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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>External phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Domestication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Spread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy_and_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy_and_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Taxonomy and varieties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy_and_varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy and varieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_and_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Two-row_and_six-row_barley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two-row_and_six-row_barley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Two-row and six-row barley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two-row_and_six-row_barley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hulless_barley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hulless_barley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hulless barley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hulless_barley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pests and diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Food-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Food subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Health implications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beer,_whisky,_and_soft_drinks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beer,_whisky,_and_soft_drinks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Beer, whisky, and soft drinks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beer,_whisky,_and_soft_drinks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_feed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_feed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Animal feed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_feed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culture and folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Barley</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 159 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-159" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">159 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8D_(%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%8D)" title="Хьэ (къэкӀыгъэ) – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хьэ (къэкӀыгъэ)" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gars" title="Gars – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gars" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerste" title="Gerste – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gerste" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%88%E1%89%A5%E1%88%B5" title="ገብስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ገብስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8C" title="जौ – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जौ" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bere" title="Bere – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bere" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="شعير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordeum_vulgare" title="Hordeum vulgare – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hordeum vulgare" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%A5%DC%AA%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܣܥܪܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܥܪܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordzu" title="Ordzu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ordzu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordeum_vulgare" title="Hordeum vulgare – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hordeum vulgare" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8C" title="जौ – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जौ" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sev%C3%A1da" title="Seváda – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Seváda" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwara" title="Siwara – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Siwara" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_arpa" title="Adi arpa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adi arpa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="آرپا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آرپا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barli" title="Barli – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Barli" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC" title="যব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawawut" title="Jawawut – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Jawawut" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Da-be%CC%8Dh" title="Tōa-be̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tōa-be̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Арпа – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Арпа" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ячмень звычайны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ячмень звычайны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ячмень звычайны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ячмень звычайны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ечемик – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ечемик" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerschn" title="Gerschn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gerschn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ནས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C4%8Dam" title="Ječam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ječam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiz" title="Heiz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Heiz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Арбай – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Арбай" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordi" title="Ordi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ordi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Урпа – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Урпа" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordeum_vulgare" title="Hordeum vulgare – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hordeum vulgare" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C4%8Dmen_set%C3%BD" title="Ječmen setý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ječmen setý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhari" title="Bhari – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidd" title="Haidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Haidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almindelig_byg" title="Almindelig byg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Almindelig byg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerste" title="Gerste – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gerste" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%89%DE%A6_%DE%8E%DE%AE%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ހިމަ ގޮދަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހިމަ ގޮދަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%81" title="जौँ – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जौँ" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder" title="Oder – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oder" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Κριθάρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κριθάρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B6" title="Алкуксонь шуж – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Алкуксонь шуж" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordeum_vulgare" title="Hordeum vulgare – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hordeum vulgare" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinara_hordeo" title="Ordinara hordeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ordinara hordeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordeum_vulgare" title="Hordeum vulgare – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Hordeum vulgare" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garagar" title="Garagar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Garagar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88_(%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87)" title="جو (گیاه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جو (گیاه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley" title="Barley – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Barley" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orge_commune" title="Orge commune – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orge commune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eorna" title="Eorna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eorna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oarn" title="Oarn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Oarn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebada" title="Cebada – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cebada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai-ma%CC%8Dk" title="Thai-ma̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thai-ma̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%A6%AC" title="보리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha%27ir" title="Sha'ir – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sha'ir" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Սովորական գարի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սովորական գարի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8C" title="जौ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जौ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sywny_je%C4%8Dmje%C5%84" title="Sywny ječmjeń – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sywny ječmjeń" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C4%8Dam_ozimac" title="Ječam ozimac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ječam ozimac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordeo" title="Hordeo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hordeo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebada" title="Sebada – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sebada" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barli" title="Barli – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Barli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordeo" title="Hordeo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hordeo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Сиск – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сиск" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygg" title="Bygg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bygg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordeum_vulgare" title="Hordeum vulgare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hordeum vulgare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שעורה תרבותית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שעורה תרבותית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawawut" title="Jawawut – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jawawut" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%86r%C9%A9g%C9%A9" title="Ɔrɩgɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɔrɩgɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬಾರ್ಲಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾರ್ಲಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სათესი ქერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სათესი ქერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Кәдімгі арпа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кәдімгі арпа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlys" title="Barlys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Barlys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shayiri" title="Shayiri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shayiri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92j" title="Òj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Òj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Арпа – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Арпа" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde" title="Orde – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Orde" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordeum_vulgare" title="Hordeum vulgare – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hordeum vulgare" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie%C5%BEi" title="Mieži – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mieži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprastasis_mie%C5%BEis" title="Paprastasis miežis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paprastasis miežis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rzio" title="Òrzio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Òrzio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaes" title="Gaes – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gaes" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordeum_vulgare" title="Hordeum vulgare – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Hordeum vulgare" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rpa_(n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nyfaj)" title="Árpa (növényfaj) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Árpa (növényfaj)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8C" title="जौ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जौ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Јачмен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јачмен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vary_orza" title="Vary orza – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vary orza" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="യവം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5" title="जव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="شعير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barli" title="Barli – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C3%A2i-m%C4%83k" title="Duâi-măk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Duâi-măk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Арвай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Арвай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC" title="မုယော – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မုယော" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerst" title="Gerst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gerst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8C" title="जौ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जौ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="तछ्व – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तछ्व" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AE" title="オオムギ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オオムギ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uorgio" title="Uorgio – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Uorgio" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Мукх – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мукх" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bere_(slach)" title="Bere (slach) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bere (slach)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seksradsbygg" title="Seksradsbygg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Seksradsbygg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygg" title="Bygg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bygg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rdi" title="Òrdi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Òrdi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AC%85" title="ଯଅ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଯଅ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpa" title="Arpa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arpa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%82" title="ਜੌਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੌਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A4" title="جؤ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جؤ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B4%DB%90" title="وربشې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وربشې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gassen" title="Gassen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gassen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99czmie%C5%84_zwyczajny" title="Jęczmień zwyczajny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jęczmień zwyczajny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cevada" title="Cevada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cevada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4%C3%A4ch" title="Jääch – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Jääch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orz" title="Orz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwara" title="Siwara – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Siwara" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Ячмень обыкновенный – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ячмень обыкновенный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Нэчимиэн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Нэчимиэн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%83" title="यवः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="यवः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baurley" title="Baurley – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Baurley" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbi" title="Elbi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elbi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriu" title="Oriu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Oriu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley" title="Barley – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Barley" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88" title="جو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C4%8Dme%C5%88_siaty" title="Jačmeň siaty – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jačmeň siaty" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C4%8Dmen" title="Ječmen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ječmen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jynczmiy%C5%84" title="Jynczmiyń – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Jynczmiyń" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heed" title="Heed – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Heed" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86" title="جۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Јечам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јечам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C4%8Dam" title="Ječam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ječam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohra" title="Ohra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ohra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn" title="Korn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Korn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebada" title="Sebada – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sebada" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="வாற்கோதுமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாற்கோதுமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%E1%BA%93in" title="Timẓin – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Timẓin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%E1%BA%93in" title="Timẓin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timẓin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Арпа – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Арпа" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="యవలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యవలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ข้าวบาร์เลย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ข้าวบาร์เลย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Ҷав – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷав" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpa" title="Arpa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arpa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Арбай – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Арбай" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%87%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ячмінь звичайний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ячмінь звичайний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88" title="جو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="ئارپا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئارپا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cereal grain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Barley_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Barley (disambiguation)">Barley (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Barley </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Barley_(Hordeum_vulgare)_-_United_States_National_Arboretum_-_24_May_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Barley_%28Hordeum_vulgare%29_-_United_States_National_Arboretum_-_24_May_2009.jpg/220px-Barley_%28Hordeum_vulgare%29_-_United_States_National_Arboretum_-_24_May_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Barley_%28Hordeum_vulgare%29_-_United_States_National_Arboretum_-_24_May_2009.jpg/330px-Barley_%28Hordeum_vulgare%29_-_United_States_National_Arboretum_-_24_May_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Barley_%28Hordeum_vulgare%29_-_United_States_National_Arboretum_-_24_May_2009.jpg/440px-Barley_%28Hordeum_vulgare%29_-_United_States_National_Arboretum_-_24_May_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Hordeum" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pooideae" title="Pooideae">Pooideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hordeum" title="Hordeum"><i>Hordeum</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>H. vulgare</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Hordeum vulgare</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> <ul><li><i>Frumentum hordeum</i> <small>E.H.L.Krause</small> nom. illeg.</li> <li><i>Frumentum sativum</i> <small>E.H.L.Krause</small></li> <li><i>Hordeum aestivum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> <a href="/wiki/Validly_published_name" title="Validly published name">nom. inval.</a></li> <li><i>Hordeum americanum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum bifarium</i> <small>Roth</small></li> <li><i>Hordeum brachyatherum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum caspicum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum coeleste</i> <small>(L.) P.Beauv.</small></li> <li><i>Hordeum daghestanicum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum defectoides</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum durum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum elongatum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum gymnodistichum</i> <small>Duthie</small></li> <li><i>Hordeum heterostychon</i> <small>P.Beauv. [Spelling variant]</small></li> <li><i>Hordeum hexastichon</i> <small>L.</small></li> <li><i>Hordeum hibernaculum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum hibernans</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum himalayense</i> <small>Schult.</small></li> <li><i>Hordeum hirtiusculum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum horsfordianum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum ircutianum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum jarenskianum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum juliae</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum kalugense</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum karzinianum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum kiarchanum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum laevipaleatum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum lapponicum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum leptostachys</i> <small>Griff.</small></li> <li><i>Hordeum macrolepis</i> <small>A.Braun</small></li> <li><i>Hordeum mandshuricum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum mandshuroides</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum michalkowii</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum nekludowii</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum nigrum</i> <small>Willd.</small></li> <li><i>Hordeum pamiricum</i> <small>Vavilov</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum parvum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum pensanum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum polystichon</i> <small>Haller</small></li> <li><i>Hordeum praecox</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum pyramidatum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum revelatum</i> <small>(Körn.) A.Schulz</small></li> <li><i>Hordeum sativum</i> <small>Jess.</small> nom. illeg.</li> <li><i>Hordeum sativum</i> <small>Pers.</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum scabriusculum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum septentrionale</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum stassewitschii</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum strobelense</i> <small>Chiov.</small></li> <li><i>Hordeum taganrocense</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum tanaiticum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum tetrastichum</i> <small>Stokes</small></li> <li><i>Hordeum transcaucasicum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum violaceum</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Hordeum walpersii</i> <small>R.E.Regel</small> nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Secale orientale</i> <small>Schreb. ex Roth</small> nom. inval.</li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Barley</b> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hordeum vulgare</i></span>), a member of the <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grass family</a>, is a major <a href="/wiki/Cereal_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereal grain">cereal grain</a> grown in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a> globally. It was one of the <a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">first cultivated grains</a>; it was domesticated in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> around 9000 BC, giving it <a href="/wiki/Shattering_(agriculture)" title="Shattering (agriculture)">nonshattering</a> <a href="/wiki/Spikelet" title="Spikelet">spikelets</a> and making it much easier to <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest</a>. Its use then spread throughout <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> by 2000 BC. Barley prefers relatively low temperatures and well-drained soil to grow. It is relatively <a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance_in_barley" title="Drought tolerance in barley">tolerant of drought</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">soil salinity</a> but is less <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">winter-hardy</a> than <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>. </p><p>In 2022, barley was fourth among grains in quantity produced, 155 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, behind <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, wheat, and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>. Globally, 70% of barley production is used as <a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">animal feed</a>, while 30% is used as a source of fermentable material for <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, or further <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distilled</a> into <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a>, and as a component of various foods. It is used in soups and stews and in <a href="/wiki/Barley_bread" title="Barley bread">barley bread</a> of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a> using a traditional and ancient method of preparation. In English folklore, <a href="/wiki/John_Barleycorn" title="John Barleycorn">John Barleycorn</a> personifies the grain and the alcoholic beverages made from it. English <a href="/wiki/Pub_names#Beer_and_wine" title="Pub names">pub names</a> such as The Barley Mow allude to its role in the production of beer. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barley_Barn_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Barley_Barn_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Barley_Barn_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Barley_Barn_%28cropped%29.jpg/495px-Barley_Barn_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Barley_Barn_%28cropped%29.jpg/660px-Barley_Barn_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Barley_Barn" title="The Barley Barn">The Barley Barn</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cressing" title="Cressing">Cressing</a>, Essex, built around 1220; its name means "barley-store".<sup id="cite_ref-Ayto1990_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayto1990-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word for barley was <i>bere</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This survives in the north of Scotland as <i><a href="/wiki/Bere_(grain)" title="Bere (grain)">bere</a></i>; it is used for a strain of six-row barley grown there.<sup id="cite_ref-DSLbear_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSLbear-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern English <i>barley</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> adjective <i>bærlic</i>, meaning "of barley".<sup id="cite_ref-Ayto1990_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayto1990-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i><a href="/wiki/Barn" title="Barn">barn</a></i> derives from Old English <i>bere-aern</i> meaning "barley-store".<sup id="cite_ref-Ayto1990_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayto1990-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> is from Latin <i>hordeum</i>, barley, likely related to Latin <i>horrere</i>, to bristle.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Hordeum_vulgare1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Illustration_Hordeum_vulgare1.jpg/220px-Illustration_Hordeum_vulgare1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Illustration_Hordeum_vulgare1.jpg/330px-Illustration_Hordeum_vulgare1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Illustration_Hordeum_vulgare1.jpg/440px-Illustration_Hordeum_vulgare1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1407" data-file-height="2284" /></a><figcaption>Botanical illustration of leafy stem with roots, flowers, and 2- and 6-row ears</figcaption></figure> <p>Barley is a <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grass family</a> with edible grains. Its flowers are clusters of <a href="/wiki/Spikelet" title="Spikelet">spikelets</a> arranged in a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Herringbone_pattern" title="Herringbone pattern">herringbone pattern</a>. Each spikelet has a long thin <a href="/wiki/Awn_(botany)" title="Awn (botany)">awn</a> (to 160 mm (6.3 in) long), making the ears look tufted. The spikelets are in clusters of three. In six-row barley, all three spikelets in each cluster are fertile; in two-row barley, only the central one is fertile.<sup id="cite_ref-Native_Plant_Trust_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Native_Plant_Trust-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">self-pollinating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> species with 14 <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zohary_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zohary-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genome of barley was sequenced in 2012 by the International Barley Genome Sequencing Consortium and the UK Barley Sequencing Consortium.<sup id="cite_ref-The_International_Barley_Genome_Sequencing_Consortium_2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_International_Barley_Genome_Sequencing_Consortium_2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genome is organised into seven pairs<sup id="cite_ref-Hayes-et-al-2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayes-et-al-2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_DNA" title="Nuclear DNA">nuclear chromosomes</a> (recommended designations: 1H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H), and one <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA" title="Chloroplast DNA">chloroplast chromosome</a>, with a total of 5000 Mbp.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Details of the genome are freely available in several barley databases.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_phylogeny">External phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The barley <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i>Hordeum</i> is relatively closely related to wheat and <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a>, and more distantly to rice within the <a href="/wiki/BOP_clade" title="BOP clade">BOP clade</a> of grasses (<a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Soreng_Peterson_Romaschenko_Davidse_2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soreng_Peterson_Romaschenko_Davidse_2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> of the Triticeae is complicated by <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a> between species, so there is a <a href="/wiki/Reticulate_evolution" title="Reticulate evolution">network of relationships</a> rather than a simple inheritance-based tree.