a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemies of the state">enemies of the state</a>" and "parasite elements" were targeted for different forms of punishment including: deportation, internal exile, internment in forced labour camps and prisons—sometimes for life—as well as <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">anti-communist resistance</a> was one of the most long-lasting and strongest in the Eastern Bloc.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_for_the_Study_of_the_Communist_Dictatorship_in_Romania" title="Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania">2006 commission</a> estimated the number of direct victims of the Communist repression at two million people.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-199">[197]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceausescu_Anul_Nou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ceausescu_Anul_Nou.jpg/220px-Ceausescu_Anul_Nou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ceausescu_Anul_Nou.jpg/330px-Ceausescu_Anul_Nou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ceausescu_Anul_Nou.jpg/440px-Ceausescu_Anul_Nou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>, who ruled Romania as its communist leader from 1965 until 1989</figcaption></figure> In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> came to power and started to conduct the country's foreign policy more independently from the Soviet Union. Thus, communist Romania was the only <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> country which refused to participate in the Soviet-led <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">1968 invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. Ceaușescu even <a href="/wiki/Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_speech_of_21_August_1968" title="Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968">publicly condemned the action</a> as "a big mistake, [and] a serious danger to peace in Europe and to the fate of Communism in the world".<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> It was the only Communist state to maintain diplomatic relations with Israel after 1967's <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> and established diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> the same year.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> At the same time, close ties with the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> (PLO) allowed Romania to play a key role in the Israel–<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and Israel–PLO peace talks.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> As Romania's foreign debt increased sharply between 1977 and 1981 (from US$3 billion to $10 billion),<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> the influence of international financial organisations—such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>—grew, gradually conflicting with Ceaușescu's <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic</a> rule. He eventually initiated a policy of total reimbursement of the foreign debt by imposing <a href="/wiki/1980s_austerity_policy_in_Romania" title="1980s austerity policy in Romania">austerity steps</a> that impoverished the population and exhausted the economy. The process succeeded in repaying all of Romania's foreign government debt in 1989. At the same time, Ceaușescu greatly extended the authority of the Securitate secret police and imposed a severe <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality">cult of personality</a>, which led to a dramatic decrease in the dictator's popularity and culminated in his overthrow in the violent <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a> of December 1989 in which thousands were killed or injured. After a trial, <a href="/wiki/Trial_and_execution_of_Nicolae_and_Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu">Ceaușescu and his wife were executed by firing squad</a> at a military base outside Bucharest on 25 December 1989.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> The charges for which they were executed were, among others, genocide by starvation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_period">Contemporary period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Romania since 1989">History of Romania since 1989</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RO_B_University_square_rally.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/RO_B_University_square_rally.jpg/220px-RO_B_University_square_rally.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/RO_B_University_square_rally.jpg/330px-RO_B_University_square_rally.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/RO_B_University_square_rally.jpg/440px-RO_B_University_square_rally.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>An anti-communist and anti-<a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a> (FSN) rally in Bucharest (1990)</figcaption></figure> After the 1989 revolution, the <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a> (FSN), led by <a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a>, took partial and superficial multi-party democratic and free market measures after seizing power as an ad interim governing body.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> In March 1990, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_clashes_of_T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" title="Ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș">violent outbreaks went on in Târgu Mureș</a> as a result of Hungarian oppression in the region. In April 1990, a sit-in protest contesting the results of <a href="/wiki/1990_Romanian_general_election" title="1990 Romanian general election">that year's legislative elections</a> and accusing the FSN, including Iliescu, of being made up of former Communists and members of the Securitate grew rapidly to become what was called the <a href="/wiki/Golaniad" title="Golaniad">Golaniad</a>. Peaceful demonstrations degenerated into violence, prompting the intervention of coal miners summoned by Iliescu. This episode has been documented widely by both local<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> and foreign media,<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> and is remembered as the <a href="/wiki/June_1990_Mineriad" title="June 1990 Mineriad">June 1990 Mineriad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> The subsequent disintegration of the Front produced several political parties, including most notably the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Party (Romania)">Social Democratic Party</a> (PDSR then PSD) and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Party (Romania)">Democratic Party</a> (PD and subsequently PDL). The former governed Romania from 1990 until 1996 through several coalitions and governments, with Ion Iliescu as head of state. Since then, there have been several other democratic changes of government: in 1996 <a href="/wiki/Emil_Constantinescu" title="Emil Constantinescu">Emil Constantinescu</a> was elected president, in 2000 Iliescu returned to power, while <a href="/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu" title="Traian Băsescu">Traian Băsescu</a> was elected in 2004 and narrowly re-elected in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> In 2009, the country was bailed out by the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> as an aftershock of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession in Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-igber-213">[211]</a> In November 2014, <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a> former <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forum_of_Germans_in_Romania" title="Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania">FDGR/DFDR</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a> was elected president, unexpectedly defeating former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ponta" title="Victor Ponta">Victor Ponta</a>, who had been previously leading in the opinion polls. This surprise victory was attributed by many analysts to the implication of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora">Romanian diaspora</a> in the voting process, with almost 50% casting their votes for Klaus Iohannis in the first round, compared to only 16% for Ponta.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> In 2019, Iohannis was re-elected president in a landslide victory over former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Viorica_D%C4%83ncil%C4%83" title="Viorica Dăncilă">Viorica Dăncilă</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protest_against_corruption_-_Bucharest_2017_-_Piata_Universitatii_-_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Protest_against_corruption_-_Bucharest_2017_-_Piata_Universitatii_-_5.jpg/220px-Protest_against_corruption_-_Bucharest_2017_-_Piata_Universitatii_-_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Protest_against_corruption_-_Bucharest_2017_-_Piata_Universitatii_-_5.jpg/330px-Protest_against_corruption_-_Bucharest_2017_-_Piata_Universitatii_-_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Protest_against_corruption_-_Bucharest_2017_-_Piata_Universitatii_-_5.jpg/440px-Protest_against_corruption_-_Bucharest_2017_-_Piata_Universitatii_-_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1631" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Romania saw large waves of protests against judicial reforms of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Party (Romania)">PSD</a>-<a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_(Romania)" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (Romania)">ALDE</a> government during the <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932019_Romanian_protests" title="2017–2019 Romanian protests">2017–2019 Romanian protests</a>.</figcaption></figure> The post–1989 period is characterised by the fact that most of the former industrial and economic enterprises which were built and operated during the communist period were closed, mainly as a result of the policies of privatisation of the post–1989 regimes.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> Corruption has been a <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Romania" title="Corruption in Romania">major issue</a> in contemporary Romanian politics.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> In November 2015, massive <a href="/wiki/2015_Romanian_protests" title="2015 Romanian protests">anti-corruption protests</a> which developed in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Colectiv_nightclub_fire" title="Colectiv nightclub fire">Colectiv nightclub fire</a> led to the resignation of Romania's Prime Minister Victor Ponta.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> During 2017–2018, in response to measures which were perceived to weaken the fight against corruption, some of the <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Romanian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–2018 Romanian protests">biggest protests since 1989</a> took place in Romania, with over 500,000 people protesting across the country.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> Nevertheless, there have been significant reforms aimed at tackling corruption. A <a href="/wiki/National_Anticorruption_Directorate" title="National Anticorruption Directorate">National Anticorruption Directorate</a> was formed in the country in 2002, inspired by similar institutions in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> Since 2014, Romania launched an anti-corruption effort that led to the prosecution of medium- and high-level political, judicial and administrative offenses by the <a href="/wiki/National_Anticorruption_Directorate" title="National Anticorruption Directorate">National Anticorruption Directorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NATO_and_EU_integration">NATO and EU integration</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_(081).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/220px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/330px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/440px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Romania joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 2007 and signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a>.</figcaption></figure> After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Romania developed closer ties with Western Europe and the United States, eventually joining <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 2004, and hosting the <a href="/wiki/2008_Bucharest_summit" title="2008 Bucharest summit">2008 summit</a> in Bucharest.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a <a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">full member</a> on 1 January 2007.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> During the 2000s, Romania had one of the highest economic growth rates in Europe and has been referred at times as "the Tiger of Eastern Europe".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-225">[223]</a> This has been accompanied by a significant improvement in living standards as the country successfully reduced domestic poverty and established a functional democratic state.<a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-226">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> However, Romania's development suffered a major setback during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">late 2000s' recession</a> leading to a large gross domestic product contraction and a budget deficit in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-wsj4dec09-228">[226]</a> This led to Romania borrowing from the International Monetary Fund.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> Worsening economic conditions led to <a href="/wiki/2012_Romanian_constitutional_crisis" title="2012 Romanian constitutional crisis">unrest</a> and triggered a political crisis in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_Bucharest_summit_(5).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/2008_Bucharest_summit_%285%29.JPG/220px-2008_Bucharest_summit_%285%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/2008_Bucharest_summit_%285%29.JPG/330px-2008_Bucharest_summit_%285%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/2008_Bucharest_summit_%285%29.JPG/440px-2008_Bucharest_summit_%285%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Romania joined <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 2004 and hosted <a href="/wiki/2008_Bucharest_summit" title="2008 Bucharest summit">its 2008 summit</a> in Bucharest.</figcaption></figure> Near the end of 2013, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> reported Romania again enjoying "booming" economic growth at 4.1% that year, with wages rising fast and a lower unemployment than in Britain. Economic growth accelerated in the midst of government liberalisation in opening up new sectors to competition and investment—most notably, energy and telecoms.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> ranked Romania as a nation of "Very High Human Development".<a href="#cite_note-UNDP2016-232">[230]</a> Following the experience of economic instability throughout the 1990s, and the implementation of a free travel agreement with the EU, a great number of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora">Romanians emigrated</a> to Western Europe and North America, with particularly large communities in Italy, Germany, and Spain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Romania" title="Geography of Romania">Geography of Romania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania_general_map-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Romania_general_map-en.png/300px-Romania_general_map-en.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Romania_general_map-en.png/450px-Romania_general_map-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Romania_general_map-en.png/600px-Romania_general_map-en.png 2x" data-file-width="1789" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Romania</figcaption></figure> Romania is the largest country in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">twelfth-largest</a> in Europe, having an area of 238,397 square kilometres (92,046 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-yearbook-233">[231]</a>: 17  It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/43rd_parallel_north" title="43rd parallel north">43°</a> and <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49° N</a> and longitudes <a href="/wiki/20th_meridian_east" title="20th meridian east">20°</a> and <a href="/wiki/30th_meridian_east" title="30th meridian east">30° E</a>. The terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountains, hills, and plains. The Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of Romania, with <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountain peaks in Romania">14 mountain ranges</a> reaching above 2,000 m or 6,600 ft—the highest is <a href="/wiki/Moldoveanu_Peak" title="Moldoveanu Peak">Moldoveanu Peak</a> at 2,544 m or 8,346 ft.<a href="#cite_note-yearbook-233">[231]</a>: 11  They are surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Plateau" title="Moldavian Plateau">Moldavian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Plateau" title="Transylvanian Plateau">Transylvanian</a> plateaus, the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Plain">Pannonian Plain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Plain" title="Wallachian Plain">Wallachian</a> plains. Romania is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Balkan_mixed_forests" title="Balkan mixed forests">Balkan mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_European_mixed_forests" title="Central European mixed forests">Central European mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_European_forest_steppe" title="East European forest steppe">East European forest steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_mixed_forests" title="Pannonian mixed forests">Pannonian mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_montane_conifer_forests" title="Carpathian montane conifer forests">Carpathian montane conifer forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-234">[232]</a> Natural and semi-natural ecosystems cover about 47% of the country's land area.<a href="#cite_note-biodiversity-235">[233]</a> There are almost 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi) (about 5% of the total area) of <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Romania" title="Protected areas of Romania">protected areas in Romania</a> covering 13 <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> reserves.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> river forms a large part of the border with <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and flows into the Black Sea, forming the Danube Delta, which is the second-largest and best-preserved delta in Europe, and a <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere reserve">biosphere reserve</a> and a biodiversity <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> At 5,800 km2 (2,200 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a> is the largest continuous marshland in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-239">[237]</a> and supports 1,688 different plant species alone.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27% of its territory.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> The country had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 5.95/10, ranking it 90th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-242">[240]</a> Some 3,700 <a href="/wiki/Plant_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant species">plant species</a> have been identified in the country, from which to date 23 have been declared <a href="/wiki/Natural_monument" title="Natural monument">natural monuments</a>, 74 extinct, 39 endangered, 171 vulnerable, and 1,253 rare.<a href="#cite_note-flora-243">[241]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Romania" title="Fauna of Romania">fauna of Romania</a> consists of 33,792 species of animals, 33,085 <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> and 707 <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-flora-243">[241]</a> with almost 400 unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians,<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> including about 50% of Europe's (excluding Russia) <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a><a href="#cite_note-carnivoreconservation.org-245">[243]</a> and 20% of its <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Romania" title="Climate of Romania">Climate of Romania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Romania_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.png/290px-Romania_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Romania_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.png/435px-Romania_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Romania_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.png/580px-Romania_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.png 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Romania map of Köppen climate classification, according with Clima României from the Administrația Națională de Meteorologie, Bucharest 2008</figcaption></figure> Owing to its distance from open sea and its position on the southeastern portion of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a>, with four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature is 11 °C (52 °F) in the south and 8 °C (46 °F) in the north.<a href="#cite_note-climate-247">[245]</a> In summer, average maximum temperatures in Bucharest rise to 28 °C (82 °F), and temperatures over 35 °C (95 °F) are fairly common in the lower-lying areas of the country.<a href="#cite_note-clic.npolar.no-248">[246]</a> In winter, the average maximum temperature is below 2 °C (36 °F).<a href="#cite_note-clic.npolar.no-248">[246]</a> Precipitation is average, with over 750 mm (30 in) per year only on the highest western mountains, while around Bucharest it drops to approximately 570 mm (22 in).