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(PDF) Relationships, complicity and representation: Conducting research in Nepal during the Maoist insurgency
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It examines the ethical and methodological challenges faced by researchers in conflict zones, emphasizing the need for innovative strategies that reconsider relationships between anthropologists and informants. 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This research explores the complexities of conducting anthropological fieldwork in Nepal during the Maoist insurgency. It examines the ethical and methodological challenges faced by researchers in conflict zones, emphasizing the need for innovative strategies that reconsider relationships between anthropologists and informants. The paper highlights the shifting context of Nepal's internal conflict, its impact on researchers' ethical stances, and the importance of navigating complicity and representation amidst violence.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":32030615,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/4698268/Relationships_complicity_and_representation_Conducting_research_in_Nepal_during_the_Maoist_insurgency"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":32030615,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/4698268/Relationships_complicity_and_representation_Conducting_research_in_Nepal_during_the_Maoist_insurgency"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="4698268" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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This calls for reflection and retrospective examination of the war and its corollaries, which the present paper attempts to do via a discussion of two of the most disturbing aspects of the conflict. First is its tendency to perpetuate itself, that is, to recreate the initial conditions which led to it and exacerbate the grievances that fuelled its incipient stages. The second is the relative invisibility of both the war itself and particularly of many of its victims. Prior to embarking upon this, and in order to place the ensuing discussion in the appropriate historical context, I shall briefly outline some of the main 'milestones' and features of the conflict. The insurgency was officially launched by the CPNM (Communist Party of Nepal, Maoist, referred to as Maoists herein) on 13 February 1996, just four days before an ultimatum they delivered to the government, requesting that the latter respond to a list of forty demands, 2 was due to expire. Among these were the demands to end discrimination on any basis, be it gender, ethnic, caste and the like, the need to guarantee the freedom of press and publication, the call for substantial land reforms giving land ownership rights to those who cultivate it, the implementation of a minimum wage for workers, free education and health services, and the provision of drinking water, road and electricity to the rural population. 3 The initial Maoist strongholds were in western Nepal, in Rukum and Rolpa districts, which were the first to be declared 'liberated' (with the establishment of PAGE 1 1 This paper, which is based on research which began in 1994, was written while the writer was a British Academy Post-doctoral Fellow. Recent fieldwork (October 2004 to October 2005) was funded by a British Academy Larger Research Grant. 2 Yet clashes with members of political parties and the police in far western Nepal as well as attacks on individuals began a few months earlier. 3 For the full list of demands see for example Thapa (2003: 391-5).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The End of Shangri-La: Self-Perpetuating Tendencies and Invisible Displacement in the Nepalese 'People's War' 1","attachmentId":80323254,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70668964/The_End_of_Shangri_La_Self_Perpetuating_Tendencies_and_Invisible_Displacement_in_the_Nepalese_Peoples_War_1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70668964/The_End_of_Shangri_La_Self_Perpetuating_Tendencies_and_Invisible_Displacement_in_the_Nepalese_Peoples_War_1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="90091537" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90091537/Introduction_to_the_Proceedings_of_the_ANHS_Pre_Conference_2002_War_on_Terrorism_War_as_Terrorism_The_Maoist_Rebellion_in_Nepal">Introduction to the Proceedings of the ANHS Pre-Conference 2002 War on Terrorism, War as Terrorism: The Maoist Rebellion in Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52125391" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohnMetz1">John Metz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Himalaya the Journal of the Association For Nepal and Himalayan Studies, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Introduction to the Proceedings of the ANHS Pre-Conference 2002 War on Terrorism, War as Terrorism: The Maoist Rebellion in Nepal","attachmentId":93750324,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90091537/Introduction_to_the_Proceedings_of_the_ANHS_Pre_Conference_2002_War_on_Terrorism_War_as_Terrorism_The_Maoist_Rebellion_in_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90091537/Introduction_to_the_Proceedings_of_the_ANHS_Pre_Conference_2002_War_on_Terrorism_War_as_Terrorism_The_Maoist_Rebellion_in_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="9759992" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9759992/Regicide_and_Maoist_Revolutionary_Warfare_in_Nepal_The_Modern_Incarnations_of_a_Warrior_Kingdom_Anthropology_Today_February_2004_20_1_13_19_Translated_by_David_N_Gellner">Regicide and Maoist Revolutionary Warfare in Nepal: The Modern Incarnations of a Warrior Kingdom. Anthropology Today, February 2004, 20 (1): 13-19. Translated by David. N. Gellner.