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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_Safavid_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Fall of the Safavid dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_Safavid_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_the_Hotaki_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_Hotaki_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Fall of the Hotaki dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_Hotaki_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Ottoman_campaign_and_the_reconquest_of_the_Caucasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Ottoman_campaign_and_the_reconquest_of_the_Caucasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 First Ottoman campaign and the reconquest of the Caucasus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Ottoman_campaign_and_the_reconquest_of_the_Caucasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shah_of_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shah_of_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Shah of Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shah_of_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Religious policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Invasion of India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Asia,_North_Caucasus,_Arabia,_and_the_second_Ottoman_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia,_North_Caucasus,_Arabia,_and_the_second_Ottoman_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Central Asia, North Caucasus, Arabia, and the second Ottoman war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia,_North_Caucasus,_Arabia,_and_the_second_Ottoman_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Domestic policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Foreign policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Death and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Flag </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Personality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nader Shah</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" > 67 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_Schah" title="Nadir Schah – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nadir Schah" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87" title="نادر شاه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نادر شاه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_%C5%9Fah" title="Nadir şah – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nadir şah" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87" title="نادرشاه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نادرشاه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="নাদের শাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাদের শাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nader Shah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80_%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%BB" title="Нәдир шаһ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нәдир шаһ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Надзір-шах – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Надзір-шах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Надер Шах – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Надер Шах" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0dir-Xah_Afxar" title="Nàdir-Xah Afxar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nàdir-Xah Afxar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1dir_%C5%A0%C3%A1h" title="Nádir Šáh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nádir Šáh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nader Shah" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Schah" title="Nader Schah – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nader Schah" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%87" title="Ναντέρ Σαχ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναντέρ Σαχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nader Shah" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_%C5%9Caho" title="Nader Ŝaho – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nader Ŝaho" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_Xah" title="Nadir Xah – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nadir Xah" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87" title="نادرشاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نادرشاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Chah" title="Nader Chah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nader Chah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%94%94%EB%A5%B4_%EC%83%A4" title="나디르 샤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나디르 샤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nader Shah" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Նադիր շահ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նադիր շահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="नादिर शाह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नादिर शाह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader-%C5%A1ah_Af%C5%A1ar" title="Nader-šah Afšar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nader-šah Afšar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nader Shah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_Shah" title="Nadir Shah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nadir Shah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%94" title="נאדיר שאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נאדיר שאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98" title="ნადირ-შაჰი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნადირ-შაჰი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%99%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80_%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%BB_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нәдір шаһ Афшар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нәдір шаһ Афшар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_%C5%9Eah" title="Nadir Şah – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nadir Şah" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Надир шах – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Надир шах" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C" title="Надир-Шагь – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Надир-Шагь" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1dir_perzsa_sah" title="Nádir perzsa sah – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nádir perzsa sah" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nader Shah" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE" title="നാദിർ ഷാ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാദിർ ഷാ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87" title="نادر شاه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نادر شاه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="نادرشا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نادرشا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_Shah" title="Nadir Shah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nadir Shah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Sjah_Afshar" title="Nader Sjah Afshar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nader Sjah Afshar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="ナーディル・シャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナーディル・シャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_Shah" title="Nadir Shah – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nadir Shah" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodirshoh" title="Nodirshoh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nodirshoh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9" title="ਨਾਦਰ ਸ਼ਾਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਦਰ ਸ਼ਾਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نادر شاہ افشار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نادر شاہ افشار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نادر شاه افشار – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نادر شاه افشار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_Szah_Afszar" title="Nadir Szah Afszar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nadir Szah Afszar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_X%C3%A1" title="Nader Xá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nader Xá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Надир-шах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Надир-шах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%83" title="नादिर-शाहः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नादिर-शाहः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_Shahu" title="Nadir Shahu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nadir Shahu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nader Shah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE" title="نادر شاھ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نادر شاھ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="نادر شا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نادر شا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader-%C5%A1ah_Af%C5%A1ar" title="Nader-šah Afšar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nader-šah Afšar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_%C5%A0ah" title="Nadir Šah – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nadir Šah" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_Shah" title="Nadir Shah – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nadir Shah" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%BE" title="நாதிர் ஷா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாதிர் ஷா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4dir_%C5%9Fah" title="Nädir şah – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Nädir şah" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ชาห์นาเดอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาห์นาเดอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_%C5%9Eah" title="Nadir Şah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nadir Şah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedir_%C5%9Fa" title="Nedir şa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Nedir şa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Надер Шах – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Надер Шах" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81" title="نادر شاہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نادر شاہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nader Shah" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%BF%AA%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99" title="纳迪尔沙 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="纳迪尔沙" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_%C5%9Eah" title="Nadir Şah – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nadir Şah" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%BF%AA%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99" title="纳迪尔沙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="纳迪尔沙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Shah of Iran (r. 1736–47) and founder of the Afsharid dynasty</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Nadir Shah" redirects here. For the 20th-century king of Afghanistan, see <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nadir_Shah" title="Mohammad Nadir Shah">Mohammad Nadir Shah</a>. For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Nadir_Shah_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nadir Shah (disambiguation)">Nadir Shah (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Nader Shah</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006a-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sultans" title="Sultan of Sultans">Sultan of the Sultans of the World</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColebrooke1877374-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Contemporary_portrait_of_Nader_Shah._Artist_unknown,_created_in_ca._1740_in_Iran_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Contemporary_portrait_of_Nader_Shah._Artist_unknown%2C_created_in_ca._1740_in_Iran_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Contemporary_portrait_of_Nader_Shah._Artist_unknown%2C_created_in_ca._1740_in_Iran_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Contemporary_portrait_of_Nader_Shah._Artist_unknown%2C_created_in_ca._1740_in_Iran_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Contemporary_portrait_of_Nader_Shah._Artist_unknown%2C_created_in_ca._1740_in_Iran_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Contemporary_portrait_of_Nader_Shah._Artist_unknown%2C_created_in_ca._1740_in_Iran_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Contemporary_portrait_of_Nader_Shah._Artist_unknown%2C_created_in_ca._1740_in_Iran_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="800" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Contemporary portrait of Nader Shah. Artist unknown, created in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1740 in Iran. Now located in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Shah of Iran</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">8 March 1736 – 20 June 1747<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006159,_279-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8 March 1736</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abbas_III" title="Abbas III">Abbas III</a> (<a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adel_Shah" title="Adel Shah">Adel Shah</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">November 1688 or 6 August 1698<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200617-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nader_p.17-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dastgerd,_Razavi_Khorasan" title="Dastgerd, Razavi Khorasan">Dastgerd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 June 1747 (aged 48 or 58) <a href="/wiki/Quchan" title="Quchan">Quchan</a>, Khorasan, <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Nader_Shah" title="Tomb of Nader Shah">Tomb of Nader Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, Iran</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Queen</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Razia_Begum_Safavi" title="Razia Begum Safavi">Razia Begum Safavi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Qoli_Mirza_Afshar" title="Reza Qoli Mirza Afshar">Reza Qoli Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morteza_Mirza_Afshar" title="Morteza Mirza Afshar">Morteza Mirza</a></li> <li>Emam Qoli Mirza</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Semlin" title="Joseph von Semlin">Joseph von Semlin</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Emam Qoli</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shia_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shia Islam">Twelver Shia Islam</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200634-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006b-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006168–170-9">[9]</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">Seal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Afsharid_dynasty.