<a href="#cite_note-yearbook-233">[231]</a>: 29  There are some regional differences: in western sections, such as Banat, the climate is milder and has some Mediterranean influences; the eastern part of the country has a more pronounced continental climate. In Dobruja, the Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Politics of Romania</a></div> Romania is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>. The country's <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a>, who is responsible for directing the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania#Executive_branch" title="Politics of Romania">executive branch</a>, implementing national policy, and overseeing the administration of government affairs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and holds a largely ceremonial role.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President</a> is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>, signs decrees, approves laws, and appoints the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a>. The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislature.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> rated Romania as a "<a href="/wiki/Defective_democracy" title="Defective democracy">flawed democracy</a>" in 2023. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> also considers Romania to be free.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Romania" title="Government of Romania">Government of Romania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:217px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:EPP_Athens,_2-3_December,_2022_(52539790143)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/EPP_Athens%2C_2-3_December%2C_2022_%2852539790143%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/161px-EPP_Athens%2C_2-3_December%2C_2022_%2852539790143%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/EPP_Athens%2C_2-3_December%2C_2022_%2852539790143%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/242px-EPP_Athens%2C_2-3_December%2C_2022_%2852539790143%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/EPP_Athens%2C_2-3_December%2C_2022_%2852539790143%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/322px-EPP_Athens%2C_2-3_December%2C_2022_%2852539790143%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="1628" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President</a> since 2014</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:217px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcel_Ciolacu_(18_January_2024)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Marcel_Ciolacu_%2818_January_2024%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/163px-Marcel_Ciolacu_%2818_January_2024%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Marcel_Ciolacu_%2818_January_2024%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/245px-Marcel_Ciolacu_%2818_January_2024%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Marcel_Ciolacu_%2818_January_2024%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/326px-Marcel_Ciolacu_%2818_January_2024%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="856" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Ciolacu" title="Marcel Ciolacu">Marcel Ciolacu</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a> since 2023</div></div></div></div></div> Romania has a democratic, <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative power</a> vested in the government and the <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">two chambers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a>, more specifically the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Romania)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Romania)">Chamber of Deputies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Romania" title="Senate of Romania">Senate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> is <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">independent</a> of the executive and the legislature. The latter is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two terms of five years and appoints the prime minister who in turn appoints the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Cabinet">Council of Ministers</a>. The legislative branch of the government, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a> (residing at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Parliament" title="Palace of the Parliament">Palace of the Parliament</a>), consists of <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">two chambers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Romania" title="Senate of Romania">Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Romania)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Romania)">Chamber of Deputies</a>) whose members are elected every four years by <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">simple plurality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Europaworld-252">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucharest_Victoria_Palace-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Bucharest_Victoria_Palace-2.jpg/220px-Bucharest_Victoria_Palace-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Bucharest_Victoria_Palace-2.jpg/330px-Bucharest_Victoria_Palace-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Bucharest_Victoria_Palace-2.jpg/440px-Bucharest_Victoria_Palace-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Palace" title="Victoria Palace">Victoria Palace</a> in Bucharest, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister of Romania</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Ciolacu_cabinet" title="Ciolacu cabinet">cabinet</a></figcaption></figure> The justice system is independent of the other branches of government and is made up of a hierarchical system of courts with the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Cassation_and_Justice" title="High Court of Cassation and Justice">High Court of Cassation and Justice</a> being the supreme court of Romania.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> There are also courts of appeal, county courts and local courts. The Romanian judicial system is strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/French_law" class="mw-redirect" title="French law">French model</a>, is based on <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Inquisitorial_system" title="Inquisitorial system">inquisitorial</a> in nature. The <a href="/wiki/Curtea_Constitu%C8%9Bional%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtea Constituțională">Constitutional Court</a> (Curtea Constituțională) is responsible for judging the compliance of laws and other state regulations with the constitution, which is the fundamental law of the country and can be amended only through a public referendum.<a href="#cite_note-Europaworld-252">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> Romania's 2007 entry into the EU has been a significant influence on its domestic policy, and including <a href="/wiki/Judicial_reform" title="Judicial reform">judicial reforms</a>, increased judicial cooperation with other member states, and measures to combat corruption.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Romania" title="Foreign relations of Romania">Foreign relations of Romania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Romania–United States relations">Romania–United States relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplomatic_missions_of_Romania.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Diplomatic_missions_of_Romania.PNG/170px-Diplomatic_missions_of_Romania.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Diplomatic_missions_of_Romania.PNG/255px-Diplomatic_missions_of_Romania.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Diplomatic_missions_of_Romania.PNG/340px-Diplomatic_missions_of_Romania.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Diplomatic missions of Romania</figcaption></figure> Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically with the United States and the European Union, albeit with limited <a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Romania–Russia relations">relations involving</a> the Russian Federation. It joined NATO on 29 March 2004, the European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007, while it joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1972, and is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> In the past, recent governments have stated that one of their goals is to strengthen ties with and helping other countries (in particular <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>) with the process of integration with the rest of the West.<a href="#cite_note-mae-258">[256]</a> Romania has also made clear since the late 1990s that it supports NATO and EU membership for the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. Romania opted on 1 January 2007, to accede to the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>, and its bid to join was approved by the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> in June 2011, but was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">EU Council</a> in September 2011. As of August 2019, its acceptance into the Schengen Area is hampered because the European Council has misgivings about Romania's adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> a fundamental principle of EU membership.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Tillerson_and_Romanian_President_Iohannis_Meet_Before_Reporters_in_Washington_(34356507264).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Secretary_Tillerson_and_Romanian_President_Iohannis_Meet_Before_Reporters_in_Washington_%2834356507264%29.jpg/170px-Secretary_Tillerson_and_Romanian_President_Iohannis_Meet_Before_Reporters_in_Washington_%2834356507264%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Secretary_Tillerson_and_Romanian_President_Iohannis_Meet_Before_Reporters_in_Washington_%2834356507264%29.jpg/255px-Secretary_Tillerson_and_Romanian_President_Iohannis_Meet_Before_Reporters_in_Washington_%2834356507264%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Secretary_Tillerson_and_Romanian_President_Iohannis_Meet_Before_Reporters_in_Washington_%2834356507264%29.jpg/340px-Secretary_Tillerson_and_Romanian_President_Iohannis_Meet_Before_Reporters_in_Washington_%2834356507264%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5188" data-file-height="3459" /></a><figcaption>Romania is a noteworthy ally of the United States, being the first <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> member state that agreed to support increasing its <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Romania)" title="Ministry of National Defence (Romania)">defence</a> spending after the 2017 Trump–Iohannis meeting at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>.</figcaption></figure> In December 2005, President Traian Băsescu and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> signed an agreement that would allow a U.S. military presence at several Romanian facilities primarily in the eastern part of the country.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> In May 2009, <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, US Secretary of State, declared that "Romania is one of the most trustworthy and respectable partners of the USA."<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanian-Moldovan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian-Moldovan relations">Relations with Moldova</a> are a special case given that the two countries share the same language and a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moldavia">common history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mae-258">[256]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">movement for unification of Moldova and Romania</a> appeared in the early 1990s after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule<a href="#cite_note-cfis-263">[261]</a> but lost ground in the mid-1990s when a new Moldovan government pursued an agenda towards preserving a Moldovan republic independent of Romania.<a href="#cite_note-Ihrig-264">[262]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/2009_Moldovan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Moldovan protests">2009 protests in Moldova</a> and the subsequent removal of Communists from power, relations between the two countries have improved considerably.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Romania" title="Military history of Romania">Military history of Romania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanian_soldiers_at_the_Saber_Guardian_23_opening.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Romanian_soldiers_at_the_Saber_Guardian_23_opening.jpg/220px-Romanian_soldiers_at_the_Saber_Guardian_23_opening.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Romanian_soldiers_at_the_Saber_Guardian_23_opening.jpg/330px-Romanian_soldiers_at_the_Saber_Guardian_23_opening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Romanian_soldiers_at_the_Saber_Guardian_23_opening.jpg/440px-Romanian_soldiers_at_the_Saber_Guardian_23_opening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a><figcaption>Romanian soldiers at the Saber Guardian 23 exercise opening ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A2rdan,_Gala%C8%9Bi" title="Smârdan, Galați">Smârdan, Galați</a></figcaption></figure> The Romanian Armed Forces consist of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Land_Forces" title="Romanian Land Forces">land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Air_Force" title="Romanian Air Force">air</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Naval_Forces" title="Romanian Naval Forces">naval forces</a> led by a <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Romanian_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Romanian General Staff">Commander-in-chief</a> under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Romania)" title="Ministry of National Defence (Romania)">Ministry of National Defence</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">president</a> as the Supreme Commander during wartime. The Armed Forces consist of approximately 55,000 reservists and 71,500 active military personnel—35,800 for land, 10,700 for air, 6,600 for naval forces, and 16,500 in other fields.<a href="#cite_note-military_balance_2022-266">[264]</a> Total defence spending in 2023 accounted for 2.44% of total national GDP, or approximately US$8.48 billion,<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> with a total of $9 billion intended to be spent until 2026 for modernisation and acquisition of new equipment.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> Conscription stopped in 2007, when Romania switched to a volunteer army. The Air Force operates <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon_variants#F-16AM/BM_Block_15_MLU" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants">F-16AM/BM MLU</a> fighters,<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/C-27J_Spartan" class="mw-redirect" title="C-27J Spartan">C-27J Spartan</a> and <a href="/wiki/C-130_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130 Hercules">C-130 Hercules</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">transport aircraft</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/IAR_330" title="IAR 330">IAR 330</a> and <a href="/wiki/IAR_316" title="IAR 316">IAR 316</a> helicopters.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II_procurement#Romania" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II procurement">procurement program</a> for <a href="/wiki/F-35" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35">F-35</a> <a href="/wiki/Fifth-generation_fighter" title="Fifth-generation fighter">fifth-generation fighters</a> is also currently being carried out.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> The Naval Forces operate three frigates, of which two <a href="/wiki/Type_22_frigate" title="Type 22 frigate">Type 22 frigates</a> acquired from the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-awst_20061211-272">[270]</a> as well as four corvettes. The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Danube_Flotilla" title="Romanian Danube Flotilla">River Flotilla</a> operates <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu-class_river_monitor" title="Mihail Kogălniceanu-class river monitor">Mihail Kogălniceanu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A2rdan-class_river_monitor" title="Smârdan-class river monitor">Smârdan-class river monitors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-military_balance_2022-266">[264]</a> Romania contributed troops to the international coalition in <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan</a> beginning in 2002,<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> with a peak deployment of 1,600 troops in 2010 (which was the 4th largest contribution according to the US).<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> Its combat mission in the country concluded in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> Romanian troops participated in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraq (2003–2011)">occupation of Iraq</a>, reaching a peak of 730 soldiers before being slowly drawn down to 350 soldiers. Romania terminated its mission in Iraq and withdrew its last troops on 24 July 2009, among the last countries to do so. The frigate the <a href="/wiki/Regele_Ferdinand_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Regele Ferdinand frigate">Regele Ferdinand</a> participated in the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> In December 2011, the Romanian Senate unanimously adopted the draft law ratifying the <a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Romania–United States relations">Romania-United States agreement</a> signed in September of the same year that would allow the establishment and operation of a US land-based <a href="/wiki/Aegis_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_System" title="Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System">ballistic missile defence system</a> in Romania as part of NATO's efforts to build a continental <a href="/wiki/NATO_missile_defence_system" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO missile defence system">missile shield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aegis_Ashore" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegis Ashore">Aegis Ashore</a> missile system based at <a href="/wiki/Deveselu_Military_Base" title="Deveselu Military Base">Deveslu</a> became operational in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> In 2024, construction work started on expanding the Mihail Kogălniceanu Air Base (<a href="/wiki/RoAF_57th_Air_Base" title="RoAF 57th Air Base">RoAF 57th Air Base</a>). The air base is set to become the largest NATO base in Europe after the implementation of a project spanning 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Romania" title="Administrative divisions of Romania">Administrative divisions of Romania</a></div> Romania is divided into 41 <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">counties</a> (județe) and the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. Each county is administered by a county council, responsible for local affairs, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Prefect_(Romania)" title="Prefect (Romania)">prefect</a> responsible for the administration of national affairs at the county level. The prefect is appointed by the central government but cannot be a member of any political party.<a href="#cite_note-descopera-282">[280]</a> Each county is subdivided further into <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of Romania">cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Romania" title="Communes of Romania">communes</a>, which have their own mayor and local council. There are a total of 320 cities and 2,861 communes in Romania.<a href="#cite_note-yearbook-233">[231]</a>: 17  A total of 103 of the larger cities have <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Romania">municipality</a> status, which gives them greater administrative power over local affairs. The municipality of Bucharest is a special case, as it enjoys a status on par to that of a county. It is further divided into six <a href="/wiki/Sectors_of_Bucharest" title="Sectors of Bucharest">sectors</a><a href="#cite_note-yearbook-233">[231]</a>: 6  and has a prefect, a general mayor (primar general), and a general city council. The NUTS-3 (<a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics" title="Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics">Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics</a>) level divisions of the European Union reflect Romania's administrative-territorial structure and correspond to the 41 counties plus Bucharest.<a href="#cite_note-nuts-283">[281]</a> The cities and communes correspond to the NUTS-5 level divisions, but there are no current NUTS-4 level divisions. The NUTS-1 (four <a href="/wiki/Macroregions_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroregions of Romania">macroregions</a>) and NUTS-2<a href="#cite_note-LEGE_nr.151_din_15_iulie_1998-284">[282]</a> (eight <a href="/wiki/Development_regions_of_Romania" title="Development regions of Romania">development regions</a>) divisions exist but have no administrative capacity and are used instead for coordinating regional development projects and statistical purposes.<a href="#cite_note-nuts-283">[281]</a> <div class="thumb tleft imagemap"> <div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; width:300px; font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/File:Regiuni_de_dezvoltare.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romanian Counties"><img alt="Romanian Counties" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Regiuni_de_dezvoltare.svg/300px-Regiuni_de_dezvoltare.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Regiuni_de_dezvoltare.svg/450px-Regiuni_de_dezvoltare.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Regiuni_de_dezvoltare.svg/600px-Regiuni_de_dezvoltare.