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="694866" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/DavidGellner">David Gellner</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23437114" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/MarieLecomteTilouine">Marie Lecomte-Tilouine</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Regicide and Maoist Revolutionary Warfare in Nepal: The Modern Incarnations of a Warrior Kingdom. Anthropology Today, February 2004, 20 (1): 13-19. Translated by David. N. Gellner.","attachmentId":35941094,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9759992/Regicide_and_Maoist_Revolutionary_Warfare_in_Nepal_The_Modern_Incarnations_of_a_Warrior_Kingdom_Anthropology_Today_February_2004_20_1_13_19_Translated_by_David_N_Gellner","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9759992/Regicide_and_Maoist_Revolutionary_Warfare_in_Nepal_The_Modern_Incarnations_of_a_Warrior_Kingdom_Anthropology_Today_February_2004_20_1_13_19_Translated_by_David_N_Gellner"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="9746707" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9746707/Fighting_with_ideas_Maoist_and_popular_conceptions_of_the_People_s_war_in_Nepal_In_Armed_Militias_of_South_Asia_Fundamentalists_Maoists_and_Separatists_C_Jaffrelot_and_L_Gayer_eds_London_Hurst_New_York_Columbia_University_Press_2010_p_65_90">Fighting with ideas. Maoist and popular conceptions of the People’s war in Nepal. In Armed Militias of South Asia: Fundamentalists, Maoists, and Separatists, C. Jaffrelot and L. Gayer eds. London: Hurst/New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. p. 65-90.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23437114" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/MarieLecomteTilouine">Marie Lecomte-Tilouine</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The conception and perception of war are important aspects of revolutionary movements such as the Nepalese People's War. Indeed, this movement reached its remarkable national and worldwide audience and achieved success mainly because of its armed actions and military prowess. War is also the major element defining the Maoist position within the Nepalese political landscape: by launching the People's War in February 1996, the Communist party of Nepal (Maoist) positioned itself as unique and in opposition to all other parties, be they conservative or not. The very creation of this party was conditioned by war, since its founder, Prachanda, reformed the views of the Marxist leaders Nirmal Lama and M. B. Singh by proponing the army as the principal form of organisation, and war as the principal form of struggle. 1 The conception of war at a theoretical level is therefore a prerequisite for analysing the Nepalese Maoist revolution. But the CPN (M) would probably not have attracted such a large part of the population without moving into action, and its ideology would have remained a dead letter if it had not been complemented by the perception of it by those enrolled in the People's Liberation Army. The basis of my investigations consists mainly in the reading of Nepalese revolutionary texts and interviews, which have not yet been analysed per se. I first consider Maoist writers' theoretical views of war and the transformative effect they attribute to war; then, the issue of women in war, for they are presented as the main category of oppressed people who benefited from this transformation; finally, how a villager and a Maoist commander interact verbally around the question of a major attack, in order to show their respective perception of violence and war is not fully delineated. In Nepal, the People's War gave birth to a spate of narratives and reflections. Until the 2006 peace agreement, these could be found in weekly clandestine Maoist publications posted on the Internet. 2 Since then, the number of Maoist publications has literally exploded; they now include a dozen journals, compiled works on Maoist theory, novels, diaries and volumes of poetry. Except for a limited number of English translations of the leaders' writings, the language of these publications is Nepali. However, it makes use of a lexicon far removed from spoken Nepali, borrowing a great deal of abstract notions from Hindi and Sanskrit -as 1 These new principles were exposed in his discourse at the Party's 3 rd meeting, in March 1995. All of them state, in a different manner, that the Nepalese are a violent people and that they have always fought for their rights and against their enemies. Their image as a peaceful population is a reactionary lie. See "Strategy …". 2 Mainly in two weeklies: Janaawaj (period 2001-2003), and Janadesh (1991-to date, but posting it on internet only started in 2003).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fighting with ideas. Maoist and popular conceptions of the People’s war in Nepal. In Armed Militias of South Asia: Fundamentalists, Maoists, and Separatists, C. Jaffrelot and L. Gayer eds. London: Hurst/New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. p. 65-90.","attachmentId":37068023,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9746707/Fighting_with_ideas_Maoist_and_popular_conceptions_of_the_People_s_war_in_Nepal_In_Armed_Militias_of_South_Asia_Fundamentalists_Maoists_and_Separatists_C_Jaffrelot_and_L_Gayer_eds_London_Hurst_New_York_Columbia_University_Press_2010_p_65_90","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9746707/Fighting_with_ideas_Maoist_and_popular_conceptions_of_the_People_s_war_in_Nepal_In_Armed_Militias_of_South_Asia_Fundamentalists_Maoists_and_Separatists_C_Jaffrelot_and_L_Gayer_eds_London_Hurst_New_York_Columbia_University_Press_2010_p_65_90"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="30824616" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30824616/Achieving_Peace_and_Order_in_Nepal_in_the_Context_of_Maoist_Insurgency">Achieving Peace and Order in Nepal in the Context of Maoist Insurgency</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8229085" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DwarikaDhungel">Dwarika Dhungel</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Achieving Peace and Order in Nepal in the Context of Maoist Insurgency","attachmentId":51257697,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30824616/Achieving_Peace_and_Order_in_Nepal_in_the_Context_of_Maoist_Insurgency","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30824616/Achieving_Peace_and_Order_in_Nepal_in_the_Context_of_Maoist_Insurgency"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="104913341" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104913341/Unexpected_Consequences_of_Everyday_Life_During_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal">Unexpected Consequences of Everyday Life During the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="454237" href="https://limerick.academia.edu/Judipettigrew">Judith pettigrew</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article examines gendered aspects of women’s lives in a hill village in central Nepal during the decade-long civil war (1996-2006). The predominantly middle aged and elderly women discussed in the paper were not directly influenced by Maoist equality agendas, nor