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id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Political career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Exile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_home" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_home"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Return home </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_home-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Philosophy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Philosophy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ethics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Music and poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teaching_and_Disciples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching_and_Disciples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Teaching and Disciples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching_and_Disciples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 In the West </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_portraits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_portraits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Visual portraits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_portraits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Fictional portrayals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Descendants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Confucius</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 230 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-230" aria-hidden="true" > 230 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusius" title="Konfusius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Konfusius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuzius" title="Konfuzius – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Konfuzius" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D-%E1%8D%89%E1%8C%B8" title="ኮንግ-ፉጸ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮንግ-ፉጸ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="कॉन्फ़्यूशियस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कॉन्फ़्यूशियस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كونفوشيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كونفوشيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Confucio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%A6%DC%98%DC%AB%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A3" title="ܩܘܢܦܘܫܝܘܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܘܢܦܘܫܝܘܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D5%B6%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Քոնֆուսիուս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քոնֆուսիուս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confutsiu" title="Confutsiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Confutsiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="কনফুচিয়াছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কনফুচিয়াছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Confucio" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C3%BAsio" title="Konfúsio – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Konfúsio" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfutsi" title="Konfutsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konfutsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کونفوسیوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کونفوسیوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="কনফুসিয়াস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কনফুসিয়াস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B3ng-ch%C3%BA" title="Khóng-chú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khóng-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusius" title="Konfusius – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Konfusius" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Конфуций" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Канфуцый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канфуцый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Канфуцый – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канфуцый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="कन्फ्यूशियस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कन्फ्यूशियस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конфуций" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuzius" title="Konfuzius – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Konfuzius" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%B2" title="ཁུང་ཙི – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁུང་ཙི" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucije" title="Konfucije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Konfucije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusius" title="Konfusius – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Konfusius" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Күнзы – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Күнзы" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuci" title="Confuci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Confuci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Конфуци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Конфуци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Confucio" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konfucius" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuzhi" title="Konfuzhi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Konfuzhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuciu" title="Confuciu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Confuciu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conffiwsiws" title="Conffiwsiws – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Conffiwsiws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfutse" title="Konfutse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konfutse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كونفوشيوس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كونفوشيوس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfyuschus" title="Konfyuschus – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Konfyuschus" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuzius" title="Konfuzius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konfuzius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8A%DE%AB%DE%9D%DE%A7" title="ކޮންފޫޝާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކޮންފޫޝާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Konfucius" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Fuzi" title="Kong Fuzi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kong Fuzi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κομφούκιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κομφούκιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%BBci" title="Confûci – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Confûci" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Конхвузь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Конхвузь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Confucio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuceo" title="Konfuceo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konfuceo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuciu" title="Confuciu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Confuciu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuzio" title="Konfuzio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konfuzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کنفوسیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنفوسیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusius" title="Konfusius – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Konfusius" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusius" title="Konfusius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Konfusius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%BAicias" title="Confúicias – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Confúicias" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Confucio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="孔子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%B8" title="કન્ફ્યુશિયસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કન્ફ્યુશિયસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%BAng-ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%81" title="Khúng-chṳ́ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khúng-chṳ́" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Конфуций" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%90" title="공자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Կոնֆուցիոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոնֆուցիոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="कन्फ़्यूशियस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कन्फ़्यूशियस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Konfucius" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucije" title="Konfucije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konfucije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Hu_Cu" title="Kong Hu Cu – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Kong Hu Cu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konfucius" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C3%BAkius" title="Konfúkius – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Konfúkius" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konghucu_(filsuf)" title="Konghucu (filsuf) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konghucu (filsuf)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Confucio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunpusiusi" title="Kunpusiusi – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="Kunpusiusi" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Конфуций" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UConfucius" title="UConfucius – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="UConfucius" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C3%BAs%C3%ADus" title="Konfúsíus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Konfúsíus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Confucio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קונפוציוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונפוציוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Hu_Cu" title="Kong Hu Cu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kong Hu Cu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusiusi" title="Konfusiusi – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Konfusiusi" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕನ್ಫ್ಯೂಷಿಯಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕನ್ಫ್ಯೂಷಿಯಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="კონფუცი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონფუცი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%9B%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%90%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="کَنفیٛوشِیاس – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کَنفیٛوشِیاس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D2%A3-%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Құң-зы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құң-зы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusio" title="Konfusio – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Konfusio" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusyus" title="Konfusyus – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Konfusyus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Конфуций" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuzius" title="Confuzius – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Confuzius" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusio" title="Konfusio – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Konfusio" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89" title="ຂົງຈື້ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຂົງຈື້" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C5%ABcijs" title="Konfūcijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Konfūcijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuzius" title="Konfuzius – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Konfuzius" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucijus" title="Konfucijus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konfucijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Confucio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongzi" title="Kongzi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Kongzi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kongzi" title="kongzi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kongzi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuci" title="Confuci – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Confuci" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuciusz" title="Konfuciusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konfuciusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="कन्फुसियस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कन्फुसियस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98" title="Конфуциј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Конфуциј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4nfosiosy" title="Kônfosiosy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kônfosiosy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="കൺഫ്യൂഷ്യസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൺഫ്യൂഷ്യസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfu%C4%8Bju" title="Konfuċju – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Konfuċju" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="कन्फ्यूशियस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कन्फ्यूशियस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="კონფუცი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კონფუცი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كونفوشيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كونفوشيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کونفوسیوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کونفوسیوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongzi" title="Kongzi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kongzi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusius" title="Konfusius – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Konfusius" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Kūng-cṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kūng-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%BAcio" title="Confúcio – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Confúcio" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B7" title="Күнз – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Күнз" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ကွန်ဖြူးရှပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွန်ဖြူးရှပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusius" title="Konfusius – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Konfusius" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="कन्फुसियस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कन्फुसियस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="कन्फ्युसियस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कन्फ्युसियस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="孔子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Confucio" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8F%DF%B2%DF%9D%DF%8E%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%A6%DF%8E%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߞߏ߲ߝߎߛߌߦߎߛߌ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߏ߲ߝߎߛߌߦߎߛߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Конфуций" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucii" title="Konfucii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Konfucii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konfucius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfutse" title="Konfutse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Konfutse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongzi" title="Kongzi – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kongzi" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuci" title="Confuci – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Confuci" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B8" title="କନଫୁସିଅସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କନଫୁସିଅସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfutsiy" title="Konfutsiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Konfutsiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8" title="ਕਨਫ਼ਿਊਸ਼ੀਅਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਨਫ਼ਿਊਸ਼ੀਅਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF" title="कोन्ग् चि – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="कोन्ग् चि" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27ung-Tzu" title="K'ung-Tzu – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="K'ung-Tzu" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B3" title="کنفیوشس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنفیوشس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كنفيوشيوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="كنفيوشيوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanfyuushos" title="Kanfyuushos – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kanfyuushos" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%BA" title="ខុងជឺ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ខុងជឺ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Confucio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongzi" title="Kongzi – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kongzi" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuzius" title="Konfuzius – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Konfuzius" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucjusz" title="Konfucjusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konfucjusz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Κομφούκιον – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Κομφούκιον" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%BAcio" title="Confúcio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Confúcio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuciy" title="Konfuciy – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Konfuciy" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfutsiy" title="Konfutsiy – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Konfutsiy" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khunfuqi" title="Khunfuqi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Khunfuqi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Конфуцій – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Конфуцій" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конфуций" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Конфуций" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ci_kung-ce" title="ci kung-ce – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="ci kung-ce" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konefasia" title="Konefasia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Konefasia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱩᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱩᱥᱤᱭᱚᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confutziu" title="Confutziu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Confutziu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuzius" title="Konfuzius – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Konfuzius" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuci" title="Konfuci – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konfuci" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunfuciu" title="Cunfuciu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cunfuciu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="කොන්ෆියුසියස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොන්ෆියුසියස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konfucius" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucij" title="Konfucij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konfucij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%AFnfucyjus" title="Kůnfucyjus – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kůnfucyjus" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%B3" title="کۆنفۆشیۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆنفۆشیۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Конфучије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конфучије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucije" title="Konfucije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konfucije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Hu_Cu" title="Kong Hu Cu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kong Hu Cu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungfutse" title="Kungfutse – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kungfutse" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konfucius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Confucio" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="கன்பூசியஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கன்பூசியஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Конфуций" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="ၶွၼ်ႇၾိဝ်းသျၢတ်ႉ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၶွၼ်ႇၾိဝ်းသျၢတ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="కన్ఫ్యూషియస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కన్ఫ్యూషియస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%AD" title="ขงจื๊อ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ขงจื๊อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфутсий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Конфутсий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%84%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%92" title="ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C3%BC%C3%A7y%C3%BCs" title="Konfüçyüs – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Konfüçyüs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusi%C3%BD" title="Konfusiý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Konfusiý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Конфуций" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Конфуцій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конфуцій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B3" title="کنفیوشس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنفیوشس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%B2%D9%89" title="كۇڭزى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۇڭزى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gungjswj" title="Gungjswj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gungjswj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucio" title="Confucio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Confucio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfucii" title="Konfucii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Konfucii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%95ng_T%E1%BB%AD" title="Khổng Tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khổng Tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Fuzi" title="Kong Fuzi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kong Fuzi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confuciusse" title="Confuciusse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Confuciusse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="孔子" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="孔子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קאנפוציוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאנפוציוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%8Dnfuki%E1%BB%8Dsi" title="Kọnfukiọsi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kọnfukiọsi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="孔子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfu%C3%A7yus" title="Konfuçyus – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Konfuçyus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Confucius" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfuc%C4%97jos" title="Konfucėjos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Konfucėjos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="孔子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konghucu_(pilsup)" title="Konghucu (pilsup) – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Konghucu (pilsup)" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konghucu" title="Konghucu – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Konghucu" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfusij" title="Konfusij – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Konfusij" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9B%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99" title="ⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4604#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese philosopher (c. 551 – c. 479 BCE)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Confucius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Confucius (disambiguation)">Confucius (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Confucius</li><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Kǒngzǐ</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh">孔子</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg/220px-Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg/330px-Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="640" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Tang-era" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang-era">Tang-era</a> depiction of Confucius by <a href="/wiki/Wu_Daozi" title="Wu Daozi">Wu Daozi</a> (685–758)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Kong Qiu</div> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 551 BCE <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Zou, <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>, Shandong)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 479 BCE (aged 71–72) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Si_River" title="Si River">Si River</a>, Lu</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Cemetery of Confucius</a>, Lu</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Confucius" title="Disciples of Confucius">Disciples</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Yan_Hui" title="Yan Hui">Yan Hui</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Zengzi" title="Zengzi">Zengzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Ethics</li><li>education</li><li>music</li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">social philosophy</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">孔子</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kǒngzǐ</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"Master Kong"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kǒngzǐ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄎㄨㄥˇ ㄗˇ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">K'ung3-tzŭ3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kʰʊ̀ŋ.tsɹ̩̀]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Khon-tzy</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Húngjí</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hung2 zi2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hʊŋ˧˥ tsi˧˥]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Khóng-chú</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Khóng-tsú</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">khúwng tsí</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter_(1992)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter (1992)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">*khongʔ tsɨʔ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">*[k]ʰˤoŋʔ tsəʔ</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Kong Qiu</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">孔丘</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kǒng Qiū</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kǒng Qiū</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄎㄨㄥˇ ㄑㄧㄡ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Koong Chiou</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kʻung3 Chʻiu1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kǒng Ciou</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kǔng Chyōu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kʰʊ̀ŋ tɕʰjóʊ]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Khon Chieu</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kung3 Hiu1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Húng Yāu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hung2 jau1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hʊŋ˧˥ jɐw˥]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Khóng Khiu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Khóng Khiu</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Khúwng Khjuw</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">*[k]ʰˤoŋʔ [k]ʷʰə</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Confucius (孔子; pinyin: Kǒngzǐ; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Master Kong'; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 551 – c. 479 BCE), born Kong Qiu (孔丘), was a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese philosopher">Chinese philosopher</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. Much of the shared cultural heritage of the <a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a> originates in the philosophy and teachings of Confucius.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> His philosophical teachings, called <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, emphasized personal and governmental morality, harmonious <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">social relationships</a>, righteousness, kindness, sincerity, and a ruler's responsibilities to lead by virtue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan196915-17-2">[2]</a> Confucius considered himself a transmitter for the values of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">earlier periods</a> which he claimed had been abandoned in his time. He advocated for <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">filial piety</a>, endorsing strong family loyalty, <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">ancestor veneration</a>, the respect of elders by their children and of husbands by their wives. Confucius recommended a robust family unit as the cornerstone for an ideal government. He championed the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Rule">Silver Rule</a>, or a negative form of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a>, advising, "Do not do unto others what you do not want done to yourself."<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The time of Confucius's life saw a <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">rich diversity of thought</a>, and was a formative period in China's intellectual history. His ideas gained in prominence during the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">experienced setback</a> immediately following the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin conquest</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a>, Confucius's ideas received official sanction, with affiliated works becoming mandatory readings for career paths leading to officialdom. During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> dynasties, Confucianism developed into a system known in the West as <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a>, and later as <a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a>. From ancient dynasties to the modern era, Confucianism has integrated into the Chinese social fabric and way of life.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Traditionally, Confucius is credited with having authored or edited many of the ancient texts including all of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Classics">Five Classics</a>. However, modern scholars exercise caution in attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself, for at least some of the texts and philosophy associated with him were of a more ancient origin.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">Aphorisms</a> concerning his teachings were compiled in the <a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a>, but not until many years after his death. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> The name "Confucius" is a <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinized</a> form of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> Kǒng Fūzǐ (孔夫子, "Master Kong"), and was coined in the late 16th century by early <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit missionaries to China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivison1999752-6">[6]</a> Confucius's <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname#Shi" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> was Kong (孔, <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">OC</a>:*‍kʰˤoŋʔ) and his given name was Qiu (丘, <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">OC</a>:*‍[k]ʷʰə). His <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a>, a capping (guan: 冠) given at <a href="/wiki/Coming_of_age" title="Coming of age">his coming of age ceremony</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter201750-7">[7]</a> and by which he would have been known to all but his older family members, was Zhongni (仲尼, <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">OC</a>:*‍N-‍truŋ-‍s nr[əj]), the "Zhòng" indicating that he was the second son in his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivison1999752-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015133-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3></div> It is thought that Confucius was born on 28 September 551 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang20133-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194925-10">[10]</a> in Zou (鄒, in modern <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194925-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERainey201016-11">[11]</a> The area was notionally controlled by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Zhou_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Zhou kings">kings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> but effectively independent under the local lords of <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a>, who ruled from the nearby city of Qufu. His father <a href="/wiki/Kong_He" class="mw-redirect" title="Kong He">Kong He</a> (or Shuliang He) was an elderly commandant of the local Lu garrison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegge1887260-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Confucius_in_the_main_line_of_descent" title="Family tree of Confucius in the main line of descent">His ancestry</a> traced back through the <a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">dukes of Song</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> which had preceded the Zhou.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegge1887259-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao199729-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao200023-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERainey201066-16">[16]</a> Traditional accounts of Confucius's life relate that Kong He's grandfather had migrated the family from Song to Lu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194926-17">[17]</a> Not all modern scholars accept Confucius's descent from Song nobility.<a href="#cite_note-Eno-18">[18]</a>: 14–15  Kong He died when Confucius was three years old, and Confucius was raised by his mother <a href="/wiki/Yan_Zhengzai" title="Yan Zhengzai">Yan Zhengzai</a> (顏徵在) in poverty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang20134-19">[19]</a> His mother later died at less than 40 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang20134-19">[19]</a> At age 19, he married <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lady_Qiguan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lady Qiguan (page does not exist)">Lady Qiguan</a> (亓官氏), and a year later the couple had their first child, their son <a href="/wiki/Kong_Li" title="Kong Li">Kong Li</a> (孔鯉).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang20134-19">[19]</a> Qiguan and Confucius later had two daughters together, one of whom is thought to have died as a child and one was named Kong Jiao (孔姣).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Confucius was educated at schools for commoners, where he studied and learned the <a href="/wiki/Six_Arts" title="Six Arts">Six Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang20134–5-21">[21]</a> Confucius was born into the class of <a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">shi</a> (士), between the aristocracy and the common people. He is said to have worked in various government jobs during his early 20s, and as a bookkeeper and a caretaker of sheep and horses, using the proceeds to give his mother a proper burial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang20134-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-buryl-22">[22]</a> When his mother died, Confucius (aged 23) is said to have <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China#Mourning" title="Ancestor veneration in China">mourned for three years</a>, as was the tradition.<a href="#cite_note-buryl-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_career">Political career</h3></div> In Confucius's time, the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Lu" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Lu">state of Lu</a> was headed by a ruling ducal house. Under the duke were <a href="/wiki/Three_Huan" title="Three Huan">three aristocratic families</a>, whose heads bore the title of viscount and held hereditary positions in the Lu bureaucracy. The Ji family held the position "Minister over the Masses", who was also the "Prime Minister"; the Meng family held the position "Minister of Works"; and the Shu family held the position "Minister of War". In the winter of 505 BCE, Yang Hu—a retainer of the Ji family—rose up in rebellion and seized power from the Ji family. However, by the summer of 501 BCE, the three hereditary families had succeeded in expelling Yang Hu from Lu. By then, Confucius had built up a considerable reputation through his teachings, while the families came to see the value of proper conduct and righteousness, so they could achieve loyalty to a legitimate government. Thus, that year (501 BCE), Confucius came to be appointed to the minor position of governor of a town. Eventually, he rose to the position of Minister of Crime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubs1946274–276-23">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(book)" title="Xunzi (book)">Xunzi</a> says that once assuming the post, Confucius ordered the execution of <a href="/wiki/Shaozheng_Mao" title="Shaozheng Mao">Shaozheng Mao</a>, another Lu state official and scholar whose lectures attracted the three thousand disciples several times except <a href="/wiki/Yan_Hui" title="Yan Hui">Yan Hui</a>. Shaozheng Mao was accused of 'five crimes', each worth execution, including 'concealed evilness, stubborn abnormality, eloquent duplicity, erudition in bizarre facts and generosity to evildoers'.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Confucius desired to return the authority of the state to the duke by dismantling the fortifications of the city—strongholds belonging to the three families. This way, he could establish a centralized government. However, Confucius relied solely on diplomacy as he had no military authority himself. In 500 BCE, Hou Fan—the governor of Hou—revolted against his lord of the Shu family. Although the Meng and Shu families unsuccessfully besieged Hou, a loyalist official rose up with the people of Hou and forced Hou Fan to flee to the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Qi" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Qi">state of Qi</a>. The situation may have been in favor for Confucius as this likely made it possible for Confucius and his disciples to convince the aristocratic families to dismantle the fortifications of their cities. Eventually, after a year and a half, Confucius and his disciples succeeded in convincing the Shu family to raze the walls of Hou, the Ji family in razing the walls of Bi, and the Meng family in razing the walls of Cheng. First, the Shu family led an army towards their city Hou and tore down its walls in 498 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubs1946277-25">[25]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:428px;max-width:428px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Confucius,_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County,_Shandong_province,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Confucius%2C_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County%2C_Shandong_province%2C_China.jpg/200px-Confucius%2C_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County%2C_Shandong_province%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Confucius%2C_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County%2C_Shandong_province%2C_China.jpg/300px-Confucius%2C_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County%2C_Shandong_province%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Confucius%2C_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County%2C_Shandong_province%2C_China.jpg/400px-Confucius%2C_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County%2C_Shandong_province%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="338" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Confucius_and_Laozi,_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County,_Shandong_province,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Confucius_and_Laozi%2C_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County%2C_Shandong_province%2C_China.jpg/220px-Confucius_and_Laozi%2C_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County%2C_Shandong_province%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Confucius_and_Laozi%2C_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County%2C_Shandong_province%2C_China.jpg/330px-Confucius_and_Laozi%2C_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County%2C_Shandong_province%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Confucius_and_Laozi%2C_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County%2C_Shandong_province%2C_China.jpg/440px-Confucius_and_Laozi%2C_fresco_from_a_Western_Han_tomb_of_Dongping_County%2C_Shandong_province%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="304" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a> (202 BCE – 9 CE) <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> depicting Confucius and <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>, from a tomb of <a href="/wiki/Dongping_County" title="Dongping County">Dongping County</a>, Shandong</div></div></div></div> Soon thereafter, Gongshan Furao, a retainer of the Ji family, revolted and took control of the forces at Bi. He immediately launched an attack and entered the capital Lu. Earlier, Gongshan had approached Confucius to join him, which Confucius considered as he wanted the opportunity to put his principles into practice but he gave up on the idea in the end. Confucius disapproved the use of a violent revolution by principle, even though the Ji family dominated the Lu state by force for generations and had exiled the previous duke. Creel states that, unlike the rebel Yang Hu before him, Gongshan may have sought to destroy the three hereditary families and restore the power of the duke. However, Dubs is of the view that Gongshan was encouraged by Viscount Ji Huan to invade the Lu capital in an attempt to avoid dismantling the Bi fortified walls. Whatever the situation may have been, Gongshan was considered an upright man who continued to defend the state of Lu, even after he was forced to flee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194935–36Dubs1946277–278-26">[26]</a> During the revolt by Gongshan, <a href="/wiki/Zhong_You" title="Zhong You">Zhong You</a> had managed to keep the duke and the three viscounts together at the court. Zhong You was one of the disciples of Confucius and Confucius had arranged for him to be given the position of governor by the Ji family. When Confucius heard of the raid, he requested that Viscount Ji Huan allow the duke and his court to retreat to a stronghold on his palace grounds. Thereafter, the heads of the three families and the duke retreated to the Ji's palace complex and ascended the Wuzi Terrace. Confucius ordered two officers to lead an assault against the rebels. At least one of the two officers was a retainer of the Ji family, but they were unable to refuse the orders while in the presence of the duke, viscounts, and court. The rebels were pursued and defeated at Gu. Immediately after the revolt was defeated, the Ji family razed the Bi city walls to the ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubs1946278–279Chin200730-27">[27]</a> The attackers retreated after realizing that they would have to become rebels against the state and their lord. Through Confucius' actions, the Bi officials had inadvertently revolted against their own lord, thus forcing Viscount Ji Huan's hand in having to dismantle the walls of Bi—as it could have harbored such rebels—or confess to instigating the event by going against proper conduct and righteousness as an official. Dubs suggests that the incident brought to light Confucius' foresight, practical political ability, and insight into human character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubs1946279-28">[28]</a> When it was time to dismantle the city walls of the Meng family, the governor was reluctant to have his city walls torn down and convinced the head of the Meng family not to do so. The <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a> recalls that the governor advised against razing the walls to the ground as he said that it made Cheng vulnerable to Qi, and cause the destruction of the Meng family. Even though Viscount Meng Yi gave his word not to interfere with an attempt, he went back on his earlier promise to dismantle the walls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubs1946279Chin200730-29">[29]</a> Later in 498 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ding_of_Lu" title="Duke Ding of Lu">Duke Ding of Lu</a> personally went with an army to lay siege to Cheng in an attempt to raze its walls to the ground, but he did not succeed. Thus, Confucius could not achieve the idealistic reforms that he wanted including restoration of the legitimate rule of the duke. He had made powerful enemies within the state, especially with Viscount Ji Huan, due to his successes so far. According to accounts in the <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a>, Confucius departed his homeland in 497 BCE after his support for the failed attempt of dismantling the fortified city walls of the powerful Ji, Meng, and Shu families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegel198613-30">[30]</a> He left the state of Lu without resigning, remaining in self-exile and unable to return as long as Viscount Ji Huan was alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubs1946280–281-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile">Exile</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Journey_of_Confucius.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Journey_of_Confucius.png/300px-Journey_of_Confucius.