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nader Shah's signature"><img alt="Nader Shah's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Emblem_of_the_Afsharid_dynasty.svg/125px-Emblem_of_the_Afsharid_dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Emblem_of_the_Afsharid_dynasty.svg/188px-Emblem_of_the_Afsharid_dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Emblem_of_the_Afsharid_dynasty.svg/250px-Emblem_of_the_Afsharid_dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="611" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nader%27s_Campaigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Nader's Campaigns">Nader's Campaigns</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Nader" title="Template:Campaignbox Nader"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Nader" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Nader"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Nader" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Nader"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_Nader_Shah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_Nader_Shah" title="Campaigns of Nader Shah">Campaigns of Nader Shah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Safavids">Fall of the Safavids</a> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" class="extiw" title="fa:سرنگونی صفویان">fa</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gulnabad" title="Battle of Gulnabad">Battle of Gulnabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Isfahan" title="Siege of Isfahan">Siege of Isfahan</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_campaign_of_Nader_Shah" title="Khorasan campaign of Nader Shah">Khorasan Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sangan" title="Battle of Sangan">Sangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabzevar_expedition" title="Sabzevar expedition">Sabzevar</a></li></ul> Afghan Campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herat_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Herat Campaign">1st Afghan Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kafer_Qal%27eh" title="Battle of Kafer Qal'eh">Kafer Qal'eh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Herat_(1729)" title="Battle of Herat (1729)">Herat 1729</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herat_Campaign_of_1731" class="mw-redirect" title="Herat Campaign of 1731">2nd Afghan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar" title="Siege of Kandahar">Qandahar</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Tahmasp_II_to_the_Safavid_throne" title="Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne">Safavid restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damghan_(1729)" title="Battle of Damghan (1729)">Damghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khwar_Pass" title="Battle of Khwar Pass">Khwar pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Murche-Khort" title="Battle of Murche-Khort">Murche-Khort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Isfahan" title="Liberation of Isfahan">Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zarghan" title="Battle of Zarghan">Zarghan</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1730%E2%80%931735)" title="Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735)">First Ottoman War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Persia_campaign_of_1730" title="Western Persia campaign of 1730">West Persian Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Persia_campaign_of_1730#Nader_marches_on_Nahavand" title="Western Persia campaign of 1730">Nahavand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Persia_campaign_of_1730#The_Battle_of_Malayer_Valley" title="Western Persia campaign of 1730">Malayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmasp%27s_Ottoman_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahmasp's Ottoman Campaign">Tahmasp's Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahmasp%27s_Ottoman_Campaign#The_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahmasp's Ottoman Campaign">Yerevan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Nader Shah's Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamian Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1733)" title="Siege of Baghdad (1733)">Siege of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(1733)" title="Battle of Samarra (1733)">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirkuk_(1733)" title="Battle of Kirkuk (1733)">Kirkuk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign_(1735)" title="Caucasus Campaign (1735)">Caucasus Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ganja_(1734)" title="Siege of Ganja (1734)">Ganja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Iravan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Iravan (page does not exist)">Siege of Iravan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghavard" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Baghavard">Yeghevārd</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_invasion_of_India" title="Nader Shah's invasion of India">Indian Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khyber_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Battle of Karnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Delhi">Sack of Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_Sindh_expedition" title="Nader Shah's Sindh expedition">Sindh Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chenab_(1739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chenab (1739)">Battle of Chenab (1739)</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_Central_Asian_campaign" title="Nader Shah's Central Asian campaign">Central Asian Campaign</a> <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_Dagestan_campaign" title="Nader Shah's Dagestan campaign">Dagestan Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Andalal">Battle of Andalal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_conquests_in_the_Persian_Gulf_and_Oman" title="Afsharid conquests in the Persian Gulf and Oman">Persian Gulf Campaign</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1743%E2%80%931746)" title="Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)">Second Ottoman War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mosul_(1743)" title="Siege of Mosul (1743)">Siege of Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kars_(1744)" title="Siege of Kars (1744)">Siege of Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars_(1745)" title="Battle of Kars (1745)">Battle of Kars</a></li></ul> Rebellions & Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_Sheikh_Ahmad_Madani" title="Rebellion of Sheikh Ahmad Madani">Rebellion of Sheikh Ahmad Madani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakhtiyari_Rebellions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakhtiyari Rebellions (page does not exist)">Bakhtiyari Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khan_Baluch%27s_Rebellion" title="Mohammad Khan Baluch's Rebellion">Rebellion of 1733</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartli_Revolt_of_1736&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kartli Revolt of 1736 (page does not exist)">Kartli Revolt of 1736</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derajat_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derajat Rebellion (page does not exist)">Derajat Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkh_Revolt_of_1741&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkh Revolt of 1741 (page does not exist)">Balkh Revolt of 1741</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kish_mutiny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kish mutiny (page does not exist)">Kish mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Sam_Mirza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolt of Sam Mirza (page does not exist)">Revolt of Sam Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khoy_Revolt_of_1743-46&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khoy Revolt of 1743-46 (page does not exist)">Khoy Revolt of 1743-46</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartli_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kartli Revolt (page does not exist)">Kartli Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%E1%B8%A5ammad_Taqi_Khan_Shirazi%27s_Rebellion" title="Moḥammad Taqi Khan Shirazi's Rebellion">Fars Rebellion of 1744</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_revolt_of_1744&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qajar revolt of 1744 (page does not exist)">Qajar revolt of 1744</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerman_Revolt_of_1746&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerman Revolt of 1746 (page does not exist)">Kerman Revolt of 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistan_Uprising_of_1746&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistan Uprising of 1746 (page does not exist)">Sistan Uprising of 1746</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat_Uprising_of_1746-47&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muscat Uprising of 1746-47 (page does not exist)">Muscat Uprising of 1746-47</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garmsirat_Revolts_of_1746-47&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garmsirat Revolts of 1746-47 (page does not exist)">Garmsirat Revolts of 1746-47</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zafaranlu_Uprising_of_1747&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zafaranlu Uprising of 1747 (page does not exist)">Zafaranlu Uprising of 1747</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> Nader Shah Afshar<a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: نادر شاه افشار; 6 August 1698<a href="#cite_note-Nader_p.17-5">[5]</a> – 20 June 1747) was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid dynasty</a> of Iran and one of the most powerful rulers in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iranian history</a>, ruling as <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">shah of Iran (Persia)</a> from 1736 to 1747, when he was assassinated during a rebellion. He fought <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_Nader_Shah" title="Campaigns of Nader Shah">numerous campaigns</a> throughout the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and South Asia, such as the battles of <a href="/wiki/Herat_Campaign_of_1729" class="mw-redirect" title="Herat Campaign of 1729">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damghan_(1729)" title="Battle of Damghan (1729)">Mihmandust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Murche-Khort" title="Battle of Murche-Khort">Murche-Khort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirkuk_(1733)" title="Battle of Kirkuk (1733)">Kirkuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yeghev%C4%81rd" title="Battle of Yeghevārd">Yeghevārd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khyber_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Karnal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars_(1745)" title="Battle of Kars (1745)">Kars</a>. Because of his military genius,<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[10]</a> some historians have described him as the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> of Persia, the Sword of Persia,<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> or the Second <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>. Nader belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshars</a>, one of the seven <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> tribes that helped the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> establish their power in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Nader rose to power during a period of chaos in Iran after a rebellion by the <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotaki</a> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghans</a> had overthrown the weak Shah <a href="/wiki/Soltan_Hoseyn" title="Soltan Hoseyn">Soltan Hoseyn</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1694–1722), while the arch-enemy of the Safavids, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a> had seized Iranian territory for themselves. Nader reunited the Iranian realm and removed the invaders. He became so powerful that he decided to depose the last members of the Safavid dynasty, which had ruled Iran for over 200 years, and become Shah himself in 1736. His numerous campaigns created a great empire that, at its maximum extent, briefly encompassed what is now part of or includes Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Oman, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, but his military spending had a ruinous effect on the Iranian economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006a-1">[1]</a> Nader idolized <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>, the previous conquerors from Central Asia. He imitated their military prowess and—especially later in his reign—their cruelty. His victories during his campaigns briefly made him <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a>'s most powerful sovereign, ruling over what was arguably the most powerful empire in the world.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a>: 84  Following his assassination in 1747, his empire quickly disintegrated and Iran fell into a civil war. His grandson <a href="/wiki/Shahrokh_Shah" title="Shahrokh Shah">Shahrokh Shah</a> was the last of his dynasty to rule, ultimately being deposed in 1796 by <a href="/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar" title="Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar</a>, who crowned himself shah the same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006282–283-14">[13]</a> Nader Shah has been described as "the last great Asiatic military conqueror".<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Nader belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar tribe</a>, which was one of the seven tribes<a href="#cite_note-17">[b]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> who helped the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> establish their power in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart193817-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStöber2010-18">[16]</a> The Afshar tribe had originally lived in the <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> region, but during the 13th-century they moved to the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> region in northwestern Iran as a result of the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvery19913–4-19">[17]</a> Nader was from the semi-nomadic Qirqlu clan of the Afshars, which lived in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> region of northeastern Iran. They had either settled there during the reign of the first Safavid <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail I">Shah Ismail I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1501–1524), or had been resettled by <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abbas_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abbas I">Shah Abbas I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1588–1629) to fend off <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate" title="Uzbek Khanate">Uzbek</a> attacks. Regardless, Afshars moving to Khorasan was already taking place by start of the 16th-century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart193817–18-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200618-21">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshar dialect</a> is categorized either as a dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages#Classification" title="Oghuz languages">Southern Oghuz group</a> or a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStöber2010-18">[16]</a> As he was growing up, he must have swiftly learned Persian, which was the language of the cities and <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a>. But unless he was speaking to someone who spoke only Persian, he always preferred to communicate in Turkic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200619-22">[20]</a> His knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> is not documented, but it seems doubtful given his lack of interest in literature and theology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart1938274-23">[21]</a> Nader is known to have acquired reading and writing skills at some point in his life, probably later on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200619-22">[20]</a> Approximately three million people or more were nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists in Iran in the beginning of the 18th-century, accounting for one-third of the country's population. Strong ties of kinship as well as customs of helping each other out with fights and finances kept their tribal groups united. Despite being partially or fully absorbed into the more progressive, urbanized Persian culture, many of them nevertheless identified culturally with the <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Mongol">Turco-Mongol</a> heritage that had been passed down from the era of <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>. The settled population was seen by the semi-nomads and nomads as inferior. Nader was part of this heritage, which the British academic <a href="/wiki/Michael_Axworthy" title="Michael Axworthy">Michael Axworthy</a> calls "paradoxical".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200619-22">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Nader Shah was born in the fortress of Dastgerd<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvery19913-24">[22]</a> in the northern valleys of <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan</a>, a province in the northeast of the Iranian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200617–18-25">[23]</a> His father, Emam Qoli, was a <a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">herdsman</a> who may also have been a coatmaker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200617-4">[4]</a> His family lived a nomadic way of life. Nader was a long-waited son in his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200650–51-26">[24]</a> At the age of 13, his father died and Nader had to find a way to support himself and his mother. He had no source of income other than the sticks he gathered for firewood, which he transported to the market. Many years later, when he was returning in triumph from his conquest of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, he led the army to his birthplace and made a speech to his generals about his early life of deprivation. He said, "You now see to what height it has pleased the Almighty to exalt me; from hence, learn not to despise men of low estate." Nader's early experiences did not, however, make him particularly compassionate toward the poor. Throughout his career, he was only interested in his own advancement. Legend has it that in 1704, when he was about 17, a band of marauding <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> invaded the province of Khorasan, where Nader lived with his mother. They killed many peasants. Nader and his mother were among those who were carried off into slavery. His mother died in captivity. According to another story, Nader managed to convince <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> by promising help in the future. Nader returned to the province of Khorasan in 1708.