<sup id="cite_ref-Escobar_Scornavacca_Cenci_Guilhaumon_2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Escobar_Scornavacca_Cenci_Guilhaumon_2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade 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table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">(Part of <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/BOP_clade" title="BOP clade">BOP clade</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bambusoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambusoideae">Bambusoideae</a> (bamboos) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Pooideae" title="Pooideae">Pooideae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">other grasses </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> (<a href="/wiki/Fescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fescue">fescue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryegrass">ryegrass</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><i><a href="/wiki/Hordeum" title="Hordeum">Hordeum</a></i> (barley)</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Triticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum">Triticum</a></i> (wheat) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Secale" title="Secale">Secale</a></i> (rye) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza" title="Oryza">Oryza</a></i> (rice) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/PACMAD_clade" title="PACMAD clade">PACMAD clade</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>other grasses </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></i> (sorghum) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Zea_(plant)" title="Zea (plant)">Zea</a></i> (maize) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestication">Domestication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Domestication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genetic_analysis_on_the_spread_of_barley_from_9000_to_2000_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Genetic_analysis_on_the_spread_of_barley_from_9000_to_2000_BCE.jpg/330px-Genetic_analysis_on_the_spread_of_barley_from_9000_to_2000_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Genetic_analysis_on_the_spread_of_barley_from_9000_to_2000_BCE.jpg/495px-Genetic_analysis_on_the_spread_of_barley_from_9000_to_2000_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Genetic_analysis_on_the_spread_of_barley_from_9000_to_2000_BCE.jpg/660px-Genetic_analysis_on_the_spread_of_barley_from_9000_to_2000_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2229" data-file-height="1592" /></a><figcaption>Genetic analysis on the spread of barley from 9,000 to 2,000 BC<sup id="cite_ref-BHE_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHE-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Barley was one of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_founder_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic founder crops">first grains to be domesticated</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, an area of relatively abundant water in Western Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-Badr_Sch_El_Rabey_2000_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badr_Sch_El_Rabey_2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around 9,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-BHE_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHE-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild barley (<i>H. vulgare</i> ssp. <i>spontaneum</i>) ranges from North Africa and <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Zohary_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zohary-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of genome-wide diversity markers found <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> to be an additional center of domestication of cultivated barley.<sup id="cite_ref-Dai_Nevo_Wu_Comadran_2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dai_Nevo_Wu_Comadran_2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> evidence of the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Wild_barley" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild barley">wild barley</a>, <i>Hordeum spontaneum</i>, comes from the <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ohalo_II" title="Ohalo II">Ohalo II</a> at the southern end of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>, where grinding stones with traces of starch were found. The remains were dated to about 23,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Zohary_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zohary-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Snir,_et_al._2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snir,_et_al._2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence for the domestication of barley, in the form of cultivars that cannot reproduce without human assistance, comes from Mesopotamia, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Jarmo" title="Jarmo">Jarmo</a> region of modern-day Iraq, around 9,000–7,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestication changed the <a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">morphology</a> of the barley grain substantially, from an elongated shape to a more rounded spherical one.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild barley has distinctive <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a>, and regulators with potential for resistance to <a href="/wiki/Abiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiotic">abiotic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biotic_stress" title="Biotic stress">biotic stresses</a>; these may help cultivated barley to adapt to climatic changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_Chen_Yang_Zhang_2018_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang_Chen_Yang_Zhang_2018-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild barley has a brittle <a href="/wiki/Spike_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spike (botany)">spike</a>; upon maturity, the <a href="/wiki/Spikelet" title="Spikelet">spikelets</a> separate, facilitating <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">seed dispersal</a>. Domesticated barley has <a href="/wiki/Shattering_(agriculture)" title="Shattering (agriculture)">nonshattering</a> spikelets, making it much easier to harvest the mature ears.<sup id="cite_ref-Zohary_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zohary-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nonshattering condition is caused by a <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> in one of two <a href="/wiki/Genetic_linkage" title="Genetic linkage">tightly linked</a> genes known as Bt<sub>1</sub> and Bt<sub>2</sub>; many <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> possess both mutations. The nonshattering condition is <a href="/wiki/Recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive">recessive</a>, so varieties of barley that exhibit this condition are <a href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygous</a> for the mutant <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zohary_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zohary-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestication in barley is followed by the change of key <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypic traits</a> at the genetic level.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wild barley found currently in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> may not be the progenitor of the barley cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, indicating that it may have been domesticated separately in eastern Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Orabi_Backes_Wolday_Yahyaoui_2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orabi_Backes_Wolday_Yahyaoui_2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread">Spread</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Issue_of_barley_rations.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Issue_of_barley_rations.JPG/200px-Issue_of_barley_rations.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Issue_of_barley_rations.JPG/300px-Issue_of_barley_rations.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Issue_of_barley_rations.JPG/400px-Issue_of_barley_rations.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2246" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">account</a> of barley rations issued monthly to adults (30 or 40 <a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">pints</a>) and children (20 pints) written in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> on clay tablet in year 4 of King <a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> (<i>circa</i> 2350 BCE), from <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Girsu</a>, Iraq</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeobotanical evidence shows that barley had spread throughout Eurasia by 2,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-BHE_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHE-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic analysis demonstrates that cultivated barley followed several different routes over time.<sup id="cite_ref-BHE_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHE-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 4200 BC domesticated barley had reached Eastern Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barley has been grown in the Korean Peninsula since the Early <a href="/wiki/Mumun_Pottery_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumun Pottery Period">Mumun Pottery Period</a> (<i>circa</i> 1500–850 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barley (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Yava</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>) is mentioned many times in the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i> and other Indian scriptures as a principal grain in ancient India.<sup id="cite_ref-yava_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yava-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traces of barley cultivation have been found in <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">post-Neolithic Bronze Age Harappan civilization</a> 5,700–3,300 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-IVS_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IVS-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barley beer was probably one of the first alcoholic drinks developed by Neolithic humans;<sup id="cite_ref-Pellechia2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pellechia2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later it was used as currency.<sup id="cite_ref-Pellechia2006_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pellechia2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian language</a> had a word for barley, <i>akiti</i>. In ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, a stalk of barley was the primary symbol of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Shala" title="Shala">Shala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="float:right;clear:right;font-size:9pt;margin:2em 0 1em 1em;"> <caption><b> Barley in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hieroglyph">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><i>jt</i> <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">ideogram</a> </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M34.png?2a5f6" height="38" title="M34" alt="M34" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>jt</i> spelling </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U9.png?3730c" height="22" title="U9" alt="U9" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M33.png?169c6" height="9" title="M33" alt="M33" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>šma</i> ideogram </td> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U9.png?3730c" height="22" title="U9" alt="U9" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Rations of barley for workers appear in <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> tablets in Mycenaean contexts at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Pylos#Prehistoric_and_Mycenaean_Pylos" title="Pylos">Mycenaean Pylos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mainland Greece, the ritual significance of barley possibly dates back to the earliest stages of the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>. The preparatory <i><a href="/wiki/Kykeon" title="Kykeon">kykeon</a></i> or mixed drink of the initiates, prepared from barley and herbs, mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric hymn">Homeric hymn</a> to <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>. The goddess's name may have meant "barley-mother", incorporating the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Cretan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Cretan">ancient Cretan</a> word <i>δηαί</i> (dēai), "barley".<sup id="cite_ref-Tobin_1991_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobin_1991-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cereals_and_cereal_products_technology_and_chemistry_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cereals_and_cereal_products_technology_and_chemistry-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice was to dry the barley <a href="/wiki/Groats" class="mw-redirect" title="Groats">groats</a> and roast them before preparing the porridge, according to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny's Natural History">Natural History</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tibetan barley has been a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan cuisine</a> since the fifth century AD. This grain, along with a cool climate that permitted storage, produced a civilization that was able to raise great armies.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez2001_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez2001-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is made into a flour product called <i><a href="/wiki/Tsampa" title="Tsampa">tsampa</a></i> that is still a staple in Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-By2006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-By2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In medieval Europe, bread made from barley and rye was peasant food, while wheat products were consumed by the upper classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcgee235_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcgee235-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_varieties">Taxonomy and varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_barley_cultivars" title="List of barley cultivars">List of barley cultivars</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Two-row"></span><span class="anchor" id="Two-row_barley"></span><span class="anchor" id="Six-row"></span><span class="anchor" id="Six-row_barley"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two-row_and_six-row_barley">Two-row and six-row barley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Two-row and six-row barley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spikelets are arranged in triplets which alternate along the <a href="/wiki/Rachis" title="Rachis">rachis</a>. In wild barley (and other <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> species of <i><a href="/wiki/Hordeum" title="Hordeum">Hordeum</a></i>), only the central spikelet is fertile, while the other two are reduced. This condition is retained in certain cultivars known as two-row barleys. A pair of mutations (one dominant, the other recessive) result in fertile lateral spikelets to produce six-row barleys.<sup id="cite_ref-Zohary_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zohary-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="anchor" id="vrs1"></span>A mutation in one gene, <i>vrs1</i>, is responsible for the transition from two-row to six-row barley.<sup id="cite_ref-Komatsuda_Pourkheirandish_He_Azhaguvel_2007_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komatsuda_Pourkheirandish_He_Azhaguvel_2007-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brewers in Europe tend to use two-row cultivars and breweries in North America use six-row barley (or a mix), and there are important differences in enzyme content, kernel shape, and other factors that malters and brewers must take into consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In traditional taxonomy, different forms of barley were classified as different species based on morphological differences. Two-row barley with shattering spikes (wild barley) was named <i><a href="/wiki/Hordeum_spontaneum" title="Hordeum spontaneum">Hordeum spontaneum</a></i>. Two-row barley with nonshattering spikes was named as <i><a href="/wiki/Hordeum_distichon" title="Hordeum distichon">H. distichon</a></i>, six-row barley with nonshattering spikes as <i>H. vulgare</i> (or <i>H. hexastichum</i>), and six-row with shattering spikes as <i>H. agriocrithon</i>. Because these differences were driven by single-gene mutations, coupled with <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cytological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular</a> evidence, most recent classifications treat these forms as a single species, <i>H. vulgare</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zohary_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zohary-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hordeum_vulgare_(6_row_barley)_(3885627341).