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Journey_of_Confucius.png/450px-Journey_of_Confucius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Journey_of_Confucius.png/600px-Journey_of_Confucius.png 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the journey of Confucius to various states between 497 BCE and 484 BCE</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a> stated that the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi state</a> was worried that Lu was becoming too powerful while Confucius was involved in the government of the Lu state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENylanWilson201017-32">[32]</a> According to this account, Qi decided to sabotage Lu's reforms by sending 100 good horses and 80 beautiful dancing girls to the duke of Lu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENylanWilson201017-32">[32]</a> The duke indulged himself in pleasure and did not attend to official duties for three days. Confucius was disappointed and resolved to leave Lu and seek better opportunities, yet to leave at once would expose the misbehavior of the duke and therefore bring public humiliation to the ruler Confucius was serving. Confucius therefore waited for the duke to make a lesser mistake. Soon after, the duke neglected to send to Confucius a portion of the sacrificial meat that was his due according to custom, and Confucius seized upon this pretext to leave both his post and the Lu state. After Confucius's resignation, he travelled around the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states" title="Ancient Chinese states">principality states</a> of north-east and central China including <a href="/wiki/Wei_(Spring_and_Autumn_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wei (Spring and Autumn period)">Wey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zheng_(state)" title="Zheng (state)">Zheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cao_(state)" title="Cao (state)">Cao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chen_(state)" title="Chen (state)">Chen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a> (and a failed attempt to go to <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a>). At the courts of these states, he expounded his political beliefs but did not see them implemented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENylanWilson201011-23-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_home">Return home</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confuciustombqufu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Confuciustombqufu.jpg/170px-Confuciustombqufu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Confuciustombqufu.jpg/255px-Confuciustombqufu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Confuciustombqufu.jpg/340px-Confuciustombqufu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Confucius in <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Kong Lin cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>, Shandong</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Zuozhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuozhuan">Zuozhuan</a>, Confucius returned home to his native Lu when he was 68, after he was invited to do so by Ji Kangzi, the chief minister of Lu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201327–28-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Shiji</a> depicts him spending his last years teaching 3000 pupils, with 72 or 77 accomplished <a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Confucius" title="Disciples of Confucius">disciples</a> that mastered the <a href="/wiki/Six_Arts" title="Six Arts">Six Arts</a>. Meanwhile, Confucius dedicated himself in transmitting the old wisdom by writing or editing the <a href="/wiki/Five_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Classics">Five Classics</a>. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan196917-35">[35]</a> During his return, Confucius sometimes acted as an advisor to several government officials in Lu, including Ji Kangzi, on matters including governance and crime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201327–28-34">[34]</a> Burdened by the loss of both his son and his favorite disciples, he died at the age of 71 or 72 from natural causes. Confucius was buried on the bank of the <a href="/wiki/Si_River" title="Si River">Sishui River</a>, to the north of <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Qufu</a> City in Shandong Province. Starting as a humble tomb, the cemetery of Confucius had been expanded by emperors since the Han Dynasty. To date, the <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Cemetery of Confucius</a> (孔林) covers an area of 183 hectares with more than 100,000 graves of the Kong descendants, it is included in the World Heritage List for its cultural and architectural value.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Confucianism" title="Category:Confucianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9C%A8%E9%90%B8_---_Confucian_wooden-clapper_bell.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="天將以夫子爲木鐸, "Heaven will instruct the master like a wooden-clapper bell (to awaken everyone to the Way)" — Analects 3.24."><img alt="天將以夫子爲木鐸, "Heaven will instruct the master like a wooden-clapper bell (to awaken everyone to the Way)" — Analects 3.24." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E6%9C%A8%E9%90%B8_---_Confucian_wooden-clapper_bell.svg/120px-%E6%9C%A8%E9%90%B8_---_Confucian_wooden-clapper_bell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E6%9C%A8%E9%90%B8_---_Confucian_wooden-clapper_bell.svg/180px-%E6%9C%A8%E9%90%B8_---_Confucian_wooden-clapper_bell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E6%9C%A8%E9%90%B8_---_Confucian_wooden-clapper_bell.svg/240px-%E6%9C%A8%E9%90%B8_---_Confucian_wooden-clapper_bell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="665" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; padding-left:2.75em;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confucius</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu">Dong Zhongshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Hong" title="Gongsun Hong">Gongsun Hong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; padding-left:2.75em;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamental concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_Between_Heaven_and_Mankind" title="Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind">Ganying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectification_of_names" title="Rectification of names">Zhengming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Xiao</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Three_Fundamental_Bonds_and_Five_Constant_Virtues" title="Three Fundamental Bonds and Five Constant Virtues">Sangang Wuchang</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_(heart-mind)" title="Xin (heart-mind)">Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi (Confucianism)">Yi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; padding-left:2.75em;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Learning">Han Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taigu_school" title="Taigu school">Taigu school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_Confucianism" title="Lingnan Confucianism">Lingnan Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Confucianism" title="Progressive Confucianism">Progressive Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_fascism" title="Confucian fascism">Confucian fascism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd>Hermeneutic schools</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Texts">Old Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Text_Confucianism" class="mw-redirect" title="New Text Confucianism">New Text</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; padding-left:2.75em;color: var(--color-base)">Confucianism by country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_the_Confucian_Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism_in_the_United_States" title="Confucianism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; padding-left:2.75em;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Template:Confucian_texts" title="Template:Confucian texts">Confucian texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruzang" title="Ruzang">Ruzang</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics#Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Five Classics</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Book of Changes</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics#Four_Books" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Four Books</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius_(book)" title="Mencius (book)">Mencius</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_Mean" title="Doctrine of the Mean">Doctrine of the Mean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Learning" title="Great Learning">Great Learning</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other texts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Commentaries_on_the_Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals">Three Commentaries</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rites_of_Zhou" title="Rites of Zhou">Rites of Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_and_Ceremonial" title="Etiquette and Ceremonial">Ceremonial Rites</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Filial_Piety" title="Classic of Filial Piety">Classic of Filial Piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erya" title="Erya">Erya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; padding-left:2.75em;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_ritual_religion" title="Confucian ritual religion">Confucian ritual religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_royal_ancestral_shrine" title="Confucian royal ancestral shrine">Confucian royal ancestral shrine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius" title="Temple of Confucius">Temple of Confucius</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Confucian_church" title="Confucian church">Confucian churches</a> and sects</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Confucian_Church" title="Holy Confucian Church">Holy Confucian Church</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_the_Confucian_Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia">Indonesian Confucian Church</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanrendao" title="Shanrendao">Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Gods_according_to_the_Confucian_Tradition" title="Way of the Gods according to the Confucian Tradition">Phoenix churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanyuan_teaching" title="Xuanyuan teaching">Xuanyuanism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shengdao" title="Shengdao">Shengdao</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Confucianism" title="Template:Confucianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Confucianism" title="Template talk:Confucianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Confucianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Confucianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a>, Confucius presents himself as a "transmitter who invented nothing". He puts the greatest emphasis on the importance of study, and it is the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese character</a> for study (學) that opens the text. Far from trying to build a systematic or <a href="/wiki/Religious_formalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious formalism">formalist</a> theory, he wanted his disciples to master and internalize older classics, so that they can capture the ancient wisdoms that promotes "harmony and order", to aid their self-cultivation to become a <a href="/wiki/Junzi" title="Junzi">perfect man</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Annals</a> would allow them to relate the moral problems of the present to past political events; the <a href="/wiki/Shi_Jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi Jing">Book of Odes</a> reflects the "mood and concerns" of the commoners and their view on government; while the <a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Book of Changes</a> encompasses the key theory and practice of divination. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldstone-Moore200334-37-38">[38]</a> <a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Although some Chinese people follow Confucianism in a religious manner, many argue that its values are secular and that it is less a religion than a secular morality. Proponents of religious Confucianism argue that despite the secular nature of Confucianism's teachings, it is based on a worldview that is religious.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Confucius was considered more of a humanist than a spiritualist,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan196914-15-41">[41]</a> his discussions on <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> and views concerning <a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Heaven</a> remained indeterminate, and he is largely unconcerned with spiritual matters often considered essential to religious thought, such as the nature of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese soul">souls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics">Ethics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confucian_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian ethics">Confucian ethics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rongo_Analects_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rongo_Analects_02.jpg/220px-Rongo_Analects_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rongo_Analects_02.jpg/330px-Rongo_Analects_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rongo_Analects_02.jpg/440px-Rongo_Analects_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></figcaption></figure> One of the deepest teachings of Confucius may have been the superiority of personal exemplification over explicit rules of behavior. His moral teachings emphasized self-cultivation, emulation of moral exemplars, and the attainment of skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules. Confucian ethics may, therefore, be considered a type of <a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">virtue ethics</a>. His teachings rarely rely on reasoned argument, and ethical ideals and methods are conveyed indirectly, through <a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">allusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innuendo" title="Innuendo">innuendo</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Tautology_(rhetoric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tautology (rhetoric)">tautology</a>. His teachings require examination and context to be understood. A good example is found in this famous anecdote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> 廄焚。子退朝，曰：傷人乎？不問馬。 When the stables were burnt down, on returning from court Confucius said, "Was anyone hurt?" He did not ask about the horses.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Analects X.11 (tr. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Waley" title="Arthur Waley">Waley</a>), 10–13 (tr. <a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">Legge</a>), or X-17 (tr. <a href="/wiki/D.C._Lau" class="mw-redirect" title="D.C. Lau">Lau</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> This remark was considered a strong manifestation of Confucius' advocacy in humanism. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan196936-43">[43]</a> <a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> One of his teachings was a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a>, sometimes called the "<a href="/wiki/Silver_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Rule">Silver Rule</a>" owing to its negative form: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> 子貢問曰：有一言而可以終身行之者乎？子曰：其恕乎！己所不欲、勿施於人。 Zi Gong [a disciple] asked: "Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life?" The Master replied: "How about 'reciprocity'! Never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Analects XV.24, tr. David Hinton</cite></div></blockquote> Often overlooked in Confucian ethics are the virtues to the self: sincerity and the cultivation of knowledge. Virtuous action towards others begins with virtuous and sincere thought, which begins with knowledge. A virtuous disposition without knowledge is susceptible to corruption, and virtuous action without sincerity is not true righteousness. Cultivating knowledge and sincerity is also important for one's own sake; the superior person loves learning for the sake of learning and righteousness for the sake of righteousness.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Confucian theory of ethics as exemplified in <a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Confucian)">lǐ</a> (禮) is based on three important conceptual aspects of life: (a) ceremonies associated with sacrifice to ancestors and deities of various types, (b) social and political institutions, and (c) the etiquette of daily behavior. Some believed that lǐ originated from the heavens, but Confucius stressed the development of lǐ through the actions of sage leaders in human history. His discussions of lǐ seem to redefine the term to refer to all actions committed by a person to build the ideal society, rather than those conforming with canonical standards of ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner201425-29-45">[45]</a> In the early Confucian tradition, lǐ was doing the proper thing at the proper time; balancing between maintaining existing norms to perpetuate an ethical social fabric, and violating them in order to accomplish ethical good. Training in the lǐ of past sages, cultivates virtues in people that include ethical judgment about when lǐ must be adapted in light of situational contexts. In Confucianism, the concept of li is closely related to yì (義), which is based upon the idea of reciprocity. Yì can be translated as <a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">righteousness</a>, though it may mean what is ethically best to do in a certain context. The term contrasts with action done out of <a href="/wiki/Selfishness" title="Selfishness">self-interest</a>. While pursuing one's own self-interest is not necessarily bad, one would be a better, more righteous person if one's life was based upon following a path designed to enhance the greater good. Thus an outcome of yì is doing the right thing for the right reason.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Just as action according to <a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Confucian)">lǐ</a> should be adapted to conform to the aspiration of adhering to yì, so yì is linked to the core value of rén (仁). <a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Rén</a> consists of five basic virtues: seriousness, generosity, sincerity, diligence, and kindness.<a href="#cite_note-Bonevac09-40-46">[46]</a> Rén is the virtue of perfectly fulfilling one's responsibilities toward others, most often translated as "benevolence", "humaneness", or "empathy"; translator <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Waley" title="Arthur Waley">Arthur Waley</a> calls it "Goodness" (with a capital G), and other translations that have been put forth include "authoritativeness" and "selflessness". Confucius's moral system was based upon <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a> and understanding others, rather than divinely ordained rules. To develop one's spontaneous responses of rén so that these could guide action intuitively was even better than living by the rules of yì. Confucius asserts that virtue is a mean between extremes. For example, the properly generous person gives the right amount – not too much and not too little.<a href="#cite_note-Bonevac09-40-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> Confucius's political thought is based upon his ethical thought. He argued that the best government is one that rules through "rites" (lǐ) and morality, and not by using incentives and coercion. He explained that this is one of the most important analects: "If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame. If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of the shame, and moreover will become good." (Analects 2.3, tr. Legge). This "sense of shame" is an internalization of duty. Confucianism prioritizes creating a harmonious society over the ruler's interests, opposes material incentives and harsh punishments, and downplays the role of institutions in guiding behavior as in <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a>, emphasizing moral virtues instead.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Confucius looked nostalgically upon earlier days, and urged the Chinese, particularly those with political power, to model themselves on earlier examples. In times of division, chaos, and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted to restore the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a> (天命) that could unify the "world" (天下, "all under Heaven") and bestow peace and prosperity on the people. Because his vision of personal and social perfections was framed as a revival of the ordered society of earlier times, Confucius is often considered a great proponent of conservatism, but a closer look at what he proposes often shows that he used (and perhaps twisted) past institutions and rites to push a new political agenda of his own: a revival of a unified royal state, whose rulers would succeed to power on the basis of their moral merits instead of lineage. These would be rulers devoted to their people, striving for personal and social <a href="/wiki/Perfection" title="Perfection">perfection</a>, and such a ruler would spread his own virtues to the people instead of imposing proper behavior with laws and rules.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner201436-37-48">[48]</a> While Confucius supported the idea of government ruling by a virtuous king, his ideas contained a number of elements to limit the power of rulers. He argued for representing <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> in language, and <a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">honesty</a> was of paramount importance. Even in <a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">facial expression</a>, truth must always be represented.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Confucius believed that if a ruler is to lead correctly, by action, that orders would be unnecessary in that others will follow the proper actions of their ruler. In discussing the relationship between a king and his subject (or a father and his son), he underlined the need to give due respect to superiors. This demanded that the subordinates must advise their superiors if the superiors are considered to be taking a course of action that is wrong. Confucius believed in ruling by example, if you lead correctly, orders by force or punishment are not necessary.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_poetry">Music and poetry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ritual_and_music_system" title="Ritual and music system">Ritual and music system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C7%92ngz%C7%90_Sh%C4%ABl%C3%B9n_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/K%C7%92ngz%C7%90_Sh%C4%ABl%C3%B9n_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg/220px-K%C7%92ngz%C7%90_Sh%C4%ABl%C3%B9n_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/K%C7%92ngz%C7%90_Sh%C4%ABl%C3%B9n_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>The Shijing or <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a></figcaption></figure> Confucius heavily promoted the use of <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> with rituals or the rites order.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] The scholar <a href="/wiki/Li_Zehou" title="Li Zehou">Li Zehou</a> argued that Confucianism is based on the idea of rites. Rites serve as the starting point for each individual and that these sacred social functions allow each person's human nature to be harmonious with reality. Given this, Confucius believed that "music is the harmonization of heaven and earth; the rites is the order of heaven and earth". Thus the application of music in rites creates the order that makes it possible for society to prosper.<a href="#cite_note-auto-50">[50]</a> The Confucian approach to music was heavily inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Music" title="Classic of Music">Classic of Music</a>, which was said to be the sixth Confucian classic until it was lost during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. The Classic of Poetry serves as one of the current Confucian classics and is a book on poetry that contains a diversified variety of poems as well as folk songs. Confucius is traditionally ascribed with compiling these classics within his school.