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200652-27">[25]</a> At the age of 15, he enlisted as a <a href="/wiki/Musketeer" title="Musketeer">musketeer</a> for a governor. He rose the ranks and became the governor's right-hand man.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_of_the_Safavid_dynasty">Fall of the Safavid dynasty</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fall of the Safavid dynasty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gulnabad" title="Battle of Gulnabad">Battle of Gulnabad</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1724)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1724)">Treaty of Constantinople (1724)</a></div> Nader grew up during the final years of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> which had ruled Iran since 1502. At its peak, under such figures as <a href="/wiki/Abbas_the_Great" title="Abbas the Great">Abbas the Great</a>, Safavid Iran had been a powerful empire, but by the early 18th century the state was in serious decline and the reigning shah, <a href="/wiki/Soltan_Hoseyn" title="Soltan Hoseyn">Soltan Hoseyn</a>, was a weak ruler. When Soltan Husayn attempted to quell a rebellion by the <a href="/wiki/Ghilzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghilzai">Ghilzai Afghans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, the governor he sent (<a href="/wiki/George_XI_of_Kartli" title="George XI of Kartli">Gurgin Khan</a>) was killed. Under their leader <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hotaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Hotaki">Mahmud Hotaki</a>, the rebellious Afghans moved westwards against the shah himself and in 1722 they defeated a force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gulnabad" title="Battle of Gulnabad">Battle of Gulnabad</a> and then besieged the capital, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPHI30-29">[27]</a> After the Shah failed to escape or to rally a relief force elsewhere, the city was starved into submission and Soltan Husayn abdicated, handing power to Mahmud. In Khorasan, Nader at first submitted to the local Afghan governor of <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, Malek Mahmud, but then rebelled and built up his own small army. Soltan Husayn's son had declared himself Shah <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_II" title="Tahmasp II">Tahmasp II</a>, but found little support and fled to the <a href="/wiki/Qajars_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajars (tribe)">Qajar tribe</a>, who offered to back him. Meanwhile, Iran's imperial neighboring rivals, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a>, took advantage of the chaos in the country to seize and divide territory for themselves.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> In 1722, Russia, led by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> and further aided by some of the most notable Caucasian regents of the disintegrating Safavid Empire, such as <a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_VI_of_Kartli" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhtang VI of Kartli">Vakhtang VI</a>, launched the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722-1723)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1722-1723)">Russo-Iranian War (1722–1723)</a> in which Russia captured swaths of Iran's territories in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>, as well as in northern mainland Iran. This included mainly, but was not limited to, the losses of <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> (including its principal city of <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a>), <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran Province">Mazandaran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astrabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrabad">Astrabad</a>. The regions to the west of that, mainly Iranian territories in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Azerbaijan">Iranian Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, were taken by the Ottomans. The newly gained Russian and Turkish possessions were confirmed and further divided amongst themselves in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1724)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1724)">Treaty of Constantinople (1724)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoutsmavan_Donzel1993760-31">[29]</a> During the chaos, Nader cut a deal with Mahmud Hotaki to rule <a href="/wiki/Kalat,_Razavi_Khorasan" title="Kalat, Razavi Khorasan">Kalat</a> in the north of Iran. However, when Mahmud Hotaki began minting coins in his name and asked for everyone's allegiance, Nader refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006-28">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_of_the_Hotaki_dynasty">Fall of the Hotaki dynasty</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fall of the Hotaki dynasty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Tahmasp_II_to_the_Safavid_throne" title="Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne">Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Nader_Shah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tomb_of_Nader_Shah.JPG/220px-Tomb_of_Nader_Shah.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tomb_of_Nader_Shah.JPG/330px-Tomb_of_Nader_Shah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tomb_of_Nader_Shah.JPG/440px-Tomb_of_Nader_Shah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Nader Shah at his <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Nader_Shah" title="Tomb of Nader Shah">tomb</a>.</figcaption></figure> Tahmasp and the Qajar leader Fath Ali Khan (the ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar" title="Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar</a>) contacted Nader and asked him to join their cause and drive the <a href="/wiki/Ghilzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghilzai">Ghilzai</a> Afghans out of Khorasan. He agreed and thus became a figure of national importance. When Nader discovered that Fath Ali Khan was in treacherous correspondence with Malek Mahmud and revealed this to the shah, Tahmasp executed him and made Nader the chief of his army instead. Nader subsequently took on the title Tahmasp Qoli (Servant of Tahmasp). In late 1726, Nader recaptured <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200657–74-32">[30]</a> Nader chose not to march directly on Isfahan. First, in May 1729, he defeated the <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Abdali</a> Afghans near <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>. Many of the Abdali Afghans subsequently joined his army. The new shah of the Ghilzai Afghans, <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashraf Khan">Ashraf</a>, decided to move against Nader but in September 1729, Nader defeated him at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damghan_(1729)" title="Battle of Damghan (1729)">Battle of Damghan</a> and again decisively in November at Murchakhort. Ashraf fled and Nader finally entered Isfahan, handing it over to Tahmasp in December. The citizens' rejoicing was cut short when Nader plundered them to pay his army. Tahmasp made Nader governor over many eastern provinces, including his native Khorasan, and Tahmasp's sister was given in marriage to Nader's son. Nader pursued and defeated Ashraf, who was murdered by his own followers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200675–116-33">[31]</a> In 1738 Nader Shah <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar" title="Siege of Kandahar">besieged and destroyed</a> the last Hotaki seat of power at <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>. He built a new city near Kandahar, which he named "<a href="/wiki/Naderabad,_Kandahar" title="Naderabad, Kandahar">Naderabad</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006a-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Ottoman_campaign_and_the_reconquest_of_the_Caucasus">First Ottoman campaign and the reconquest of the Caucasus</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Ottoman campaign and the reconquest of the Caucasus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1730%E2%80%931735)" title="Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735)">Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Resht" title="Treaty of Resht">Treaty of Resht</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ganja" title="Treaty of Ganja">Treaty of Ganja</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nadir_at_the_court_of_Shah_Tahmasp_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nadir_at_the_court_of_Shah_Tahmasp_II.jpg/220px-Nadir_at_the_court_of_Shah_Tahmasp_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nadir_at_the_court_of_Shah_Tahmasp_II.jpg/330px-Nadir_at_the_court_of_Shah_Tahmasp_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nadir_at_the_court_of_Shah_Tahmasp_II.jpg/440px-Nadir_at_the_court_of_Shah_Tahmasp_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Court scene with <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_II" title="Tahmasp II">Tahmasp II</a> in the centre, and Nader to his left. From an illustrated Indian copy of the <a href="/wiki/Jahangosha-ye_Naderi" title="Jahangosha-ye Naderi">Jahangosha-ye Naderi</a>, dated 1757/58</figcaption></figure> In the spring of 1730, Nader <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1730%E2%80%931735)" title="Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735)">attacked</a> Iran's archrival the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> and regained most of the territory lost during the recent chaos. At the same time, the Abdali Afghans rebelled and besieged Mashhad, forcing Nader to suspend his campaign and save his brother, Ebrahim. It took Nader fourteen months to crush this uprising.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllenMuratov20117-34">[32]</a> Relations between Nader and the Shah had declined as the latter grew jealous of his general's military successes. While Nader was absent in the east, Tahmasp tried to assert himself by launching <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp%27s_campaign_of_1731" title="Tahmasp's campaign of 1731">a foolhardy campaign</a> to recapture <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>. He ended up losing all of Nader's recent gains to the Ottomans, and signed a treaty ceding <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreygang14-35">[33]</a> Nader, furious, saw that the moment had come to ease Tahmasp from power. He denounced the treaty, seeking popular support for a war against the Ottomans. In Isfahan, Nader got Tahmasp drunk then showed him to the courtiers asking if a man in such a state was fit to rule. In 1732 he forced Tahmasp to abdicate in favour of the Shah's baby son, Abbas III, to whom Nader became <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllenMuratov201111-36">[34]</a> Nader decided, as he continued the 1730–1735 war, that he could win back the territory in Armenia and Georgia by seizing Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and then offering it in exchange for the lost provinces, but his plan went badly amiss when his army was routed by the Ottoman general <a href="/wiki/Topal_Osman_Pasha" title="Topal Osman Pasha">Topal Osman Pasha</a> near the city in 1733.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreygang76-37">[35]</a> the soldiers under the command of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khan_Baloch" title="Mohammad Khan Baloch">Mohammad Khan Baloch</a> to besiege finally, after hours of fighting, Nader's troops were defeated and retreated.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> This was the only time that he was ever defeated in battle. Nader decided he needed to regain the initiative as soon as possible to save his position because revolts were already breaking out in Iran. He faced Topal again with a larger force and defeated and killed him. He then besieged Baghdad, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ganja_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganja (city)">Ganja</a> in the northern provinces, earning a Russian alliance against the Ottomans. Nader scored a great victory over a superior Ottoman force at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yeghev%C4%81rd" title="Battle of Yeghevārd">Baghavard</a> and by the summer of 1735, Iranian Armenia and Georgia were his again. In March 1735, he signed <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ganja" title="Treaty of Ganja">a treaty</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a> in Ganja by which the latter agreed to withdraw all of their troops from Iranian territory,<a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_Iran-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> those which had not been ceded back by the 1732 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Resht" title="Treaty of Resht">Treaty of Resht</a> yet, resulting in the reestablishment of Iranian rule over all of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and northern mainland Iran again. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shah_of_Iran">Shah of Iran</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shah of Iran">edit</a>]</div> Nader suggested to his closest intimates, after a great hunting party on the <a href="/wiki/Mughan_plain" title="Mughan plain">Moghan plains</a> (presently split between Azerbaijan and Iran), that he should be proclaimed the new king (<a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a>) in place of the young Abbas III.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199134-41">[39]</a> The small group of close intimates, Nader's friends, included <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_Khan_Jalayer" title="Tahmasp Khan Jalayer">Tahmasp Khan Jalayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasan-Ali_Beg_Bestami" title="Hasan-Ali Beg Bestami">Hasan-Ali Beg Bestami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199134-41">[39]</a> Following Nader's suggestion, the group did not "demur", and Hasan-Ali remained silent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199134-41">[39]</a> When Nader asked him why he remained silent, Hasan-Ali replied that the best thing for Nader to do would be assembling all leading men of the state, in order to receive their agreement in "a signed and sealed document of consent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199134-41">[39]</a> Nader approved with the proposal, and the writers of the chancellery, which included the court historian <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mehdi_Khan_Astarabadi" title="Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi">Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi</a>, were instructed with sending out orders to the military, clergy and nobility of the nation to summon at the plains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199134-41">[39]</a> The summonses for the people to attend had gone out in November 1735, and they began arriving in January 1736.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199136-42">[40]</a> In the same month of January 1736, Nader held a <a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">qoroltai</a> (a grand meeting in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>) on the Moghan plains. The Moghan plain was specifically chosen for its size and "abundance of <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199135-43">[41]</a> Everyone agreed to the proposal of Nader becoming the new king, many—if not most—enthusiastically, the rest fearing Nader's anger if they showed support for the deposed Safavids. Nader was crowned Shah of Iran on 8 March 1736, a date his <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrologers</a> had chosen as being especially favorable,<a href="#cite_note-This_section:_Axworthy,_pp._137–174.