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a> <div style="position: absolute; left: 32%; top: 44%;"><a href="/wiki/Alba_County" title="Alba County">AB</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; top: 41%;"><a href="/wiki/Arad_County" title="Arad County">AR</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 45%; top: 64%;"><a href="/wiki/Arge%C8%99_County" title="Argeș County">AG</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 65%; top: 40%;"><a href="/wiki/Bac%C4%83u_County" title="Bacău County">BC</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 19%; top: 28%;"><a href="/wiki/Bihor_County" title="Bihor County">BH</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 42%; top: 25%;"><a href="/wiki/Bistri%C8%9Ba-N%C4%83s%C4%83ud_County" title="Bistrița-Năsăud County">BN</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 65%; top: 13%;"><a href="/wiki/Boto%C8%99ani_County" title="Botoșani County">BT</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 49%; top: 51%;"><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_County" title="Brașov County">BV</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; top: 63%;"><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%83ila_County" title="Brăila County">BR</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 65%; top: 61%;"><a href="/wiki/Buz%C4%83u_County" title="Buzău County">BZ</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 17%; top: 62%;"><a href="/wiki/Cara%C8%99-Severin_County" title="Caraș-Severin County">CS</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; top: 79%;"><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i_County" title="Călărași County">CL</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 33%; top: 33%;"><a href="/wiki/Cluj_County" title="Cluj County">CJ</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 81%; top: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_County" title="Constanța County">CT</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 56%; top: 49%;"><a href="/wiki/Covasna_County" title="Covasna County">CV</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 52%; top: 68%;"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2mbovi%C8%9Ba_County" title="Dâmbovița County">DB</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 33%; top: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/Dolj_County" title="Dolj County">DJ</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 75%; top: 51%;"><a href="/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi_County" title="Galați County">GL</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 56%; top: 82%;"><a href="/wiki/Giurgiu_County" title="Giurgiu County">GR</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; top: 65%;"><a href="/wiki/Gorj_County" title="Gorj County">GJ</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 52%; top: 37%;"><a href="/wiki/Harghita_County" title="Harghita County">HR</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 26%; top: 50%;"><a href="/wiki/Hunedoara_County" title="Hunedoara County">HD</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 70%; top: 72%;"><a href="/wiki/Ialomi%C8%9Ba_County" title="Ialomița County">IL</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 70%; top: 25%;"><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_County" title="Iași County">IS</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 60%; top: 71%;"><a href="/wiki/Ilfov_County" title="Ilfov County">IF</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 36%; top: 16%;"><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_County" title="Maramureș County">MM</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 25%; top: 73%;"><a href="/wiki/Mehedin%C8%9Bi_County" title="Mehedinți County">MH</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; top: 37%;"><a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_County" title="Mureș County">MS</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 60%; top: 29%;"><a href="/wiki/Neam%C8%9B_County" title="Neamț County">NT</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 41%; top: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/Olt_County" title="Olt County">OT</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; top: 64%;"><a href="/wiki/Prahova_County" title="Prahova County">PH</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 26%; top: 16%;"><a href="/wiki/Satu_Mare_County" title="Satu Mare County">SM</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 29%; top: 26%;"><a href="/wiki/S%C4%83laj_County" title="Sălaj County">SJ</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 40%; top: 50%;"><a href="/wiki/Sibiu_County" title="Sibiu County">SB</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 54%; top: 18%;"><a href="/wiki/Suceava_County" title="Suceava County">SV</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 49%; top: 83%;"><a href="/wiki/Teleorman_County" title="Teleorman County">TR</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 9%; top: 51%;"><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99_County" title="Timiș County">TM</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; top: 65%;"><a href="/wiki/Tulcea_County" title="Tulcea County">TL</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 75%; top: 38%;"><a href="/wiki/Vaslui_County" title="Vaslui County">VS</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 38%; top: 63%;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2lcea_County" title="Vâlcea County">VL</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 67%; top: 51%;"><a href="/wiki/Vrancea_County" title="Vrancea County">VN</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 60%; top: 77%;"><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">B</a></div> </div> </div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Development_regions_of_Romania" title="Development regions of Romania">Development region</a> </th> <th>Area (km2)<a href="#cite_note-Romanian.Yearbook-6">[5]</a> </th> <th>Population (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Census2021-8">[7]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Romania" title="List of cities and towns in Romania">Most populous urban centre</a>*<a href="#cite_note-INSSER-285">[283]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#a1e0a1; color:#000;"><a href="/wiki/Nord-Vest_(development_region)" title="Nord-Vest (development region)">Nord-Vest</a> </td> <td>34,152 </td> <td>2,521,793 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca_metropolitan_area" title="Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area">Cluj-Napoca</a> (411,379) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#dedfde; color:#000;"><a href="/wiki/Centru_(development_region)" title="Centru (development region)">Centru</a> </td> <td>34,097 </td> <td>2,271,067 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_metropolitan_area" title="Brașov metropolitan area">Brașov</a> (369,896) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f9e185; color:#000;"><a href="/wiki/Nord-Est_(development_region)" title="Nord-Est (development region)">Nord-Est</a> </td> <td>36,853 </td> <td>3,226,436 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_metropolitan_area" title="Iași metropolitan area">Iași</a> (382,484) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#d296de; color:#000;"><a href="/wiki/Sud-Est_(development_region)" title="Sud-Est (development region)">Sud-Est</a> </td> <td>35,774 </td> <td>2,367,987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_metropolitan_area" title="Constanța metropolitan area">Constanța</a> (425,916) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#fab485; color:#000;"><a href="/wiki/Sud_-_Muntenia_(development_region)" title="Sud - Muntenia (development region)">Sud – Muntenia</a> </td> <td>34,469 </td> <td>2,864,339 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti_metropolitan_area" title="Ploiești metropolitan area">Ploiești</a> (276,279) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#e4d59e; color:#000;"><a href="/wiki/Bucure%C8%99ti_-_Ilfov" title="București - Ilfov">București - Ilfov</a> </td> <td>1,803 </td> <td>2,259,665 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_metropolitan_area" title="Bucharest metropolitan area">Bucharest</a> (2,272,163) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#a3c5f8; color:#000;"><a href="/wiki/Sud-Vest_(development_region)" title="Sud-Vest (development region)">Sud-Vest Oltenia</a> </td> <td>29,207 </td> <td>1,873,607 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Craiova_metropolitan_area" title="Craiova metropolitan area">Craiova</a> (356,544) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#fab1b1; color:#000;"><a href="/wiki/Vest_(development_region)" title="Vest (development region)">Vest</a> </td> <td>32,042 </td> <td>1,668,921 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara_metropolitan_area" title="Timișoara metropolitan area">Timișoara</a> (384,809) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Economy of Romania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucharest_Business_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bucharest_Business_District.jpg/220px-Bucharest_Business_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bucharest_Business_District.jpg/330px-Bucharest_Business_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bucharest_Business_District.jpg/440px-Bucharest_Business_District.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Floreasca" title="Floreasca">Floreasca</a> business district, as seen from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Her%C4%83str%C4%83u" title="Lake Herăstrău">Lake Herăstrău</a></figcaption></figure> In 2024, Romania has a GDP (PPP) of around $894 billion and a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>) of $47,203.<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.RO-9">[8]</a> According to the World Bank, Romania is a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WB_GROUP-286">[284]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>, Romania's GDP per capita (PPS) was 77% of the EU average (100%) in 2022, an increase from 44% in 2007 (the year of Romania's accession to the EU), making Romania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Stock_Exchange" title="Bucharest Stock Exchange">Bucharest Stock Exchange</a> (BVB) is the <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a> of Romania, located in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. In 2024, the BVB boasted a $74 billion <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalization</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Trading_volume" class="mw-redirect" title="Trading volume">trading volume</a> of $7.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-General_statistics-288">[286]</a> As of 2024, 86 companies were listed on the exchange.<a href="#cite_note-General_statistics-288">[286]</a> In September 2020, <a href="/wiki/FTSE_Russell" title="FTSE Russell">FTSE Russell</a> upgraded the BVB from a <a href="/wiki/Frontier_market" title="Frontier market">Frontier market</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">Secondary Emerging Market</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> After 1989 the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onward, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroeconomic">macroeconomic</a> stability, characterised by high growth, low unemployment and declining inflation. In 2006, according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)" title="National Institute of Statistics (Romania)">Romanian Statistics Office</a>, GDP growth in real terms was recorded at 7.7%, one of the highest rates in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> forced the government to borrow externally, including an <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a> €20 billion bailout program.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Bank">The World Bank</a>, GDP per capita in purchasing power parity grew from $13,703 in 2007 to $47,903 in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cladire_Bursa_de_Valori_Bucuresti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cladire_Bursa_de_Valori_Bucuresti.jpg/220px-Cladire_Bursa_de_Valori_Bucuresti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cladire_Bursa_de_Valori_Bucuresti.jpg/330px-Cladire_Bursa_de_Valori_Bucuresti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cladire_Bursa_de_Valori_Bucuresti.jpg/440px-Cladire_Bursa_de_Valori_Bucuresti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2017" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Stock_Exchange" title="Bucharest Stock Exchange">Bucharest Stock Exchange</a> tower, a key institution in Romania's <a href="/wiki/Financial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial sector">financial sector</a></figcaption></figure> Romania's main exports are <a href="/wiki/Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicles">vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine_industry" title="Machine industry">industrial machinery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_device" title="Electrical device">electrical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic equipment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgic products</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raw_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw materials">raw materials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Military equipment">military equipment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fine_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine chemicals">fine chemicals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural products</a> (fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centred on the member states of the European Union, with Germany, Italy and France being the country's single largest trading partners. After a series of privatisations and reforms in the late 1990s and 2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is somewhat less than in other European economies.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> In 2005, the government replaced Romania's <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive tax</a> system with a <a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">flat tax</a> of 16% for both personal income and corporate profit, among the lowest rates in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a> The economy is based predominantly on services, which account for 56.2% of the country's total GDP as of 2017, with industry and agriculture accounting for 30% and 4.4% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> Approximately 25.8% of the Romanian workforce is employed in agriculture, one of the highest rates in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment following the end of Communism, with the stock of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> (FDI) in Romania rising to €83.8 billion in June 2019.<a href="#cite_note-business-review.eu-297">[295]</a> Romania's FDI outward stock (an external or foreign business either investing in or purchasing the stock of a local economy) amounted to $745 million in December 2018, the lowest value among the 28 EU member states.<a href="#cite_note-business-review.eu-297">[295]</a> Since 1867 the official currency has been the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a> ("lion") and following a denomination in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> After joining the EU in 2007, Romania plans to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> in 2029.<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Romania" title="Transport in Romania">Transport in Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Romania" title="Energy in Romania">Energy in Romania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania-drumuri.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Romania-drumuri.svg/220px-Romania-drumuri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Romania-drumuri.svg/330px-Romania-drumuri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Romania-drumuri.svg/440px-Romania-drumuri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3450" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>Romania's <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Romania" title="Roads in Romania">road network</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graph_Romania_electricity_supply_mix_2015.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Graph_Romania_electricity_supply_mix_2015.svg/220px-Graph_Romania_electricity_supply_mix_2015.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Graph_Romania_electricity_supply_mix_2015.svg/330px-Graph_Romania_electricity_supply_mix_2015.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Graph_Romania_electricity_supply_mix_2015.svg/440px-Graph_Romania_electricity_supply_mix_2015.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Graph depicting Romania's electricity supply mix as of 2015</figcaption></figure> According to the Romania's National Institute of Statistics (INSSE), Romania's total road network was estimated in 2015 at 86,080 kilometres (53,488 mi).<a href="#cite_note-INSSE-300">[298]</a> The World Bank estimates the railway network at 22,298 kilometres (13,855 mi) of track, the fourth-largest railroad network in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Railway-301">[299]</a> Romania's <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ile_Ferate_Rom%C3%A2ne" title="Căile Ferate Române">rail transport</a> experienced a dramatic decline after 1989 and was estimated at 99 million passenger journeys in 2004, but has experienced a recent (2013) revival due to infrastructure improvements and partial privatisation of lines,<a href="#cite_note-Europaworld-252">[250]</a> accounting for 45% of all passenger and freight movements in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Europaworld-252">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Metro" title="Bucharest Metro">Bucharest Metro</a>, the only <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">underground</a> railway system, was opened in 1979 and measures 80.01 km (49.72 mi) with an average ridership in 2021 of 720,000 passengers during the workweek in the country. <a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Romania" title="List of airports in Romania">sixteen international commercial airports</a> in service today. Over 12.8 million passengers flew through Bucharest's <a href="/wiki/Henri_Coand%C4%83_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Coandă International Airport">Henri Coandă International Airport</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> Romania is a net exporter of electrical energy and is 52nd worldwide in terms of consumption of electric energy.<a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a> Around a third of the produced energy comes from renewable sources, mostly as hydroelectric power.<a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> It has one of the largest refining capacities in Eastern Europe, even though oil and natural gas production has been decreasing for more than a decade.<a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a> With one of the largest reserves of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">shale gas</a> in Europe<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> it is among the most energy-independent countries in the European Union,<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a> and is looking to expand its nuclear power plant at <a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant">Cernavodă</a> further.<a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> There were almost 18.3 million connections to the Internet in June 2014.<a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a>, in 2013 Romania ranked fifth in the world, and according to <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, it ranks number one in Europe at Internet speeds,<a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a> ranked among the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Akamai-313">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Romania" title="Tourism in Romania">Tourism in Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Romania" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Romania">List of World Heritage Sites in Romania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Romania" title="Seven Natural Wonders of Romania">Seven Natural Wonders of Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Romania" title="Seven Wonders of Romania">Seven Wonders of Romania</a></div> Tourism is a significant contributor to the Romanian economy, generating around 5% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a> The number of tourists has been rising steadily, reaching 9.33 million foreign tourists in 2016, according to the Worldbank.<a href="#cite_note-business_review_website-315">[313]</a> Tourism in Romania attracted €400 million in investments in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a> More than 60% of the foreign visitors in 2007 were from other EU countries.<a href="#cite_note-turism-317">[315]</a> The popular summer attractions of <a href="/wiki/Mamaia" title="Mamaia">Mamaia</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Black_Sea_resorts" title="Romanian Black Sea resorts">Black Sea Resorts</a> attracted 1.3 million tourists in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-litoral2010-08-21-318">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Manastirea_putna1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Manastirea_putna1.jpg/141px-Manastirea_putna1.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Manastirea_putna1.jpg/212px-Manastirea_putna1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Manastirea_putna1.jpg/282px-Manastirea_putna1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="1047" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Putna_Monastery" title="Putna Monastery">Putna Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Moldavia" title="Churches of Moldavia">medieval churches of Moldavia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelicani_din_Delta_Dunarii.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pelicani_din_Delta_Dunarii.PNG/143px-Pelicani_din_Delta_Dunarii.PNG" decoding="async" width="143" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pelicani_din_Delta_Dunarii.PNG/215px-Pelicani_din_Delta_Dunarii.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pelicani_din_Delta_Dunarii.PNG/286px-Pelicani_din_Delta_Dunarii.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="795" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a> with its wildlife</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Castelul_Bran2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Castelul_Bran2.jpg/151px-Castelul_Bran2.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Castelul_Bran2.jpg/227px-Castelul_Bran2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Castelul_Bran2.jpg/302px-Castelul_Bran2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3791" data-file-height="2516" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bran_Castle" title="Bran Castle">Bran Castle</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Sea_beach_in_Mamaia_(6117712232).