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In the Analects, Confucius described the importance of the poetry in the intellectual and moral development of an individual:<a href="#cite_note-Confucius,_The_Analects_-_17-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> The Master said, "My children, why do you not study the Book of Poetry? "The Odes serve to stimulate the mind. "They may be used for purposes of self-contemplation. "They teach the art of sociability. "They show how to regulate feelings of resentment. "From them you learn the more immediate duty of serving one's father, and the remoter one of serving one's prince. "From them we become largely acquainted with the names of birds, beasts, and plants."<a href="#cite_note-Confucius,_The_Analects_-_17-52">[52]</a> </div></blockquote>Confucius frowned upon <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> encroaching on China, especially with music, and he preached against musical influences from <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrians">Greco-Bactrians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Confucius" title="Special:EditPage/Confucius">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_Conseil_Etat_Confucius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Louvre_Conseil_Etat_Confucius.jpg/220px-Louvre_Conseil_Etat_Confucius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Louvre_Conseil_Etat_Confucius.jpg/330px-Louvre_Conseil_Etat_Confucius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Louvre_Conseil_Etat_Confucius.jpg/440px-Louvre_Conseil_Etat_Confucius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Confucius together with <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> among the greatest legislators of the past, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Mauzaisse" title="Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse">Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse</a> (1827), <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a></figcaption></figure> Confucius's teachings were later turned into an elaborate set of rules and practices by his numerous disciples and followers, who organized his teachings into the Analects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtgesShih2010645-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimCsikszentmihalyi201025-56">[56]</a> Confucius's disciples and his only grandson, <a href="/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi">Zisi</a>, continued his philosophical school after his death.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> These efforts spread Confucian ideals to students who then became officials in many of the royal courts in China, thereby giving Confucianism the first wide-scale test of its <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-58">[58]</a> Two of Confucius's most famous later followers emphasized radically different aspects of his teachings. In the centuries after his death, <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> (孟子) and <a href="/wiki/Xun_Kuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Xun Kuang">Xunzi</a> (荀子) both composed important teachings elaborating in different ways on the fundamental ideas associated with Confucius. <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> (4th century BCE) articulated the innate goodness in human beings as a source of the ethical intuitions that guide people towards <a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">rén</a>, yì, and <a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">lǐ</a>, while Xunzi (3rd century BCE) underscored the realistic and materialistic aspects of Confucian thought, stressing that morality was inculcated in society through tradition and in individuals through training. In time, their writings, together with the Analects and other core texts came to constitute <a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">the philosophical corpus of Confucianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] This realignment in Confucian thought was parallel to the development of <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a>, which held that humanity and righteousness were not sufficient in government, and that rulers should instead rely on statecrafts, punishments, and law. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan196922,_252-259-60">[60]</a> A disagreement between these two political philosophies came to a head in 223 BCE when the <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin state</a> conquered all of China. <a href="/wiki/Li_Si" title="Li Si">Li Si</a>, Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>, convinced <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a> to abandon the Confucians' recommendation of awarding fiefs akin to the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> before them which he saw as being against to the Legalist idea of centralizing the state around the ruler.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronism</a>] Under the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> dynasties, Confucian ideas gained even more widespread prominence. Under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics#Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">works attributed to Confucius</a> were made the official imperial philosophy and required reading for civil service examinations in 140 BCE which was continued nearly unbroken until the end of the 19th century. As <a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a> lost support by the time of the Han, the main philosophical contenders were Legalism, which Confucian thought somewhat absorbed, the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>, whose focus on more spiritual ideas kept it from direct conflict with Confucianism, and the new <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> religion, which gained acceptance during the <a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern Dynasties">Southern and Northern Dynasties</a> era. Both Confucian ideas and Confucian-trained officials were relied upon in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> and even the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> distrusted handing over provincial control to them.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, Confucianism was revitalized in a movement known as Neo-Confucianism. Neo-Confucianism was a revival of Confucianism that expanded on classical theories by incorporating metaphysics and new approaches to self-cultivation and enlightenment, influenced by Buddhism and Daoism. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldstone-Moore200318-61">[61]</a> The most renowned scholar of this period was Zhu Xi (1130-1200CE). There are clear Buddhist and Daoist influences in the Neo-Confucian advocacy of "quiet sitting" (meditation) as a technique of self-cultivation that leads to transformative experiences of insight." <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldstone-Moore2023153-62">[62]</a> In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored, but not long after his death, his ideas became the new orthodox view of what Confucian texts actually meant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner201470-63">[63]</a> Modern historians view Zhu Xi as having created something rather different and call his way of thinking <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a>. Neo-Confucianism held sway in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam until the 19th century. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Norden201186-64">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg/220px-LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg/330px-LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg/440px-LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese, published by <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit missionaries</a> at Paris in 1687</figcaption></figure> The works of Confucius were first translated into European languages by <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit missionaries</a> in the 16th century during the late <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. The first known effort was by <a href="/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri">Michele Ruggieri</a>, who returned to Italy in 1588 and carried on his translations while residing in <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>. <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> started to report on the thoughts of Confucius, and a team of Jesuits—<a href="/wiki/Prospero_Intorcetta" title="Prospero Intorcetta">Prospero Intorcetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Couplet" title="Philippe Couplet">Philippe Couplet</a>, and two others—published a translation of several <a href="/wiki/Confucian_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian canon">Confucian works</a> and an overview of <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese history</a> in Paris in 1687.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-parker77-25-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_No%C3%ABl_(missionary)" title="François Noël (missionary)">François Noël</a>, after failing to persuade <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a> that <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ancestral_veneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese ancestral veneration">Chinese veneration of ancestors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucius</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">did not constitute idolatry</a>, completed the Confucian canon at <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> in 1711, with more scholarly treatments of the other works and the first translation of the <a href="/wiki/Mengzi_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mengzi (book)">collected works</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of the period, particularly among the <a href="/wiki/Deists" class="mw-redirect" title="Deists">Deists</a> and other philosophical groups of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western civilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-parker77-25-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobson2004194–195-68">[68]</a> In the modern era Confucian movements, such as <a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a>, still exist, but during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, Confucianism was frequently attacked by leading figures in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>. This was partially a continuation of the condemnations of Confucianism by intellectuals and activists in the early 20th century as a cause of the ethnocentric close-mindedness and refusal of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> to modernize that led to the tragedies that befell China in the 19th century. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Norden2011214–216-69">[69]</a> Confucius's works are studied by scholars in many other Asian countries, particularly those in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese cultural sphere">Chinese cultural sphere</a>, such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Many of those countries still hold the traditional memorial ceremony every year.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Among <a href="/wiki/Tibetans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetans">Tibetans</a>, Confucius is often worshipped as a holy king and master of magic, divination and astrology. <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Buddhists">Tibetan Buddhists</a> see him as learning divination from the Buddha <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri</a> (and that knowledge subsequently reaching Tibet through <a href="/wiki/Princess_Wencheng" title="Princess Wencheng">Princess Wencheng</a>), while <a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a> practitioners see him as being a reincarnation of <a href="/wiki/Tonpa_Shenrab_Miwoche" title="Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche">Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche</a>, the legendary founder of Bon.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> believes Confucius was a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Divine Prophet</a> of God, as were <a href="/wiki/Lao-Tzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao-Tzu">Lao-Tzu</a> and other eminent Chinese personages.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Siddhar" title="Siddhar">Siddhar</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, Confucius is one of the 18 esteemed <a href="/wiki/Siddhar" title="Siddhar">Siddhars</a> of yore, and is better known as <a href="/wiki/Kalangi_Nathar" title="Kalangi Nathar">Kalangi Nathar</a> or Kamalamuni.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thyagaraja_Temple,_Tiruvarur" title="Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur">Thyagaraja Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvarur" title="Thiruvarur">Thiruvarur</a>, Tamil Nadu is home to his <a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">Jeeva</a> <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In modern times, <a href="/wiki/7853_Confucius" class="mw-redirect" title="7853 Confucius">Asteroid 7853</a>, "Confucius", was named after the Chinese thinker.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching_and_Disciples">Teaching and Disciples</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Confucius" title="Disciples of Confucius">Disciples of Confucius</a></div>Confucius was regarded as the first teacher who advocated for public welfare and the spread of education in China.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Confucius devoted his entire life, from a relatively young age, to teaching. He pioneered private education adopting a curriculum known as the <a href="/wiki/Six_Arts" title="Six Arts">Six Arts</a>, aimed at making education accessible to all social classes, and believed in its power to cultivate character rather than merely vocational skills. Confucius not only made teaching his profession but also contributed to the development of a distinct class of professionals in ancient China—the gentlemen who were neither farmers, artisans, merchants, nor officials but instead dedicated themselves to teaching and potential government service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan196917-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Classic_of_Filial_Piety_(%E9%96%8B%E5%AE%97%E6%98%8E%E7%BE%A9%E7%AB%A0_%E7%95%AB).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_Classic_of_Filial_Piety_%28%E9%96%8B%E5%AE%97%E6%98%8E%E7%BE%A9%E7%AB%A0_%E7%95%AB%29.jpg/220px-The_Classic_of_Filial_Piety_%28%E9%96%8B%E5%AE%97%E6%98%8E%E7%BE%A9%E7%AB%A0_%E7%95%AB%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_Classic_of_Filial_Piety_%28%E9%96%8B%E5%AE%97%E6%98%8E%E7%BE%A9%E7%AB%A0_%E7%95%AB%29.jpg/330px-The_Classic_of_Filial_Piety_%28%E9%96%8B%E5%AE%97%E6%98%8E%E7%BE%A9%E7%AB%A0_%E7%95%AB%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_Classic_of_Filial_Piety_%28%E9%96%8B%E5%AE%97%E6%98%8E%E7%BE%A9%E7%AB%A0_%E7%95%AB%29.jpg/440px-The_Classic_of_Filial_Piety_%28%E9%96%8B%E5%AE%97%E6%98%8E%E7%BE%A9%E7%AB%A0_%E7%95%AB%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2162" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zengzi" title="Zengzi">Zengzi</a> (right) kneeling before Confucius (center), as depicted in a painting from the Illustrations of the <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Filial_Piety" title="Classic of Filial Piety">Classic of Filial Piety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> Confucius began teaching after he turned 30, and taught more than 3,000 students in his life, about 70 of whom were considered outstanding. His disciples and the early Confucian community they formed became the most influential intellectual force in the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen201386-80">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> dedicated a chapter in his <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a> to the biographies of Confucius's disciples, accounting for the influence they exerted in their time and afterward. Sima Qian recorded the names of 77 disciples in his collective biography, while <a href="/wiki/Kongzi_Jiayu" title="Kongzi Jiayu">Kongzi Jiayu</a>, another early source, records 76, not completely overlapping. The two sources together yield the names of 96 disciples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen201387-81">[81]</a> Twenty-two of them are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Mencius_(book)" title="Mencius (book)">Mencius</a> records 24.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194930-82">[82]</a> Confucius did not charge any tuition, and only requested a symbolic gift of a bundle of dried meat from any prospective student. According to his disciple <a href="/wiki/Duanmu_Ci" title="Duanmu Ci">Zigong</a>, his master treated students like doctors treated patients and did not turn anybody away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen201387-81">[81]</a> Most of them came from <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a>, Confucius's home state, with 43 recorded, but he accepted students from all over China, with six from the state of <a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a> (such as Zigong), three from <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a>, two each from <a href="/wiki/Chen_(state)" title="Chen (state)">Chen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a>, and one each from <a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen201387-81">[81]</a> Confucius considered his students' personal background irrelevant, and accepted noblemen, commoners, and even former criminals such as Yan Zhuoju and <a href="/wiki/Gongye_Chang" title="Gongye Chang">Gongye Chang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen201388-83">[83]</a> His disciples from richer families would pay a sum commensurate with their wealth which was considered a ritual donation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen201387-81">[81]</a> Confucius's favorite disciple was <a href="/wiki/Yan_Hui" title="Yan Hui">Yan Hui</a>, most probably one of the most impoverished of them all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194930-82">[82]</a> Sima Niu, in contrast to Yan Hui, was from a hereditary noble family hailing from the Song state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194930-82">[82]</a> Under Confucius's teachings, the disciples became well learned in the principles and methods of government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194932-84">[84]</a> He often engaged in discussion and debate with his students and gave high importance to their studies in history, poetry, and ritual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194932-84">[84]</a> Confucius advocated loyalty to principle rather than to individual acumen, in which reform was to be achieved by persuasion rather than violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194932-84">[84]</a> Even though Confucius denounced them for their practices, the aristocracy was likely attracted to the idea of having trustworthy officials who were studied in morals as the circumstances of the time made it desirable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194932-84">[84]</a> In fact, the disciple <a href="/wiki/Zhong_You" title="Zhong You">Zilu</a> even died defending his ruler in <a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194932-84">[84]</a> Yang Hu, who was a subordinate of the <a href="/wiki/Ji_(Zhou_dynasty_ancestral_surname)" title="Ji (Zhou dynasty ancestral surname)">Ji family</a>, had dominated the Lu government from 505 to 502 and even attempted a coup, which narrowly failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194932-84">[84]</a> As a likely consequence, it was after this that the first disciples of Confucius were appointed to government positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194932-84">[84]</a> A few of Confucius's disciples went on to attain official positions of some importance, some of which were arranged by Confucius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194931-85">[85]</a> By the time Confucius was 50 years old, the Ji family had consolidated their power in the Lu state over the ruling ducal house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194933-86">[86]</a> Even though the Ji family had practices with which Confucius disagreed and disapproved, they nonetheless gave Confucius's disciples many opportunities for employment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194933-86">[86]</a> Confucius continued to remind his disciples to stay true to their principles and renounced those who did not, all the while being openly critical of the Ji family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194932–33-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_West">In the West</h3></div> The influence of Confucius has been observed on multiple <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western thinkers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cummings_Neville" title="Robert Cummings Neville">Robert Cummings Neville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">François Quesnay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Christian Wolff</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_portraits">Visual portraits</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E8%81%96%E8%B9%9F%E5%9C%96.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E8%81%96%E8%B9%9F%E5%9C%96.png/220px-%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E8%81%96%E8%B9%9F%E5%9C%96.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E8%81%96%E8%B9%9F%E5%9C%96.png/330px-%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E8%81%96%E8%B9%9F%E5%9C%96.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E8%81%96%E8%B9%9F%E5%9C%96.png/440px-%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E8%81%96%E8%B9%9F%E5%9C%96.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Qiu_Ying" title="Qiu Ying">Qiu Ying</a> (1494–1552), <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> No contemporary painting or sculpture of Confucius survives, and it was only during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> that he was portrayed visually. Carvings often depict his legendary meeting with <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>. Since that time there have been many portraits of Confucius as the ideal philosopher. An early verbal portrayal of Confucius is found in the chapter "External Things" (外物; Wàiwù) of the book <a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a> (莊子; Zhuāngzǐ), finished in about 3rd BCE, long after Confucius's death.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The oldest known portrait of Confucius has been unearthed in the tomb of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Haihun" title="Marquis of Haihun">Marquis of Haihun</a> (died 59 BCE). The picture was painted on the wooden frame to a polished bronze mirror.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In former times, it was customary to have a portrait in <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius" title="Temple of Confucius">Confucius Temples</a>; however, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a> (Taizu) of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, it was decided that the only proper portrait of Confucius should be in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Qufu" title="Temple of Confucius, Qufu">temple</a> in his home town, <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a> in Shandong. In other temples, Confucius is represented by a memorial tablet. In 2006, the China Confucius Foundation commissioned a standard portrait of Confucius based on the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> portrait by <a href="/wiki/Wu_Daozi" title="Wu Daozi">Wu Daozi</a>. The South Wall <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">Frieze</a> in the courtroom of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> depicts Confucius as a teacher of harmony, learning, and virtue.