-44">[42]</a> in attendance of an "exceptionally large assembly" composed of the military, religious and nobility of the nation, as well as the Ottoman ambassador Ali Pasha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199134–36-45">[43]</a> He cut a deal with notables and the clergy that he would only assume the position of Shah if they promised to refrain from cursing <a href="/wiki/Omar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar">Omar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>, avoid beating themselves to draw blood at the <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a> festival, accept <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> practices as legitimate, and to obey Nader's children and relatives after his death, thereby setting up a dynasty in his name. He was effectively realigning Persia with Sunni Islam. The notables accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2009161–162-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_policy">Religious policy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religious policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nader_shah_and_his_sons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nader_shah_and_his_sons.jpg/220px-Nader_shah_and_his_sons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nader_shah_and_his_sons.jpg/330px-Nader_shah_and_his_sons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Nader_shah_and_his_sons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Nader Shah and two of his sons</figcaption></figure> The Safavids had forced <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> as the state religion of Iran. Nader may have been brought up as a Shiite on the basis of his name and background<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200634-6">[6]</a> but later replaced Shia law with a version that was more sympathetic and compatible with Sunni law he called the "Ja'fari school" in an effort to disassociate radical Shia Islam from the state in part to please his supporters and also to improve relationships with other Sunni powers.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> as he gained power and began to push into the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. He believed that Safavid Shia Islam had intensified the conflict with the Sunni Ottoman Empire. His army was a mix of Shia and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslims">Sunni Muslims</a> (with a notable minority of Christians and <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>) and included his own <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Afghans</a>, Christian <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2007635–646-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> and others. He wanted Iran to adopt a form of religion that would be more acceptable to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslims">Sunni Muslims</a> and suggested that Iran adopt a form of Shia Islam he called "Ja'fari", in honour of the sixth Shia <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>. He banned certain Shia practices which were particularly offensive to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslims</a>, such as the cursing of the first three caliphs of Islam. Personally, Nader is said to have been indifferent towards religion and the French <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> who served as his personal <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> reported that it was difficult to know which religion he followed and that many who knew him best said that he had none.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Nader hoped that "Ja'farism" would be accepted as a fifth school (<a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> and that the Ottomans would allow its adherents to go on the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a>, or pilgrimage, to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, which was within their territory. In the subsequent peace negotiations, the Ottomans refused to acknowledge Ja'farism as a fifth mazhab but they did allow Iranian pilgrims to go on the hajj.<a href="#cite_note-dp1-51">[49]</a> Nader was interested in gaining rights for Iranians to go on the hajj in part because of revenues from the pilgrimage trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006a-1">[1]</a> Nader's other primary aim in his religious reforms was to weaken the Safavids further since Shia Islam had always been a major element in support for the dynasty. He had a Shia <a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">mullah</a> of Iran strangled after he was heard expressing support for the Safavids. Among his reforms was the introduction of what came to be known as the kolah-e Naderi. This was a hat with four peaks which symbolised the first <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">four caliphs of Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006a-1">[1]</a> Alternatively, it has also been recorded that the four peaks symbolised the territories of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezm">Khwarezm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200976-52">[50]</a> In 1741, eight Muslim scholars and three European and five Armenian priests translated the Koran and the Gospels[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]. The commission was supervised by <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mehdi_Khan_Astarabadi" title="Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi">Mīrzā Moḥammad Mahdī Khan Monšī</a>, the court historiographer and author of the Tarikh-e-Jahangoshay-e-Naderi (History of Nader Shah's Wars). Finished translations were presented to Nāder Shah in Qazvīn in June 1741, who, however, was not impressed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Nader diverted money going to Shia mullahs and redirected it to his army instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006-28">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasion_of_India">Invasion of India</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Invasion of India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_invasion_of_India" title="Nader Shah's invasion of India">Nader Shah's invasion of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Battle of Karnal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Nawab_of_Awadh,_Lucknow,_India._19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/A_Nawab_of_Awadh%2C_Lucknow%2C_India._19th_century.jpg/180px-A_Nawab_of_Awadh%2C_Lucknow%2C_India._19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/A_Nawab_of_Awadh%2C_Lucknow%2C_India._19th_century.jpg/270px-A_Nawab_of_Awadh%2C_Lucknow%2C_India._19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/A_Nawab_of_Awadh%2C_Lucknow%2C_India._19th_century.jpg/360px-A_Nawab_of_Awadh%2C_Lucknow%2C_India._19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Afsharid" class="mw-redirect" title="Afsharid">Afsharid</a> forces negotiate with a <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1738, Nader Shah conquered Kandahar, the last outpost of the <a href="/wiki/Hotaki_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotaki dynasty">Hotaki dynasty</a>. His thoughts now turned to the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> of India. This once powerful Muslim state to the east was falling apart as the nobles became increasingly disobedient and local opponents such as the <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Marathas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> were expanding upon its territory. Its ruler <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a> was powerless to reverse this disintegration. Nader asked for the Afghan rebels to be handed over, but the Mughal emperor refused. Nader used the pretext of his Afghan enemies taking refuge in India to cross the border and invade the militarily weak but still extremely wealthy far eastern empire,<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> and in a brilliant campaign against the governor of Peshawar he took a small contingent of his forces on a daunting flank march through nearly impassable mountain passes and took the enemy forces positioned at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> completely by surprise, utterly beating them despite being outnumbered two-to-one. This led to the capture of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. As he moved into the Mughal territories, he was loyally accompanied by his <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> subject and future king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">eastern Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erekle_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Erekle II">Erekle II</a>, who led a Georgian contingent as a military commander as part of Nader's force.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Following the prior defeat of Mughal forces, he then advanced deeper into India, crossing the river <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a> before the end of year. The news of the Iranian army's swift and decisive successes against the northern vassal states of the Mughal empire caused much consternation in Delhi, prompting the Mughal ruler, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a>, to raise an army of some 300,000 men and march to confront Nader Shah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2009196-55">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kheibar_pass_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kheibar_pass_001.jpg/170px-Kheibar_pass_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kheibar_pass_001.jpg/255px-Kheibar_pass_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kheibar_pass_001.jpg/340px-Kheibar_pass_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3501" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>The flank march of Nader's army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khyber_pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khyber pass">Battle of Khyber pass</a> has been called a "military masterpiece" by the Russian general and historian, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kishmishev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kishmishev (page does not exist)">Kishmishev</a> </figcaption></figure> Despite being outnumbered by six to one, Nader Shah crushed the Mughal army in less than three hours at the huge <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Battle of Karnal</a> on 13 February 1739. After this spectacular victory, Nader captured Mohammad Shah and entered <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPHI33-56">[54]</a> When a rumour broke out that Nader had been assassinated, some Indians attacked and killed Iranian troops; by midday 900 Iranian soldiers had been killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrympleAnand201752–60-57">[55]</a> Nader, furious, reacted by ordering his soldiers to <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Delhi">sack the city</a>. During the course of one day (22 March) 20,000 to 30,000 Indians were killed by the Iranian troops and as many as 10,000 women and children were taken as slaves, forcing Mohammad Shah to beg Nader for mercy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy20068-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrympleAnand201752–60-57">[55]</a> In response, Nader Shah agreed to withdraw, but Mohammad Shah paid the consequence in handing over the keys of his royal treasury, and losing even the fabled <a href="/wiki/Takht_e_Taus" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht e Taus">Peacock Throne</a> to the Iranian emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1963237-59">[57]</a> The Peacock Throne, thereafter, served as a symbol of Iranian imperial might. It is estimated that Nader took away with him treasures worth as much as seven hundred million rupees. Among a trove of other fabulous jewels, Nader also looted the <a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Noor" title="Koh-i-Noor">Koh-i-Noor</a> (meaning "Mountain of Light" in Persian) and <a href="/wiki/Darya-ye_Noor" class="mw-redirect" title="Darya-ye Noor">Darya-ye Noor</a> (meaning "Sea of Light") <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>. The Iranian troops left Delhi at the beginning of May 1739, but before they left, he ceded back to Muhammad Shah all territories to the east of the Indus which he had overrun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006212,_216-60">[58]</a> The booty they had collected was loaded on 700 elephants, 4,000 camels, and 12,000 horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrympleAnand201752–60-57">[55]</a> Nader Shah left the area via the mountains in Northern <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>. Learning of his planned route, the Sikhs started gathering light cavalry bands, and planned an attack to capture his plunder.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> fell upon Nadir's army in the <a href="/wiki/Chenab" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenab">Chenab</a> valley, and seized a large amount of the booty and freed most of the slaves in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta199954-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahajan202057-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2016-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1999117–118-65">[63]</a> The Persians, however, were unable to pursue the Sikhs, because they were overloaded with the remaining plunder and overwhelmed by the terrible heat of that May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta19995-66">[64]</a> Traveling with an advance guard, Nader Shah stopped at <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> where he learned of his losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta19995-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1963125-67">[65]</a> He traveled back to his forces, accompanied by Governor <a href="/wiki/Zakariya_Khan_Bahadur" title="Zakariya Khan Bahadur">Zakariya Khan</a>. Upon learning about the Sikhs, he told Khan that these rebels would one day rule the land.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Still, the remaining plunder his forces had seized from India was so much that Nader was able to stop <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a> in Iran for three years following his return.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1963124–125-70">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnal_battle_based_on_Axworthy%27s_interpretation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Karnal_battle_based_on_Axworthy%27s_interpretation.jpg/170px-Karnal_battle_based_on_Axworthy%27s_interpretation.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Karnal_battle_based_on_Axworthy%27s_interpretation.jpg/255px-Karnal_battle_based_on_Axworthy%27s_interpretation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Karnal_battle_based_on_Axworthy%27s_interpretation.jpg/340px-Karnal_battle_based_on_Axworthy%27s_interpretation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="2548" /></a><figcaption>At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Battle of Karnal</a>, Nader crushed an enormous Mughal army that was six times greater than his own</figcaption></figure> Many historians believe that Nader attacked the Mughal Empire to give his country some breathing space after previous turmoil. His successful campaign and replenishment of funds meant that he could continue his wars against Iran's archrival and neighbour, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006-28">[26]</a> as well as the campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/Nader%27s_Daghestan_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Nader's Daghestan campaign">North Caucasus</a>. Nader also secured one of the Mughal emperor's daughters, Jahan Afruz Banu Begum, as a bride for his youngest son. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Central_Asia,_North_Caucasus,_Arabia,_and_the_second_Ottoman_war">Central Asia, North Caucasus, Arabia, and the second Ottoman war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Central Asia, North Caucasus, Arabia, and the second Ottoman war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Samarkand_by_Nader_Shah_Afshar" title="Capture of Samarkand by Nader Shah Afshar">Capture of Samarkand by Nader Shah Afshar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1743%E2%80%931746)" title="Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)">Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_Dagestan_campaign" title="Nader Shah's Dagestan campaign">Nader Shah's Dagestan campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Nader_Shah,_minted_in_Daghestan_(Dagestan).