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="6-row barley has three fertile spikelets per cluster"><img alt="6-row barley has three fertile spikelets per cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hordeum_vulgare_%286_row_barley%29_%283885627341%29.jpg/225px-Hordeum_vulgare_%286_row_barley%29_%283885627341%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hordeum_vulgare_%286_row_barley%29_%283885627341%29.jpg/338px-Hordeum_vulgare_%286_row_barley%29_%283885627341%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hordeum_vulgare_%286_row_barley%29_%283885627341%29.jpg/450px-Hordeum_vulgare_%286_row_barley%29_%283885627341%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">6-row barley has three fertile <a href="/wiki/Spikelet" title="Spikelet">spikelets</a> per cluster</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BarleyEars.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Two-row and six-row"><img alt="Heads of 2-row and 6-row barley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BarleyEars.JPG/150px-BarleyEars.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BarleyEars.JPG/225px-BarleyEars.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BarleyEars.JPG/300px-BarleyEars.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two-row and six-row</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hulless_barley">Hulless barley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hulless barley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hulless or "naked" barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare </i> var.<i> nudum</i>) is a form of domesticated barley with an easier-to-remove <a href="/wiki/Husk" title="Husk">hull</a>. Naked barley is an ancient food crop, but a new industry has developed around uses of selected hulless barley to increase the digestibility of the grain, especially for pigs and poultry.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hulless barley has been investigated for several potential new applications as whole grain, bran, and flour.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; width:14em; text-align:center; margin-right:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Barley production – 2022 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddf; width:50%;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:50%;"><small> Millions of <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> </small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>23.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>14.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>11.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>11.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>10.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>8.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>7.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>7.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>154.9</b><sup id="cite_ref-faostat_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_barley_production" title="List of countries by barley production">List of countries by barley production</a></div> <p>In 2022, world production of barley was 155 million tonnes, led by Russia accounting for 15% of the world total (table). France, Germany, and Canada were secondary producers. Worldwide barley production was fourth among grains, following maize (1.2 billion tonnes), wheat (808 million tonnes), and rice (776 million tonnes).<sup id="cite_ref-faostat-compare_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-compare-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barley is a crop that prefers relatively low temperatures, 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F) in the growing season; it is grown around the world in temperate areas. It grows best in well-drained soil in full sunshine. In the tropics and subtropics, it is grown for food and straw in South Asia, North and East Africa, and in the Andes of South America. In dry regions it requires irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-PlantVillage_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlantVillage-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a short growing season and is <a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance_in_barley" title="Drought tolerance in barley">relatively drought-tolerant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcgee235_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcgee235-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barley is more tolerant of <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">soil salinity</a> than other cereals, varying in different cultivars.<sup id="cite_ref-Witzel_Matros_Strickert_Kaspar_2014_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witzel_Matros_Strickert_Kaspar_2014-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has less <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)#Winter_hardiness" title="Hardiness (plants)">winter-hardiness</a> than <a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">winter wheat</a> and far less than rye.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other cereals, barley is typically planted on <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">tilled</a> land. Seed was <a href="/wiki/Sowing" title="Sowing">traditionally scattered</a>, but in developed countries is usually <a href="/wiki/Seed_drill" title="Seed drill">drilled</a>. As it grows it requires soil nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), often supplied as fertilizers. It needs to be monitored for pests and diseases, and if necessary treated before these become serious. The stems and ears turn yellow when ripe, and the ears begin to droop. Traditional harvesting was by hand with <a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scythe" title="Scythe">scythes</a>; in developed countries, harvesting is mechanised with <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvesters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PlantVillage_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlantVillage-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tramlines_in_the_sun_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1565399.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young winter barley in early November, Scotland, 2009"><img alt="Young winter barley in early November, Scotland, 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tramlines_in_the_sun_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1565399.jpg/225px-Tramlines_in_the_sun_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1565399.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tramlines_in_the_sun_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1565399.jpg/338px-Tramlines_in_the_sun_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1565399.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tramlines_in_the_sun_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1565399.jpg/450px-Tramlines_in_the_sun_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1565399.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young winter barley in early November,<br />Scotland, 2009</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cessna188AGWagonZKCSE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spraying barley for rust fungus, New Zealand, 1979"><img alt="Spraying barley for rust fungus, New Zealand, 1979" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cessna188AGWagonZKCSE.jpg/225px-Cessna188AGWagonZKCSE.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cessna188AGWagonZKCSE.jpg/338px-Cessna188AGWagonZKCSE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cessna188AGWagonZKCSE.jpg/450px-Cessna188AGWagonZKCSE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2886" data-file-height="1572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spraying barley for <a href="/wiki/Rust_(fungus)" title="Rust (fungus)">rust fungus</a>,<br />New Zealand, 1979</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:In_The_Barley_Harvest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional barley harvest by hand with scythes, England, c. 1886. Photo Peter Henry Emerson"><img alt="Traditional barley harvest by hand with scythes, England, c. 1886. Photo Peter Henry Emerson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/In_The_Barley_Harvest.jpg/209px-In_The_Barley_Harvest.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/In_The_Barley_Harvest.jpg/314px-In_The_Barley_Harvest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/In_The_Barley_Harvest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional barley harvest by hand with <a href="/wiki/Scythe" title="Scythe">scythes</a>, England, c. 1886.<br />Photo <a href="/wiki/Peter_Henry_Emerson" title="Peter Henry Emerson">Peter Henry Emerson</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claas_Dominator_85_harvesting_winter_barley_at_Ostrittrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harvesting winter barley with a combine harvester, Germany, 2017"><img alt="Harvesting winter barley with a combine harvester, Germany, 2017" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Claas_Dominator_85_harvesting_winter_barley_at_Ostrittrum.jpg/225px-Claas_Dominator_85_harvesting_winter_barley_at_Ostrittrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Claas_Dominator_85_harvesting_winter_barley_at_Ostrittrum.jpg/338px-Claas_Dominator_85_harvesting_winter_barley_at_Ostrittrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Claas_Dominator_85_harvesting_winter_barley_at_Ostrittrum.jpg/450px-Claas_Dominator_85_harvesting_winter_barley_at_Ostrittrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5095" data-file-height="3140" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Harvesting winter barley with a <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvester</a>, Germany, 2017</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pests and diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_barley_diseases" title="List of barley diseases">List of barley diseases</a></div> <p>Among the insect pests of barley are <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Russian_wheat_aphid" title="Russian wheat aphid">Russian wheat aphid</a>, caterpillars such as of the <a href="/wiki/Mythimna_unipuncta" title="Mythimna unipuncta">armyworm moth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mealybug" title="Mealybug">barley mealybug</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wireworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireworm">wireworm</a> larvae of click beetle genera such as <i><a href="/wiki/Aeolus_(beetle)" title="Aeolus (beetle)">Aeolus</a></i>. Aphid damage can often be tolerated, whereas armyworms can eat whole leaves. Wireworms kill seedlings, and require <a href="/wiki/Seed_treatment" title="Seed treatment">seed</a> or preplanting treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-PlantVillage_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlantVillage-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serious fungal diseases of barley include powdery mildew caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Blumeria_graminis" title="Blumeria graminis">Blumeria graminis</a></i>, leaf scald caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchosporium_secalis" title="Rhynchosporium secalis">Rhynchosporium secalis</a></i>, barley rust caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Puccinia_hordei" title="Puccinia hordei">Puccinia hordei</a></i>, crown rust caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Puccinia_coronata" title="Puccinia coronata">Puccinia coronata</a></i>, various diseases caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Cochliobolus_sativus" title="Cochliobolus sativus">Cochliobolus sativus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Fusarium_ear_blight" title="Fusarium ear blight">Fusarium ear blight</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Parry-1995_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parry-1995-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Stem_rust" title="Stem rust">stem rust</a> (<i>Puccinia graminis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Djurle_Young_Berlin_Vågsholm_2022_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Djurle_Young_Berlin_Vågsholm_2022-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacterial diseases of barley include <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_blight_(barley)" title="Bacterial blight (barley)">bacterial blight</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Xanthomonas_campestris_pv._translucens" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens"><i>Xanthomonas campestris</i> pv. <i>translucens</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BarleyCompendium_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarleyCompendium-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barley is susceptible to several viral diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Barley_mild_mosaic_bymovirus" title="Barley mild mosaic bymovirus">barley mild mosaic bymovirus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some viruses, such as <a href="/wiki/Barley_yellow_dwarf_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Barley yellow dwarf virus">barley yellow dwarf virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disease_vector" title="Disease vector">vectored</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Rhopalosiphum_rufiabdominale" title="Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale">rice root aphid</a>, can cause serious crop injury.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For durable disease resistance, <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative resistance">quantitative resistance</a> is more important than <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualitative resistance">qualitative resistance</a>. The most important <a href="/wiki/Foliar_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Foliar disease">foliar diseases</a> have corresponding resistance gene regions on all chromosomes of barley.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayes-et-al-2003_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayes-et-al-2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_marker" title="Molecular marker">molecular markers</a> are available for breeding of resistance to leaf rust, powdery mildew, <i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchosporium_secalis" title="Rhynchosporium secalis">Rhynchosporium secalis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrenophora_teres_f._teres" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrenophora teres f. teres"><i>Pyrenophora teres</i> f. <i>teres</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Barley_yellow_dwarf_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Barley yellow dwarf virus">Barley yellow dwarf virus</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Barley_yellow_mosaic_virus_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Barley yellow mosaic virus complex"><i>Barley yellow mosaic virus</i> complex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coleoptera_larvae_(ritnaalden).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wireworms, the larvae of click beetles, kill barley seedlings."><img alt="Wireworms, the larvae of click beetles, kill barley seedlings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Coleoptera_larvae_%28ritnaalden%29.jpg/292px-Coleoptera_larvae_%28ritnaalden%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Coleoptera_larvae_%28ritnaalden%29.jpg/439px-Coleoptera_larvae_%28ritnaalden%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Coleoptera_larvae_%28ritnaalden%29.jpg/584px-Coleoptera_larvae_%28ritnaalden%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wireworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireworm">Wireworms</a>, the larvae of click beetles, kill barley seedlings.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 213.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 211.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puccinia_hordei_G.H._Otth_5410688.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barley rust, a disease caused by the fungus Puccinia hordei"><img alt="Barley rust, a disease caused by the fungus Puccinia hordei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Puccinia_hordei_G.H._Otth_5410688.jpg/317px-Puccinia_hordei_G.H._Otth_5410688.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Puccinia_hordei_G.H._Otth_5410688.jpg/476px-Puccinia_hordei_G.H._Otth_5410688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Puccinia_hordei_G.H._Otth_5410688.jpg/633px-Puccinia_hordei_G.H._Otth_5410688.