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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="uNhCh20rncaHjtqEEnHTAt5N31LznNja36+E7kW4KyQ24X084/Hq6+OQFsB6JED4F890il6RNT4Hkq1/1wDr8Q==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="‘Rules that apply in times of crisis’: time, agency, and norm‐remaking during Nepal&#39;s People&#39;s War" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2017" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ina Zharkevich" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="23" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="4" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="783-800" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1359-0987" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/34762368/Rules_that_Apply_in_Times_of_Crisis_time_agency_and_norm_remaking_during_Nepals_Peoples_War" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="'Rules that Apply in Times of Crisis': time, agency, and norm-remaking during Nepal's People's War" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="This article explores how people in the former Maoist heartland of Nepal adopted previously transgressive norms and practices during the decade of the People’s War (1996-2006). By examining the rise in practices of beef-eating and inter-caste" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/34762368/Rules_that_Apply_in_Times_of_Crisis_time_agency_and_norm_remaking_during_Nepals_Peoples_War" /> <meta property="og:title" content="'Rules that Apply in Times of Crisis': time, agency, and norm-remaking during Nepal's People's War" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="This article explores how people in the former Maoist heartland of Nepal adopted previously transgressive norms and practices during the decade of the People’s War (1996-2006). By examining the rise in practices of beef-eating and inter-caste" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://kcl.academia.edu/InaZharkevich" /> <meta name="description" content="This article explores how people in the former Maoist heartland of Nepal adopted previously transgressive norms and practices during the decade of the People’s War (1996-2006). By examining the rise in practices of beef-eating and inter-caste" /> <title>(PDF) 'Rules that Apply in Times of Crisis': time, agency, and norm-remaking during Nepal's People's War | Ina Zharkevich - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/34762368/Rules_that_Apply_in_Times_of_Crisis_time_agency_and_norm_remaking_during_Nepals_Peoples_War" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '0448be8f82c4b6488fc3b64a9209e1d9c6d8000d'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732762636000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732762636000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This article explores how people in the former Maoist heartland of Nepal adopted previously transgressive norms and practices during the decade of the People’s War (1996-2006). By examining the rise in practices of beef-eating and inter-caste commensality, this article suggests that the temporal dimension of wartime ‘when different rules apply’ was crucial in making people accept new ideas and break established norms on a scale atypical for the ‘normal’ times of peace. Analysing the agency of Maoist activists, who self-consciously tried to implement a project of radical social transformation, and those people who were caught in the midst of the Maoist transformative endeavour, this article argues that the contours of the ‘new society’ emerged not only due to revolutionaries’ intentional actions but also because of the ‘exceptional’ nature of wartime, which forced people to radically re-create their daily lives. By transgressing social norms, ‘ordinary’ people did not deliberately undermine the normative order, but rather responded to the constraints of wartime, when people’s agency and ethical choices were mostly driven by the need to secure the survival of their families and ensure the continuity of life itself.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Ina Zharkevich"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2017-10-04","dateModified":"2017-10-18","datePublished":"2017-01-01","headline":"'Rules that Apply in Times of Crisis': time, agency, and norm-remaking during Nepal's People's War","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Embodiment","Nepal","Temporality","Agency","Norms","Caste","Maoist Movement in South Asia","Beef eating in the Hindu Tradition"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/34762368/Rules_that_Apply_in_Times_of_Crisis_time_agency_and_norm_remaking_during_Nepals_Peoples_War","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"kcl"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":34762368,"created_at":"2017-10-04T07:38:01.210-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2022-03-15T03:32:58.112-07:00","_data":{"doi":"10.1111/1467-9655.12701","abstract":"This article explores how people in the former Maoist heartland of Nepal adopted previously transgressive norms and practices during the decade of the People’s War (1996-2006). By examining the rise in practices of beef-eating and inter-caste commensality, this article suggests that