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Black_Sea_beach_in_Mamaia_%286117712232%29.jpg/133px-Black_Sea_beach_in_Mamaia_%286117712232%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Black_Sea_beach_in_Mamaia_%286117712232%29.jpg/200px-Black_Sea_beach_in_Mamaia_%286117712232%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Black_Sea_beach_in_Mamaia_%286117712232%29.jpg/266px-Black_Sea_beach_in_Mamaia_%286117712232%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Black_Sea_resorts" title="Romanian Black Sea resorts">Mamaia Black Sea resort</a></div></div></div></div></div> Most popular skiing resorts are along the <a href="/wiki/Valea_Prahovei" class="mw-redirect" title="Valea Prahovei">Valea Prahovei</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Poiana_Bra%C8%99ov" title="Poiana Brașov">Poiana Brașov</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of castles in Romania">Castles, fortifications, or strongholds</a> as well as preserved medieval Transylvanian cities or towns such as <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baia_Mare" title="Baia Mare">Baia Mare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bistri%C8%9Ba" title="Bistrița">Bistrița</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media%C8%99" title="Mediaș">Mediaș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisn%C4%83die" title="Cisnădie">Cisnădie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebe%C8%99" title="Sebeș">Sebeș</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sighi%C8%99oara" title="Sighișoara">Sighișoara</a> also attract a large number of tourists. <a href="/wiki/Bran_Castle" title="Bran Castle">Bran Castle</a>, near Brașov, is one of the most famous attractions in Romania, drawing hundreds of thousands of tourists every year as it is often advertised as being <a href="/wiki/Dracula_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dracula in popular culture">Dracula</a>'s Castle.<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a> Other attractions include the Danube Delta or the <a href="/wiki/Sculptural_Ensemble_of_Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i_at_T%C3%A2rgu_Jiu" title="Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin Brâncuși at Târgu Jiu">Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin Brâncuși at Târgu Jiu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rural_tourism" title="Rural tourism">Rural tourism</a>, focusing on getting visitors acquainted with local <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">customs</a>, has become an important alternative,<a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a> and is targeted to promote such sites as <a href="/wiki/Bran,_Bra%C8%99ov" title="Bran, Brașov">Bran</a> and its Dracula's Castle, the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Moldavia" title="Churches of Moldavia">painted churches of northern Moldavia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wooden_churches_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="Wooden churches of Maramureș">wooden churches of Maramureș</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Villages_with_fortified_churches_in_Transylvania" title="Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania">villages with fortified churches in Transylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Via_Transilvanica" title="Via Transilvanica">Via Transilvanica</a> long-distance <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a> <a href="/wiki/Trail" title="Trail">trail</a>, which crosses 10 counties in the <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> regions of the country further promotes rural <a href="/wiki/Slow_tourism" title="Slow tourism">slow tourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[323]</a> In 2014, Romania had 32,500 companies active in the hotel and restaurant industry, with a total turnover of €2.6 billion.<a href="#cite_note-326">[324]</a> More than 1.9 million foreign tourists visited Romania in 2014, 12% more than in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-romania-insider.com-327">[325]</a> According to the country's National Statistics Institute, some 77% came from Europe (particularly from Germany, Italy, and France), 12% from Asia, and less than 7% from North America.<a href="#cite_note-romania-insider.com-327">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Romania" title="Science and technology in Romania">Science and technology in Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of Romanian inventors and discoverers">List of Romanian inventors and discoverers</a></div> Historically, Romanian researchers and inventors have made notable contributions to several fields. In the history of flight, <a href="/wiki/Traian_Vuia" title="Traian Vuia">Traian Vuia</a> built the first airplane to take off under its own power<a href="#cite_note-RomAcademyLib-328">[326]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Vlaicu" title="Aurel Vlaicu">Aurel Vlaicu</a> built and flew some of the earliest successful aircraft,<a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Henri_Coand%C4%83" title="Henri Coandă">Henri Coandă</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Coand%C4%83_effect" title="Coandă effect">Coandă effect</a> of fluidics.<a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Babe%C8%99" title="Victor Babeș">Victor Babeș</a> discovered more than 50 types of bacteria;<a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a> biologist <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Paulescu" title="Nicolae Paulescu">Nicolae Paulescu</a> developed an extract of the pancreas and showed that it lowers blood sugar in diabetic dogs, thus being significant in the history of insulin;<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Emil_Palade" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Palade">Emil Palade</a> received the Nobel Prize for his contributions to <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laz%C4%83r_Edeleanu" title="Lazăr Edeleanu">Lazăr Edeleanu</a> was the first chemist to synthesise <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, and he also invented the procedure of separating valuable petroleum components with selective solvents.<a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a> During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of research was hampered by several factors, including: corruption, low funding, and a considerable <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a> In recent years, Romania has ranked the lowest or second-lowest in the European Union by <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> spending as a percentage of GDP, standing at roughly 0.5% in 2016 and 2017, substantially below the EU average of just over 2%.<a href="#cite_note-336">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a> The country joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-338">[336]</a> and <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a> In 2018, however, Romania lost its voting rights in the ESA due to a failure to pay €56.8 million in membership contributions to the agency.<a href="#cite_note-340">[338]</a> In the early 2010s, the situation for science in Romania was characterised as "rapidly improving" albeit from a low base.<a href="#cite_note-341">[339]</a> In January 2011, Parliament passed a law that enforces "strict quality control on universities and introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review".<a href="#cite_note-Abbott2011-342">[340]</a> Romania was ranked 48th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-343">[341]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a> facility of the European Union's proposed <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Light_Infrastructure" title="Extreme Light Infrastructure">Extreme Light Infrastructure</a> (ELI) <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> will be built in Romania.<a href="#cite_note-344">[342]</a> In early 2012, Romania launched its first <a href="/wiki/Goliat" title="Goliat">satellite</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Spatial_Guyanais" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Spatial Guyanais">Centre Spatial Guyanais</a> in French Guiana.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-345">[343]</a> Starting in December 2014, Romania became a co-owner of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-346">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Romania" title="Demographics of Romania">Demographics of Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Romania" title="Demographic history of Romania">Demographic history of Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Romania" title="Immigration to Romania">Immigration to Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Romania" title="Minorities in Romania">Minorities in Romania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rom%C3%A2nii_pe_jude%C8%9Be_(Rom%C3%A2nia,_1930-2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Rom%C3%A2nii_pe_jude%C8%9Be_%28Rom%C3%A2nia%2C_1930-2021%29.jpg/220px-Rom%C3%A2nii_pe_jude%C8%9Be_%28Rom%C3%A2nia%2C_1930-2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Rom%C3%A2nii_pe_jude%C8%9Be_%28Rom%C3%A2nia%2C_1930-2021%29.jpg/330px-Rom%C3%A2nii_pe_jude%C8%9Be_%28Rom%C3%A2nia%2C_1930-2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Rom%C3%A2nii_pe_jude%C8%9Be_%28Rom%C3%A2nia%2C_1930-2021%29.jpg/440px-Rom%C3%A2nii_pe_jude%C8%9Be_%28Rom%C3%A2nia%2C_1930-2021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3800" /></a><figcaption>Romanians by counties (Ethnic maps 1930–2021)</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Romanian_census" title="2021 Romanian census">2021 Romanian census</a>, Romania's population was 19,053,815.<a href="#cite_note-Census2021-8">[7]</a> Like other countries in the region, its population is expected to decline gradually as a result of <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-replacement fertility rate">sub-replacement fertility rates</a> and negative <a href="/wiki/Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">net migration rate</a>. According to the 2021 Romanian census, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> made up 89.33% of the population, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a> 6.05% and the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> 3.44% of the population,<a href="#cite_note-Census2021-8">[7]</a> but many ethnicities are not recorded, as they do not have ID cards.<a href="#cite_note-347">[345]</a> International sources give higher figures for Roma than the official census.<a href="#cite_note-348">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[348]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> makes up 8.32% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-351">[349]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Hungarians constitute a majority in the counties of <a href="/wiki/Harghita_County" title="Harghita County">Harghita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Covasna_County" title="Covasna County">Covasna</a>. Other minorities include <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_of_Romania" title="Ukrainians of Romania">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Romania" title="Germans of Romania">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Romania" title="Aromanians in Romania">Aromanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Tatars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Romania" title="Serbs of Romania">Serbs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-census-352">[350]</a> In 1930, there were 745,421 Germans living in Romania,<a href="#cite_note-353">[351]</a> but only about 36,000 remained in the country to this day.<a href="#cite_note-census-352">[350]</a> As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romania&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were also approximately 133,000 immigrants living in Romania, primarily from Moldova and China.<a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-226">[224]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (TFR) in 2018 was estimated at 1.36 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest in the world,<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov1-354">[352]</a> it remains considerably below the high of 5.82 children born per woman in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-355">[353]</a> In 2014, 31.2% of births were to unmarried women.<a href="#cite_note-356">[354]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> (9.49‰, 2012) is much lower than the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> (11.84‰, 2012), resulting in a shrinking (−0.26% per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 41.6 years, 2018), one of the oldest populations in the world,<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov1-354">[352]</a> with approximately 16.8% of total population aged 65 years and over.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov1-354">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-populationdata.net-357">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[356]</a> The life expectancy in 2015 was estimated at 74.92 years (71.46 years male, 78.59 years female).<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-359">[357]</a> The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living abroad is estimated at 12 million.<a href="#cite_note-diaspora-360">[358]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution of 1989">Romanian Revolution of 1989</a>, a significant number of Romanians emigrated to other European countries, North America or Australia.<a href="#cite_note-361">[359]</a> For example, in 1990, 96,919 Romanians permanently settled abroad.<a href="#cite_note-362">[360]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Languages of Romania</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3059.5828195691px; border-left-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2565.7165548053px; border-left-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2208.9771504642px; border-left-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1638.7405426814px; border-left-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 728.88243754504px; border-left-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 170.30963801702px; border-left-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Language frequency as spoken in Romania (2021 Census)<a href="#cite_note-Census2021-Language-363">[361]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> (91.55%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> (6.28%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> (1.20%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> (0.25%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> (0.10%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (0.10%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Romania" title="Minorities in Romania">Others</a> (0.52%)</div> </div> </div></div> The official language is Romanian, a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> (the most widely spoken of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance branch</a>), which presents a consistent degree of similarity to <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a>, but shares many features equally with the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance languages</a>, specifically Italian, French, Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-364">[362]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian alphabet</a> contains the same 26 letters of the standard Latin alphabet, as well as five additional ones (namely ă, â, î, ț, and ș), totaling 31.<a href="#cite_note-:1-364">[362]</a> Romanian is spoken as a first language by 91.55% of the entire population, while <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlax Romani">Vlax Romani</a> are spoken by 6.28% and 1.20% of the population, respectively. There are also 40,861 native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> (concentrated in some compact regions near the border, where they form local majorities),<a href="#cite_note-infomm.ro_2015-05-05-365">[363]</a> 17,101 native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, 15,943 native speakers of <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, and 14,414 native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> living in Romania.<a href="#cite_note-Census2021-Language-363">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-census_2011_lang-366">[364]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limba_romana_Atlanticul-800px.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Limba_romana_Atlanticul-800px.png/220px-Limba_romana_Atlanticul-800px.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Limba_romana_Atlanticul-800px.png/330px-Limba_romana_Atlanticul-800px.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Limba_romana_Atlanticul-800px.png/440px-Limba_romana_Atlanticul-800px.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Map highlighting the use of the Romanian language worldwide, both as a native and as a foreign language</figcaption></figure> According to the Constitution, local councils ensure linguistic rights to all minorities. In localities with ethnic minorities of over 20%, that minority's language can be used in the public administration, justice system, and education. Foreign citizens and stateless persons who live in Romania have access to justice and education in their own language.<a href="#cite_note-367">[365]</a> English and French are the main foreign languages taught in schools.<a href="#cite_note-368">[366]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a> identified 4,756,100 French speakers in the country.<a href="#cite_note-369">[367]</a> According to the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a>, English is spoken by 31% of Romanians, French is spoken by 17%, and Italian and German, each by 7%.<a href="#cite_note-370">[368]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Religion in Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedrala_Mitropolitana,_Timisoara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Catedrala_Mitropolitana%2C_Timisoara.jpg/220px-Catedrala_Mitropolitana%2C_Timisoara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Catedrala_Mitropolitana%2C_Timisoara.jpg/330px-Catedrala_Mitropolitana%2C_Timisoara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Catedrala_Mitropolitana%2C_Timisoara.jpg/440px-Catedrala_Mitropolitana%2C_Timisoara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="2916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara_Orthodox_Cathedral" title="Timișoara Orthodox Cathedral">Cathedral of the Three Holy Hierarchs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>.</figcaption></figure> Romania is a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> and has no <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>. An overwhelming majority of the population identify themselves as Christians. At the country's 2021 census,<a href="#cite_note-Census2021-Religion-4">[3]</a> 73.86% of respondents identified as <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a>, with 73.42% belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a>. Other denominations include <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania#Protestantism" title="Religion in Romania">Protestantism</a> (6.22%), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Romania">Roman Catholicism</a> (3.89%), and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholicism</a> (0.61%). From the remaining population 128,291 people belong to other Christian denominations or have another religion, which includes 58,335 <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Muslims</a> (mostly of Turkish and Tatar ethnicity) and 2,707 <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Jewish</a> (Jews once constituted 4% of the Romanian population—728,115 persons in the 1930 census). Additionally, 71,417 people are <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligious</a>, 57,205 are <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>, 25,485 are <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a>, and 2,895,539 people chose to not declare their religion.<a href="#cite_note-Census2021-Religion-4">[3]</a> The Romanian Orthodox Church is an <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with other Orthodox churches, with a <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_All_Romania" title="Patriarch of All Romania">Patriarch</a> as its leader. It is the third-largest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world,<a href="#cite_note-371">[369]</a> and unlike other Orthodox churches, it functions within a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> culture and uses a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> liturgical language.<a href="#cite_note-372">[370]</a> Its canonical jurisdiction covers the territories of Romania and Moldova.<a href="#cite_note-373">[371]</a> Romania has the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">world's third-largest Eastern Orthodox population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-374">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanisation">Urbanisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Romania" title="List of cities and towns in Romania">List of cities and towns in Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_in_Romania" title="Metropolitan areas in Romania">Metropolitan areas in Romania</a></div> Although 54.0% of the population lived in <a href="/wiki/Urban_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban areas">urban areas</a> in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-Census2011-376">[374]</a> this percentage has been declining since 1996.