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Barley rust, a <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease" title="Plant disease">disease</a> caused by the fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Puccinia_hordei" title="Puccinia hordei">Puccinia hordei</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food">Food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Cooked barley</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barley_grains_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Barley_grains_3.jpg/235px-Barley_grains_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Barley_grains_3.jpg/353px-Barley_grains_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Barley_grains_3.jpg/470px-Barley_grains_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">515 kJ (123 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">28.2 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.3 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.8 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.4 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">2.3 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Carotene">beta-Carotene</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">lutein</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 μg<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div>5 μg</div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">56 μg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 0.083 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.062 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">13%</div> 2.063 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.135 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 0.115 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 16 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">12</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 13.4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 IU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0.01 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.8 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 11 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 0.105 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 1.3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 22 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">11%</div> 0.259 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 54 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 93 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 0.82 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">68.8 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170285/nutrients=">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparation">Preparation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hulled barley (or covered barley) is eaten after removing the inedible, fibrous, outer husk or hull. Once removed, it is called dehulled barley (or pot barley or scotch barley).<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pearl_barley" title="Pearl barley">Pearl barley</a> (or pearled barley) is dehulled to remove most of the bran, and polished.<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barley meal, a wholemeal <a href="/wiki/Barley_flour" title="Barley flour">barley flour</a> lighter than wheat meal but darker in colour, is used in <a href="/wiki/Gruel" title="Gruel">gruel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gruel is known as سويق : <i>sawīq</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tabarip89_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabarip89-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a long history of cultivation in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, barley is used in a wide range of traditional <a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian cuisine">Persian</a> foodstuffs including <a href="/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fkek" title="Keşkek">keşkek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashk" title="Kashk">kashk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Murri_(condiment)" title="Murri (condiment)">murri</a>. Barley soup is traditionally eaten during <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> in Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cholent" title="Cholent"><i>Cholent</i> or <i>hamin</i></a> (in Hebrew) is a traditional Jewish <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stew</a> often eaten on the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a>, in numerous recipes by both <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>; its original form was a barley porridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> Europe, barley is used in soups and stews such as <a href="/wiki/Ri%C4%8Det" class="mw-redirect" title="Ričet">ričet</a>. In Africa, where it is a traditional food plant, it has the potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development, and support sustainable landcare.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The six-row variety <i><a href="/wiki/Bere_(grain)" title="Bere (grain)">bere</a></i> is cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, Shetland, <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Isles">Western Isles</a> of the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands" title="Highlands and Islands">Highlands and Islands</a>. When milled into <i>beremeal</i>, it is used locally in <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biscuit" title="Biscuit">biscuits</a>, and the traditional beremeal <a href="/wiki/Bannock_(British_food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannock (British food)">bannock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whisky_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whisky-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> cuisine, barley is mixed with rice and steamed as <i>mugimeshi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sano_Tsuyukubo_Mabashi_Murakami_2017_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sano_Tsuyukubo_Mabashi_Murakami_2017-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The naval surgeon <a href="/wiki/Takaki_Kanehiro" title="Takaki Kanehiro">Takaki Kanehiro</a> introduced it into institutional cooking to combat <a href="/wiki/Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">beriberi</a>, endemic in the armed forces in the 19th century. It became standard prison fare, and remains a staple in the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan Self-Defense Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barley_Seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barley grains with and without the outer husk"><img alt="Barley grains with and without the outer husk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Barley_Seeds.jpg/200px-Barley_Seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Barley_Seeds.jpg/300px-Barley_Seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Barley_Seeds.jpg/400px-Barley_Seeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Barley grains with and without the outer <a href="/wiki/Husk" title="Husk">husk</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BannockBeremeal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beremeal bannock, Orkney, 2008"><img alt="Beremeal bannock, Orkney, 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/BannockBeremeal.jpg/200px-BannockBeremeal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/BannockBeremeal.jpg/300px-BannockBeremeal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/BannockBeremeal.jpg/400px-BannockBeremeal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bere_(grain)" title="Bere (grain)">Beremeal</a> <a href="/wiki/Bannock_(British_food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannock (British food)">bannock</a>, Orkney, 2008</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mugimeshi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mugimeshi, Japanese steamed barley rice"><img alt="Mugimeshi, Japanese steamed barley rice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mugimeshi.jpg/200px-Mugimeshi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mugimeshi.jpg/300px-Mugimeshi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mugimeshi.jpg/400px-Mugimeshi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Mugimeshi</i>, Japanese steamed barley rice</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokat_keshkek.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Keşkek, a Middle Eastern barley stew"><img alt="Keşkek, a Middle Eastern barley stew" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tokat_keshkek.jpg/200px-Tokat_keshkek.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tokat_keshkek.jpg/300px-Tokat_keshkek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tokat_keshkek.jpg/400px-Tokat_keshkek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fkek" title="Keşkek">Keşkek</a>, a Middle Eastern barley stew</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cooked barley is 69% water, 28% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 2% <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, and 0.4% fat (table). In a 100-gram (3.5 oz) reference serving, cooked barley provides 515 kilojoules (123 kcal) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> and is a good source (10% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of <a href="/wiki/Essential_nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrients">essential nutrients</a>, including, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary fibre">dietary fibre</a>, the B vitamin <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">niacin</a> (14% DV), and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary minerals">dietary minerals</a>, including iron (10% DV) and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (12% DV) (table).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_implications">Health implications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Health implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a> and the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>, consuming at least 3 grams per day of barley <a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">beta-glucan</a> can lower levels of <a href="/wiki/Blood_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood cholesterol">blood cholesterol</a>, a risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular diseases">cardiovascular diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eating whole-grain barley, a high-fibre grain, improves regulation of <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood sugar">blood sugar</a> (i.e., reduces blood glucose response to a meal).<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_Kris-Etherton_2010_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris_Kris-Etherton_2010-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consuming <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_cereal" title="Breakfast cereal">breakfast cereals</a> containing barley over weeks to months improves cholesterol levels and glucose regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barley contains <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a>, which makes it an unsuitable grain for consumption by people with <a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">gluten-related disorders</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">coeliac disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-coeliac_gluten_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-coeliac gluten sensitivity">non-coeliac gluten sensitivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">wheat allergy</a> sufferers.<sup id="cite_ref-TovoliMasi_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TovoliMasi-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, some wheat allergy patients can tolerate barley.<sup id="cite_ref-Pietzak_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pietzak-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beer,_whisky,_and_soft_drinks"><span id="Beer.2C_whisky.2C_and_soft_drinks"></span>Beer, whisky, and soft drinks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Beer, whisky, and soft drinks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_barley-based_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of barley-based beverages">List of barley-based beverages</a></div> <p>Barley, made into <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a>, is a key ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a> production.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcgee490_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcgee490-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two-row barley is traditionally used in <a href="/wiki/German_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="German beer">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_England" title="Beer in England">English</a> beers. Six-row barley was traditionally used in <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_United_States" title="Beer in the United States">US beers</a>, but both varieties are in common usage now.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogle2006_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogle2006-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distilled from green beer,<sup id="cite_ref-Mcgee481_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcgee481-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scottish and Irish whisky are made primarily from barley.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcgee490_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcgee490-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 25% of American barley is used for malting, for which barley is the best-suited grain.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcgee471_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcgee471-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, barley is often assessed by its <a href="/wiki/Malting_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Malting enzyme">malting enzyme</a> content.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayes-et-al-2003_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayes-et-al-2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a> is a style of strong beer from the English brewing tradition. An 18th-century alcoholic drink of the same name was made by boiling barley in water, then mixing the barley water with white wine, <a href="/wiki/Borage" title="Borage">borage</a>, lemon and sugar. In the 19th century, a different barley wine was prepared from recipes of ancient Greek origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayto1990_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayto1990-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonalcoholic drinks such as <a href="/wiki/Barley_water" title="Barley water">barley water</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ayto1990_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayto1990-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Roasted_barley_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roasted barley tea">roasted barley tea</a> have been made by boiling barley in water.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke1988_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke1988-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Italy, roasted barley is sometimes used as coffee substitute, <i><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_d%27orzo" title="Caffè d'orzo">caffè d'orzo</a></i> (barley coffee).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 143.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HectorTurning_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional floor malting in Scotland for malt whisky"><img alt="Traditional floor malting in Scotland for malt whisky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HectorTurning_%28cropped%29.jpg/215px-HectorTurning_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HectorTurning_%28cropped%29.jpg/322px-HectorTurning_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HectorTurning_%28cropped%29.jpg/429px-HectorTurning_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="892" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional <a href="/wiki/Floor_malting" class="mw-redirect" title="Floor malting">floor malting</a> in Scotland for <a href="/wiki/Malt_whisky" title="Malt whisky">malt whisky</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mash-Jinx_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barley grains being mashed (heated with water) for brewing beer"><img alt="Barley grains being mashed (heated with water) for brewing beer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mash-Jinx_%28cropped%29.jpg/243px-Mash-Jinx_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mash-Jinx_%28cropped%29.jpg/364px-Mash-Jinx_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mash-Jinx_%28cropped%29.jpg/485px-Mash-Jinx_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2137" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Barley grains <a href="/wiki/Mashing" title="Mashing">being mashed</a> (heated with water) for brewing beer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hauf_an_a_hauf_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scotch whisky and beer are both made from barley."><img alt="Scotch whisky and beer are both made from barley." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hauf_an_a_hauf_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/230px-Hauf_an_a_hauf_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hauf_an_a_hauf_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/345px-Hauf_an_a_hauf_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Hauf_an_a_hauf_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/459px-Hauf_an_a_hauf_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2313" data-file-height="2266" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a> and beer are both made from barley.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boricha_(barley_tea)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boricha, Korean roasted barley tea"><img alt="Boricha, Korean roasted barley tea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Boricha_%28barley_tea%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/258px-Boricha_%28barley_tea%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Boricha_%28barley_tea%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/388px-Boricha_%28barley_tea%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Boricha_%28barley_tea%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/516px-Boricha_%28barley_tea%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="1368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Boricha</i>, Korean<br />roasted <a href="/wiki/Barley_tea" title="Barley tea">barley tea</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_feed">Animal feed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Animal feed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LPCC-467-Pinso_amb_farina_d%27ordi,_granulat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/LPCC-467-Pinso_amb_farina_d%27ordi%2C_granulat.jpg/170px-LPCC-467-Pinso_amb_farina_d%27ordi%2C_granulat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/LPCC-467-Pinso_amb_farina_d%27ordi%2C_granulat.jpg/255px-LPCC-467-Pinso_amb_farina_d%27ordi%2C_granulat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/LPCC-467-Pinso_amb_farina_d%27ordi%2C_granulat.jpg/340px-LPCC-467-Pinso_amb_farina_d%27ordi%2C_granulat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption>Barley-based <a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">animal feed</a> pellets</figcaption></figure> <p>Some 70% of the world's barley production is used as livestock feed,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example for <a href="/wiki/Cattle_feeding" title="Cattle feeding">cattle feeding</a> in western Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, an enzymatic process was devised to make a high-protein fish feed from barley, suitable for carnivorous fish such as <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barley straw has been placed in mesh bags and floated in fish ponds or water gardens to help prevent algal growth without harming pond plants and animals. The technique's effectiveness is at best mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barley grains were once used for measurement in England, there being nominally three or four <a href="/wiki/Barleycorn_(unit)" title="Barleycorn (unit)">barleycorns</a> to the inch.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 19th century, this had been superseded by standard inch measures.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, barley was used as a form of money, the standard unit of weight for barley, and hence of value, being the <a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">shekel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_folklore">Culture and folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Culture and folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> poem <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, and in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scyld_Scefing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scyld Scefing">Scyld Scefing</a> (the second name meaning "with a <a href="/wiki/Sheaf_(agriculture)" title="Sheaf (agriculture)">sheaf</a>") and his son <a href="/wiki/Beow" class="mw-redirect" title="Beow">Beow</a> ("Barley") are associated with the grain, or are possibly corn-gods; <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> wrote a poem "King Sheave" about them, and based a major element of <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">his legendarium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Straight_Road" title="Old Straight Road">Old Straight Road</a> from <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Earthly_paradise" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthly paradise">earthly paradise</a> of <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a>, on their story.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a>'s 12th century <i>Chronicle</i> tells the story of the related figure <a href="/wiki/Sceafa" title="Sceafa">Sceafa</a> as a sleeping child in a boat without oars with a sheaf of corn at his head.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Axel_Olrik" title="Axel Olrik">Axel Olrik</a> identified <a href="/wiki/Peko" title="Peko">Peko</a>, a parallel "barley-figure" in Finnish culture, in turn connected by R.D. Fulk with the Eddaic <a href="/wiki/Bergelmir" title="Bergelmir">Bergelmir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulk-1989_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulk-1989-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">English folklore</a>, the figure of <a href="/wiki/John_Barleycorn" title="John Barleycorn">John Barleycorn</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Folksong" class="mw-redirect" title="Folksong">folksong</a> of the same name is a personification of barley, and of the alcoholic beverages made from it: beer and whisky. In the song, John Barleycorn is represented as suffering attacks, death, and indignities that correspond to the various stages of barley cultivation, such as reaping and malting; but he is revenged by getting the men drunk: "And little Sir John and the nut-brown bowl / Proved the strongest man at last."<sup id="cite_ref-deVries76_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deVries76-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The folksong "<a href="/wiki/Elsie_Marley" title="Elsie Marley">Elsie Marley</a>" celebrates an <a href="/wiki/Alewife_(trade)" title="Alewife (trade)">alewife</a> of <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a> with lines such as "And do you ken Elsie Marley, honey? / The wife that sells the barley, honey". The antiquary <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Sharp" title="Cuthbert Sharp">Cuthbert Sharp</a> records that Elsie Marley was "a handsome, buxom, bustling landlady, and brought good custom to the [ale] house by her civility and attention."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English <a href="/wiki/Pub_names" title="Pub names">pub names</a> such as The Barley Mow,<sup id="cite_ref-History_Press_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Press-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Barleycorn,<sup id="cite_ref-deVries76_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deVries76-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malt Shovel,<sup id="cite_ref-Middle_Level_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middle_Level-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mash Tun<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allude to barley's role in the production of beer.<sup id="cite_ref-History_Press_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Press-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 280px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 275px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Barleycorn_MET_DP-300-063_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porcelain figurine of John Barleycorn, complete with songsheet and little brown jug of beer"><img alt="Porcelain figurine of John Barleycorn, complete with songsheet and little brown jug of beer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/John_Barleycorn_MET_DP-300-063_%28cropped%29.jpg/169px-John_Barleycorn_MET_DP-300-063_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/John_Barleycorn_MET_DP-300-063_%28cropped%29.jpg/253px-John_Barleycorn_MET_DP-300-063_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/John_Barleycorn_MET_DP-300-063_%28cropped%29.jpg/338px-John_Barleycorn_MET_DP-300-063_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Porcelain figurine of <a href="/wiki/John_Barleycorn" title="John Barleycorn">John Barleycorn</a>, complete with songsheet and little brown jug of beer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 280px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 275px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Barley_Mow,_Clifton_Hampden_(wide).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="English pub names such as The Barley Mow (like this pub at Clifton Hampden) allude to the use of barley to make the beer available inside.[94]"><img alt="English pub names such as The Barley Mow (like this pub at Clifton Hampden) allude to the use of barley to make the beer available inside.[94]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Barley_Mow%2C_Clifton_Hampden_%28wide%29.jpg/275px-The_Barley_Mow%2C_Clifton_Hampden_%28wide%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Barley_Mow%2C_Clifton_Hampden_%28wide%29.jpg/413px-The_Barley_Mow%2C_Clifton_Hampden_%28wide%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Barley_Mow%2C_Clifton_Hampden_%28wide%29.jpg/550px-The_Barley_Mow%2C_Clifton_Hampden_%28wide%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">English <a href="/wiki/Pub_names" title="Pub names">pub names</a> such as The Barley Mow (like this pub at <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Hampden" title="Clifton Hampden">Clifton Hampden</a>) allude to the use of barley to make the beer available inside.<sup id="cite_ref-History_Press_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Press-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=40874">"<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hordeum+vulgare&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D40874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408144717/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-419563">"Hordeum vulgare L."</a> <i>The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-419563">the original</a> on 8 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Plant+List%3A+A+Working+List+of+All+Plant+Species&rft.atitle=Hordeum+vulgare+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplantlist.org%2Ftpl1.1%2Frecord%2Fkew-419563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayto1990-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ayto1990_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayto1990_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayto1990_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayto1990_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayto1990_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyto1990" class="citation book cs1">Ayto, John (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gluttonsglossary00ayto"><i>The glutton's glossary : a dictionary of food and drink terms</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gluttonsglossary00ayto/page/16">16</a>–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02647-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02647-5"><bdi>978-0-415-02647-5</bdi></a>. <q>barley water was used.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+glutton%27s+glossary+%3A+a+dictionary+of+food+and+drink+terms&rft.place=London&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-415-02647-5&rft.aulast=Ayto&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgluttonsglossary00ayto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark_Hall2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Richard_Clark_Hall" title="John Richard Clark Hall">Clark Hall, J. R.</a> (2002) [1894]. "bere". <i>A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary</i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=bere&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Anglo-Saxon+Dictionary&rft.pages=43&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Clark+Hall&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSLbear-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DSLbear_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526194225/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=18327&startset=1964317&query=BEAR&fhit=bere&dregion=form&dtext=snd">"<i>Dictionary of the Scots Language</i>: "DSL - DOST Bere, Beir"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=18327&startset=1964317&query=BEAR&fhit=bere&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">the original</a> on 26 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Scots+Language%3A+%22DSL+-+DOST+Bere%2C+Beir%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsl.ac.uk%2Fdsl%2Fgetent4.php%3Fplen%3D18327%26startset%3D1964317%26query%3DBEAR%26fhit%3Dbere%26dregion%3Dform%26dtext%3Dsnd%23fhit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._SimpsonE._Weiner1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">J. Simpson; E. Weiner, eds. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/barley_n?tab=factsheet#27369726">"Barley"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861186-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861186-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861186-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barley&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861186-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fbarley_n%3Ftab%3Dfactsheet%2327369726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hordeum">"hordeum noun"</a>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=hordeum+noun&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhordeum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Native_Plant_Trust-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Native_Plant_Trust_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/hordeum/vulgare/">"<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> — common barley"</a>. Native Plant Trust<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hordeum+vulgare+%E2%80%94+common+barley&rft.pub=Native+Plant+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgobotany.nativeplanttrust.org%2Fspecies%2Fhordeum%2Fvulgare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zohary-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zohary_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zohary_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zohary_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zohary_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zohary_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zohary_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zohary_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoharyHopf2000" class="citation book cs1">Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria (2000). <i>Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 59–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850357-6"><bdi>978-0-19-850357-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestication+of+Plants+in+the+Old+World%3A+The+Origin+and+Spread+of+Cultivated+Plants+in+West+Asia%2C+Europe%2C+and+the+Nile+Valley&rft.pages=59-69&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850357-6&rft.aulast=Zohary&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Hopf%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_International_Barley_Genome_Sequencing_Consortium_2012-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_International_Barley_Genome_Sequencing_Consortium_2012_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_International_Barley_Genome_Sequencing_Consortium2012" class="citation journal cs1">The International Barley Genome Sequencing Consortium (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11543">"A physical, genetic and functional sequence assembly of the barley genome"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>491</b> (7426): 711–716. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.491..711T">2012Natur.491..711T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11543">10.1038/nature11543</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F76951">2440/76951</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23075845">23075845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+physical%2C+genetic+and+functional+sequence+assembly+of+the+barley+genome&rft.volume=491&rft.issue=7426&rft.pages=711-716&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F76951&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23075845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature11543&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Natur.491..711T&rft.au=The+International+Barley+Genome+Sequencing+Consortium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature11543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayes-et-al-2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes-et-al-2003_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes-et-al-2003_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes-et-al-2003_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayesCastroMarquez-CedilloCorey2003" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Patrick M.; Castro, Ariel; Marquez-Cedillo, Luis; Corey, Ann; Henson, Cynthia; et al. 