the temporal dimension of wartime ‘when different rules apply’ was crucial in making people accept new ideas and break established norms on a scale atypical for the ‘normal’ times of peace. Analysing the agency of Maoist activists, who self-consciously tried to implement a project of radical social transformation, and those people who were caught in the midst of the Maoist transformative endeavour, this article argues that the contours of the ‘new society’ emerged not only due to revolutionaries’ intentional actions but also because of the ‘exceptional’ nature of wartime, which forced people to radically re-create their daily lives. By transgressing social norms, ‘ordinary’ people did not deliberately undermine the\r\nnormative order, but rather responded to the constraints of wartime, when people’s agency and ethical choices were mostly driven by the need to secure the survival of their families and ensure the continuity of life itself.","publication_date":"2017,,","publication_name":"Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"'Rules that Apply in Times of Crisis': time, agency, and norm-remaking during Nepal's People's War","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1445529]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":82186073,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “'Rules that Apply in Times of Crisis': time, agency, and norm-remaking during Nepal's People's War”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/82186073/mini_magick20220315-542-er0o4c.png?1647340925" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">'Rules that Apply in Times of Crisis': time, agency, and norm-remaking during Nepal's People's War</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1445529" href="https://kcl.academia.edu/InaZharkevich"><img alt="Profile image of Ina Zharkevich" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Ina Zharkevich</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2017, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This article explores how people in the former Maoist heartland of Nepal adopted previously transgressive norms and practices during the decade of the People’s War (1996-2006). By examining the rise in practices of beef-eating and inter-caste commensality, this article suggests that the temporal dimension of wartime ‘when different rules apply’ was crucial in making people accept new ideas and break established norms on a scale atypical for the ‘normal’ times of peace. Analysing the agency of Maoist activists, who self-consciously tried to implement a project of radical social transformation, and those people who were caught in the midst of the Maoist transformative endeavour, this article argues that the contours of the ‘new society’ emerged not only due to revolutionaries’ intentional actions but also because of the ‘exceptional’ nature of wartime, which forced people to radically re-create their daily lives. By transgressing social norms, ‘ordinary’ people did not deliberately undermine the normative order, but rather responded to the constraints of wartime, when people’s agency and ethical choices were mostly driven by the need to secure the survival of their families and ensure the continuity of life itself.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":82186073,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/34762368/Rules_that_Apply_in_Times_of_Crisis_time_agency_and_norm_remaking_during_Nepals_Peoples_War"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":82186073,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/34762368/Rules_that_Apply_in_Times_of_Crisis_time_agency_and_norm_remaking_during_Nepals_Peoples_War"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="82186073" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/34762368/Rules_that_Apply_in_Times_of_Crisis_time_agency_and_norm_remaking_during_Nepals_Peoples_War" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="10972294" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10972294/Introduction_In_Revolution_in_Nepal_An_Anthropological_and_Historical_Approach_to_the_People_s_war_M_Lecomte_Tilouine_ed_New_Delhi_OUP_2013_1_26">Introduction. In Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People’s war, M. Lecomte-Tilouine ed. New Delhi: OUP, 2013: 1-26.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23437114" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/MarieLecomteTilouine">Marie Lecomte-Tilouine</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Introduction. In Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People’s war, M. Lecomte-Tilouine ed. New Delhi: OUP, 2013: 1-26.","attachmentId":36717857,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10972294/Introduction_In_Revolution_in_Nepal_An_Anthropological_and_Historical_Approach_to_the_People_s_war_M_Lecomte_Tilouine_ed_New_Delhi_OUP_2013_1_26","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10972294/Introduction_In_Revolution_in_Nepal_An_Anthropological_and_Historical_Approach_to_the_People_s_war_M_Lecomte_Tilouine_ed_New_Delhi_OUP_2013_1_26"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="104913341" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104913341/Unexpected_Consequences_of_Everyday_Life_During_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal">Unexpected Consequences of Everyday Life During the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="454237" href="https://limerick.academia.edu/Judipettigrew">Judith pettigrew</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article examines gendered aspects of women’s lives in a hill village in central Nepal during the decade-long civil war (1996-2006). 