<a href="#cite_note-377">[375]</a> Counties with over <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2⁄3  urban population are <a href="/wiki/Hunedoara_County" title="Hunedoara County">Hunedoara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_County" title="Brașov County">Brașov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_County" title="Constanța County">Constanța</a>, while those with less than a third are <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2mbovi%C8%9Ba_County" title="Dâmbovița County">Dâmbovița</a> (30.06%) and <a href="/wiki/Giurgiu_County" title="Giurgiu County">Giurgiu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teleorman_County" title="Teleorman County">Teleorman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Census2011-376">[374]</a> Bucharest is the capital and the largest city in Romania, with a population of over 1.7 million in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-RPL2021-378">[376]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone">larger urban zone</a> has a population of almost 2.2 million,<a href="#cite_note-379">[377]</a> which are planned to be included into a <a href="/wiki/Bucharest_metropolitan_area" title="Bucharest metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> up to 20 times the area of the <a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">city proper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-380">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[380]</a> Another 17 cities have a population of over 100,000, with Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Constanța and Timișoara of more than 250,000 inhabitants, and Craiova, Brașov and Galați with over 200,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-RPL2021-378">[376]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_in_Romania" title="Metropolitan areas in Romania">Metropolitan areas</a> have been constituted for most of these cities. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Romania" title="Template:Largest cities of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Romania" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities in Romania <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2021 Census<a href="#cite_note-INSSER_table31-383">[381]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Romania">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Romania">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">County</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Romania"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Romania">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Romania">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">County</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Romania"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucharest_University_Square_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bucharest"><img alt="Bucharest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bucharest_University_Square_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Bucharest_University_Square_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bucharest_University_Square_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Bucharest_University_Square_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bucharest_University_Square_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Bucharest_University_Square_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1235" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Romania-2382_-_View_from_Hotel_(7794313314).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cluj-Napoca"><img alt="Cluj-Napoca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Romania-2382_-_View_from_Hotel_%287794313314%29.jpg/120px-Romania-2382_-_View_from_Hotel_%287794313314%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Romania-2382_-_View_from_Hotel_%287794313314%29.jpg/180px-Romania-2382_-_View_from_Hotel_%287794313314%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Romania-2382_-_View_from_Hotel_%287794313314%29.jpg/240px-Romania-2382_-_View_from_Hotel_%287794313314%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,716,961</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%83ila" title="Brăila">Brăila</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%83ila_County" title="Brăila County">Brăila</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">154,686 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_the_Palace_of_Culture_in_Ia%C8%99i,_Romania_DJI_0260.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iași"><img alt="Iași" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aerial_view_of_the_Palace_of_Culture_in_Ia%C8%99i%2C_Romania_DJI_0260.jpg/120px-Aerial_view_of_the_Palace_of_Culture_in_Ia%C8%99i%2C_Romania_DJI_0260.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aerial_view_of_the_Palace_of_Culture_in_Ia%C8%99i%2C_Romania_DJI_0260.jpg/180px-Aerial_view_of_the_Palace_of_Culture_in_Ia%C8%99i%2C_Romania_DJI_0260.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aerial_view_of_the_Palace_of_Culture_in_Ia%C8%99i%2C_Romania_DJI_0260.jpg/240px-Aerial_view_of_the_Palace_of_Culture_in_Ia%C8%99i%2C_Romania_DJI_0260.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3078" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cazino_CT-II-m-A-02801_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Constanța"><img alt="Constanța" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cazino_CT-II-m-A-02801_%287%29.jpg/120px-Cazino_CT-II-m-A-02801_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cazino_CT-II-m-A-02801_%287%29.jpg/180px-Cazino_CT-II-m-A-02801_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cazino_CT-II-m-A-02801_%287%29.jpg/240px-Cazino_CT-II-m-A-02801_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cluj_County" title="Cluj County">Cluj</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">286,598</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arad,_Romania" title="Arad, Romania">Arad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arad_County" title="Arad County">Arad</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">145,078 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_County" title="Iași County">Iași</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">271,692</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pite%C8%99ti" title="Pitești">Pitești</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arge%C8%99_County" title="Argeș County">Argeș</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">141,275 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_County" title="Constanța County">Constanța</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">263,688</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bac%C4%83u" title="Bacău">Bacău</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bac%C4%83u_County" title="Bacău County">Bacău</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">136,087 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99_County" title="Timiș County">Timiș</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">250,849</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sibiu_County" title="Sibiu County">Sibiu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">134,309 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_County" title="Brașov County">Brașov</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">237,589</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" title="Târgu Mureș">Târgu Mureș</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_County" title="Mureș County">Mureș</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">116,033 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Craiova" title="Craiova">Craiova</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dolj_County" title="Dolj County">Dolj</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">234,140</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baia_Mare" title="Baia Mare">Baia Mare</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_County" title="Maramureș County">Maramureș</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">108,759 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi" title="Galați">Galați</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi_County" title="Galați County">Galați</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">217,851</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Buz%C4%83u" title="Buzău">Buzău</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Buz%C4%83u_County" title="Buzău County">Buzău</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">103,481 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bihor_County" title="Bihor County">Bihor</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">183,105</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A2mnicu_V%C3%A2lcea" title="Râmnicu Vâlcea">Râmnicu Vâlcea</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2lcea_County" title="Vâlcea County">Vâlcea</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">93,151 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Prahova_County" title="Prahova County">Prahova</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">180,540</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Satu_Mare" title="Satu Mare">Satu Mare</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Satu_Mare_County" title="Satu Mare County">Satu Mare</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">91,520 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Education in Romania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universitatea_din_Bucuresti_din_Piata_Universitatii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Universitatea_din_Bucuresti_din_Piata_Universitatii.jpg/220px-Universitatea_din_Bucuresti_din_Piata_Universitatii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Universitatea_din_Bucuresti_din_Piata_Universitatii.jpg/330px-Universitatea_din_Bucuresti_din_Piata_Universitatii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Universitatea_din_Bucuresti_din_Piata_Universitatii.jpg/440px-Universitatea_din_Bucuresti_din_Piata_Universitatii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a> was opened in 1864.</figcaption></figure> Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the Romanian educational system has been in a continuous process of reform that has received mixed criticism.<a href="#cite_note-384">[382]</a> In 2004, some 4.4 million individuals were enrolled in school. Of these, 650,000 were in <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> (three-six years), 3.11 million in primary and secondary level, and 650,000 in tertiary level (universities).<a href="#cite_note-385">[383]</a> In 2018, the adult literacy rate was 98.8%.<a href="#cite_note-386">[384]</a> Kindergarten is optional between three and five years. Since 2020, compulsory schooling starts at age 5 with the last year of kindergarten (grupa mare) and is compulsory until twelfth grade.<a href="#cite_note-387">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[386]</a> Primary and secondary education is divided into 12 or 13 grades. There is also a semi-legal, informal <a href="/wiki/Tutoring#Peer_tutoring" title="Tutoring">private tutoring</a> system used mostly during secondary school, which prospered during the Communist regime.<a href="#cite_note-389">[387]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza_University" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza University">Alexandru Ioan Cuza University</a> of Iași, <a href="/wiki/Babe%C8%99-Bolyai_University" title="Babeș-Bolyai University">Babeș-Bolyai University</a> of Cluj-Napoca, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_University_of_Timi%C8%99oara" title="West University of Timișoara">West University of Timișoara</a> have been included in the <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a>' top 800.<a href="#cite_note-390">[388]</a> Romania ranks fifth in the all-time medal count at the <a href="/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad" title="International Mathematical Olympiad">International Mathematical Olympiad</a> with 316 total medals, dating back to 1959. <a href="/wiki/Ciprian_Manolescu" title="Ciprian Manolescu">Ciprian Manolescu</a> managed to write a perfect paper (42 points) for a gold medal more times than anybody else in the history of the competition, in 1995, 1996 and 1997.<a href="#cite_note-391">[389]</a> Romania has achieved the highest team score in the competition, after China, Russia, the United States and Hungary. Romania also ranks sixth in the all-time medal count at the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympiad_in_Informatics" title="International Olympiad in Informatics">International Olympiad in Informatics</a> with 107 total medals, dating back to 1989.<a href="#cite_note-392">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[392]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Romania" title="Healthcare in Romania">Healthcare in Romania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucharest_-_Col%C8%9Bea_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bucharest_-_Col%C8%9Bea_Hospital.jpg/220px-Bucharest_-_Col%C8%9Bea_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bucharest_-_Col%C8%9Bea_Hospital.jpg/330px-Bucharest_-_Col%C8%9Bea_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bucharest_-_Col%C8%9Bea_Hospital.jpg/440px-Bucharest_-_Col%C8%9Bea_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5438" data-file-height="3884" /></a><figcaption>The Colțea Hospital in Bucharest completed a $90 million renovation in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-395">[393]</a></figcaption></figure> Romania has a <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> system. Total health expenditures by the government are roughly 5% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-396">[394]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> It covers medical examinations, any surgical operations, and any post-operative medical care, and provides free or subsidised medicine for a range of diseases. The state is obliged to fund public hospitals and clinics. The most common causes of death are cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Transmissible diseases are quite common by European standards.<a href="#cite_note-397">[395]</a> In 2010, Romania had 428 state and 25 private hospitals,<a href="#cite_note-398">[396]</a> with 6.2 hospital beds per 1,000 people,<a href="#cite_note-399">[397]</a> and over 200,000 medical staff, including over 52,000 doctors.<a href="#cite_note-400">[398]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romania&action=edit">[update]</a>, the emigration rate of doctors was 9%, higher than the European average of 2.5%.<a href="#cite_note-401">[399]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">Culture of Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Romania" title="National symbols of Romania">National symbols of Romania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_monuments">Arts and monuments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature" title="Romanian literature">Romanian literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Cinema of Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Music of Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Romania" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Romania">List of World Heritage Sites in Romania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Romania" title="List of films shot in Romania">List of films shot in Romania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sibiuphoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sibiuphoto.jpg/220px-Sibiuphoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sibiuphoto.jpg/330px-Sibiuphoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sibiuphoto.jpg/440px-Sibiuphoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a> was the 2007 <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> and the 2019 <a href="/wiki/European_Region_of_Gastronomy" title="European Region of Gastronomy">European Region of Gastronomy</a>.</figcaption></figure> The topic of the origin of Romanian culture began to be discussed by the end of the 18th century among the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a> scholars.<a href="#cite_note-iciculture-402">[400]</a> Several writers rose to prominence in the 19th century, including: <a href="/wiki/George_Co%C8%99buc" title="George Coșbuc">George Coșbuc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Slavici" title="Ioan Slavici">Ioan Slavici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu" title="Mihail Kogălniceanu">Mihail Kogălniceanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Alecsandri" title="Vasile Alecsandri">Vasile Alecsandri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_B%C4%83lcescu" title="Nicolae Bălcescu">Nicolae Bălcescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Luca_Caragiale" title="Ion Luca Caragiale">Ion Luca Caragiale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Creang%C4%83_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Creangă (writer)">Ion Creangă</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Mihai Eminescu</a>, the later being considered the greatest and most influential Romanian poet, particularly for the poem <a href="/wiki/Luceaf%C4%83rul_(poem)" title="Luceafărul (poem)">Luceafărul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[401]</a> In the 20th century, a number of Romanian artists and writers achieved international acclaim, including: <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tristan Tzara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Janco" title="Marcel Janco">Marcel Janco</a>,<a href="#cite_note-404">[402]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Grigorescu" title="Nicolae Grigorescu">Nicolae Grigorescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marin_Preda" title="Marin Preda">Marin Preda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liviu_Rebreanu" title="Liviu Rebreanu">Liviu Rebreanu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-405">[403]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Eugène Ionesco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Emil Cioran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Constantin Brâncuși</a>. Brâncuși has a sculptural ensemble in Târgu Jiu, while his sculpture <a href="/wiki/Bird_in_Space" title="Bird in Space">Bird in Space</a>, was auctioned in 2005 for $27.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-406">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[405]</a> Romanian-born Holocaust survivor <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a> received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 1986, while <a href="/wiki/Banat_Swabians" title="Banat Swabians">Banat Swabian</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a> received the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-408">[406]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universitatea_Politehnica_Timisoara_-_Rectorat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Universitatea_Politehnica_Timisoara_-_Rectorat.jpg/220px-Universitatea_Politehnica_Timisoara_-_Rectorat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Universitatea_Politehnica_Timisoara_-_Rectorat.jpg/330px-Universitatea_Politehnica_Timisoara_-_Rectorat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Universitatea_Politehnica_Timisoara_-_Rectorat.jpg/440px-Universitatea_Politehnica_Timisoara_-_Rectorat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a> was designated the <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> in 2021 and held this title in 2023 due to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a> postponement.</figcaption></figure> Prominent Romanian painters include: <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Grigorescu" title="Nicolae Grigorescu">Nicolae Grigorescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Luchian" title="Ștefan Luchian">Ștefan Luchian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Andreescu" title="Ion Andreescu">Ion Andreescu</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Tonitza" title="Nicolae Tonitza">Nicolae Tonitza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Aman" title="Theodor Aman">Theodor Aman</a>. Notable Romanian classical composers of the 19th and 20th centuries include: <a href="/wiki/Ciprian_Porumbescu" title="Ciprian Porumbescu">Ciprian Porumbescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Pann" title="Anton Pann">Anton Pann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Caudella" title="Eduard Caudella">Eduard Caudella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Jora" title="Mihail Jora">Mihail Jora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinu_Lipatti" title="Dinu Lipatti">Dinu Lipatti</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/George_Enescu" title="George Enescu">George Enescu</a>. The annual <a href="/wiki/George_Enescu_Festival" title="George Enescu Festival">George Enescu Festival</a> is held in Bucharest in honour of the 20th-century composer.