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coin_of_Nader_Shah%2C_minted_in_Daghestan_%28Dagestan%29.jpg/245px-Coin_of_Nader_Shah%2C_minted_in_Daghestan_%28Dagestan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coin_of_Nader_Shah%2C_minted_in_Daghestan_%28Dagestan%29.jpg/368px-Coin_of_Nader_Shah%2C_minted_in_Daghestan_%28Dagestan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coin_of_Nader_Shah%2C_minted_in_Daghestan_%28Dagestan%29.jpg/490px-Coin_of_Nader_Shah%2C_minted_in_Daghestan_%28Dagestan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5020" data-file-height="2585" /></a><figcaption>Silver coin of Nader Shah, minted in Dagestan, dated 1741/2 (left = obverse; right = reverse)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reza_Qoli_Mirza_Afshar,_Lucknow,_1800-20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Reza_Qoli_Mirza_Afshar%2C_Lucknow%2C_1800-20.jpg/220px-Reza_Qoli_Mirza_Afshar%2C_Lucknow%2C_1800-20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Reza_Qoli_Mirza_Afshar%2C_Lucknow%2C_1800-20.jpg/330px-Reza_Qoli_Mirza_Afshar%2C_Lucknow%2C_1800-20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Reza_Qoli_Mirza_Afshar%2C_Lucknow%2C_1800-20.jpg/440px-Reza_Qoli_Mirza_Afshar%2C_Lucknow%2C_1800-20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Reza Qoli Mirza Afshar</figcaption></figure> The Indian campaign was the zenith of Nader's career. Afterwards he became increasingly despotic as his health declined markedly. Nader had left his son Reza Qoli Mirza to rule Iran in his absence. Reza had behaved highhandedly and somewhat cruelly but he had kept the peace in Iran. Having heard rumours that his father had died, he had made preparations for assuming the crown. These included the murder of the former shah Tahmasp and his family, including the nine-year-old Abbas III. On hearing the news, Reza's wife, who was Tahmasp's sister, committed suicide. Nader was not impressed with his son's waywardness and reprimanded him, but he took him on his expedition to conquer territory in <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>. In 1740, he conquered the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a>. After the Iranians had forced the <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a> <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a> to submit, Nader wanted Reza to marry the khan's elder daughter because she was a descendant of his hero Genghis Khan, but Reza flatly refused and Nader married the girl himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoucek2000195-71">[69]</a> With regard to Central Asia, Nader viewed <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%BDramaly" title="Baýramaly">Bayramali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>) vital to his north-eastern defenses. He also tried to secure the ruler of Bukhara as his vassal, imitating previous great conquerors of <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a>-<a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> descent. According to a British scholar Peter Avery, Nader's attitude towards Bukhara was irredentist to an extent that he "may even have thought that, if only the Ottoman power in the west could be contained, he might make Bukhara a base for conquests further afield in Central Asia". Nader dispatched numerous artisans to Merv in a move to prepare for an improbable conquest of distant <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Kashgaria</a>. Such a campaign did not materialize, but Nader frequently sent funds and engineers to Merv trying to restore its prosperity and rebuild its ill-fated dam. Merv, however, did not become prosperous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvery199154–55-72">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kars_1745.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kars_1745.jpg/220px-Kars_1745.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kars_1745.jpg/330px-Kars_1745.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kars_1745.jpg/440px-Kars_1745.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3486" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars_(1745)" title="Battle of Kars (1745)">Battle of Kars (1745)</a> was the last major field battle Nader fought in his military career</figcaption></figure> Nader now decided to punish <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Dagestan">Dagestan</a> for the death of his brother Ebrahim Qoli on a campaign a few years earlier. In 1741, while Nader was passing through the forest of <a href="/wiki/Mazanderan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazanderan">Mazanderan</a> on his way to fight the Dagestanis, an assassin took a shot at him but Nader was only lightly wounded. He began to suspect his son was behind the attempt and confined him to <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>. Nader's increasing ill health made his temper ever worse. Perhaps it was his illness that made Nader lose the initiative in his war against the <a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgin</a> tribes of Dagestan. Frustratingly for him, they resorted to guerrilla warfare and the Iranians could make little headway against them.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Though Nader managed to take most of Dagestan during his campaign, the effective guerrilla warfare as deployed by the Lezgins, but also the <a href="/wiki/Avar_people_(Caucasus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar people (Caucasus)">Avars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gazikumukh_Khanate" title="Gazikumukh Khanate">Laks</a> made the Iranian re-conquest of the particular North Caucasian region a short lived one; several years later, Nader <a href="/wiki/Nader%27s_Dagestan_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Nader's Dagestan campaign">was forced to withdraw</a>. During the same period, Nader accused his son of being behind the assassination attempt in Mazanderan. Reza Qoli angrily protested his innocence, but Nader had him blinded as punishment, and ordered his eyes to be brought to him on a platter. When his orders had been carried out, however, Nader instantly regretted it, crying out to his courtiers, "What is a father? What is a son?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006240-74">[72]</a> Soon afterwards, Nader started executing the nobles who had witnessed his son's blinding. In his last years, Nader became increasingly <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoid</a>, ordering the assassination of large numbers of suspected enemies. Following the orders of Nadir Shah, his soldiers executed 150 monks at <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Elijah" title="Monastery of Saint Elijah">Monastery of Saint Elijah</a> after they refused to convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usnews2016-01-21-75">[73]</a> With the wealth he gained, Nader started to build an Iranian <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">navy</a>. With lumber from <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran">Mazandaran</a>, he built ships in <a href="/wiki/Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a>. He also purchased thirty ships in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006a-1">[1]</a> He recaptured the island of <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> from the Arabs. In 1743, he conquered <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and its main capital <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a>. In 1743, Nader <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1743%E2%80%931746)" title="Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)">started another war</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Despite having a huge army at his disposal, in this campaign Nader showed little of his former military brilliance. It ended in 1746 with the signing of a peace treaty, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kerden" title="Treaty of Kerden">Treaty of Kerden</a>, in which the Ottomans agreed to let Nader occupy <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_policies">Domestic policies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Domestic policies">edit</a>]</div> Nader changed the Iranian coinage system. He minted silver coins, called Naderi, that were equal to the Mughal <a href="/wiki/Rupee" title="Rupee">rupee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006a-1">[1]</a> Nader discontinued the policy of paying soldiers based on land tenure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006a-1">[1]</a> Like the late Safavids he resettled tribes. Nader Shah transformed the <a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevan</a>, a nomadic group living around Azerbaijan whose name literally means "shah lover", into a tribal confederacy which defended Iran against the neighbouring Ottomans and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> In addition, he increased the number of soldiers under his command and reduced the number of soldiers under tribal and provincial control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006a-1">[1]</a> His reforms may have strengthened the country, but they did little to improve Iran's suffering economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006a-1">[1]</a> He also always paid his troops on time, no matter what.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2009158-79">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_policies">Foreign policies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foreign policies">edit</a>]</div> In order to construct a broad political framework that could link him to the Ottomans and Mughals more closely than the Safavids had been, Nader Shah started creating new concepts. One of these was a focus on a shared Turkmen descent, by having several official documents evoke how Nader Shah, the Ottomans, Uzbeks, and Mughals all had a shared Turkmen background. In a broad sense, this concept mirrored the origin fables of 15th century <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian Turkmen dynasties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006a-1">[1]</a> The Ottomans, however, were left unimpressed with Nader Shah's new concept. According to the modern historian Ernest Tucker, comparing this concept to an early version of "<a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">pan-Turkism</a>" would be "anachronistic and misleading." He adds that this was part of unpolished drafts of concepts that would get polished throughout the 11 years of Nader Shah's reign, and would include wide political and religious aspects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker202114-80">[78]</a> Nader's concepts regarding the Ja'farism and common Turkmen descent were directed primarily at the Ottomans and Mughals. He may have perceived a need to unite disparate components of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a> against the expanding power of Europe at that time, however his view of Muslim unity was different from later concepts of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006a-1">[1]</a> He proposed a peace treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, in it, he proclaimed the Persians wanted the <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari Maddhab</a> to be incorporated as a <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madhhab</a> of Islam. While only a nominal claim, Nader's army was increasingly drawing from Sunni Afghans, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a>, and others who were happy with a less sectarian Persia. Externally he presented Persia as completely sympathetic to Sunnis. He probably did this for political reasons in order to increase his legitimacy within the Muslim world; he would have never been accepted if he remained a radical <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> Muslim like the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid Shahs</a>. Though as stated countless times before, internally, he was probably agnostic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006-28">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Whenever Nader laid siege to a city, he would construct a city of his own outside the walls. His encampment was filled with markets, mosques, bathhouses, coffeehouses, and stables. He did this to show the besieged his army would be there for the long haul, to prevent diseases from spreading within his troops' ranks, and to occupy his troops' time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006-28">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nadir_Shah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nadir_Shah.jpg/170px-Nadir_Shah.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nadir_Shah.jpg/255px-Nadir_Shah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nadir_Shah.jpg/340px-Nadir_Shah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>A Western view of Nader in his later years from a book by <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Hanway" title="Jonas Hanway">Jonas Hanway</a> (1753). The background shows a tower of skulls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006274-81">[79]</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nader_Shah_Jewels_3_-_edited.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nader_Shah_Jewels_3_-_edited.png/220px-Nader_Shah_Jewels_3_-_edited.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nader_Shah_Jewels_3_-_edited.png/330px-Nader_Shah_Jewels_3_-_edited.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nader_Shah_Jewels_3_-_edited.png/440px-Nader_Shah_Jewels_3_-_edited.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Nader Shah's dagger with a small portion of his jewelry. Now part of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Crown_Jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Crown Jewels">Iranian Crown Jewels</a>.</figcaption></figure> Nader became increasingly cruel as a result of his illness and his desire to extort more and more tax money to pay for his military campaigns. New revolts broke out and Nader crushed them ruthlessly, building towers from his victims' skulls in imitation of his hero Timur. In 1747, Nader set off for Khorasan, where he intended to punish <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebels</a>. Some of his officers and courtiers feared he was about to execute them and plotted against him, including two of his relatives: Muhammad Quli Khan, the captain of the guards, and Salah Khan, the overseer of Nader's household. Nader Shah was assassinated on 20 June 1747,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry1984587–589-82">[80]</a> at <a href="/wiki/Quchan" title="Quchan">Quchan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>. He was surprised in his sleep by around fifteen conspirators, and stabbed to death. Nader was able to kill two of the assassins before he died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIran_Chamber_Socn.d.-83">[81]</a> The most detailed account of Nader's assassination comes from Père Louis Bazin, Nader's physician at the time of his death, who relied on the eyewitness testimony of Chuki, one of Nader's favourite <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubines</a>:<blockquote>Around fifteen of the conspirators were impatient or merely eager to distinguish themselves, and so turned up prematurely at the agreed meeting place. They entered the enclosure of the royal tent, pushing and smashing their way through any obstacles, and penetrated into the sleeping quarters of that ill-starred monarch. The noise they made on entering woke him up: 'Who goes there?' he shouted out in a roar. 'Where is my sword? Bring me my weapons!' The assassins were struck with fear by these words and wanted to escape, but ran straight into the two chiefs of the murder-conspiracy, who allayed their fears and made them go into the tent again. Nader Shah had not yet had time to get dressed; Muhammad Quli Khan ran in first and struck him with a great blow of his sword which felled him to the ground; two or three others followed suit; the wretched monarch, covered in his own blood, attempted – but was too weak – to get up, and cried out, 'Why do you want to kill me? Spare my life and all I have shall be yours!' He was still pleading when Salah Khan ran up, sword in hand and severed his head, which he dropped into the hands of a waiting soldier. Thus perished the wealthiest monarch on earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrympleAnand201752–60-57">[55]</a></blockquote>After his death, he was succeeded by his nephew Ali Qoli, who renamed himself <a href="/wiki/Adel_Shah" title="Adel Shah">Adel Shah</a> ("righteous king"). Adel Shah was probably involved in the assassination plot.