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Rather, the paper argues that it was via the unintended consequences of the conflict - their unexpected leadership of a village development project – that these women forged an alternative path towards gender transformation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Unexpected Consequences of Everyday Life During the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal","attachmentId":104513808,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104913341/Unexpected_Consequences_of_Everyday_Life_During_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/104913341/Unexpected_Consequences_of_Everyday_Life_During_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="16288591" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16288591/Political_Change_and_Cultural_Revolution_in_a_Maoist_Model_Village_Mid_Western_Nepal_In_The_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal_Dynamics_and_Growth_in_the_Twenty_First_Century_M_Lawoti_and_A_Pahari_eds_Londres_Routledge_2010_115_132">Political Change and Cultural Revolution in a Maoist Model Village, Mid-Western Nepal. In The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Dynamics and Growth in the Twenty-First Century, M. Lawoti & A. Pahari eds., Londres: Routledge. 2010: 115-132.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23437114" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/MarieLecomteTilouine">Marie Lecomte-Tilouine</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Political Change and Cultural Revolution in a Maoist Model Village, Mid-Western Nepal. In The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Dynamics and Growth in the Twenty-First Century, M. Lawoti \u0026 A. Pahari eds., Londres: Routledge. 2010: 115-132.","attachmentId":38926254,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16288591/Political_Change_and_Cultural_Revolution_in_a_Maoist_Model_Village_Mid_Western_Nepal_In_The_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal_Dynamics_and_Growth_in_the_Twenty_First_Century_M_Lawoti_and_A_Pahari_eds_Londres_Routledge_2010_115_132","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16288591/Political_Change_and_Cultural_Revolution_in_a_Maoist_Model_Village_Mid_Western_Nepal_In_The_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal_Dynamics_and_Growth_in_the_Twenty_First_Century_M_Lawoti_and_A_Pahari_eds_Londres_Routledge_2010_115_132"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="9759992" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9759992/Regicide_and_Maoist_Revolutionary_Warfare_in_Nepal_The_Modern_Incarnations_of_a_Warrior_Kingdom_Anthropology_Today_February_2004_20_1_13_19_Translated_by_David_N_Gellner">Regicide and Maoist Revolutionary Warfare in Nepal: The Modern Incarnations of a Warrior Kingdom. Anthropology Today, February 2004, 20 (1): 13-19. Translated by David. N. Gellner.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="694866" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/DavidGellner">David Gellner</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23437114" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/MarieLecomteTilouine">Marie Lecomte-Tilouine</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Regicide and Maoist Revolutionary Warfare in Nepal: The Modern Incarnations of a Warrior Kingdom. Anthropology Today, February 2004, 20 (1): 13-19. Translated by David. N. Gellner.","attachmentId":35941094,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9759992/Regicide_and_Maoist_Revolutionary_Warfare_in_Nepal_The_Modern_Incarnations_of_a_Warrior_Kingdom_Anthropology_Today_February_2004_20_1_13_19_Translated_by_David_N_Gellner","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9759992/Regicide_and_Maoist_Revolutionary_Warfare_in_Nepal_The_Modern_Incarnations_of_a_Warrior_Kingdom_Anthropology_Today_February_2004_20_1_13_19_Translated_by_David_N_Gellner"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="70668964" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70668964/The_End_of_Shangri_La_Self_Perpetuating_Tendencies_and_Invisible_Displacement_in_the_Nepalese_Peoples_War_1">The End of Shangri-La: Self-Perpetuating Tendencies and Invisible Displacement in the Nepalese 'People's War' 1</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="112752651" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DarynGil">Gil Daryn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Maoist insurgency in Nepal, or the 'People's War' as it is locally called, which reached its 10 th anniversary in February 2006, appears to have come to an end with the signing of a peace agreement in June 2006.. This calls for reflection and retrospective examination of the war and its corollaries, which the present paper attempts to do via a discussion of two of the most disturbing aspects of