have they been – as yet - significantly empowered by the recent post-conflict gender reservations. Rather, the paper argues that it was via the unintended consequences of the conflict - their unexpected leadership of a village development project – that these women forged an alternative path towards gender transformation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Unexpected Consequences of Everyday Life During the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal","attachmentId":104513808,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104913341/Unexpected_Consequences_of_Everyday_Life_During_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/104913341/Unexpected_Consequences_of_Everyday_Life_During_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="2013343" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2013343/How_Not_to_Wage_a_Counter_Insurgency_Nepal_the_Maoists_and_Human_Rights">How Not to Wage a Counter-Insurgency: Nepal, the Maoists, and Human Rights</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2628887" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SujanShakya">Sujan Shakya</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Hum. Rts. Br., 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"How Not to Wage a Counter-Insurgency: Nepal, the Maoists, and Human Rights","attachmentId":29265282,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2013343/How_Not_to_Wage_a_Counter_Insurgency_Nepal_the_Maoists_and_Human_Rights","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2013343/How_Not_to_Wage_a_Counter_Insurgency_Nepal_the_Maoists_and_Human_Rights"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="884299" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/884299/Peoples_war_threat_to_Nepals_national_security">People's war: threat to Nepal's national security</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5767" href="https://purbuni.academia.edu/BadriPrakashOjha">Badri Prakash Ojha</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper shows how the Maoist insurgency or "People's War," based on the philosophy of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism-Prachanda Path, which started eight years ago as an innocuous law and order problem, has now turned into a critical threat to Nepal's National Security; in other words the three elements--ends, ways, and means--of Nepalese National Security Strategy faces a grave danger. The Maoists with political and military fronts, in achieving their objectives of establishing a People's Democratic Republic of Nepal, have undermined Nepalese government by establishing parallel village, district, and autonomous region people's governments, and have plunged the country into a civil war. In yet another front, Maoists are drafting a new "Constitution of People's Republic of Nepal 2004" to challenge the existing "Constitution of Nepal 1990." This means that the essence of the present Constitution,</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"People's war: threat to Nepal's national security","attachmentId":5344710,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/884299/Peoples_war_threat_to_Nepals_national_security","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/884299/Peoples_war_threat_to_Nepals_national_security"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="29061220" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29061220/Protracted_Peoples_War_in_Nepal_An_Analysis_from_the_Perspective_of_Azars_Theory_of_Protracted_Social_Conflict">Protracted People's War in Nepal : An Analysis from the Perspective of Azar's Theory of Protracted Social Conflict</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29161610" href="https://hiroshima-u.academia.edu/LuniPiya">Luni Piya</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Edward Azar's theory of Protracted Social Conflict (PSC), characteristic of wider work being done in conflict resolution in the 1970s and 1980s, offered a genuinely original interpretation of prevailing patterns of conflict that was clearly at odds with mainstream international approaches at the time. When the attention of almost all of the specialists in international relations and conflict studies was focused on inter-state wars, Azar was one of those few who were focusing on intra-state conflict having communal content. Azar's work was rarely appreciated by the contemporary literatures of his time. However, only a few years after his death in 1991, conflict studies were being focused on internal wars -for which he used the term PSC -the concept that Azar had been advocating since 1970s. Azar's model still retains its relevance today. He identified four clusters responsible for the initiation of PSC, viz, communal identity, needs deprivation, governance and state's role, and international linkages. This paper attempts to analyze the Protracted People's War (PPW) started by Nepal Communist Party-Maoist (hereafter only Maoists) in Nepal that lasted for a decade. Firstly, the failure of government to address the fundamental needs of the people and engaging themselves in power politics resulted into the frustration among the people especially the rural mass that were suffering from acute discrimination and poverty. Secondly, discrimination of the people in terms of caste, ethnicity, and religion and their under-representation in the administrative and political echelon and the national army further added to the dissatisfaction of the people. The Maoists effectively exploited the frustration of the masses with regards to these disparities. Nepal's porous border with India facilitated the movement of Maoists to organize their activities and trainings in the Indian land and</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Protracted People's War in Nepal : An Analysis from the Perspective of Azar's Theory of Protracted Social Conflict","attachmentId":49516764,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29061220/Protracted_Peoples_War_in_Nepal_An_Analysis_from_the_Perspective_of_Azars_Theory_of_Protracted_Social_Conflict","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29061220/Protracted_Peoples_War_in_Nepal_An_Analysis_from_the_Perspective_of_Azars_Theory_of_Protracted_Social_Conflict"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":32030615,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":32030615,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_32030615" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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