<a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_Iran-39">[37]</a> Adel Shah was deposed within a year. During the struggle between Adel Shah, his brother <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Khan_Afshar" title="Ebrahim Khan Afshar">Ibrahim Khan</a> and Nader's grandson <a href="/wiki/Shahrukh_Afshar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahrukh Afshar">Shah Rukh</a> and almost all provincial <a href="/wiki/Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors">governors</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>, established their own states, and the entire Empire of Nader Shah fell into <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_(word)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchy (word)">anarchy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and the Uzbek khanates of <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a> regained independence, while the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> regained the lost territories in <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Finally, <a href="/wiki/Karim_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karim Khan">Karim Khan</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a> and became ruler of Iran by 1760. <a href="/wiki/Erekle_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Erekle II">Erekle II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teimuraz_II_of_Kakheti" title="Teimuraz II of Kakheti">Teimuraz II</a>, who, in 1744, had been made the kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kakheti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kartli</a> respectively by Nader himself for their loyal service,<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> capitalized on the eruption of instability, and declared de facto independence. Erekle II assumed control over Kartli after Teimuraz II's death, thus unifying the two as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a>, becoming the first Georgian ruler in three centuries to preside over a politically unified eastern Georgia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins1998541–542-85">[83]</a> and due to the frantic turn of events in mainland Iran he would be able to maintain its autonomy until the advent of the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328-86">[84]</a> The rest of the Iranian territories in the Caucasus, comprising modern-day <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> broke away into various <a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">khanates</a>. Until the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zands</a> and Qajars, its rulers had various forms of autonomy, but stayed <a href="/wiki/Vassals" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassals">vassals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Commoners">subjects</a> to the Iranian king.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> In the far east, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> had already proclaimed independence, marking the foundation of modern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. Iran finally lost <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> to <a href="/wiki/House_of_Khalifa" title="House of Khalifa">House of Khalifa</a> during <a href="/wiki/Bani_Utbah_invasion_of_Bahrain" title="Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain">Invasion of Bani Utbah</a> in 1783. Nader Shah was well known to the European public of the time. In 1768, <a href="/wiki/Christian_VII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VII of Denmark">Christian VII of Denmark</a> commissioned <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)" title="William Jones (philologist)">Sir William Jones</a> to translate a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> biography of Nader Shah written by his Minister <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mehdi_Khan_Astarabadi" title="Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi">Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi</a> into <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry1987-88">[86]</a> It was published in 1770 as Histoire de Nadir Chah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006330-89">[87]</a> Nader's Indian campaign alerted the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> to the extreme weakness of the Mughal Empire and the possibility of expanding to fill the power vacuum. Without Nader, "eventual British [rule in India] would have come later and in a different form, perhaps never at all – with important global effects".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006xvi-90">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> is said to have admired him and called him a teacher (alongside <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>).<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> The military success of Nader was nearly unprecedented for Muslim Shahs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flag">Flag</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Flag">edit</a>]</div> Nader Shah consciously avoided using the colour green, as green was associated with <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality">Personality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personality">edit</a>]</div> The strong character of Nader Shah is indicated by the fact that having achieved much fame and glory, he did not allow his pleasers to find great ancestors in the darkness of his origin. He never boasted of a proud <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a>; on the contrary, he often spoke of his simple origin. Even his chronicler was forced to limit himself by saying that diamond was valued not by the rock where it had been found, but by its splendor. There is a story that says, having demanded the daughter of his defeated enemy <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Emperor of Delhi</a>, to marry his son Nasrullah, he received the answer that a royal lineage up to the 7th generation was required for marriage with a princess from the <a href="/wiki/Timurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Timurids">House of Timur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy_200911-93">[91]</a> "Tell him," Nader replied, "that Nasrullah is the son of Nader Shah, the son and grandson of the sword, and so on, not until the 7th, but until the 70th generation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy_200911-93">[91]</a> Nader had the greatest contempt for the weak, depraved <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a>, who, according to the local chronicler of that era, "was always with his mistress in his arms and a glass in his hand," and was the lowest libertine and simply a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_ruler" title="Puppet ruler">puppet ruler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1896-94">[92]</a> Nader Shah once had a conversation with a holy man about paradise. After what that man described miracles and pleasures of the heaven, the shah asked: "Are there such things as war and victory over the enemy in paradise?" When the man answered negatively, Nader replied: "How can there be any pleasure then?"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] French orientalist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bazin" title="Louis Bazin">Louis Bazin</a> describes the personality of Nader Shah as follows: <blockquote> Despite his obscure background, he looked born for the throne. Nature endowed him with all the great qualities that make heroes ... His dyed beard made a sharp contrast with his completely gray hair; his natural physique was strong, tall, and his waist was proportional to his growth; his expression was gloomy, with an oblong face, an aquiline nose and a beautiful mouth, but with his lower lip protruding forward. He had small penetrating eyes with a sharp and piercing gaze; his voice was rude and loud, although he knew how to soften it on occasion, as required by personal interest... He did not have a permanent home – his military camp was his court; his palace was his tent, and his closest confidants were his bravest soldiers ... Undaunted in battle, he brought courage, and was always in the thick of danger among his brave men, as long as the battle lasted ... He did not neglect any of the measures dictated by foresight ... Nevertheless, the repulsive greed and unprecedented cruelties that wore his subjects, ultimately led to his fall, and the extremes and horrors that were caused by him, made Persia cry. He was adored, feared and cursed at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrympleAnand201748-95">[93]</a></blockquote> English traveler <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Hanway" title="Jonas Hanway">Jonas Hanway</a>, who lived in the courtyard of Nader Shah, describes him: <blockquote> Nader Shah is taller than 6 feet, well-built, very physically strong. He has such an unusually loud voice that he can give orders to his people at a distance of about 100 yards. He drinks wine moderately, hours of his rest among ladies are very rare, his food is simple, and if government affairs require his presence, he rejects his meal and satisfies hunger with fried peas (which he always carries in his pocket) and a sip of water... He is extremely generous, especially to his warriors, and generously rewards all who have distinguished themselves in his service. At the same time, he is very severe and strict in relation to discipline, punishing with the death penalty all who have committed major misconduct... He never forgives the guilty, no matter what rank he is. Being on a march or in the field, he confines himself to food, drink and sleep of a simple soldier and forces all his officers to follow the same harsh discipline. He has such a strong physique that he often sleeps on a frosty night on bare ground in the open air, wrapping himself only in his cloak and putting a saddle under his head as a pillow. In private conversations, no one is allowed to talk about government affairs.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a></blockquote> Member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayen" title="Pierre Bayen">Pierre Bayen</a> wrote about Nader Shah the following: <blockquote>He was the horror of the Ottoman Empire, the conqueror of India, the ruler of Persia and all of Asia. His neighbors respected him, his enemies were afraid of him, and he lacked only the love of his subjects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrympleAnand2017?-97">[95]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</blockquote> One <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi</a> contemporary poet described the rule of Nader as a time "when all of India trembled with horror".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006b6-98">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri people">Kashmiri</a> historian Lateef described him as follows: "Nader Shah, the horror of Asia, the pride and savior of his country, the restorer of her freedom and conqueror of India, who, having a simple origin, rose to such greatness that monarchs rarely have from birth".<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> used to read about Nader Shah and admired him, calling him, along with <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>, a teacher. In Europe, Nader Shah was compared to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. Starting from a young age, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> Bonaparte also used to read about and admire Nader Shah. Napoleon considered himself the new Nader, and he himself was later called European Nader Shah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2018471-100">[98]</a> Nader was somewhat austere in his daily life. He always preferred plain garments and disdained courtly sophistication and lavish lifestyles, particularly that of the <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a>. He ate simple foods and restrained himself from being tied to his harem and liquor, unlike <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Husayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Husayn">Soltan Husayn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_II" title="Tahmasp II">Tahmasp II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2009125-101">[99]</a> Nader did not want historians to detail his military victories too closely because he feared others would copy his brilliant techniques on the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006-28">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_Central_Asian_campaign" title="Nader Shah's Central Asian campaign">Nader Shah's Central Asian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">History of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_navy" title="Afsharid navy">Afsharid navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Resht" title="Treaty of Resht">Treaty of Resht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangusha-i_Naderi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahangusha-i Naderi">Jahangusha-i Naderi</a>, the most important book on the reign and wars of Nader Shah</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Also known as Nāder Qoli Beyg (نادرقلی‌بیگ) or Tahmāsb Qoli Khan (تهماسب‌قلی خان) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The six other tribes were the <a href="/wiki/Shamlu" title="Shamlu">Shamlu</a>, Rumlu, Ustajlu, Takallu, Dhu'l-Qadar and <a href="/wiki/Qajar_(tribe)" title="Qajar (tribe)">Qajar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart193817-16">[15]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006a-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2006a_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2006a_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2006a_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2006a_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2006a_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2006a_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2006a_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2006a_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2006a_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2006a_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2006a_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2006a_1-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFTucker2006a">Tucker 2006a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColebrooke1877374-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColebrooke1877374_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColebrooke1877">Colebrooke 1877</a>, p. 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006159,_279-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006159,_279_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, pp. 159, 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200617-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200617_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200617_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nader_p.17-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nader_p.17_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nader_p.17_5-1">b</a> Nader's exact date of birth is unknown but 6 August 1698 is the "likeliest" according to Axworthy, p. 17 (and note) and <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran" title="The Cambridge History of Iran">The Cambridge History of Iran</a> (vol. 7, p. 3); other biographers favour 1688. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200634-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200634_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200634_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Iranian Studies , Volume 27 , Issue 1-4: Religion and Society in Islamic Iran during the Pre-Modern Era , 1994 , pp. 163–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006b-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2006b_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTucker2006b">Tucker 2006b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006168–170-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006168–170_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, pp. 168–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9o0AAwAAQBAJ">The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant</a> "Nader commanded the most powerful military force in Asia, if not the world" (quote from publisher's summary) </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Axworthy, p. xvii </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElena_AndreevaLouis_A._DiMarcoAdam_B._LowtherPaul_G._Pierpaoli_Jr.2017" class="citation book cs1">Elena Andreeva; Louis A. DiMarco; Adam B. Lowther; Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr.; Spencer C. Tucker; Sherifa Zuhur (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOFqDgAAQBAJ&q=nader+shah+most+powerful+empire+in+the+world%2F&pg=PA84">"Iran"</a>. In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.). Modern Conflict in the Greater Middle East: A Country-by-Country Guide. ABC-CLIO. pp. 83–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440843617" title="Special:BookSources/9781440843617"><bdi>9781440843617</bdi></a>. <q>Under its great ruler and military leader Nader Shah (1736–1747), Persia was arguably the world's most powerful empire</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran&rft.btitle=Modern+Conflict+in+the+Greater+Middle+East%3A+A+Country-by-Country+Guide&rft.pages=83-108&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781440843617&rft.au=Elena+Andreeva&rft.au=Louis+A.+DiMarco&rft.au=Adam+B.+Lowther&rft.au=Paul+G.+Pierpaoli+Jr.&rft.au=Spencer+C.+Tucker&rft.au=Sherifa+Zuhur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOFqDgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnader%2Bshah%2Bmost%2Bpowerful%2Bempire%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bworld%252F%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006282–283-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006282–283_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, pp. 282–283. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Cambridge History of Iran Vol. 7, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart193817-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart193817_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart193817_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockhart1938">Lockhart 1938</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStöber2010-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStöber2010_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStöber2010_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStöber2010">Stöber 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvery19913–4-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvery19913–4_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvery1991">Avery 1991</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart193817–18-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart193817–18_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockhart1938">Lockhart 1938</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200618-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200618_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200619-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200619_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200619_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200619_22-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart1938274-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart1938274_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLockhart1938">Lockhart 1938</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvery19913-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvery19913_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvery1991">Avery 1991</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200617–18-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200617–18_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200650–51-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200650–51_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, pp. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200652-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200652_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006_28-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006_28-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPHI30-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPHI30_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPHI">PHI</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> This section: Axworthy, pp. 17–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoutsmavan_Donzel1993760-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoutsmavan_Donzel1993760_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoutsmavan_Donzel1993">Houtsma & van Donzel 1993</a>, p. 760. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200657–74-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200657–74_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, pp. 57–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200675–116-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200675–116_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, pp. 75–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllenMuratov20117-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllenMuratov20117_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllenMuratov2011">Allen & Muratov 2011</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreygang14-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreygang14_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreygang">Freygang</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllenMuratov201111-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllenMuratov201111_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllenMuratov2011">Allen & Muratov 2011</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreygang76-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreygang76_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreygang">Freygang</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAXWORTHY1922" class="citation book cs1">AXWORTHY, MICHAEL (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813053321id_/http://koochehcdn.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/files/Nader-Shah-and-Persian-Naval-Expansion-in-the-Persian-Gulf-1700-17471.pdf">Nader Shah and Persian Naval Expansion in the Persian Gulf, 1700–1747</a> (PDF). p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nader+Shah+and+Persian+Naval+Expansion+in+the+Persian+Gulf%2C+1700%E2%80%931747&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=AXWORTHY&rft.aufirst=MICHAEL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170813053321id_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fkoochehcdn.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fwp-content%2Ffiles%2FNader-Shah-and-Persian-Naval-Expansion-in-the-Persian-Gulf-1700-17471.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_History_of_Iran-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_History_of_Iran_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_History_of_Iran_39-1">b</a> Elton L. Daniel, "The History of Iran" (Greenwood Press 2000) p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Lawrence Lockhart Nadir Shah (London, 1938) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199134-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199134_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199134_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199134_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199134_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199134_41-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991">Fisher et al. 1991</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199136-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199136_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991">Fisher et al. 1991</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199135-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199135_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991">Fisher et al. 1991</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-This_section:_Axworthy,_pp._137–174.-44"><a href="#cite_ref-This_section:_Axworthy,_pp._137–174._44-0">^</a> This section: Axworthy, pp. 137–174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199134–36-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville199134–36_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991">Fisher et al. 1991</a>, pp. 34–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2009161–162-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2009161–162_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2009">Axworthy 2009</a>, pp. 161–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> The Afghan Interlude and the Zand and Afshar Dynasties, Kamran Scot Aghaie, The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, ed. Touraj Daryaee, (Oxford University Press, 2012), 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2007635–646-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2007635–646_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2007">Axworthy 2007</a>, pp. 635–646. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_R._Ward.2014" class="citation book cs1">Steven R. Ward. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOuVAgAAQBAJ&dq=soldiers+nader+shah+circassians&pg=PA45">Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces</a>. Georgetown University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781626160323" title="Special:BookSources/9781626160323"><bdi>9781626160323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immortal%2C+Updated+Edition%3A+A+Military+History+of+Iran+and+Its+Armed+Forces&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781626160323&rft.au=Steven+R.+Ward.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOuVAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsoldiers%2Bnader%2Bshah%2Bcircassians%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Axworthy, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-dp1-51"><a href="#cite_ref-dp1_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKırca2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kırca, Ersin (30 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/gopsbad/issue/59715/815609">"OSMANLI – İRAN RESMÎ YAZIŞMALARINA GÖRE OSMANLI DEVLETİ'NİN NADİR ŞAH VE CAFERİLİK MEZHEBİNE YAKLAŞIMI (1736-1746)"</a>. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi (in Turkish). 15 (2): 392–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.48145%2Fgopsbad.815609">10.48145/gopsbad.815609</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2564-680X">2564-680X</a>. Retrieved 21 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sosyal+Bilimler+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Dergisi&rft.atitle=OSMANLI+%E2%80%93+%C4%B0RAN+RESM%C3%8E+YAZI%C5%9EMALARINA+G%C3%96RE+OSMANLI+DEVLET%C4%B0%E2%80%99N%C4%B0N+NAD%C4%B0R+%C5%9EAH+VE+CAFER%C4%B0L%C4%B0K+MEZHEB%C4%B0NE+YAKLA%C5%9EIMI+%281736-1746%29&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=392-408&rft.date=2020-12-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.48145%2Fgopsbad.815609&rft.issn=2564-680X&rft.aulast=K%C4%B1rca&rft.aufirst=Ersin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fpub%2Fgopsbad%2Fissue%2F59715%2F815609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200976-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy200976_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2009">Axworthy 2009</a>, pp. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Raghunath Rai. History. p. 19 FK Publications <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8187139692" title="Special:BookSources/8187139692">8187139692</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Marshall_Lang2009" class="citation book cs1">David Marshall Lang (2009) [1957]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITnRAAAAMAAJ&q=Erekle+II+india+georgian+contingent">Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, 1797–1889: a documentary record</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231937108" title="Special:BookSources/9780231937108"><bdi>9780231937108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Armenians+of+Transcaucasia%2C+1797%E2%80%931889%3A+a+documentary+record&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780231937108&rft.au=David+Marshall+Lang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DITnRAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DErekle%2BII%2Bindia%2Bgeorgian%2Bcontingent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2009196-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2009196_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2009">Axworthy 2009</a>, pp. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPHI33-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPHI33_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPHI">PHI</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrympleAnand201752–60-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrympleAnand201752–60_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrympleAnand201752–60_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrympleAnand201752–60_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrympleAnand201752–60_57-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalrympleAnand2017">Dalrymple & Anand 2017</a>, pp. 52–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy20068-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy20068_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1963237-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1963237_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1963">Singh 1963</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006212,_216-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006212,_216_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, pp. 212, 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Singha,Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta199954-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta199954_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1999">Gupta 1999</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahajan202057-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahajan202057_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahajan2020">Mahajan 2020</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2016-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph2016_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoseph2016">Joseph 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1999117–118-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1999117–118_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1999">Gandhi 1999</a>, pp. 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta19995-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta19995_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta19995_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1999">Gupta 1999</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1963125-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1963125_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1963">Singh 1963</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401451/Nadir-Shah">"Nadir Shah"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 12 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nadir+Shah&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F401451%2FNadir-Shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Axworthy pp. 1–16, 175–210 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1963124–125-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1963124–125_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1963">Singh 1963</a>, p. 124–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoucek2000195-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek2000195_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2000">Soucek 2000</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvery199154–55-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvery199154–55_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvery1991">Avery 1991</a>, pp. 54–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_C._Tucker.2009" class="citation book cs1">Spencer C. Tucker. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&dq=nader+shah+defeat+dagestan&pg=PA739">A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 739. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851096725" title="Special:BookSources/9781851096725"><bdi>9781851096725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=739&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781851096725&rft.au=Spencer+C.+Tucker.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5_tSnygvbIC%26dq%3Dnader%2Bshah%2Bdefeat%2Bdagestan%26pg%3DPA739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006240-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006240_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-usnews2016-01-21-75"><a href="#cite_ref-usnews2016-01-21_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendozaAlleruzzoJanssen2016" class="citation news cs1">Mendoza, Martha; Alleruzzo, Maya; Janssen, Bram (20 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160121031241/http://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2016-01-20/only-on-ap-oldest-christian-monastery-in-iraq-is-razed">"IS Destroys Religious Sites: The oldest Christian monastery in Iraq has been reduced to a field of rubble by IS's relentless destruction of ancient cultural sites"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2016-01-20/only-on-ap-oldest-christian-monastery-in-iraq-is-razed">the original</a> on 21 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=IS+Destroys+Religious+Sites%3A+The+oldest+Christian+monastery+in+Iraq+has+been+reduced+to+a+field+of+rubble+by+IS%27s+relentless+destruction+of+ancient+cultural+sites&rft.date=2016-01-20&rft.aulast=Mendoza&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft.au=Alleruzzo%2C+Maya&rft.au=Janssen%2C+Bram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticles%2F2016-01-20%2Fonly-on-ap-oldest-christian-monastery-in-iraq-is-razed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> This section: Axworthy, pp. 175–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloor1999" class="citation journal cs1">Floor, Willem (July–September 1999). "Richard Tapper's Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a> (Book review). 119 (3): 542–544 [543]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F605982">10.2307/605982</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/605982">605982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Richard+Tapper%27s+Frontier+Nomads+of+Iran%3A+A+Political+and+Social+History+of+the+Shahsevan&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=542-544+543&rft.date=1999-07%2F1999-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F605982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F605982%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Floor&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Daniel, Elton L. The History of Iran. Greenwood Publishing Group: 2000. p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2009158-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2009158_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2009">Axworthy 2009</a>, pp. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker202114-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker202114_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTucker2021">Tucker 2021</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006274-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006274_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry1984587–589-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry1984587–589_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerry1984">Perry 1984</a>, pp. 587–589. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIran_Chamber_Socn.d.-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIran_Chamber_Socn.d._83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIran_Chamber_Socn.d.">Iran Chamber Soc n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Grigor_Suny1994" class="citation book cs1">Ronald Grigor Suny (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC&dq=erekle+appointed+king+of+kakheti+by+nader+shah&pg=PA55">The Making of the Georgian Nation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253209153" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253209153"><bdi>978-0253209153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Georgian+Nation&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0253209153&rft.au=Ronald+Grigor+Suny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DriW0kKzat2sC%26dq%3Derekle%2Bappointed%2Bking%2Bof%2Bkakheti%2Bby%2Bnader%2Bshah%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins1998541–542-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins1998541–542_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitchins1998">Hitchins 1998</a>, pp. 541–542. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991">Fisher et al. 1991</a>, p. 328. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Encyclopedia of Soviet law, by Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge, Gerard Pieter van den Berg, William B. Simons, p. 457 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry1987-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry1987_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerry1987">Perry 1987</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006330-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006330_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006xvi-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2006xvi_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2006">Axworthy 2006</a>, p. xvi. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxworthy2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Axworthy" title="Michael Axworthy">Axworthy, Michael</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AaSmDwAAQBAJ&dq=stalin%20about%20nader%20shah&pg=PT388">Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant</a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857733474" title="Special:BookSources/9780857733474"><bdi>9780857733474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sword+of+Persia%3A+Nader+Shah%2C+from+Tribal+Warrior+to+Conquering+Tyrant&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780857733474&rft.aulast=Axworthy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAaSmDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dstalin%2520about%2520nader%2520shah%26pg%3DPT388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Shapur Shahbazi, 1999 at Encyclopædia Iranica. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy_200911-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy_200911_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy_200911_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy_2009">Axworthy 2009</a>, pp. 11. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAxworthy_2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1896-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1896_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon1896">Gordon 1896</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrympleAnand201748-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrympleAnand201748_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalrympleAnand2017">Dalrymple & Anand 2017</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Kaul, R.B. "Ballad on Nadir Shah's Invasion in India", pp. 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrympleAnand2017?-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrympleAnand2017?_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalrympleAnand2017">Dalrymple & Anand 2017</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2006b6-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2006b6_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTucker2006b">Tucker 2006b</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Kaul, R.B. "Ballad on Nadir Shah's Invasion in India", p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2018471-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2018471_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthee2018">Matthee 2018</a>, p. 471. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2009125-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxworthy2009125_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxworthy2009125">Axworthy & 2009 125</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAxworthy2009125 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColebrooke1877" class="citation journal cs1">T.E. Colebrooke (April 1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1591544">"On imperial and other titles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a>. 9 (2): 314–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00167784">10.1017/S0035869X00167784</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25581272">25581272</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162599106">162599106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=On+imperial+and+other+titles&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=314-420&rft.date=1877-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162599106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25581272%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00167784&rft.au=T.E.+Colebrooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1591544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenMuratov2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_David_Allen" title="William Edward David Allen">Allen, William Edward David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Muratov" title="Pavel Muratov">Muratov, Paul</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oDb6P0HXwIcC">Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border 1828–1921</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 4–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108013352" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108013352"><bdi>978-1108013352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caucasian+Battlefields%3A+A+History+of+the+Wars+on+the+Turco-Caucasian+Border+1828%E2%80%931921&rft.pages=4-19&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1108013352&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=William+Edward+David&rft.au=Muratov%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoDb6P0HXwIcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvery1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Avery" title="Peter Avery">Avery, Peter</a> (1991). 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Brill. p. 760. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4"><bdi>90-04-08265-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=760&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=90-04-08265-4&rft.aulast=Houtsma&rft.aufirst=M.+Th&rft.au=van+Donzel%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dro--tXw_hxMC%26q%3D%252B1724%2B%252Btreaty%2B%252Bottoman%2B%252Brussia%26pg%3DPA760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2016" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Paul (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_3pZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT3857">The Sage Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives</a>. 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Chand Limited. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9352836192" title="Special:BookSources/978-9352836192"><bdi>978-9352836192</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427100813/https://books.google.com/books?id=vDscEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2023. 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Vol. 1, 1469–1839. Princeton University Press – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofsikhs1401khus%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dgujarat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoucek2000" class="citation book cs1">Soucek, Svat (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7E8gYYcHuk8C">A History of Inner Asia</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521657044" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521657044"><bdi>978-0521657044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Inner+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0521657044&rft.aulast=Soucek&rft.aufirst=Svat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7E8gYYcHuk8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStöber2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stöber, Georg (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/afshar-COM_23658?s.num=15&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Azeri">"Afshār"</a>. 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Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afsh%C4%81rids&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2F%2A-COM_23659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2021" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Ernest (2021). Melville, Charles Melville (ed.). The Contest for Rule in Eighteenth-Century Iran: Idea of Iran Vol. 11. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0755645992" title="Special:BookSources/978-0755645992"><bdi>978-0755645992</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contest+for+Rule+in+Eighteenth-Century+Iran%3A+Idea+of+Iran+Vol.+11&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0755645992&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinorsky1939" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Minorsky" title="Vladimir Minorsky">Minorsky, Vladimir</a> (1939). "Review of Nadir Shah". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 9 (4): 1119–1123. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1898">1356-1898</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/608033">608033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=Review+of+Nadir+Shah&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1119-1123&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F608033%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1356-1898&rft.aulast=Minorsky&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2023" class="citation journal cs1">Matthee, Rudi (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186322000694">"The wrath of God or national hero? Nader Shah in European and Iranian historiography"</a>. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 34: 109–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186322000694">10.1017/S1356186322000694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+wrath+of+God+or+national+hero%3F+Nader+Shah+in+European+and+Iranian+historiography&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=109-127&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186322000694&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1356186322000694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Axworthy" title="Michael Axworthy">Michael Axworthy</a>, Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day (Paperback) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-103629-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-103629-X">0-14-103629-X</a> Publisher Penguin (2008)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxworthy2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Axworthy" title="Michael Axworthy">Axworthy, Michael</a> (2009). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant. I.B. Tauris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+of+Persia%3A+Nader+Shah%2C+from+Tribal+Warrior+to+Conquering+Tyrant&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Axworthy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRota2020" class="citation book cs1">Rota, Giorgio (2020). "In a League of Its Own? Nāder Šāh and His Empire". In Rollinger, Robert; Degen, Julian; Gehler, Michael (eds.). Short-term Empires in World History. Springer. pp. 215–226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+a+League+of+Its+Own%3F+N%C4%81der+%C5%A0%C4%81h+and+His+Empire&rft.btitle=Short-term+Empires+in+World+History&rft.pages=215-226&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Rota&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANader+Shah" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nader_Shah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.numista.com/catalogue/ruler.php?id=4180">Coins of Nader Shah</a> at the Numista Catalogue</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Nader Shah Afshar</div><div>Qereqlu clan</div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar tribe</a></div>Born: 6 August 1698 Died: 20 June 1747 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">Iranian royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abbas_III" title="Abbas III">Abbas III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">Shah of Iran</a> 8 March 1736 – 20 June 1747 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Adel_Shah" title="Adel Shah">Adel Shah</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> 7 September 1732 – 7 March 1736 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/wiki/Reza_Qoli_Mirza_Afshar" title="Reza Qoli Mirza Afshar">Reza Qoli Mirza Afshar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Ali_Khan_Qoullar-Aqasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Ali Khan Qoullar-Aqasi (page does not exist)">Mohammad Ali Khan Qoullar-Aqasi</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Premiers_of_Iran_(1699%E2%80%931907)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Premiers of Iran (1699–1907)">Premier of Iran</a> 1729 – 7 March 1736 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Ali_Akbar_Shirazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirza Ali Akbar Shirazi (page does not exist)">Mirza Ali Akbar Shirazi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Mohammad Khan Abdollu </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Qurchi-bashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qurchi-bashi">Qurchi-bashi</a> 1726–1730 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Mohammad Reza Khan Abdollu </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_Afsharid_dynasty_(1736–1796)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afsharid_Rulers" title="Template:Afsharid Rulers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afsharid_Rulers" title="Template talk:Afsharid Rulers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afsharid_Rulers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afsharid Rulers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Afsharid_dynasty_(1736–1796)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">Rulers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid dynasty</a> (1736–1796)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nader Shah</a> (1736–1747)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Shah" title="Adel Shah">Adel Shah</a> (1747–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Afshar" title="Ebrahim Afshar">Ebrahim Shah</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrokh_Shah" title="Shahrokh Shah">Shahrokh Shah</a> (1748–1796)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192868#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192868#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192868#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000066753540">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/16017634">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/18847/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxrWc9TK66XkxggbGWVYP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11896142X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&oldid=1259215978">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&oldid=1259215978</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1698_births" title="Category:1698 births">1698 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1747_deaths" title="Category:1747 deaths">1747 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_people_from_Safavid_Iran" title="Category:17th-century people from Safavid Iran">17th-century people from Safavid Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_murdered_monarchs" 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