<a href="#cite_note-409">[407]</a> Contemporary musicians like <a href="/wiki/Angela_Gheorghiu" title="Angela Gheorghiu">Angela Gheorghiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Zamfir" title="Gheorghe Zamfir">Gheorghe Zamfir</a>,<a href="#cite_note-410">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[409]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inna" title="Inna">Inna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-412">[410]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Stan" title="Alexandra Stan">Alexandra Stan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-413">[411]</a> and many others have achieved various levels of international acclaim. From the late 2000s through the early 2010s, the Romanian <a href="/wiki/Popcorn_(Romanian_music_style)" title="Popcorn (Romanian music style)">popcorn</a> music style had established itself in the international mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-414">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[413]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a> Romanian singers achieved third place in 2005 and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-416">[414]</a> In cinema, several movies of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a> have achieved international acclaim. At the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Mr._Lazarescu" title="The Death of Mr. Lazarescu">The Death of Mr. Lazarescu</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cristi_Puiu" title="Cristi Puiu">Cristi Puiu</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Un_Certain_Regard#Prix_Un_Certain_Regard_winners" title="Un Certain Regard">Prix Un Certain Regard</a> in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-417">[415]</a> while <a href="/wiki/4_Months,_3_Weeks_and_2_Days" title="4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days">4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cristian_Mungiu" title="Cristian Mungiu">Cristian Mungiu</a> won the festival's top prize, the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a>, in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-418">[416]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="Berlin International Film Festival">Berlin International Film Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child%27s_Pose_(film)" title="Child's Pose (film)">Child's Pose</a> by <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lin_Peter_Netzer" title="Călin Peter Netzer">Călin Peter Netzer</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bear" title="Golden Bear">Golden Bear</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-419">[417]</a> The list of World Heritage Sites includes <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Romania" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Romania">six cultural sites</a> located within Romania, including eight <a href="/wiki/Painted_churches_of_northern_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Painted churches of northern Moldavia">painted churches of northern Moldavia</a>, eight wooden churches of Maramureș, seven villages with fortified churches in Transylvania, the <a href="/wiki/Horezu_Monastery" title="Horezu Monastery">Horezu Monastery</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Sighi%C8%99oara" title="Historic Centre of Sighișoara">Historic Centre of Sighișoara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-420">[418]</a> The city of Sibiu, with its <a href="/wiki/Brukenthal_National_Museum" title="Brukenthal National Museum">Brukenthal National Museum</a>, was selected as the 2007 <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> and the 2019 <a href="/wiki/European_Region_of_Gastronomy" title="European Region of Gastronomy">European Region of Gastronomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-421">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[420]</a> Multiple castles exist in Romania, including the popular tourist attractions of <a href="/wiki/Pele%C8%99_Castle" title="Peleș Castle">Peleș Castle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-423">[421]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corvin_Castle" title="Corvin Castle">Corvin Castle</a>, and Bran Castle or "Dracula's Castle".<a href="#cite_note-424">[422]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays,_traditions,_and_cuisine">Holidays, traditions, and cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian dress">Romanian dress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Romania" title="Folklore of Romania">Folklore of Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sibiu_Christmas_Market_opening_2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sibiu_Christmas_Market_opening_2008.JPG/220px-Sibiu_Christmas_Market_opening_2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sibiu_Christmas_Market_opening_2008.JPG/330px-Sibiu_Christmas_Market_opening_2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sibiu_Christmas_Market_opening_2008.JPG/440px-Sibiu_Christmas_Market_opening_2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Christmas market in <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a> is one of the most famous in Europe.</figcaption></figure> There are 12 non-working public holidays, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Union_Day" title="Great Union Day">Great Union Day</a>, celebrated on 1 December in commemoration of the 1918 union of Transylvania with Romania.<a href="#cite_note-425">[423]</a> Winter holidays include the Christmas and New Year festivities during which various unique folklore dances and games are common: <a href="/wiki/Plugu%C8%99orul" title="Plugușorul">plugușorul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorcova" title="Sorcova">sorcova</a>, ursul, and capra.<a href="#cite_note-426">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[425]</a> The traditional <a href="/wiki/Romanian_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian dress">Romanian dress</a> that otherwise has largely fallen out of use during the 20th century, is a popular ceremonial vestment worn on these festivities, especially in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-428">[426]</a> There are sacrifices of live pigs during Christmas and lambs during Easter that has required a special exemption from EU law after 2007.<a href="#cite_note-429">[427]</a> In the Easter, traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Easter_egg" title="Easter egg">painting the eggs</a> are very common. On 1 March <a href="/wiki/M%C4%83r%C8%9Bi%C8%99or" title="Mărțișor">mărțișor</a> gifting is featured, which is a tradition whereby females are gifted with a type of talisman that is given for good luck.<a href="#cite_note-430">[428]</a> Romanian cuisine has been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German cuisine</a> (especially in the historical regions that had been formerly administered by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>), but also shares some similarities with other cuisines in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan region</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian cuisine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-431">[429]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ciorb%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciorbă">Ciorbă</a> includes a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Sour_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour soup">sour soups</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Mititei" title="Mititei">mititei</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%83" title="Mămăligă">mămăligă</a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polenta</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Sarma_(food)" title="Sarma (food)">sarmale</a> are featured commonly in main courses.<a href="#cite_note-432">[430]</a> Pork, chicken, and beef are the preferred types of meat, but lamb and fish are also quite popular.<a href="#cite_note-433">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-434">[432]</a> Certain traditional recipes are made in direct connection with the holidays: <a href="/wiki/Kofta" title="Kofta">chiftele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tob%C4%83" title="Tobă">tobă</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tochitur%C4%83" title="Tochitură">tochitură</a> at Christmas; <a href="/wiki/Drob" title="Drob">drob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paska_(bread)" title="Paska (bread)">pască</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">cozonac</a> at Easter and other Romanian holidays.<a href="#cite_note-435">[433]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Auic%C4%83" title="Țuică">Țuică</a> is a strong plum <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a> reaching a 70% alcohol content which is the country's traditional alcoholic beverage, taking as much as 75% of the national crop (Romania is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_plum_production" title="List of countries by plum production">largest plum producers in the world</a>).<a href="#cite_note-436">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-educations-437">[435]</a> Traditional alcoholic beverages also include <a href="/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">rachiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1linka" title="Pálinka">palincă</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vi%C8%99inat%C4%83" title="Vișinată">vișinată</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Romania" title="Beer in Romania">beer</a> consumption has increased dramatically over recent years.<a href="#cite_note-438">[436]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Romania">Media of Romania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Romania" title="Sport in Romania">Sport in Romania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nadia_Com%C4%83neci_from_acrofan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nadia_Com%C4%83neci_from_acrofan.jpg/148px-Nadia_Com%C4%83neci_from_acrofan.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nadia_Com%C4%83neci_from_acrofan.jpg/222px-Nadia_Com%C4%83neci_from_acrofan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nadia_Com%C4%83neci_from_acrofan.jpg/296px-Nadia_Com%C4%83neci_from_acrofan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="355" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gheorghe_Hagi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gheorghe_Hagi.JPG/116px-Gheorghe_Hagi.JPG" decoding="async" width="116" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gheorghe_Hagi.JPG/174px-Gheorghe_Hagi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gheorghe_Hagi.JPG/232px-Gheorghe_Hagi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20170613_Handball_AUT-ROU_Cristina_Neagu_8446_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/20170613_Handball_AUT-ROU_Cristina_Neagu_8446_.jpg/122px-20170613_Handball_AUT-ROU_Cristina_Neagu_8446_.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/20170613_Handball_AUT-ROU_Cristina_Neagu_8446_.jpg/183px-20170613_Handball_AUT-ROU_Cristina_Neagu_8446_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/20170613_Handball_AUT-ROU_Cristina_Neagu_8446_.jpg/244px-20170613_Handball_AUT-ROU_Cristina_Neagu_8446_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="730" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Simona_Halep_Roland_Garros_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Simona_Halep_Roland_Garros_2018.jpg/142px-Simona_Halep_Roland_Garros_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Simona_Halep_Roland_Garros_2018.jpg/213px-Simona_Halep_Roland_Garros_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Simona_Halep_Roland_Garros_2018.jpg/284px-Simona_Halep_Roland_Garros_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2152" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Noted athletes in the history of Romanian sports (clockwise from top left): <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Com%C4%83neci" title="Nadia Comăneci">Nadia Comăneci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Hagi" title="Gheorghe Hagi">Gheorghe Hagi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simona_Halep" title="Simona Halep">Simona Halep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Neagu" title="Cristina Neagu">Cristina Neagu</a></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Romania with over 219,000 registered players as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romania&action=edit">[update]</a>. The market for professional football in Romania is roughly €740 million according to <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-439">[437]</a> The governing body is the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Football_Federation" title="Romanian Football Federation">Romanian Football Federation</a>, which belongs to UEFA. The <a href="/wiki/Romania_national_football_team" title="Romania national football team">Romania national football team</a> played its first match in 1922 and is one of only four national teams to have taken part in the first three <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cups</a>, the other three being Brazil, France, and Belgium. Overall, it has played in seven World Cups and had its most successful period during the 1990s, when it finished 6th at the <a href="/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1994 FIFA World Cup">1994 FIFA World Cup</a>, eventually being ranked 3rd by <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-440">[438]</a> The core player of this <a href="/wiki/Golden_generation" title="Golden generation">golden generation</a> was <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Hagi" title="Gheorghe Hagi">Gheorghe Hagi</a>, who was nicknamed "Maradona of the Carpathians".<a href="#cite_note-441">[439]</a> Other successful players include the <a href="/wiki/European_Golden_Shoe" title="European Golden Shoe">European Golden Shoe</a> winners: <a href="/wiki/Dudu_Georgescu" title="Dudu Georgescu">Dudu Georgescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorin_Mateu%C8%9B" title="Dorin Mateuț">Dorin Mateuț</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodion_C%C4%83m%C4%83taru" title="Rodion Cămătaru">Rodion Cămătaru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Dobrin" title="Nicolae Dobrin">Nicolae Dobrin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-442">[440]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilie_Balaci" title="Ilie Balaci">Ilie Balaci</a>,<a href="#cite_note-443">[441]</a> <a href="/wiki/Florea_Dumitrache" title="Florea Dumitrache">Florea Dumitrache</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EFY-444">[442]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Mocanu" title="Mihai Mocanu">Mihai Mocanu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-445">[443]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Klein_(footballer,_born_1959)" title="Michael Klein (footballer, born 1959)">Michael Klein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-frf-446">[444]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Rednic" title="Mircea Rednic">Mircea Rednic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-frf-446">[444]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornel_Dinu" title="Cornel Dinu">Cornel Dinu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EFY-444">[442]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Lucescu" title="Mircea Lucescu">Mircea Lucescu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-447">[445]</a> <a href="/wiki/Costic%C4%83_%C8%98tef%C4%83nescu" title="Costică Ștefănescu">Costică Ștefănescu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-448">[446]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion_Dumitru" title="Ion Dumitru">Liță Dumitru</a>,<a href="#cite_note-449">[447]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lajos_S%C4%83tm%C4%83reanu" title="Lajos Sătmăreanu">Lajos Sătmăreanu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-450">[448]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Same%C8%99" title="Ștefan Sameș">Ștefan Sameș</a>,<a href="#cite_note-451">[449]</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_B%C3%B6l%C3%B6ni" title="László Bölöni">Ladislau Bölöni</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lequipe-452">[450]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anghel_Iord%C4%83nescu" title="Anghel Iordănescu">Anghel Iordănescu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-453">[451]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miodrag_Belodedici" title="Miodrag Belodedici">Miodrag Belodedici</a>,<a href="#cite_note-454">[452]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Duckadam" title="Helmuth Duckadam">Helmuth Duckadam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-455">[453]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marius_L%C4%83c%C4%83tu%C8%99" title="Marius Lăcătuș">Marius Lăcătuș</a>,<a href="#cite_note-frf-446">[444]</a> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Pi%C8%9Burc%C4%83" title="Victor Pițurcă">Victor Pițurcă</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[454]</a> and many others, and most recently <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Popescu_(footballer,_born_1967)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheorghe Popescu (footballer, born 1967)">Gheorghe Popescu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-457">[455]</a> <a href="/wiki/Florin_R%C4%83ducioiu" title="Florin Răducioiu">Florin Răducioiu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-458">[456]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dorinel_Munteanu" title="Dorinel Munteanu">Dorinel Munteanu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-459">[457]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dan_Petrescu" title="Dan Petrescu">Dan Petrescu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-460">[458]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Mutu" title="Adrian Mutu">Adrian Mutu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-UEFA-461">[459]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cristian_Chivu" title="Cristian Chivu">Cristian Chivu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-UEFA-461">[459]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cosmin_Contra" title="Cosmin Contra">Cosmin Contra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UEFA-461">[459]</a> Romania's home ground is the <a href="/wiki/Arena_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Arena Națională">Arena Națională</a> in Bucharest. The most successful club is <a href="/wiki/CSA_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti_(football)" title="CSA Steaua București (football)">Steaua București</a>, who were the first Eastern European team to win the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">UEFA Champions League</a> in 1986, and were runners-up in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-462">[460]</a> <a href="/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Bucure%C8%99ti" title="FC Dinamo București">Dinamo București</a> reached the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 1984 and the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup" title="UEFA Cup Winners' Cup">UEFA Cup Winners' Cup</a> semi-final in <a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup" title="1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup">1990</a>.<a href="#cite_note-463">[461]</a> Other important Romanian football clubs are <a href="/wiki/FC_Rapid_Bucure%C8%99ti" title="FC Rapid București">Rapid București</a>,<a href="#cite_note-464">[462]</a> <a href="/wiki/FC_UTA_Arad" title="FC UTA Arad">UTA Arad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-465">[463]</a> <a href="/wiki/CS_Universitatea_Craiova" title="CS Universitatea Craiova">Universitatea Craiova</a>,<a href="#cite_note-466">[464]</a> <a href="/wiki/FC_Petrolul_Ploie%C8%99ti" title="FC Petrolul Ploiești">Petrolul Ploiești</a>,<a href="#cite_note-467">[465]</a> <a href="/wiki/CFR_Cluj" title="CFR Cluj">CFR Cluj</a>,<a href="#cite_note-468">[466]</a> <a href="/wiki/FC_Astra_Giurgiu" title="FC Astra Giurgiu">Astra Giurgiu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-469">[467]</a> and <a href="/wiki/FC_Viitorul_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="FC Viitorul Constanța">Viitorul Constanța</a><a href="#cite_note-470">[468]</a> (the latter having recently merged with <a href="/wiki/FCV_Farul_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="FCV Farul Constanța">FCV Farul Constanța</a>).<a href="#cite_note-471">[469]</a> Tennis is the second most popular sport.<a href="#cite_note-Hotnews-472">[470]</a> Romania reached the <a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a> finals three times in 1969, 1971 and 1972.<a href="#cite_note-473">[471]</a> In singles, <a href="/wiki/Ilie_N%C4%83stase" title="Ilie Năstase">Ilie Năstase</a> was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ATP_number_1_ranked_singles_tennis_players" title="List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players">first year-end World Number 1</a> in the <a href="/wiki/ATP_rankings" title="ATP rankings">ATP rankings</a> in 1973, winning several <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> titles. Also <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ruzici" title="Virginia Ruzici">Virginia Ruzici</a> won the French Open in 1978, and was runner-up in 1980, <a href="/wiki/Simona_Halep" title="Simona Halep">Simona Halep</a> won the French Open in 2018 and <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a> in 2019 after losing her first three Grand Slam finals. She has ended 2017 and 2018 as <a href="/wiki/List_of_WTA_number_1_ranked_tennis_players" class="mw-redirect" title="List of WTA number 1 ranked tennis players">WTA's World Number 1</a>. And in doubles <a href="/wiki/Horia_Tec%C4%83u" title="Horia Tecău">Horia Tecău</a> won three Grand Slams and the <a href="/wiki/ATP_Finals" title="ATP Finals">ATP Finals</a> final. He was World Number 2 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-474">[472]</a> The second most popular <a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">team sport</a> is <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">handball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hotnews-472">[470]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Romania_men%27s_national_handball_team" title="Romania men's national handball team">men's</a> team won the <a href="/wiki/World_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="World Men's Handball Championship">handball world championship</a> in <a href="/wiki/1961_World_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="1961 World Men's Handball Championship">1961</a>, <a href="/wiki/1964_World_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="1964 World Men's Handball Championship">1964</a>, <a href="/wiki/1970_World_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="1970 World Men's Handball Championship">1970</a>, <a href="/wiki/1974_World_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="1974 World Men's Handball Championship">1974</a> making them the third most successful nation ever in the tournament. The <a href="/wiki/Romania_women%27s_national_handball_team" title="Romania women's national handball team">women's</a> team won the <a href="/wiki/IHF_World_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" title="IHF World Women's Handball Championship">world championship</a> in <a href="/wiki/1962_World_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" title="1962 World Women's Handball Championship">1962</a> and have enjoyed more success than their male counterparts in recent years. In the club competition Romanian teams have won the <a href="/wiki/EHF_Champions_League" title="EHF Champions League">EHF Champions League</a> a total of three times, <a href="/wiki/CSA_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti_(handball)" title="CSA Steaua București (handball)">Steaua București</a> won in <a href="/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_European_Cup_(handball)" title="1967–68 European Cup (handball)">1968</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_European_Cup_(handball)" title="1976–77 European Cup (handball)">1977</a> and <a href="/wiki/CS_Dinamo_Bucure%C8%99ti_(men%27s_handball)" title="CS Dinamo București (men's handball)">Dinamo București</a> won in <a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_European_Cup_(handball)" title="1964–65 European Cup (handball)">1965</a>. The most notable players include <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Birtalan" title="Ștefan Birtalan">Ștefan Birtalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasile_St%C3%AEng%C4%83" title="Vasile Stîngă">Vasile Stîngă</a> (all-time top scorer in the national team) and <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gruia" title="Gheorghe Gruia">Gheorghe Gruia</a> who was named the best player ever in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-475">[473]</a> In present-day <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Neagu" title="Cristina Neagu">Cristina Neagu</a> is the most notable player and has a record four <a href="/wiki/IHF_World_Player_of_the_Year" title="IHF World Player of the Year">IHF World Player of the Year</a> awards.