the conflict. First is its tendency to perpetuate itself, that is, to recreate the initial conditions which led to it and exacerbate the grievances that fuelled its incipient stages. The second is the relative invisibility of both the war itself and particularly of many of its victims. Prior to embarking upon this, and in order to place the ensuing discussion in the appropriate historical context, I shall briefly outline some of the main 'milestones' and features of the conflict. The insurgency was officially launched by the CPNM (Communist Party of Nepal, Maoist, referred to as Maoists herein) on 13 February 1996, just four days before an ultimatum they delivered to the government, requesting that the latter respond to a list of forty demands, 2 was due to expire. Among these were the demands to end discrimination on any basis, be it gender, ethnic, caste and the like, the need to guarantee the freedom of press and publication, the call for substantial land reforms giving land ownership rights to those who cultivate it, the implementation of a minimum wage for workers, free education and health services, and the provision of drinking water, road and electricity to the rural population. 3 The initial Maoist strongholds were in western Nepal, in Rukum and Rolpa districts, which were the first to be declared 'liberated' (with the establishment of PAGE 1 1 This paper, which is based on research which began in 1994, was written while the writer was a British Academy Post-doctoral Fellow. Recent fieldwork (October 2004 to October 2005) was funded by a British Academy Larger Research Grant. 2 Yet clashes with members of political parties and the police in far western Nepal as well as attacks on individuals began a few months earlier. 3 For the full list of demands see for example Thapa (2003: 391-5).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The End of Shangri-La: Self-Perpetuating Tendencies and Invisible Displacement in the Nepalese 'People's War' 1","attachmentId":80323254,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70668964/The_End_of_Shangri_La_Self_Perpetuating_Tendencies_and_Invisible_Displacement_in_the_Nepalese_Peoples_War_1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70668964/The_End_of_Shangri_La_Self_Perpetuating_Tendencies_and_Invisible_Displacement_in_the_Nepalese_Peoples_War_1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="9746707" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9746707/Fighting_with_ideas_Maoist_and_popular_conceptions_of_the_People_s_war_in_Nepal_In_Armed_Militias_of_South_Asia_Fundamentalists_Maoists_and_Separatists_C_Jaffrelot_and_L_Gayer_eds_London_Hurst_New_York_Columbia_University_Press_2010_p_65_90">Fighting with ideas. Maoist and popular conceptions of the People’s war in Nepal. In Armed Militias of South Asia: Fundamentalists, Maoists, and Separatists, C. Jaffrelot and L. Gayer eds. London: Hurst/New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. p. 65-90.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23437114" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/MarieLecomteTilouine">Marie Lecomte-Tilouine</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fighting with ideas. Maoist and popular conceptions of the People’s war in Nepal. In Armed Militias of South Asia: Fundamentalists, Maoists, and Separatists, C. Jaffrelot and L. Gayer eds. London: Hurst/New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. p. 65-90.","attachmentId":37068023,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9746707/Fighting_with_ideas_Maoist_and_popular_conceptions_of_the_People_s_war_in_Nepal_In_Armed_Militias_of_South_Asia_Fundamentalists_Maoists_and_Separatists_C_Jaffrelot_and_L_Gayer_eds_London_Hurst_New_York_Columbia_University_Press_2010_p_65_90","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9746707/Fighting_with_ideas_Maoist_and_popular_conceptions_of_the_People_s_war_in_Nepal_In_Armed_Militias_of_South_Asia_Fundamentalists_Maoists_and_Separatists_C_Jaffrelot_and_L_Gayer_eds_London_Hurst_New_York_Columbia_University_Press_2010_p_65_90"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="5417457" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5417457/Social_transformation_and_political_power_Maoists_in_Nepal">Social transformation and political power: Maoists in Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5261697" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SarojGiri">Saroj Giri</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social transformation and political power: Maoists in Nepal","attachmentId":32562089,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5417457/Social_transformation_and_political_power_Maoists_in_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5417457/Social_transformation_and_political_power_Maoists_in_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="17461772" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17461772/De_mythologizing_the_Village_of_Resistance_How_rebellious_were_the_peasants_in_the_Maoist_base_area_of_Nepal">De-mythologizing ‘the Village of Resistance’: How rebellious were the peasants in the Maoist base area of Nepal?