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fictional_portrayals">Fictional portrayals</h3></div> There have been two film adaptations of Confucius' life: the 1940 film <a href="/wiki/Confucius_(1940_film)" title="Confucius (1940 film)">Confucius</a> starring Tang Huaiqiu,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and the 2010 film <a href="/wiki/Confucius_(2010_film)" title="Confucius (2010 film)">Confucius</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Chow_Yun-fat" title="Chow Yun-fat">Chow Yun-fat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Entrance_Gate_of_the_Temple_of_Confucius,_Ching-hai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/First_Entrance_Gate_of_the_Temple_of_Confucius%2C_Ching-hai.jpg/220px-First_Entrance_Gate_of_the_Temple_of_Confucius%2C_Ching-hai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/First_Entrance_Gate_of_the_Temple_of_Confucius%2C_Ching-hai.jpg/330px-First_Entrance_Gate_of_the_Temple_of_Confucius%2C_Ching-hai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/First_Entrance_Gate_of_the_Temple_of_Confucius%2C_Ching-hai.jpg/440px-First_Entrance_Gate_of_the_Temple_of_Confucius%2C_Ching-hai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>First entrance gate of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius" title="Temple of Confucius">Temple of Confucius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zhenhai" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhenhai">Zhenhai</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20130918-%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%AD%94%E5%BA%99-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/20130918-%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%AD%94%E5%BA%99-2.jpg/220px-20130918-%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%AD%94%E5%BA%99-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/20130918-%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%AD%94%E5%BA%99-2.jpg/330px-20130918-%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%AD%94%E5%BA%99-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/20130918-%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%AD%94%E5%BA%99-2.jpg/440px-20130918-%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%AD%94%E5%BA%99-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2951" data-file-height="1963" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius" title="Temple of Confucius">Temple of Confucius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jiading_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiading District">Jiading</a>, now a suburb of Shanghai. The Jiading Temple of Confucius now operates a museum devoted to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial exam">imperial exam</a> formerly administered at the temples.</figcaption></figure> Soon after Confucius's death, <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>, his home town, became a place of devotion and remembrance. The <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a> records that it had already become a place of pilgrimage for ministers. It is still a major destination for cultural tourism, and many people visit his grave and the surrounding temples. There are also numerous <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius" title="Temple of Confucius">temples</a> dedicated to Confucius and distinguished Confucian scholars. These temples have been used for ceremonies paying tribute to Confucius as a revered Master, honoring his guiding principles that have shaped Chinese society.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Followers of Confucianism have a tradition of holding spectacular memorial ceremonies of Confucius (祭孔) every year, using ceremonies that supposedly derived from Zhou Li (周禮) as recorded by Confucius, on the date of Confucius's birth. In the 20th century, this tradition was interrupted for several decades in mainland China, where the official stance of the Communist Party and the State was that Confucius and Confucianism represented reactionary <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalist</a> beliefs which held that the subservience of the people to the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocracy</a> is a part of the natural order. All such ceremonies and rites were therefore banned. Only after the 1990s did the ceremony resume. As it is now considered a veneration of Chinese history and tradition, even Communist Party members may be found in attendance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Taiwan, where the Nationalist Party (<a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>) strongly promoted Confucian beliefs in ethics and behavior, the tradition of the memorial ceremony of Confucius (祭孔) is supported by the government and has continued without interruption. While not a national holiday, it does appear on all printed calendars, much as <a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Father's Day</a> or Christmas Day do in the Western world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, a grand-scale memorial ceremony called <a href="/wiki/Seokjeon_Daeje" title="Seokjeon Daeje">Seokjeon Daeje</a> is held twice a year on Confucius's birthday and the anniversary of his death, at <a href="/wiki/Hyanggyo" title="Hyanggyo">Confucian academies</a> across the country and <a href="/wiki/Sungkyunkwan" title="Sungkyunkwan">Sungkyunkwan</a> in Seoul.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants">Descendants</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Confucius_in_the_main_line_of_descent" title="Family tree of Confucius in the main line of descent">Family tree of Confucius in the main line of descent</a></div> Confucius's descendants were repeatedly identified and honored by successive imperial governments with titles of nobility and official posts. They were honored with the rank of a <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquis</a> 35 times since <a href="/wiki/Gaozu_of_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaozu of Han">Gaozu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, and they were promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">duke</a> 42 times from the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong of Tang</a> first bestowed the title of "Duke Wenxuan" on Kong Suizhi of the 35th generation. In 1055, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Renzong_of_Song" title="Emperor Renzong of Song">Emperor Renzong of Song</a> first bestowed the title of "<a href="/wiki/Duke_Yansheng" title="Duke Yansheng">Duke Yansheng</a>" on Kong Zongyuan of the 46th generation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a>, the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to <a href="/wiki/Quzhou" title="Quzhou">Quzhou</a> in Zhejiang, while the newly established <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a> in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> From that time up until the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, there were two Duke Yanshengs, one in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. An invitation to come back to Qufu was extended to the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu by the Yuan-dynasty Emperor Kublai Khan. The title was taken away from the southern branch after Kong Zhu rejected the invitation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansenKleinMeyer2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGNlXAwAAQBAJpgPA187_187–188]-122">[122]</a> so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch remained in Quzhou where they live to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy" title="Hanlin Academy">Hanlin Academy</a> rank of Wujing boshi <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" class="extiw" title="zh:五經博士">五經博士</a> was awarded to the southern branch at Quzhou by a Ming Emperor while the northern branch at Qufu held the title Duke Yansheng.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson2002-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansenKleinMeyer2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGNlXAwAAQBAJqwujingboshidescendantpgPA188_188]-125">[125]</a> The leader of the southern branch was 孔祥楷 Kong Xiangkai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansenKleinMeyer2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGNlXAwAAQBAJpgPA189_189]-126">[126]</a> In 1351, during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Toghon Temür">Toghon Temür</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, 54th-generation Kong Shao (孔昭) moved from China to Korea during the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo dynasty</a>, and was received courteously by <a href="/wiki/Princess_Noguk" title="Princess Noguk">Princess Noguk</a> (the Mongolian-born queen consort of the future king <a href="/wiki/Gongmin_of_Goryeo" title="Gongmin of Goryeo">Gongmin</a>). After being naturalized as a subject of Goryeo, he changed the <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hanja</a> of his name from "昭" to "紹" (both pronounced so in Korean),<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> married a Korean woman and bore a son (Gong Yeo (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 공여; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 孔帤), 1329–1397), therefore establishing the Changwon Gong clan (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 창원 공씨; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 昌原孔氏), whose ancestral seat was located in <a href="/wiki/Changwon" title="Changwon">Changwon</a>, South Gyeongsang Province.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In 1794, during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Jeongjo_of_Joseon" title="Jeongjo of Joseon">Jeongjo</a>, the clan then changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Qufu_Kong_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qufu Kong clan">Gokbu Gong clan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 곡부 공씨; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 曲阜孔氏) in honor of Confucius's birthplace <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 곡부; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 曲阜; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: Gokbu).<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Famous descendants include actors such as <a href="/wiki/Gong_Yoo" title="Gong Yoo">Gong Yoo</a> (real name Gong Ji-cheol (공지철)) and <a href="/wiki/Gong_Hyo-jin" title="Gong Hyo-jin">Gong Hyo-jin</a> (공효진); and artists such as male idol group <a href="/wiki/B1A4" title="B1A4">B1A4</a> member <a href="/wiki/Gongchan" title="Gongchan">Gongchan</a> (real name Gong Chan-sik (공찬식)), singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Minzy" title="Minzy">Minzy</a> (real name Gong Min-ji (공민지)), as well as her great aunt, traditional folk dancer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gong_Ok-jin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gong Ok-jin (page does not exist)">Gong Ok-jin</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%98%A5%EC%A7%84" class="extiw" title="ko:공옥진">ko</a>] (공옥진). Despite repeated dynastic change in China, the title of Duke Yansheng was bestowed upon successive generations of descendants until it was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> in 1935. The last holder of the title, <a href="/wiki/Kung_Te-cheng" title="Kung Te-cheng">Kung Te-cheng</a> of the 77th generation, was appointed <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_Official_to_Confucius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrificial Official to Confucius">Sacrificial Official to Confucius</a>. Kung Te-cheng died in October 2008, and his son, Kung Wei-yi, the 78th lineal descendant, died in 1989. Kung Te-cheng's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Kung_Tsui-chang" title="Kung Tsui-chang">Kung Tsui-chang</a>, the 79th lineal descendant, was born in 1975; his great-grandson, Kung Yu-jen, the 80th lineal descendant, was born in Taipei on 1 January 2006. Te-cheng's sister, Kong Demao, lives in mainland China and has written a book about her experiences growing up at the family estate in Qufu. Another sister, Kong Deqi, died as a young woman.<a href="#cite_note-Demao-130">[130]</a> Many descendants of Confucius still live in Qufu today. A descendant of Confucius, <a href="/wiki/H._H._Kung" title="H. H. Kung">H. H. Kung</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Premier of the Republic of China</a>. One of his sons, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kong_Lingjie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kong Lingjie (page does not exist)">Kong Lingjie</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E4%BB%A4%E5%82%91" class="extiw" title="zh:孔令傑">zh</a>] (孔令傑), married <a href="/wiki/Debra_Paget" title="Debra Paget">Debra Paget</a><a href="#cite_note-i-131">[131]</a> who gave birth to Gregory Kung (孔德基). Confucius's family, the Kongs, have the longest recorded extant pedigree in the world today. The father-to-son family tree, now in its 83rd generation,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> has been recorded since the death of Confucius. According to the <a href="/wiki/Confucius_Genealogy_Compilation_Committee" title="Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee">Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee</a> (CGCC), he has two million known and registered descendants, and there are an estimated three million in all.<a href="#cite_note-yanl-133">[133]</a> Of these, several tens of thousands live outside of China.<a href="#cite_note-yanl-133">[133]</a> In the 14th century, a Kong descendant went to Korea, where an estimated 34,000 descendants of Confucius live today.<a href="#cite_note-yanl-133">[133]</a> One of the main lineages fled from the Kong ancestral home in <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> in the 1940s and eventually settled in Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-Demao-130">[130]</a> There are also branches of the Kong family who have converted to Islam after marrying Muslim women, in Dachuan in Gansu province in the 1800s,<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> and in 1715 in <a href="/wiki/Xuanwei" title="Xuanwei">Xuanwei</a> in Yunnan province.<a href="#cite_note-Zhou-135">[135]</a> Many of the Muslim Confucius descendants are descended from the marriage of Ma Jiaga (馬甲尕), a Muslim woman, and Kong Yanrong (孔彥嶸), 59th generation descendant of Confucius in the year 1480, and are found among the <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dongxiang_people" title="Dongxiang people">Dongxiang</a> peoples.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The new genealogy includes the Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Kong Dejun (孔德軍) is a prominent Islamic scholar and Arabist from Qinghai province and a 77th generation descendant of Confucius. Because of the huge interest in the Confucius family tree, there was a project in China to test the DNA of known family members of the collateral branches in mainland China.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Among other things, this would allow scientists to identify a common Y chromosome in male descendants of Confucius. If the descent were truly unbroken, father-to-son, since Confucius's lifetime, the males in the family would all have the same Y chromosome as their direct male ancestor, with slight mutations due to the passage of time.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The aim of the genetic test was to help members of collateral branches in China who lost their genealogical records to prove their descent. However, in 2009, many of the collateral branches decided not to agree to DNA testing.<a href="#cite_note-seedmagazine-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Sykes" title="Bryan Sykes">Bryan Sykes</a>, professor of genetics at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, understands this decision: "The Confucius family tree has an enormous cultural significance ... It's not just a scientific question."<a href="#cite_note-seedmagazine-143">[143]</a> The DNA testing was originally proposed to add new members, many of whose family record books were lost during 20th century upheavals, to the Confucian family tree.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The main branch of the family which fled to Taiwan was never involved in the proposed DNA test at all. In 2013, a DNA test performed on multiple different families who claimed descent from Confucius found that they shared the same Y chromosome as reported by <a href="/wiki/Fudan_University" title="Fudan University">Fudan University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The fifth and most recent edition of the Confucius genealogy was printed by the CGCC.<a href="#cite_note-zhouccgc09-146">[146]</a> It was unveiled in a ceremony at Qufu on 24 September 2009.<a href="#cite_note-zhouccgc09-146">[146]</a> Women are now included for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227143137/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/confucius.htm">"The Life and Significance of Confucius"</a>. www.sjsu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/confucius.htm">the original</a> on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sjsu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Life+and+Significance+of+Confucius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjsu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwatkins%2Fconfucius.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan196915-17-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChan196915-17_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChan1969">Chan 1969</a>, p. 15-17. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/unthinkable-which-golden-rule-of-ethics-is-best-the-christian-or-confucian-1.1674003">"Unthinkable: Which 'golden rule' of ethics is best, the Christian or Confucian?"</a>. The Irish Times. Retrieved 21 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Unthinkable%3A+Which+%27golden+rule%27+of+ethics+is+best%2C+the+Christian+or+Confucian%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Funthinkable-which-golden-rule-of-ethics-is-best-the-christian-or-confucian-1.1674003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Confucianism/">"Confucianism"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417151257/https://www.worldhistory.org/Confucianism/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Confucianism&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FConfucianism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient-medieval/zhou-qin-han-china/a/the-philosophers-of-the-warring-states">"The Philosophers of the Warring States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430131152/https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient-medieval/zhou-qin-han-china/a/the-philosophers-of-the-warring-states">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=The+Philosophers+of+the+Warring+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fworld-history%2Fancient-medieval%2Fzhou-qin-han-china%2Fa%2Fthe-philosophers-of-the-warring-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENivison1999752-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivison1999752_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivison1999752_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNivison1999">Nivison 1999</a>, p. 752. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter201750-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter201750_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunter2017">Hunter 2017</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015133-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015133_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2015">Wilkinson 2015</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang20133-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang20133_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuang2013">Huang 2013</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194925-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194925_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194925_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERainey201016-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERainey201016_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRainey2010">Rainey 2010</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELegge1887260-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegge1887260_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLegge1887">Legge 1887</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELegge1887259-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegge1887259_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLegge1887">Legge 1887</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao199729-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao199729_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYao1997">Yao 1997</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao200023-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao200023_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYao2000">Yao 2000</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERainey201066-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERainey201066_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRainey2010">Rainey 2010</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194926-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194926_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eno-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Eno_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEno2003" class="citation journal cs1">Eno, Robert (2003). "The background of the Kong family of Lu and the origins of Ruism". Early China. 28. Cambridge University Press: 1–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362502800000651">10.1017/S0362502800000651</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23354229">23354229</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20828205">20828205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+China&rft.atitle=The+background+of+the+Kong+family+of+Lu+and+the+origins+of+Ruism&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=1-41&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20828205%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23354229%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0362502800000651&rft.aulast=Eno&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> Eno concludes of Confucius's ancestry that the descent from Song nobility has been constructed to serve an ideological purpose. However he rejects the stronger statement that Confucius's immediate parentage is also fabricated, as proposed by Creel and Jensen.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1995" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, Lionel (1995). "Wise man of the wilds: fatherlessness, fertility, and the mythic exemplar Kongzi". Early China. 20. Cambridge University Press: 407–437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362502800004570">10.1017/S0362502800004570</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23351776">23351776</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163177601">163177601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+China&rft.atitle=Wise+man+of+the+wilds%3A+fatherlessness%2C+fertility%2C+and+the+mythic+exemplar+Kongzi&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=407-437&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163177601%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23351776%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0362502800004570&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> p. 409<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, pp. 297–298, cited in Eno. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang20134-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang20134_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang20134_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang20134_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang20134_19-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuang2013">Huang 2013</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuman2015" class="citation book cs1">Schuman, Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wb6DBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT25">Confucius: And the World He Created</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04057-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04057-5"><bdi>978-0-465-04057-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416230225/https://books.google.com/books?id=wb6DBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT25">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucius%3A+And+the+World+He+Created&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-465-04057-5&rft.aulast=Schuman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwb6DBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang20134–5-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang20134–5_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuang2013">Huang 2013</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-buryl-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buryl_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-buryl_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgan2008" class="citation book cs1">Burgan, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vM8GCpBncjEC&pg=PT12">Confucius: Chinese Philosopher and Teacher</a>. Capstone. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-3832-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-3832-3"><bdi>978-0-7565-3832-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucius%3A+Chinese+Philosopher+and+Teacher&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Capstone&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7565-3832-3&rft.aulast=Burgan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvM8GCpBncjEC%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubs1946274–276-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubs1946274–276_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, pp. 274–276. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXun" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"> <bdi lang="zh">宥坐</bdi>. <a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(book)" title="Xunzi (book)"> <bdi lang="zh">荀子</bdi></a> [Xunzi] (in Literary Chinese). <bdi lang="zh">孔子為魯攝相，朝七日而誅少正卯。門人進問曰：「夫少正卯魯之聞人也，夫子為政而始誅之，得無失乎，」孔子曰：「居，吾語女其故。人有惡者五，而盜竊不與焉。一曰心達而險；二曰行辟而堅；三曰言偽而辯；四曰記醜而博；五曰順非而澤。此五者，有一於人，則不得免於君子之誅，而少正卯兼有之。故居處足以聚徒成群，言談足飾邪營眾，強足以反是獨立，此小人之桀雄也，不可不誅也。是以湯誅尹諧，文王誅潘止，周公誅管叔，太公誅華仕，管仲誅付里乙，子產誅鄧析、史付，此七子者，皆異世同心，不可不誅也。詩曰：『憂心悄悄，慍於群小。』小人成群，斯足憂也。」</bdi></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%AE%A5%E5%9D%90&rft.btitle=%E8%8D%80%E5%AD%90&rft.aulast=Xun&rft.aufirst=Kuang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubs1946277-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubs1946277_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194935–36Dubs1946277–278-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194935–36Dubs1946277–278_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, pp. 35–36; <a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, pp. 277–278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubs1946278–279Chin200730-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubs1946278–279Chin200730_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, pp. 278–279; <a href="#CITEREFChin2007">Chin 2007</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubs1946279-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubs1946279_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubs1946279Chin200730-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubs1946279Chin200730_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, p. 279; <a href="#CITEREFChin2007">Chin 2007</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegel198613-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiegel198613_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiegel1986">Riegel 1986</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubs1946280–281-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubs1946280–281_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDubs1946">Dubs 1946</a>, pp. 280–281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENylanWilson201017-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENylanWilson201017_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENylanWilson201017_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNylanWilson2010">Nylan & Wilson 2010</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENylanWilson201011-23-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENylanWilson201011-23_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNylanWilson2010">Nylan & Wilson 2010</a>, p. 11-23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201327–28-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201327–28_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201327–28_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuang2013">Huang 2013</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan196917-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChan196917_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChan196917_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChan1969">Chan 1969</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/704/">"Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yx.qfwbw.cn/jd/2018-06-28/4059.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yx.qfwbw.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%AD%94%E6%9E%97_%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E6%96%87%E5%8D%9A%E7%BD%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyx.qfwbw.cn%2Fjd%2F2018-06-28%2F4059.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldstone-Moore200334-37-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldstone-Moore200334-37_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOldstone-Moore2003">Oldstone-Moore 2003</a>, p. 34-37. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afe.easia.columbia.edu/at/song/song04.html">"Asian Topics on Asia for Educators || The Book of Songs and China's Literary Tradition"</a>. afe.easia.columbia.edu. 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The American Interest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150817062142/http://www.the-american-interest.com/2012/02/15/is-confucianism-a-religion/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Interest&rft.atitle=Is+Confucianism+a+Religion%3F&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-american-interest.com%2F2012%2F02%2F15%2Fis-confucianism-a-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan196914-15-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChan196914-15_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChan1969">Chan 1969</a>, p. 14-15. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1958" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, D. Howard (September 1958). "Chinese Concepts of the Soul". Numen. 5 (3). Brill: 165–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3269371">10.2307/3269371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269371">3269371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Chinese+Concepts+of+the+Soul&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=165-179&rft.date=1958-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3269371&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3269371%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=D.+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan196936-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChan196936_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChan1969">Chan 1969</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConfucius2014" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confucius</a> (2014). 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A History of Chinese Philosophy, Vol.1 The Period of the Philosophers. <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_%26_Unwin_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen & Unwin Ltd.">George Allen & Unwin Ltd.</a> pp. 47–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02021-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02021-1"><bdi>978-0-691-02021-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Philosophy%2C+Vol.1+The+Period+of+the+Philosophers&rft.pages=47-49&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin+Ltd.&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02021-1&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Youlan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen201386-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen201386_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShen2013">Shen 2013</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen201387-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen201387_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen201387_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen201387_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen201387_81-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFShen2013">Shen 2013</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194930-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194930_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194930_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194930_82-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen201388-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen201388_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShen2013">Shen 2013</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194932-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194932_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194932_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194932_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194932_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194932_84-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194932_84-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194932_84-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194931-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194931_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194933-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194933_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194933_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreel194932–33-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreel194932–33_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCreel1949">Creel 1949</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllinson1998" class="citation web cs1">Allinson, Robert E. (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/archive/ROBCAA-5v1">"Complementarity as a Model for Eastwest Integrative Philosophy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complementarity+as+a+Model+for+Eastwest+Integrative+Philosophy&rft.date=1998-12&rft.aulast=Allinson&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Farchive%2FROBCAA-5v1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xKYFEAAAQBAJ&q=niels+bohr+confucius+schiller+only+wholeness+leads+to+clarity&pg=PA382">Christianity and Confucianism: Culture, Faith and Politics</a>. London, England: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2020. p. 382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567657688" title="Special:BookSources/9780567657688"><bdi>9780567657688</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809162059/https://books.google.com/books?id=xKYFEAAAQBAJ&q=niels+bohr+confucius+schiller+only+wholeness+leads+to+clarity&pg=PA382">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Confucianism%3A+Culture%2C+Faith+and+Politics&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780567657688&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxKYFEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dniels%2Bbohr%2Bconfucius%2Bschiller%2Bonly%2Bwholeness%2Bleads%2Bto%2Bclarity%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolton1986" class="citation journal cs1">Holton, Gerald (June 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27854096">"Niels Bohr and the Integrity of Science: Integrity in science involves not merely the avoidance of dishonorable behavior but also some principles of action that are exemplified in the life and work of Niels Bohr"</a>. American Scientist. 74 (3): 237–243. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27854096">27854096</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809161834/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27854096">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2021. 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Texas Studies in Literature and Language. 52 (3): 298–323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftsl.2010.0003">10.1353/tsl.2010.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40928069">40928069</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162063608">162063608</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809161613/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40928069">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2021. 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With notes by Dr. Warburton, and illustrations on steel by eminent artists. From designs by Weigall, Heath, & others"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121173839/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&view=text&rgn=main&idno=ABJ8179.0001.001">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+works+of+Alexander+Pope+...+With+notes+by+Dr.+Warburton%2C+and+illustrations+on+steel+by+eminent+artists.+From+designs+by+Weigall%2C+Heath%2C+%26+others.&rft.date=1779&rft.aulast=Warburton&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Dmoa%26cc%3Dmoa%26view%3Dtext%26rgn%3Dmain%26idno%3DABJ8179.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeng2008" class="citation web cs1">Feng, Dong (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/86514/1/2(1)p53-97.pdf">"The Great Harmony: An Essay on Man and Confucianism"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411181331/https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/86514/1/2(1)p53-97.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Harmony%3A+An+Essay+on+Man+and+Confucianism&rft.date=2008-12&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Dong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw%2Fbitstream%2F140.119%2F86514%2F1%2F2%281%29p53-97.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanton1943" class="citation journal cs1">Danton, George (November 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/400763">"Schiller and Confucius"</a>. The German Quarterly. 16 (4): 173–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F400763">10.2307/400763</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/400763">400763</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809161803/https://www.jstor.org/stable/400763">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+German+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Schiller+and+Confucius&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=173-182&rft.date=1943-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F400763&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F400763%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Danton&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F400763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiller2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schiller, Friedrich (18 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ocj/vol1905/iss5/9/">"Proverbs of Confucius"</a>. The Open Court. 1905 (5). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412010950/https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ocj/vol1905/iss5/9/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021. 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December 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410160144/https://moodle2.units.it/pluginfile.php/198219/mod_resource/content/1/Davis_China,%20the%20Confucian%20Ideal,%20and%20the%20European%20Age%20of%20Enlightenment_JHI_1983.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%2C+the+Confucian+Ideal%2C+and+the+European+Age+of+Enlightenment&rft.date=1983-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoodle2.units.it%2Fpluginfile.php%2F198219%2Fmod_resource%2Fcontent%2F1%2FDavis_China%252C%2520the%2520Confucian%2520Ideal%252C%2520and%2520the%2520European%2520Age%2520of%2520Enlightenment_JHI_1983.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowbotham1932" class="citation journal cs1">Rowbotham, Arnold H. (December 1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/457929">"Voltaire, Sinophile"</a>. PMLA. 47 (4): 1050–1065. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F457929">10.2307/457929</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/457929">457929</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251028175">251028175</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503044603/https://www.jstor.org/stable/457929">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PMLA&rft.atitle=Voltaire%2C+Sinophile&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1050-1065&rft.date=1932-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251028175%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F457929%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F457929&rft.aulast=Rowbotham&rft.aufirst=Arnold+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F457929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, Paul (19 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/019165999290168C">"Voltaire and Confucius: French attitudes towards China in the early twentieth century"</a>. History of European Ideas. 14 (6): 817–837. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0191-6599%2892%2990168-C">10.1016/0191-6599(92)90168-C</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410160142/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/019165999290168C">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+European+Ideas&rft.atitle=Voltaire+and+Confucius%3A+French+attitudes+towards+China+in+the+early+twentieth+century&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=817-837&rft.date=2002-07-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0191-6599%2892%2990168-C&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2F019165999290168C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Zhuangzi, "External Things". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/zhuangzi/what-comes-from-without#n2947">Chinese original</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011205422/https://ctext.org/zhuangzi/what-comes-from-without#n2947">Archived</a> 2022-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: 「老萊子之弟子出薪，遇仲尼，反以告曰：『有人於彼，修上而趨下，末僂而後耳，視若營四海，不知其誰氏之子。』老萊子曰：『是丘也，召而來！』」. <a href="/wiki/Burton_Watson" title="Burton Watson">Burton Watson</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://terebess.hu/english/chuangtzu3.html#26">translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221027094515/https://terebess.hu/english/chuangtzu3.html#26">Archived</a> 2022-10-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "A disciple of Lao Lai-tzu was out gathering firewood when he happened to meet Confucius. He returned and reported, 'There's a man over there with a long body and short legs, his back a little humped and his ears set way back, who looks as though he were trying to attend to everything within the four seas. I don't know who it can be.' Lao Lai-tzu said, 'That's Kung Ch'iu. Tell him to come over here!'" </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222200723/http://www.kaogu.cn/en/News/New_discoveries/2017/0221/57185.html">"Confucius depicted on mirror"</a>. The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaogu.cn/en/News/New_discoveries/2017/0221/57185.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2017. 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ResearchGate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025071014/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248653434">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2018. 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Retrieved 3 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academics.hamilton.edu&rft.atitle=Cult+of+Confucius&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademics.hamilton.edu%2Fasian_studies%2Fhome%2FCultTemp%2FsitePages%2Ftemple.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065123/http://en.chinatefl.com/Platform/cityfeature_241_5_48.html">"Quzhou City Guides"</a>. China TEFL Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chinatefl.com/Platform/cityfeature_241_5_48.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+TEFL+Network&rft.atitle=Quzhou+City+Guides&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.chinatefl.com%2FPlatform%2Fcityfeature_241_5_48.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Sep/182656.htm">"Confucius Anniversary Celebrated"</a>. China Internet Information Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914162656/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Sep/182656.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Internet+Information+Center&rft.atitle=Confucius+Anniversary+Celebrated&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2F2006%2FSep%2F182656.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansenKleinMeyer2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGNlXAwAAQBAJpgPA187_187–188]-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansenKleinMeyer2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGNlXAwAAQBAJpgPA187_187–188]_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJansenKleinMeyer2014">Jansen, Klein & Meyer 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187">187–188</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Sep/182656.htm">"Confucius Anniversary Celebrated"</a>. China Daily. 29 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914162656/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Sep/182656.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Confucius+Anniversary+Celebrated&rft.date=2006-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2F2006%2FSep%2F182656.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson2002-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson2002_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_A._Wilson2002" class="citation book cs1">Thomas A. Wilson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4XXAAAAMAAJ&q=wujing+boshi+descendant">On Sacred Grounds: Culture, Society, Politics, and the Formation of the Cult of Confucius</a>. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 69, 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00961-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00961-5"><bdi>978-0-674-00961-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809161803/https://books.google.com/books?id=T4XXAAAAMAAJ&q=wujing+boshi+descendant">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Sacred+Grounds%3A+Culture%2C+Society%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Formation+of+the+Cult+of+Confucius&rft.pages=69%2C+315&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00961-5&rft.au=Thomas+A.+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4XXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dwujing%2Bboshi%2Bdescendant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansenKleinMeyer2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGNlXAwAAQBAJqwujingboshidescendantpgPA188_188]-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansenKleinMeyer2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGNlXAwAAQBAJqwujingboshidescendantpgPA188_188]_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJansenKleinMeyer2014">Jansen, Klein & Meyer 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ&q=wujing+boshi+descendant&pg=PA188">188</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansenKleinMeyer2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGNlXAwAAQBAJpgPA189_189]-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansenKleinMeyer2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGNlXAwAAQBAJpgPA189_189]_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJansenKleinMeyer2014">Jansen, Klein & Meyer 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">189</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Due to a <a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">naming taboo</a> regarding the birth name of the fourth king of Goryeo <a href="/wiki/Gwangjong_of_Goryeo" title="Gwangjong of Goryeo">Gwangjong</a>, born "Wang So" (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 왕소; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 王昭). </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150204113943/http://www.qz.gov.cn/English/Recent/201405/t20140519_278510.htm">"Descendants of Confucius in South Korea Seek Roots in Quzhou"</a>. Quzhou.China. 