<a href="#cite_note-476">[474]</a> In women's handball, powerhouse <a href="/wiki/CSM_Bucure%C8%99ti_(women%27s_handball)" title="CSM București (women's handball)">CSM București</a> lifted the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_EHF_Champions_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's EHF Champions League">EHF Champions League</a> trophy in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-477">[475]</a> Popular <a href="/wiki/Individual_sport" title="Individual sport">individual sports</a> include <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sports</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hotnews-472">[470]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hotnews-472">[470]</a> and swimming.<a href="#cite_note-Hotnews-472">[470]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">professional boxing</a>, Romania has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by governing bodies. World champions include <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Bute" title="Lucian Bute">Lucian Bute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Doroftei" title="Leonard Doroftei">Leonard Dorin Doroftei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Diaconu" title="Adrian Diaconu">Adrian Diaconu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Leu" title="Mihai Leu">Michael Loewe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-478">[476]</a> Another popular combat sport is <a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">professional kickboxing</a>, which has produced prominent practitioners including <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ghi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Daniel Ghiță">Daniel Ghiță</a>,<a href="#cite_note-479">[477]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Adegbuyi" title="Benjamin Adegbuyi">Benjamin Adegbuyi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-480">[478]</a> Romania's 306 <a href="/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Olympic Games medal table">all-time Summer Olympics medals</a> would rank 12th most among all countries, while its 89 gold medals would be 14th most. The <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> was their most successful run, where they won 53 medals in total, 20 of them gold, ultimately placing 2nd to the hosts United States in the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1984 Summer Olympics medal table">medal rankings</a>. Amongst countries who have never hosted the event themselves, they are second in the total number of medals earned.<a href="#cite_note-481">[479]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">Gymnastics</a> is the country's major medal-producing sport,<a href="#cite_note-482">[480]</a> with Olympic and sport icon <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Com%C4%83neci" title="Nadia Comăneci">Nadia Comăneci</a> becoming the first gymnast ever to score a perfect ten in an Olympic event at the <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-483">[481]</a> Other Romanian athletes who collected five gold medals like Comăneci are rowers <a href="/wiki/Elisabeta_Lipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeta Lipa">Elisabeta Lipa</a> (1984–2004) and <a href="/wiki/Georgeta_Damian" title="Georgeta Damian">Georgeta Damian</a> (2000–2008).<a href="#cite_note-484">[482]</a> The Romanian competitors have won gold medals in other Olympic sports: athletics, canoeing, wrestling, shooting, fencing, swimming, weightlifting, boxing, and judo.<a href="#cite_note-485">[483]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/64px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Romania portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">Outline of Romania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The official language of the State is established in the Article 13 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania" title="Constitution of Romania">Constitution of Romania</a> to be Romanian.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/roʊˈmeɪniə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e5\/En-us-Romania.ogg\/En-us-Romania.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Romania.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/En-us-Romania.ogg/En-us-Romania.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Romania.ogg" title="File:En-us-Romania.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">roh-MAY-nee-ə</a>; <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: România <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[</a><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">r</a><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">o</a><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">m</a><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">ɨ</a><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">ˈ</a><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">n</a><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">i</a><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">.</a><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">a</a><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/de\/Ro-Rom%C3%A2nia.ogg\/Ro-Rom%C3%A2nia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ro-Rom\u00e2nia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Ro-Rom%C3%A2nia.ogg/Ro-Rom%C3%A2nia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ro-Rom%C3%A2nia.ogg" title="File:Ro-România.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199110-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199110_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199110_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgescu1991">Georgescu 1991</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199919–20-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop199919–20_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPop1999">Pop 1999</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201414-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins201414_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchins2014">Hitchins 2014</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu2005105–107-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpreanu2005105–107_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOpreanu2005">Opreanu 2005</a>, pp. 105–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19918,_10-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19918,_10_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgescu1991">Georgescu 1991</a>, pp. 8, 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu2005108,_110–111-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpreanu2005108,_110–111_50-0">^</a> 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"Southern Transylvania under Bulgar Rule". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/49.html">History of Transylvania</a>. Akadémiai Kiadó. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-479-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-479-7"><bdi>0-88033-479-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032324/https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/49.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. 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href="#CITEREFGeorgescu1991">Georgescu 1991</a>, pp. 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199987-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop199987_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop199987_121-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPop1999">Pop 1999</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrócsányiMiskolczy1994427–428-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrócsányiMiskolczy1994427–428_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrócsányiMiskolczy1994427–428_122-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrócsányiMiskolczy1994">Trócsányi & Miskolczy 1994</a>, pp. 427–428. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199189–90-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199189–90_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgescu1991">Georgescu 1991</a>, pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201473–74-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins201473–74_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchins2014">Hitchins 2014</a>, pp. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201468-125"><a 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href="#CITEREFPop1999">Pop 1999</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201499-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins201499_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchins2014">Hitchins 2014</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999108-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop1999108_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPop1999">Pop 1999</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014105–106-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014105–106_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchins2014">Hitchins 2014</a>, pp. 105–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999109–111-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop1999109–111_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPop1999">Pop 1999</a>, pp. 109–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014109–111-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014109–111_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchins2014">Hitchins 2014</a>, pp. 109–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999111-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop1999111_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPop1999">Pop 1999</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop1999112-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPop1999112_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPop1999">Pop 1999</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014118-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014118_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014118_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014118_138-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchins2014">Hitchins 2014</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991166-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991166_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgescu1991">Georgescu 1991</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991157-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991157_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgescu1991">Georgescu 1991</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014145-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014145_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchins2014">Hitchins 2014</a>, p. 145. </li> <li 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Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> (The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112184554/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/about/events/pdf/report/english/EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Final+Report+of+the+International+Commission+on+the+Holocaust+in+Romania&rft.atitle=Executive+Summary%3A+Historical+Findings+and+Recommendations&rft.date=2012-01-28&rft.au=International+Commission+on+the+Holocaust+in+Romania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.yadvashem.org%2Fyv%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fevents%2Fpdf%2Freport%2Fenglish%2FEXECUTIVE_SUMMARY.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991222-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu1991222_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgescu1991">Georgescu 1991</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014210-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2014210_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchins2014">Hitchins 2014</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahel2018" class="citation book cs1">Stahel, David (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMk-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78">David Stahel, Cambridge University Press, 2018, Joining Hitler's Crusade, p. 78</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-51034-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-51034-6"><bdi>978-1-316-51034-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318112216/https://books.google.com/books?id=VMk-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2023. 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Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914061032/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/rotoc.html#ro0037">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romania%3A+Country+studies+%E2%80%93+Chapter+1.7.1+%22Petru+Groza%27s+Premiership%22&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Frotoc.html%23ro0037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/">"Romania"</a>. 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Country Studies.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705191645/http://countrystudies.us/romania/80.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+East+policies+in+Communist+Romania&rft.pub=Country+Studies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fromania%2F80.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeletant" class="citation web cs1">Deletant, Dennis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACF368.pdf">"New Evidence on Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1989"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 10 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=EVOLUTION+IN+EUROPE%3B+Ceausescu+Wept+as+He+Faced+Firing+Squad%2C+Footage+Shows&rft.date=1990-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F04%2F23%2Fworld%2Fevolution-in-europe-ceausescu-wept-as-he-faced-firing-squad-footage-shows.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/27/world/upheaval-in-the-east-report-on-ceausescus-burial.html">"Upheaval in the East; Report on Ceausescus' Burial"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Upheaval+in+the+East%3B+Report+on+Ceausescus%27+Burial&rft.date=1990-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F01%2F27%2Fworld%2Fupheaval-in-the-east-report-on-ceausescus-burial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarothers" class="citation web cs1">Carothers, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080827222957/http://www.idea.int/publications/country/upload/Romania,%20The%20Political%20Background.pdf">"Romania: The Political Background"</a> (PDF). 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INSSE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romanian+2011+census+%28final+results%29&rft.pub=INSSE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recensamantromania.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F07%2FREZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422110128/http://businessday.ro/07/2011/urbanizarea-romaniei-cum-a-crescut-populatia-urbana-de-la-37-milioane-locuitori-in-1948-la-12-milioane-in-1989/">"Urbanization of Romania: how urban population increased from 3.7 million in 1948 to 12 million in 1989"</a>. Businessday.ro. 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What feminists can learn from the eastern experience"</a> (PDF). genderomania.ro. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genderomania.ro/book_gender_post/part1/Anca_Gheaus.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 September 2008. 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October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021124625/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search=">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QS+World+University+Rankings+2013&rft.pub=topuniversities.com&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2013%23sorting%3Drank%2Bregion%3D%2Bcountry%3D%2Bfaculty%3D%2Bstars%3Dfalse%2Bsearch%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"> All four universities are ranked at 700+ which means they are ranked among the 701–800 places. </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220172111/http://www.unl.edu/amc/e-exams/e9-imo/imoteamrecord.shtml">"IMO team record"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romania-insider.com/romanias-brains-rank-first-in-europe-10th-in-the-world-after-math-olympiad/60686/">the original</a> on 18 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romania%27s+brains+rank+first+in+Europe%2C+10th+in+the+world+after+Math+Olympiad&rft.pub=romania-insider.com&rft.date=2012-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romania-insider.com%2Fromanias-brains-rank-first-in-europe-10th-in-the-world-after-math-olympiad%2F60686%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business-review.eu/featured/romanian-students-win-four-medals-two-gold-at-the-european-girls-mathematical-olympiad-60542">"Romanian students win four medals, two gold, at the European Girls Mathematical Olympiad"</a>. business-review.eu. 16 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150409190820/http://business-review.eu/featured/romanian-students-win-four-medals-two-gold-at-the-european-girls-mathematical-olympiad-60542">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romanian+students+win+four+medals%2C+two+gold%2C+at+the+European+Girls+Mathematical+Olympiad&rft.pub=business-review.eu&rft.date=2014-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness-review.eu%2Ffeatured%2Fromanian-students-win-four-medals-two-gold-at-the-european-girls-mathematical-olympiad-60542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2014/03/11/romanian-students-win-32-medals-at-seemous-international-mathematical-olympiad-10-34-49">"Romanian students win 32 medals at SEEMOUS International Mathematical Olympiad"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AGERPRES" class="mw-redirect" title="AGERPRES">AGERPRES</a>. 11 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408223234/http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2014/03/11/romanian-students-win-32-medals-at-seemous-international-mathematical-olympiad-10-34-49">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romanian+students+win+32+medals+at+SEEMOUS+International+Mathematical+Olympiad&rft.pub=AGERPRES&rft.date=2014-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agerpres.ro%2Fenglish%2F2014%2F03%2F11%2Fromanian-students-win-32-medals-at-seemous-international-mathematical-olympiad-10-34-49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romanialibera.ro/special/reportaje/galerie-foto--cum-arata-noul-spital-coltea--dupa-o-investitie-de-90-de-milioane-de-dolari-214509">"Galerie foto: Cum arată noul spital Colţea, după o investiţie de 90 de milioane de dolari"</a> (in Romanian). <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Liber%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="România Liberă">România Liberă</a>. 25 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010232/https://romanialibera.ro/special/reportaje/galerie-foto--cum-arata-noul-spital-coltea--dupa-o-investitie-de-90-de-milioane-de-dolari-214509">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2019. 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Cum încearcă ministrul Nicolăescu să-i țină pe doctori în țară"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701065846/https://adevarul.ro/news/societate/de-profesie-medic-romania-incearca-ministrul-nicolaescu-sa-i-tina-doctori-tara-1_515adafb00f5182b85780fa8/index.html">Archived</a> 1 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Adevărul, 2 April 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-iciculture-402"><a href="#cite_ref-iciculture_402-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307182620/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/cultural_aspects.html">"Cultural aspects"</a>. National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/cultural_aspects.html">the original</a> on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultural+aspects&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Research+%26+Development+in+Informatics%2C+Romania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ici.ro%2Fromania%2Fen%2Fcultura%2Fcultural_aspects.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071231163537/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/l_eminescu.html">"Mihai Eminescu"</a> (in Romanian). National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania. 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Derby & Jackson.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm">Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History</a> (Translated by John Selby Watson) (1886). George Bell and Sons.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBóna1994" class="citation book cs1">Bóna, István (1994). "From Dacia to Transylvania: The Period of the Great Migrations (271–895); The Hungarian–Slav Period (895–1172)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 62–177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-6703-2" title="Special:BookSources/963-05-6703-2"><bdi>963-05-6703-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Dacia+to+Transylvania%3A+The+Period+of+the+Great+Migrations+%28271%E2%80%93895%29%3B+The+Hungarian%E2%80%93Slav+Period+%28895%E2%80%931172%29&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania&rft.pages=62-177&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=963-05-6703-2&rft.aulast=B%C3%B3na&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2006). 