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Given the importance of this discovery for the use of edible grain, further analyses have now been undertaken. Meticulous sampling combined with good preservation allow the authors to demonstrate that the Ohalo II stone was certainly used for the routine processing of wild cereals, wheat, barley and now oats among them, around 23 000 years ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=New+evidence+for+the+processing+of+wild+cereal+grains+at+Ohalo+II%2C+a+23+000-year-old+campsite+on+the+shore+of+the+Sea+of+Galilee%2C+Israel&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=334&rft.pages=990-1003&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00048201&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162019976%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nadel&rft.aufirst=Dani&rft.au=Piperno%2C+Dolores+R.&rft.au=Holst%2C+Irene&rft.au=Snir%2C+Ainit&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Ehud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00048201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snir,_et_al._2015-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Snir,_et_al._2015_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnirNadelGroman-YaroslavskiMelamed2015" class="citation journal cs1">Snir, Ainit; Nadel, Dani; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Melamed, Yoel; Sternberg, Marcelo; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Weiss, Ehud (22 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4511808">"The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>10</b> (7): e0131422. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1031422S">2015PLoSO..1031422S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0131422">10.1371/journal.pone.0131422</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4511808">4511808</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26200895">26200895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Cultivation+and+Proto-Weeds%2C+Long+Before+Neolithic+Farming&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e0131422&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4511808%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26200895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0131422&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1031422S&rft.aulast=Snir&rft.aufirst=Ainit&rft.au=Nadel%2C+Dani&rft.au=Groman-Yaroslavski%2C+Iris&rft.au=Melamed%2C+Yoel&rft.au=Sternberg%2C+Marcelo&rft.au=Bar-Yosef%2C+Ofer&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Ehud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4511808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUckoDimbleby2007" class="citation book cs1">Ucko, Peter John; Dimbleby, G. W. (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6lY9Q4vnrCEC&pg=PA164"><i>The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36557-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36557-2"><bdi>978-0-202-36557-2</bdi></a>. <q>This feature allows us to describe the Jarmo barley as the earliest "domesticated" two-row barley yet found.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Domestication+and+Exploitation+of+Plants+and+Animals&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-202-36557-2&rft.aulast=Ucko&rft.aufirst=Peter+John&rft.au=Dimbleby%2C+G.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6lY9Q4vnrCEC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1967" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, Helena H. 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"The Origin and Early History of the Cultivated Barleys: A Botanical and Archaeological Synthesis". <i>The Agricultural History Review</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 10–11. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40273219">40273219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Agricultural+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Origin+and+Early+History+of+the+Cultivated+Barleys%3A+A+Botanical+and+Archaeological+Synthesis&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-11&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40273219%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Helena+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesOliveiraFradgleyCorke2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, N.; Oliveira, H. R.; Fradgley, N.; Corke, F.; Cockram, J.; Doonan, J. H.; Nibau, C. (14 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6618119">"μCT trait analysis reveals morphometric differences between domesticated temperate small grain cereals and their wild relatives"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_Journal" title="The Plant Journal">The Plant Journal</a></i>. <b>99</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>: 98–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ftpj.14312">10.1111/tpj.14312</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6618119">6618119</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30868647">30868647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plant+Journal&rft.atitle=%CE%BCCT+trait+analysis+reveals+morphometric+differences+between+domesticated+temperate+small+grain+cereals+and+their+wild+relatives&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98-111&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6618119%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30868647&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Ftpj.14312&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Oliveira%2C+H.+R.&rft.au=Fradgley%2C+N.&rft.au=Corke%2C+F.&rft.au=Cockram%2C+J.&rft.au=Doonan%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Nibau%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6618119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang_Chen_Yang_Zhang_2018-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wang_Chen_Yang_Zhang_2018_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangChenYangZhang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Xiaolei; Chen, Zhong-Hua; Yang, Chongyi; Zhang, Xuelei; Jin, Gulei; et al. (15 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960308">"Genomic adaptation to drought in wild barley is driven by edaphic natural selection at the Tabigha Evolution Slope"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>115</b> (20): 5223–5228. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115.5223W">2018PNAS..115.5223W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1721749115">10.1073/pnas.1721749115</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960308">5960308</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29712833">29712833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Genomic+adaptation+to+drought+in+wild+barley+is+driven+by+edaphic+natural+selection+at+the+Tabigha+Evolution+Slope&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=5223-5228&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5960308%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29712833&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1721749115&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PNAS..115.5223W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Xiaolei&rft.au=Chen%2C+Zhong-Hua&rft.au=Yang%2C+Chongyi&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xuelei&rft.au=Jin%2C+Gulei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5960308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanSunSun2015" class="citation journal cs1">Yan, S.; Sun, D.; Sun, G. (26 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4374956">"Genetic divergence in domesticated and non-domesticated gene regions of barley chromosomes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a></i>. <b>10</b> (3): e0121106. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1021106Y">2015PLoSO..1021106Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0121106">10.1371/journal.pone.0121106</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4374956">4374956</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25812037">25812037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Genetic+divergence+in+domesticated+and+non-domesticated+gene+regions+of+barley+chromosomes&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e0121106&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4374956%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25812037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0121106&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1021106Y&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Sun%2C+D.&rft.au=Sun%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4374956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orabi_Backes_Wolday_Yahyaoui_2007-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Orabi_Backes_Wolday_Yahyaoui_2007_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrabiBackesWoldayYahyaoui2007" class="citation journal cs1">Orabi, Jihad; Backes, Gunter; Wolday, Asmelash; Yahyaoui, Amor; Jahoor, Ahmed (29 March 2007). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maanviljely+levisi+Suomeen+It%C3%A4-Aasiasta+jo+7000+vuotta+sitten+-+Ajankohtaista+-+Tammikuu+2013+-+Humanistinen+tiedekunta+-+Helsingin+yliopisto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2Fhum%2Fajankohtaista%2F2013%2F01%2F0128b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawfordGyoung-Ah_Lee2003" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Gary W.; Gyoung-Ah Lee (2003). "Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula". <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a></i>. <b>77</b> (295): 87–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00061378">10.1017/s0003598x00061378</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163060564">163060564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Agricultural+Origins+in+the+Korean+Peninsula&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=295&rft.pages=87-95&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00061378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163060564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft.au=Gyoung-Ah+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yava-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yava_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel2009" class="citation journal cs1">Witzel, Michael E. J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/8954814/Witzel_Linguistic.pdf?sequence=1">"The Linguistic History of Some Indian Domestic Plants"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Biosciences</i>. <b>34</b> (6): 829–833. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12038-009-0096-1">10.1007/s12038-009-0096-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20093735">20093735</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6245657">6245657</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biosciences&rft.atitle=The+Linguistic+History+of+Some+Indian+Domestic+Plants&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=829-833&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6245657%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20093735&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12038-009-0096-1&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F8954814%2FWitzel_Linguistic.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IVS-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IVS_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918225301/https://iitkgp.org/content/iit-kgp-researchers-say-indus-valley-civilization-india-older-thought">"IIT KGP Researchers say Indus Valley civilization in India is older than thought before"</a>. <i>iitkgp.org</i>. IIT Kharagpur. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iitkgp.org/content/iit-kgp-researchers-say-indus-valley-civilization-india-older-thought">the original</a> on 18 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iitkgp.org&rft.atitle=IIT+KGP+Researchers+say+Indus+Valley+civilization+in+India+is+older+than+thought+before&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiitkgp.org%2Fcontent%2Fiit-kgp-researchers-say-indus-valley-civilization-india-older-thought&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pellechia2006-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pellechia2006_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pellechia2006_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellechia2006" class="citation book cs1">Pellechia, Thomas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSwqswEACAAJ"><i>Wine: the 8,000-year-old story of the wine trade</i></a>. Philadelphia: Running Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56025-871-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56025-871-1"><bdi>978-1-56025-871-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wine%3A+the+8%2C000-year-old+story+of+the+wine+trade&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-56025-871-1&rft.aulast=Pellechia&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSwqswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreen1992" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana"><i>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">The British Museum</a> Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8"><bdi>978-0-7141-1705-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1705-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05LXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DInana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Chadwick" title="John Chadwick">Chadwick, John</a> (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mycenaeanworld00chad"><i>The Mycenaean World</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 118–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29037-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29037-6"><bdi>0-521-29037-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mycenaean+World&rft.pages=118-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-521-29037-6&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmycenaeanworld00chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tobin_1991-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_1991_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin1991" class="citation journal cs1">Tobin, Vincent Arieh (1991). "Isis and Demeter: symbols of divine motherhood". <i>Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt</i>. <b>28</b>: 187–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40000579">10.2307/40000579</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000579">40000579</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936727983">936727983</a>. <q>Demeter's name, therefore, could be interpreted in Greek to mean 'barley-mother'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Research+Center+in+Egypt&rft.atitle=Isis+and+Demeter%3A+symbols+of+divine+motherhood&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=187-200&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936727983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40000579%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40000579&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Vincent+Arieh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cereals_and_cereal_products_technology_and_chemistry-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cereals_and_cereal_products_technology_and_chemistry_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Dobraszczyk2001" class="citation book cs1">J. Dobraszczyk, Bogdan (2001). <i>Cereals and cereal products: chemistry and technology</i>. Gaithersburg, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Aspen_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspen Publishers">Aspen Publishers</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8342-1767-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8342-1767-6"><bdi>978-0-8342-1767-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cereals+and+cereal+products%3A+chemistry+and+technology&rft.place=Gaithersburg%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Aspen+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8342-1767-6&rft.aulast=J.+Dobraszczyk&rft.aufirst=Bogdan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny's Natural History">Natural History</a></i>, xviii.72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernandez2001-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fernandez2001_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez2001" class="citation book cs1">Fernandez, Felipe Armesto (2001). <i>Civilizations: Culture, Ambition and the Transformation of Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1650-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1650-0"><bdi>978-0-7432-1650-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilizations%3A+Culture%2C+Ambition+and+the+Transformation+of+Nature&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-1650-0&rft.aulast=Fernandez&rft.aufirst=Felipe+Armesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-By2006-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-By2006_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyerSautman2006" class="citation book cs1">Dreyer, June Teufel; Sautman, Barry (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ou4f4q8gGcIC&q=tsampa&pg=PA262"><i>Contemporary Tibet: politics, development, and society in a disputed region</i></a>. Armonk, New York: Sharpe. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1354-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1354-7"><bdi>978-0-7656-1354-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Tibet%3A+politics%2C+development%2C+and+society+in+a+disputed+region&rft.place=Armonk%2C+New+York&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Sharpe&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1354-7&rft.aulast=Dreyer&rft.aufirst=June+Teufel&rft.au=Sautman%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOu4f4q8gGcIC%26q%3Dtsampa%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mcgee235-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mcgee235_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mcgee235_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGee1986">McGee 1986</a>, p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Komatsuda_Pourkheirandish_He_Azhaguvel_2007-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Komatsuda_Pourkheirandish_He_Azhaguvel_2007_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomatsudaPourkheirandishHeAzhaguvel2007" class="citation journal cs1">Komatsuda, Takao; Pourkheirandish, Mohammad; He, Congfen; Azhaguvel, Perumal; Kanamori, Hiroyuki; et al. 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The History Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+history+of+British+pub+names&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistorypress.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fa-history-of-british-pub-names%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Middle_Level-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Middle_Level_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Middle Level". <i><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Advertiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynn Advertiser">Lynn Advertiser</a></i>. 19 March 1870. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lynn+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Middle+Level&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1870-03-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mashtun.pub/">"The Mash Tun: Brighton's Beating Heart"</a>. <i>Mash Tun</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mash+Tun&rft.atitle=The+Mash+Tun%3A+Brighton%27s+Beating+Heart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mashtun.pub%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barley&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Barley" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Barley">Barley</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee1986" class="citation book cs1">McGee, Harold (1986). <i>On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen</i>. Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-440277-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-440277-0"><bdi>978-0-04-440277-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Food+and+Cooking%3A+The+Science+and+Lore+of+the+Kitchen&rft.pub=Unwin&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-04-440277-0&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarley" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barley" title="Template:Barley"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barley" title="Template talk:Barley"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barley" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barley"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barley" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barley</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Barley.jpg/100px-Barley.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Barley.jpg/150px-Barley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Barley.jpg/200px-Barley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of barley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Genus: <i><a href="/wiki/Hordeum" title="Hordeum">Hordeum</a></i></li> <li>Cultivars: <a href="/wiki/Bere_(grain)" title="Bere (grain)">Bere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Promise" title="Golden Promise">Golden Promise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_barley_diseases" title="List of barley diseases">Barley diseases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABB_Grain" title="ABB Grain">Australian Barley Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Wheat_Board" title="Canadian Wheat Board">Canadian Wheat Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_exchange" title="Corn exchange">Corn exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_barley_production" title="List of countries by barley production">Production by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">Wheat pools in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Parts of the plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">Bran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cereal_germ" title="Cereal germ">Germ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husk" title="Husk">Husk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">Gluten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_preparation" class="mw-redirect" title="Food preparation">Basic preparations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">Milling</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">Flour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Flour" title="Category:Flour">types</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groat_(grain)" title="Groat (grain)">Groats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlings_purifier" title="Middlings purifier">Middlings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parboiling" title="Parboiling">Parboiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As an <a href="/wiki/Ingredient" title="Ingredient">ingredient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_barley-based_drinks" title="List of barley-based drinks">List of barley-based drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_bread" title="Barley bread">Barley bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_honey" title="Barley honey">Barley honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_tea" title="Barley tea">Barley tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_water" title="Barley water">Barley water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_d%27orzo" title="Caffè d'orzo">Caffè d'orzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1chica" title="Máchica">Máchica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_(soft_drink)" title="Malta (soft drink)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbina" title="Talbina">Talbina</a></li> <li>see also: <i><a href="/wiki/Category:Barley-based_drinks" title="Category:Barley-based drinks">Category:Barley-based drinks</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated human diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">Gluten-related disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">Non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">Wheat allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">Dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten_ataxia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluten ataxia">Gluten ataxia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_riot" title="Food riot">Bread riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_feeding" title="Cattle feeding">Cattle feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refined_grains" title="Refined grains">Refined grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">Staple food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">Whole grain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Barley" title="Category:Barley">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Barley" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Barley">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cereals_and_pseudocereals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cereals" title="Template:Cereals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cereals" title="Template talk:Cereals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cereals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cereals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cereals_and_pseudocereals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">pseudocereals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonio" title="Fonio">Fonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Job's tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize (Corn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">Teff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">Triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">Wild rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wheat_(Triticum)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat <span class="nobold">(Triticum)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">Durum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fife_wheat" title="Red Fife wheat">Red Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farro" title="Farro">Farro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">Pseudocereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagopyrum_tataricum" title="Fagopyrum tataricum">Tartary buckwheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amaranth" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">Amaranth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_caudatus" title="Amaranthus caudatus">A. caudatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_cruentus" title="Amaranthus cruentus">A. cruentus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_hypochondriacus" title="Amaranthus hypochondriacus">A. hypochondriacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celosia" title="Celosia">Celosia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_berlandieri" title="Chenopodium berlandieri">Pitseed goosefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_pallidicaule" title="Chenopodium pallidicaule">Cañihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_formosanum" title="Chenopodium formosanum">Djulis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">Chia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emerging grain crops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_grass" title="Canary grass">Canary grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinn">Drinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ricegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian ricegrass">Indian ricegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_wheatgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate wheatgrass">Intermediate wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangaroo grass">Kangaroo grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipa_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipa grass">Nipa grass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_coarctata" title="Oryza coarctata">Oryza coarctata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">Crop wild relative</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Hordeum vulgare</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11577" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11577">Q11577</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hordeum_vulgare" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Hordeum vulgare">Hordeum vulgare</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AoFP: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1731">1731</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=4844">4844</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/52196">52196</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/69043">69043</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id42551">42551</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=279895">279895</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=8683">8683</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6MDJP">6MDJP</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1232">1232</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Hordeum_vulgare">Hordeum_vulgare</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1114455">1114455</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/HORVX">HORVX</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/192448">192448</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/451">451</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Hordeum%20vulgare">Hordeum vulgare</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200025543">200025543</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FoIO: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/HORVUL">HORVUL</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2706056">2706056</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/GrassBase" title="GrassBase">GrassBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/imp05455">imp05455</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=317403">317403</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Fossil_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Fossil Plant Names Index">IFPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=507AB8B6-8EE5-8740-F09C-8D4CE7D817A6">507AB8B6-8EE5-8740-F09C-8D4CE7D817A6</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/57182">57182</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">IPA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=5732">5732</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/405391-1">405391-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11233263">11233263</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=40874">40874</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2139">2139</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.134371/">2.134371</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000002604">NBNSYS0000002604</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4513">4513</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NSWFlora" class="mw-redirect" title="NSWFlora">NSWFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Hordeum~vulgare">Hordeum~vulgare</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/d313000c-833e-4cf3-8100-3d3c2a34c5e5">d313000c-833e-4cf3-8100-3d3c2a34c5e5</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=4066">4066</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/6879/">6879</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=657948">657948</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-419563">kew-419563</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/HOVU">HOVU</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A405391-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:405391-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/277900/wd/Details">277900</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/25509707">25509707</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/7734">7734</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/aac71766-b3f6-4275-bbc3-38809cdf3c72">aac71766-b3f6-4275-bbc3-38809cdf3c72</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=3875">3875</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WoI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=510">510</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000875054">wfo-0000875054</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11577#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11577#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11577#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gerste"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4156898-9">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Barley"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85011875">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hordeum"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12290802j">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hordeum"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12290802j">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ječmen setý"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph230281&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282998205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/027662">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_February_2024" title="Category:Use British English from February 2024">Use British English from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2024">Use dmy dates from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_with_45%2B_taxon_IDs" title="Category:Taxonbars with 45+ taxon IDs">Taxonbars with 45+ taxon IDs</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 17:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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