19 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qz.gov.cn/English/Recent/201405/t20140519_278510.htm">the original</a> on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quzhou.China&rft.atitle=Descendants+of+Confucius+in+South+Korea+Seek+Roots+in+Quzhou&rft.date=2014-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qz.gov.cn%2FEnglish%2FRecent%2F201405%2Ft20140519_278510.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1062982&cid=200000000&categoryId=200000185&mobile">Doosan Encyclopedia 공 孔</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doosan_Encyclopedia" title="Doosan Encyclopedia">Doosan Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121173837/https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=1062982&mobile=&cid=40942&categoryId=31639">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022. 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Independent. Long Beach, California. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613031957/http://www.newspapers.com/clip/2595390/independent/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2015. 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People's Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409143206/http://culture.people.com.cn/GB/7158766.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E7%9D%80%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F%E5%90%8E%E8%A3%94+%E2%80%93+%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96+%E2%80%93+%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fculture.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F7158766.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828231811/http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/7119528.html">"孔子后裔有回族 – 地方 – 人民网"</a>. People's Daily. 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Retrieved 29 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E5%90%8E%E8%A3%94%E6%9C%89%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F+%E2%80%93+%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9+%E2%80%93+%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funn.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F7119528.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rmhb.com.cn/chpic/htdocs/english/200704/9-1.htm">rmhb.com.cn</a> ([<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]) </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Commerce_of_the_PRC2006">Ministry of Commerce of the PRC 2006</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ye2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/chinanews/200606/20060602462372.html">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/171840.htm">"DNA Testing Adopted to Identify Confucius Descendants"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DNA+Testing+Adopted+to+Identify+Confucius+Descendants&rft.pub=China+Internet+Information+Center&rft.date=2006-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Fculture%2F171840.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seedmagazine-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seedmagazine_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seedmagazine_143-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFQiu2008">Qiu 2008</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090722140229/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/inheriting_confucius/">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBandao2007">Bandao 2007</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.bandao.cn/newsdetail.asp?id=4644">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2013" class="citation news cs1">Chen, Stephen (13 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/technology/article/1354787/study-finds-single-bloodline-among-self-claimed-confucius">"Study finds single bloodline among self-claimed Confucius descendants"</a>. South China Morning Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403044929/http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/technology/article/1354787/study-finds-single-bloodline-among-self-claimed-confucius">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Study+finds+single+bloodline+among+self-claimed+Confucius+descendants&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Flifestyle%2Ftechnology%2Farticle%2F1354787%2Fstudy-finds-single-bloodline-among-self-claimed-confucius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhouccgc09-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zhouccgc09_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zhouccgc09_146-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhou2008">Zhou 2008</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16696029.htm">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChina_Daily2007">China Daily 2007</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-02/02/content_800011.htm">online</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadn.d." class="citation web cs1">Ahmad, Mirza Tahir (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/books/revelation/part_2_section_3.html">"Confucianism"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confucius&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bibliographies%3A+Philosophy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-06-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780195396577-0290&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Eric+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195396577%2Fobo-9780195396577-0290.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansenKleinMeyer2014" class="citation book cs1">Jansen, Thomas; Klein, Thoralf; Meyer, Christian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ">Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800–Present</a>. 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Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51069-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51069-1"><bdi>978-0-385-51069-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+Confucius%3A+Civilization%27s+Greatest+Sage+through+the+Ages&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-385-51069-1&rft.aulast=Nylan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesofconfucius00nyla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldstone-Moore2023" class="citation book cs1">Oldstone-Moore, Jennifer, ed. (2023). the Oxford Handbook of Confucianism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=the+Oxford+Handbook+of+Confucianism&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldstone-Moore2003" class="citation book cs1">Oldstone-Moore, Jennifer (2003). Understanding Confucianism: Origins, Beliefs, Practices, Holy Texts, Sacred Places. London, England: Duncan Baird. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1904292127" title="Special:BookSources/1904292127"><bdi>1904292127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Confucianism%3A+Origins%2C+Beliefs%2C+Practices%2C+Holy+Texts%2C+Sacred+Places&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Duncan+Baird&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1904292127&rft.aulast=Oldstone-Moore&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1977" class="citation book cs1">Parker, John (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/windowsintochina00park_0">Windows into China: The Jesuits and their books, 1580–1730</a>. Boston: Trustees of the Public Library of the City of Boston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89073-050-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89073-050-8"><bdi>978-0-89073-050-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+into+China%3A+The+Jesuits+and+their+books%2C+1580%E2%80%931730&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Trustees+of+the+Public+Library+of+the+City+of+Boston&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-89073-050-8&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwindowsintochina00park_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhan2012" class="citation book cs1">Phan, Peter C. (2012). "Catholicism and Confucianism: An intercultural and interreligious dialogue". Catholicism and interreligious dialogue. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-982787-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-982787-9"><bdi>978-0-19-982787-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catholicism+and+Confucianism%3A+An+intercultural+and+interreligious+dialogue&rft.btitle=Catholicism+and+interreligious+dialogue&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-982787-9&rft.aulast=Phan&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainey2010" class="citation book cs1">Rainey, Lee Dian (2010). Confucius & Confucianism: The essentials. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8841-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8841-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-8841-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucius+%26+Confucianism%3A+The+essentials&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8841-8&rft.aulast=Rainey&rft.aufirst=Lee+Dian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichey2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Richey, Jeffrey L. (28 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199920082/obo-9780199920082-0163.xml">"Confucius"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Bibliographies_Online" title="Oxford Bibliographies Online">Oxford Bibliographies</a>: Chinese Studies. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199920082-0163">10.1093/OBO/9780199920082-0163</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308003435/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199920082/obo-9780199920082-0163.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confucius&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bibliographies%3A+Chinese+Studies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-08-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199920082-0163&rft.aulast=Richey&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199920082%2Fobo-9780199920082-0163.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiegel1986" class="citation journal cs1">Riegel, Jeffrey K. (1986). "Poetry and the legend of Confucius's exile". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 106 (1): 13–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F602359">10.2307/602359</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/602359">602359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Poetry+and+the+legend+of+Confucius%27s+exile&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-22&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F602359&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F602359%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Riegel&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiegel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Riegel, Jeffrey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/confucius/">"Confucius"</a>. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202061214/http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/confucius/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Confucius&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Riegel&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2012%2Fentries%2Fconfucius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQiu2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Qiu" title="Jane Qiu">Qiu, Jane</a> (13 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090722140229/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/inheriting_confucius/">"Inheriting Confucius"</a>. Seed Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inheriting+Confucius&rft.pub=Seed+Magazine&rft.date=2008-08-13&rft.aulast=Qiu&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseedmagazine.com%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Finheriting_confucius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShen2013" class="citation book cs1">Shen, Vincent (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86">Dao Companion to Classical Confucian Philosophy</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2936-2"><bdi>978-90-481-2936-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191011233113/https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dao+Companion+to+Classical+Confucian+Philosophy&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-481-2936-2&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgDFBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Endymion_Wilkinson" title="Endymion Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Endymion</a> (2015). Chinese History: A New Manual (4th ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08846-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08846-7"><bdi>978-0-674-08846-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+New+Manual&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-08846-7&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Norden2011" class="citation book cs1">Van Norden, Bryan William (2011). Introduction to classical Chinese Philosophy. Hackett Publishing Company Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60384-468-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60384-468-0"><bdi>978-1-60384-468-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+classical+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60384-468-0&rft.aulast=Van+Norden&rft.aufirst=Bryan+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYan2008" class="citation web cs1">Yan, Liang (16 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022002217/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-02/16/content_7616027.htm">"Updated Confucius family tree has two million members"</a>. Xinhua. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-02/16/content_7616027.htm">the original</a> on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Updated+Confucius+family+tree+has+two+million+members&rft.pub=Xinhua&rft.date=2008-02-16&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Liang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2008-02%2F16%2Fcontent_7616027.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYao1997" class="citation book cs1">Yao, Xinzhong (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BN47m0BHtLkC">Confucianism and Christianity: A Comparative Study of Jen and Agape</a>. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-76-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-76-9"><bdi>978-1-898723-76-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021150349/https://books.google.com/books?id=BN47m0BHtLkC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucianism+and+Christianity%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Jen+and+Agape&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-76-9&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Xinzhong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBN47m0BHtLkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYao2000" class="citation book cs1">Yao, Xinzhong (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAE2OJ9bPG0C">An Introduction to Confucianism</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64430-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64430-3"><bdi>978-0-521-64430-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729120529/https://books.google.com/books?id=tAE2OJ9bPG0C">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Confucianism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64430-3&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Xinzhong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAE2OJ9bPG0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhou2008" class="citation news cs1">Zhou, Jing (31 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16696029.htm">"New Confucius Genealogy out next year"</a>. China Internet Information Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081103060844/http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16696029.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Confucius+Genealogy+out+next+year&rft.date=2008-10-31&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Jing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fchina%2Ffeatures%2Fcontent_16696029.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> See <a href="#CITEREFRichey2018">Richey 2018</a> and <a href="#CITEREFHutton2019">Hutton 2019</a> for extensive bibliographies <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Clements" title="Jonathan Clements">Clements, Jonathan</a> (2008). Confucius: A Biography. Stroud, Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-4775-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-4775-6">978-0-7509-4775-6</a>.</li> <li>Confucius (1997). Lun yu, (in English The Analects of Confucius). Translation and notes by Simon Leys. New York: W.W. Norton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04019-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04019-4">0-393-04019-4</a>.</li> <li>Confucius (2003). Confucius: Analects – With Selections from Traditional Commentaries. Translated by E. Slingerland. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. (Original work published c. 551–479 BCE) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-635-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220-635-1">0-87220-635-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrlee_Glessner_Creel" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrlee Glessner Creel">Creel, Herrlee Glessner</a> (1949). Confucius and the Chinese Way. New York: Harper.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreel1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herrlee_Glessner_Creel" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrlee Glessner Creel">Creel, Herrlee Glessner</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesethoughtfr00cree">Chinese Thought from Confucius to Mao Tse-tung</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Thought+from+Confucius+to+Mao+Tse-tung&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Creel&rft.aufirst=Herrlee+Glessner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesethoughtfr00cree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005). "Confucianism: An Overview". In Encyclopedia of Religion (Vol. C, pp. 1890–1905). Detroit: MacMillan Reference</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson1982" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Raymond (1982). Confucius. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-287536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-287536-5"><bdi>978-0-19-287536-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucius&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-19-287536-5&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFingarette1998" class="citation book cs1">Fingarette, Hebert (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confuciussecular00fing">Confucius : the secular as sacred</a>. Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57766-010-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57766-010-1"><bdi>978-1-57766-010-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucius+%3A+the+secular+as+sacred&rft.place=Long+Grove%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57766-010-1&rft.aulast=Fingarette&rft.aufirst=Hebert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconfuciussecular00fing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaizuka1956" class="citation book cs1">Kaizuka, Shigeki (1956). Confucius. His life and thought. London: G. Allen and Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucius.+His+life+and+thought&rft.place=London&rft.pub=G.+Allen+and+Unwin&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Kaizuka&rft.aufirst=Shigeki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevi2023" class="citation book cs1">Levi, Jean (2023). The Assassins of Confucius: Some Recent Trends in Sinology. Mingyuan Hu, trans. London and Paris: Hermits United. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9998833-6-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9998833-6-2"><bdi>978-1-9998833-6-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assassins+of+Confucius%3A+Some+Recent+Trends+in+Sinology&rft.place=London+and+Paris&rft.pub=Hermits+United&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-9998833-6-2&rft.aulast=Levi&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSsu-ma_Ch'ien1974" class="citation book cs1">Ssu-ma Ch'ien (1974). Records of the Historian. Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang, trans. Hong Kong: Commercial Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Historian&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Commercial+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Ssu-ma+Ch%27ien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sterckx, Roel. Chinese Thought. From Confucius to Cook Ding. London: Penguin, 2019.</li> <li>Van Norden, B.W., ed. (2001). Confucius and the Analects: New Essays. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513396-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513396-X">0-19-513396-X</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Confucius" class="extiw" title="q:Confucius">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Confucius" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Confucius">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Saylor.org%27s_Ancient_Civilizations_of_the_World/Confucius_and_Confucianism" class="extiw" title="b:Saylor.org's Ancient Civilizations of the World/Confucius and Confucianism">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsikszentmihalyi" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Csikszentmihalyi, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/confucius/">"Confucius"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confucius&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Csikszentmihalyi&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fconfucius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/confuciu">"Confucius"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confucius&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fconfuciu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfucius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547k8">Confucius</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124210603/http://confucius.org/">Multilingual web site on Confucius and the Analects</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020011747/http://faculty.vassar.edu/brvannor/Mypapers/DaoofKongzi.pdf">The Dao of Kongzi</a>, introduction to the thought of Confucius.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1180">Works by Confucius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Confucius%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Confucius%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Confucius%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Confucius%22%29%20OR%20%28%22551-479%22%20AND%20Confucius%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Confucius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/3104">Works by Confucius</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=4094">Confucian Analects</a> (Project Gutenberg release of James Legge's Translation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wfu.edu/~moran/zhexuejialu/Analects_PEM.html">Core philosophical passages</a> in the Analects of Confucius.