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1445529" href="https://kcl.academia.edu/InaZharkevich">Ina Zharkevich</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It has become something of a cliché to speak about Nepal’s districts of Rolpa and Rukum as the heartland of the Maoist base area, where the Maoist Movement enjoyed most popular support during the People’s War of 1996–2006. The Kham Magar village of Thabang, known as the capital of the base area, has been furthermore hailed as a ‘village of resistance,’ and its inhabitants are often portrayed as rebellious peasants who resisted the state since at least the 1950s. Based on the analysis of ordinary peasants’ narratives from Thabang, the paper will argue that this reading of Thabang’s history, which privileges resistance, does not give due to the complexity of power relations within the village, to inequalities between the village notables and ordinary people, and to the view of peasants themselves. Furthermore, it will be argued that Thabang—one of the most extensively researched villages in Nepal due to its ‘revolutionary history’—represents an interesting case study of how the project of writing history from the margins can, in fact, obscure the mere voices of those, it claims to represent.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"De-mythologizing ‘the Village of Resistance’: How rebellious were the peasants in the Maoist base area of Nepal?","attachmentId":82186494,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17461772/De_mythologizing_the_Village_of_Resistance_How_rebellious_were_the_peasants_in_the_Maoist_base_area_of_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17461772/De_mythologizing_the_Village_of_Resistance_How_rebellious_were_the_peasants_in_the_Maoist_base_area_of_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="4746484" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4746484/The_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal">The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="178937" href="https://southasianuniversity.academia.edu/MallikaShakya">mallika Shakya</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal","attachmentId":32060068,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4746484/The_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4746484/The_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="23026238" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23026238/Chapter_6_Identity_Politics_and_the_Maoist_Peoples_War_in_Nepal">Chapter 6 Identity Politics and the Maoist People's War in Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3267830" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AnnedeSales">Anne de Sales</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This chapter explores the tensions between ethnic and class-based emancipation through an in-depth analysis of the Nepali case. The first section shows that cultural diversity was at first legally recognised but organised according to caste hierarchy. This was, in the course of the 20 th century, contradicted by the individual equality of all citizens before the law. However, in both cases, cultural subordination was also economic and political. The second section shows, through observations made of one indigenous community, the Kham-Magars, how the Maoist movement acted in violation of their class analysis: both intentionally (through its tactic of alliance with ethnic fronts) and incidentally (following the failure of its cultural revolution) it politicised Kham-Magar ethnic identity. The chapter concludes that it is necessary to distinguish between the 'capacity for culture', involving healthy debates within a community, and conservative identity politics. Nepal's recent history has been marked by a movement for political emancipation, which took two intertwined, but often conflicting directions. There was first a Maoist struggle, based on a class analysis that succeeded in overthrowing an autocratic Hindu monarchy after 10 years of armed insurgency (1996-2006) and established a democratic republic. Second, there were claims for political and cultural recognition from a large component of the population 1 in quest of a federal constitution based on ethnic distinctions. These conflicting tendencies in Nepal's recent emancipatory struggle have to be set in the historical context from which they developed. The ideal of modernity that came to dominate the world in the post-colonial 20th century was conceived, mutatis mutandis, as emancipation from local affiliations and particularisms inherited from an irrelevant past. The future was imagined as 'breaking the chains' of the past and local attachments (kin, regional) were</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chapter 6 Identity Politics and the Maoist People's War in Nepal","attachmentId":43536627,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23026238/Chapter_6_Identity_Politics_and_the_Maoist_Peoples_War_in_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23026238/Chapter_6_Identity_Politics_and_the_Maoist_Peoples_War_in_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":82186073,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":82186073,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_82186073" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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