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The Romanians: A History. <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University_Press" title="Ohio State University Press">Ohio State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0511-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0511-2"><bdi>978-0-8142-0511-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanians%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8142-0511-2&rft.aulast=Georgescu&rft.aufirst=Vlad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyóni1944" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gyóni, Mátyás (1944). Elekes, Lajos (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-j.mtak.hu/13695/1/Szazadok_1944.pdf">"A legrégibb vélemény a román nép eredetéről"</a> [The oldeest opinion of the origin of the Romanian people] (PDF). Századok (in Hungarian). 78. <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sz%C3%A1zadok&rft.atitle=A+legr%C3%A9gibb+v%C3%A9lem%C3%A9ny+a+rom%C3%A1n+n%C3%A9p+eredet%C3%A9r%C5%91l&rft.volume=78&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Gy%C3%B3ni&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal-j.mtak.hu%2F13695%2F1%2FSzazadok_1944.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Heather, Peter</a> (2010). 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A Concise History of Romania. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69413-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69413-1"><bdi>978-0-521-69413-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Romania&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-521-69413-1&rft.aulast=Hitchins&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Romania-Cambridge-Histories/dp/0521694132/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Hitchins, Keith. Rumania 1866-1947 (1994) (Oxford History of Modern Europe) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Rumania-1866-1947-Oxford-History-Modern/dp/0198221266/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöpeczi1994" class="citation book cs1">Köpeczi, Béla (1994). "Transylvania under the Habsburg Empire". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. 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Lucidus Kiadó. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9465-12-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9465-12-1"><bdi>978-963-9465-12-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Transylvania+%28895-1324%29&rft.pub=Lucidus+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-963-9465-12-1&rft.aulast=Krist%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Gyula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadgearu2005a" class="citation book cs1">Madgearu, Alexandru (2005a). The Romanians in the Anonymous Gesta Hungarorum: Truth and Fiction. 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Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 59–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-7784-12-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-7784-12-4"><bdi>978-973-7784-12-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+North-Danube+Regions+from+the+Roman+Province+of+Dacia+to+the+Emergence+of+the+Romanian+Language+%282nd%E2%80%938th+Centuries+AD%29&rft.btitle=History+of+Romania%3A+Compendium&rft.pages=59-132&rft.pub=Romanian+Cultural+Institute+%28Center+for+Transylvanian+Studies%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-973-7784-12-4&rft.aulast=Opreanu&rft.aufirst=Coriolan+Hora%C8%9Biu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pohl" title="Walter Pohl">Pohl, Walter</a> (2013). 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Romanians and Romania: A Brief History. Boulder. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-440-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-440-2"><bdi>978-0-88033-440-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romanians+and+Romania%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.pub=Boulder&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-440-2&rft.aulast=Pop&rft.aufirst=Ioan-Aurel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2013" class="citation book cs1">Price, T. Douglas (2013). Europe Before Rome: A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages. 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Ein Damm bricht. Die römische Donaugrenze und die Invasionen des 5-7. Jahrhunderts in Lichte der Namen und Wörter [=A Dam Breaks: The Roman Danube frontier and the Invasions of the 5th-7th Centuries in the Light of Names and Words] (in German). R. Oldenbourg Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-56262-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-56262-0"><bdi>978-3-486-56262-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ein+Damm+bricht.+Die+r%C3%B6mische+Donaugrenze+und+die+Invasionen+des+5-7.+Jahrhunderts+in+Lichte+der+Namen+und+W%C3%B6rter+%5B%3DA+Dam+Breaks%3A+The+Roman+Danube+frontier+and+the+Invasions+of+the+5th-7th+Centuries+in+the+Light+of+Names+and+Words%5D&rft.pub=R.+Oldenbourg+Verlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-486-56262-0&rft.aulast=Schramm&rft.aufirst=Gottfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinei2009" class="citation book cs1">Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century. Koninklijke Brill NV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17536-5"><bdi>978-90-04-17536-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanians+and+the+Turkic+Nomads+North+of+the+Danube+Delta+from+the+Tenth+to+the+Mid-Thirteenth+century&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17536-5&rft.aulast=Spinei&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Stavrianos, L.S. The Balkans Since 1453 (1958), major scholarly history; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanssince145300lsst">online free to borrow</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrócsányiMiskolczy1994" class="citation book cs1">Trócsányi, Zsolt; Miskolczy, Ambrus (1994). "Transylvania under the Habsburg Empire". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 413–523. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-6703-2" title="Special:BookSources/963-05-6703-2"><bdi>963-05-6703-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transylvania+under+the+Habsburg+Empire&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania&rft.pages=413-523&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=963-05-6703-2&rft.aulast=Tr%C3%B3cs%C3%A1nyi&rft.aufirst=Zsolt&rft.au=Miskolczy%2C+Ambrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVékony2000" class="citation book cs1">Vékony, Gábor (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/daciansromansrom0000veko">Dacians, Romans, Romanians</a>. Matthias Corvinus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882785-13-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882785-13-1"><bdi>978-1-882785-13-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dacians%2C+Romans%2C+Romanians&rft.pub=Matthias+Corvinus+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-882785-13-1&rft.aulast=V%C3%A9kony&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdaciansromansrom0000veko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomania" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Romania at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Romania" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Romania">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia" class="extiw" title="c:România">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Romania" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Romania">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Romania" class="extiw" title="q:Romania">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Romania" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Romania">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Romania" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Romania">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Romania" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Romania">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Romania" class="extiw" title="voy:Romania">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1057466.stm">Country Profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/508461/Romania">Romania Article and Country Profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/counrty-profile-romania">Romania Profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Insight" title="Balkan Insight">Balkan Insight</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insse.ro/cms/files/evenimente/RoCentenar/ROCentenar.pdf">România Un Secol de Istorie – statistical data</a> from <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)" title="National Institute of Statistics (Romania)">INS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/">Romania</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ro/">Romanian Presidency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlament.ro/index_en.html">Romanian Parliament</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061228063121/http://www.parlament.ro/index_en.html">Archived</a> 28 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Culture and history links</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/libraries/Libraries.php?launch=1&language=en&page=Treasures&country=Romania">Treasures of the national library of Romania</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historo.wordpress.com/">Historic Houses of Romania</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romania_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romania_topics" title="Template:Romania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romania_topics" title="Template talk:Romania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romania_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romania topics"><abbr title="Edit this 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href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Romania">Early Modern Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">United Principalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Communist Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Romania (1989–present)">Since 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Romania" title="Geography of Romania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Romania" title="List of cities and towns in Romania">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Romania" title="Climate of Romania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Romania" title="List of earthquakes in Romania">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Romania" title="Fauna of Romania">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Romania" title="Flora of Romania">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Romania" title="List of islands of Romania">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Romania" title="List of lakes of Romania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Romania" title="List of mountains in Romania">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Romania" title="Protected areas of Romania">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Romania" title="List of rivers of Romania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Romania" title="Territorial evolution of Romania">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Romania" title="Topography of Romania">Topography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Romania" title="Administrative divisions of Romania">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania" title="Constitution of Romania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Romania" title="Elections in Romania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Romania" title="Foreign relations of Romania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Romania" title="Government of Romania">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Romania" title="Human rights in Romania">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Romania">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Romania" title="Judiciary of Romania">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Romania">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Romanian_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Romanian General Staff">Chief of the General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Romania" title="List of political parties in Romania">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Unification with Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Romania" title="Agriculture in Romania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Romania" title="Energy in Romania">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Romania" title="List of exports of Romania">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Romania" title="Foreign direct investment in Romania">Foreign investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Romania" title="Foreign trade of Romania">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Romania" title="Forestry in Romania">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Romania" title="Great Depression in Romania">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Romania" title="Industry of Romania">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Romania" title="Automotive industry in Romania">automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Romania" title="Mining industry of Romania">mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemical_industry_in_Romania" title="Petrochemical industry in Romania">petrochemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Leu (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_property_bubble" title="Romanian property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Romania" title="Science and technology in Romania">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_in_Romania" title="Services in Romania">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Romania" title="Squatting in Romania">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Stock_Exchange" title="Bucharest Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Romania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Romania" title="Tourism in Romania">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Romania" title="Transport in Romania">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Romania" title="Category:Society of Romania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Romania" title="Crime in Romania">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Romania" title="Demographics of Romania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Romania" title="Healthcare in Romania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Romania" title="Immigration to Romania">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Romania" title="Minorities in Romania">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Romania" title="Prostitution in Romania">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Romania" title="Public holidays in Romania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Romania" title="Racism in Romania">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Romania" title="Refugees in Romania">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Gypsies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Romania" title="Welfare in Romania">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_architecture" title="Romanian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_art" title="Romanian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Romania" title="Flag of Romania">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Romania" title="Folklore of Romania">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_humour" title="Romanian humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature" title="Romanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Romania" title="Mass media in Romania">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" title="Romanian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Romania" title="Sport in Romania">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Romania" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Romania">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romania" title="Category:Romania">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Europe" title="Template talk:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (only <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistoric Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty#History" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty#History" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Artaxiad dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia#History" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia#History" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia"> Arsacid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia#History" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Medieval Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia#History" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1453–1829" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1453-1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)#History" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1502-1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1829–1878" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1829-1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#National_awakening:_1880s" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1880-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia#History" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Ages in Azerbaijan">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan">Stalinist repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_in_Belarus" title="Soviet repressions in Belarus">Soviet repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom#History" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria#History" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Bulgaria" title="Golden Age of Bulgaria">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_(1878%E2%80%931946)" title="History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)">1878-1946</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1989">1989-present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia#History" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia#History" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_lands_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Czech lands in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia#History" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">1526-1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">1648-1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">1867-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of Czechoslovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918-1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia#History" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech resistance against German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic#History" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">1945-1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989-1992</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)#Danish_conquest" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana#History" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estophilia#Estophile_Enlightenment_Period_(1750–1840)" title="Estophilia">Estophile Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">National awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">1920-1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Soviet deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Soviet rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia in World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">German occupation of Estonia during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template talk:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Membership" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/80px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/120px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/160px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area#Membership" title="European Economic Area">provisional member</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area">UK membership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">CH–EU relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">UK–EU relations</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123587092">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205085/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhJRDjFyFfrTdxhTHHmd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4050939-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79049551">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865467h">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865467h">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569801">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35460408">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130694&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575363">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/120507">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90797791">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx0z0441nfsv5d">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/36670">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561817905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/61ed84b8-5a10-30a7-8376-ccd51801d6d1">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/f33cfdf9-51ea-4e9c-ad8a-31840789ff4f">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/BtDNXlaf">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027262952">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003369">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035825">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/romanya">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\R\O\Romania">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Romania&params=46_N_25_E_type:country">46°N 25°E / 46°N 25°E / 46; 25</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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