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_learning" title="Han learning">Han learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang%E2%80%93Lao" title="Huang–Lao">Huang–Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Marxist_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Marxist Philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Diplomacy" title="School of Diplomacy">School of Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">School of Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_philosophy" title="Taoist philosophy">Daoxue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Xuanxue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Syncretism (Chinese philosophy)">Mixed School</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Schools_of_Thought" title="Nine Schools of Thought">Nine Schools of Thought</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a></li></ul></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_philosophers" title="List of Chinese philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Shang" title="Bu Shang">Bu Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunyu_Kun" title="Chunyu Kun">Chunyu Kun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xi" title="Deng Xi">Deng Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duanmu_Ci" title="Duanmu Ci">Duanmu Ci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaozi" title="Gaozi">Gaozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Long" title="Gongsun Long">Gongsun Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong">Guan Zhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_Shi" title="Hui Shi">Hui Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Kui_(legalist)" title="Li Kui (legalist)">Li Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Si" title="Li Si">Li Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_Yukou" title="Lie Yukou">Lie Yukou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Buhai" title="Shen Buhai">Shen Buhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Dao" title="Shen Dao">Shen Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Qin" title="Su Qin">Su Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Qi" title="Wu Qi">Wu Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximen_Bao" title="Ximen Bao">Ximen Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xing_(philosopher)" title="Xu Xing (philosopher)">Xu Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhu" title="Yang Zhu">Yang Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Xian" title="Yuan Xian">Yuan Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yi_(Warring_States_period)" title="Zhang Yi (Warring States period)">Zhang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuang Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zichan" title="Zichan">Zichan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi">Zisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Yan" title="Zou Yan">Zou Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Zhao" title="Ban Zhao">Ban Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu">Dong Zhongshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfang_Shuo" title="Dongfang Shuo">Dongfang Shuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dou_Wu" title="Dou Wu">Dou Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Tan" title="Huan Tan">Huan Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Yi" title="Jia Yi">Jia Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Kui_(scholar)" title="Jia Kui (scholar)">Jia Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Fang" title="Jing Fang">Jing Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Anguo" title="Kong Anguo">Kong Anguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_An" title="Liu An">Liu An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jia_(Western_Han)" title="Lu Jia (Western Han)">Lu Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiang_(scholar)" title="Liu Xiang (scholar)">Liu Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rong" title="Ma Rong">Ma Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chong" title="Wang Chong">Wang Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fu_(Han_dynasty)" title="Wang Fu (Han dynasty)">Wang Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Yue" title="Xun Yue">Xun Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiong_(author)" title="Yang Xiong (author)">Yang Xiong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Jingyan" title="Bao Jingyan">Bao Jingyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhen" title="Fan Zhen">Fan Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Ye_(historian)" title="Fan Ye (historian)">Fan Ye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Xiang" title="Guo Xiang">Guo Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Xuan" title="Fu Xuan">Fu Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Yan" title="He Yan">He Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyuan_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huiyuan (Buddhist)">Huiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Kang" title="Ji Kang">Ji Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengzhao" title="Sengzhao">Sengzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Su_(Cao_Wei)" title="Wang Su (Cao Wei)">Wang Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bi" title="Wang Bi">Wang Bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiahou_Xuan" title="Xiahou Xuan">Xiahou Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Daoyun" title="Xie Daoyun">Xie Daoyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Can" title="Xun Can">Xun Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Zhitui" title="Yan Zhitui">Yan Zhitui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi_Dun" title="Zhi Dun">Zhi Dun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Yi" title="Fu Yi">Fu Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Tong_(philosopher)" title="Wang Tong (philosopher)">Wang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhihe" title="Zhang Zhihe">Zhang Zhihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao_(philosopher)" title="Li Ao (philosopher)">Li Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuxi" title="Liu Yuxi">Liu Yuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongyuan" title="Liu Zongyuan">Liu Zongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Five Dynasties</a> <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Ten Kingdoms</a> <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hao" title="Cheng Hao">Cheng Hao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yi_(philosopher)" title="Cheng Yi (philosopher)">Cheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhongyan" title="Fan Zhongyan">Fan Zhongyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hong" title="Hu Hong">Hu Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiuyuan" title="Lu Jiuyuan">Lu Jiuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Yong" title="Shao Yong">Shao Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang Anshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chongyang" title="Wang Chongyang">Wang Chongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chuyi" title="Wang Chuyi">Wang Chuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Shi" title="Ye Shi">Ye Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zai" title="Zhang Zai">Zhang Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Dunyi" title="Zhou Dunyi">Zhou Dunyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jiru" title="Chen Jiru">Chen Jiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Zongxi" title="Huang Zongxi">Huang Zongxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Zicheng" title="Hong Zicheng">Hong Zicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Hong" title="Jiao Hong">Jiao Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Yu" title="Jiao Yu">Jiao Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Zhide" title="Lai Zhide">Lai Zhide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhi_(philosopher)" title="Li Zhi (philosopher)">Li Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bowen" title="Liu Bowen">Liu Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongzhou" title="Liu Zongzhou">Liu Zongzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Rufang_(Ming_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo Rufang (Ming dynasty)">Luo Rufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Dehong" title="Qian Dehong">Qian Dehong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ji_(philosopher)" title="Wang Ji (philosopher)">Wang Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Gen" title="Wang Gen">Wang Gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng_(philosopher)" title="Wu Cheng (philosopher)">Wu Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Ai" title="Xu Ai">Xu Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhan_Ruoshui" title="Zhan Ruoshui">Zhan Ruoshui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Hongmou" title="Chen Hongmou">Chen Hongmou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Menglei" title="Chen Menglei">Chen Menglei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhen" title="Dai Zhen">Dai Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Bao" title="Fang Bao">Fang Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lanfen" title="Fang Lanfen">Fang Lanfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Quan" title="Fang Quan">Fang Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Guifen" title="Feng Guifen">Feng Guifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Zizhen" title="Gong Zizhen">Gong Zizhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Yanwu" title="Gu Yanwu">Gu Yanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Liangji" title="Hong Liangji">Hong Liangji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Yun" title="Ji Yun">Ji Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qixi" title="Ma Qixi">Ma Qixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Zexu" title="Lin Zexu">Lin Zexu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yiming" title="Liu Yiming">Liu Yiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Pingge" title="Pan Pingge">Pan Pingge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Sitong" title="Tan Sitong">Tan Sitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Zhen" title="Tang Zhen">Tang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fuzhi" title="Wang Fuzhi">Wang Fuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yuan" title="Wei Yuan">Wei Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Yuan_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Yan Yuan (Qing dynasty)">Yan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Yue" title="Yu Yue">Yu Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhengxie" title="Yu Zhengxie">Yu Zhengxie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuecheng" title="Zhang Xuecheng">Zhang Xuecheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Cunyu" title="Zhuang Cunyu">Zhuang Cunyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Yuanpei" title="Cai Yuanpei">Cai Yuanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Carsun Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._C._Chang" title="P. C. Chang">P. C. Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Daqi" title="Chen Daqi">Chen Daqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung-ying_Cheng" title="Chung-ying Cheng">Chung-ying Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%27ien_Mu" title="Ch'ien Mu">Ch'ien Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Anping" title="Chu Anping">Chu Anping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Keli" title="Fang Keli">Fang Keli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Youlan" title="Feng Youlan">Feng Youlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Yang" title="Gan Yang">Gan Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Su" title="Gu Su">Gu Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Zhun" title="Gu Zhun">Gu Zhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guanghu" title="He Guanghu">He Guanghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu" title="Hu Qiaomu">Hu Qiaomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Gang" title="Hua Gang">Hua Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Huang" title="Ray Huang">Ray Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing_(Confucian)" title="Jiang Qing (Confucian)">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Yuelin" title="Jin Yuelin">Jin Yuelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Shui-chuen" title="Lee Shui-chuen">Lee Shui-chuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shicen" title="Li Shicen">Li Shicen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehou" title="Li Zehou">Li Zehou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Shuming" title="Liang Shuming">Liang Shuming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaofeng_(academic)" title="Liu Xiaofeng (academic)">Liu Xiaofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mou_Zongsan" title="Mou Zongsan">Mou Zongsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Renzong" title="Qiu Renzong">Qiu Renzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Chun-i" title="Tang Chun-i">Tang Chun-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Yijie" title="Tang Yijie">Tang Yijie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsang_Lap_Chuen" title="Tsang Lap Chuen">Tsang Lap Chuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Shili" title="Xiong Shili">Xiong Shili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fuguan" title="Xu Fuguan">Xu Fuguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Changji" title="Yang Changji">Yang Changji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Haiguang" title="Yin Haiguang">Yin Haiguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Dunkang" title="Yu Dunkang">Yu Dunkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dongsun" title="Zhang Dongsun">Zhang Dongsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shenfu" title="Zhang Shenfu">Zhang Shenfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Guoping" title="Zhou Guoping">Zhou Guoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Zuoren" title="Zhou Zuoren">Zhou Zuoren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa_(philosophy)" title="Fa (philosophy)">Fa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi#Philosophy" title="Mozi">Jian'ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_zuo" title="Jing zuo">Jing zuo</a></li> <li>Li <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Neo-Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Neo-Confucianism)">Neo-Confucianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_yun" title="Ming yun">Ming yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_(philosophy)" title="Qing (philosophy)">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_teachings" title="Three teachings">Three teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_(philosophy)" title="Si (philosophy)">Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti_(philosophy)" title="Ti (philosophy)">Ti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">Wu wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_(heart-mind)" title="Xin (heart-mind)">Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)#East_Asian_philosophies" title="Nature (philosophy)">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence-Function" class="mw-redirect" title="Essence-Function">Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengming" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengming">Zhengming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziran" title="Ziran">Ziran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_China" title="Logic in China">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics#Classical_China" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy#Ancient_China" title="Political philosophy">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_consequentialism" title="State consequentialism">State consequentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_wash_painting#Philosophy" title="Ink wash painting">Ink wash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_shui#Concepts" title="Shan shui">Shan shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_Chinese_philosophy" title="Legitimacy of Chinese philosophy">Legitimacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_language" title="Template:Philosophy of language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_language" title="Template talk:Philosophy of language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_language_articles" title="Index of language articles">Index of language articles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_language" title="List of philosophers of language">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylus" title="Cratylus">Cratylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eubulides" title="Eubulides">Eubulides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Cronus" title="Diodorus Cronus">Diodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lancelot" title="Claude Lancelot">Lancelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mauthner" title="Fritz Mauthner">Mauthner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">de Saussure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Boas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Sapir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Vygotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lee_Whorf" title="Benjamin Lee Whorf">Whorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaakko_Hintikka" title="Jaakko Hintikka">Hintikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Watzlawick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_language" title="Category:Theories of language">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causal_theory_of_reference" title="Causal theory of reference">Causal theory of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrast theory of meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrastivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylism" title="Cratylism">Cratylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reference_theory" title="Direct reference theory">Direct reference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatism" title="Dramatism">Dramatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_semantics" title="Dynamic semantics">Dynamic semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisitive_semantics" title="Inquisitive semantics">Inquisitive semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_reference_theory" title="Mediated reference theory">Mediated reference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallogocentrism" title="Phallogocentrism">Phallogocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevance_theory" title="Relevance theory">Relevance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_externalism" title="Semantic externalism">Semantic externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Semantic holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_semantics" title="Situation semantics">Situation semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supposition_theory" title="Supposition theory">Supposition theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosism" title="Symbiosism">Symbiosism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Definite_description" title="Definite description">Definite description</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verification theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">Linguistic relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth-bearer" title="Truth-bearer">Truth-bearer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction" title="Use–mention distinction">Use–mention distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(philosophy)" title="Class (philosophy)">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_resemblance" title="Family resemblance">Family resemblance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_form" title="Logical form">Logical form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">Metalanguage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(natural_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modality (natural language)">Modality (natural language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presupposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Principle of compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_reference" title="Sense and reference">Sense and reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">Sentence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_(logic)" title="Statement (logic)">Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_language_articles" title="Index of philosophy of language articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a> (n.d.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_Grammar" title="Port-Royal Grammar">Port-Royal Grammar</a> (1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Arte_Combinatoria" title="De Arte Combinatoria">De Arte Combinatoria</a> (1666)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Towards_a_Real_Character,_and_a_Philosophical_Language" title="An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language">An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language</a> (1668)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alciphron_(book)" title="Alciphron (book)">Alciphron</a> (1732)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Denoting" title="On Denoting">On Denoting</a>" (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language,_Truth,_and_Logic" title="Language, Truth, and Logic">Language, Truth, and Logic</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism" title="Two Dogmas of Empiricism">Two Dogmas of Empiricism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations" title="Philosophical Investigations">Philosophical Investigations</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Grammatology" title="Of Grammatology">Of Grammatology</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_and_Necessity" title="Naming and Necessity">Naming and Necessity</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein_on_Rules_and_Private_Language" title="Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language">Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_Inc" title="Limited Inc">Limited Inc</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">School of Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(natural_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantics (natural language)">Semantics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">Formal semantics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_language" title="Category:Philosophy of language">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Language" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Language">Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethics" title="Template:Ethics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethics" title="Template talk:Ethics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_ethics" title="Pragmatic ethics">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering-focused_ethics" title="Suffering-focused ethics">Suffering-focused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_ethics" title="Computer ethics">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_ethics" title="Discourse ethics">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_ethics" title="Engineering ethics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Meat eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_ethics" title="Nursing ethics">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_ethics" title="Programming ethics">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_terraforming" title="Ethics of terraforming">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Uncertain sentience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaethics" title="Metaethics">Meta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiological_ethics" title="Axiological ethics">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(ethics)" title="Cognitivism (ethics)">Cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_naturalism" title="Ethical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_non-naturalism" title="Ethical non-naturalism">Non-naturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_subjectivism" title="Ethical subjectivism">Subjectivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_observer_theory" title="Ideal observer theory">Ideal observer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_constructivism" title="Moral constructivism">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_intuitionism" title="Ethical intuitionism">Intuitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotivism" title="Emotivism">Emotivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-realism" title="Quasi-realism">Quasi-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_prescriptivism" title="Universal prescriptivism">Universal prescriptivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rationalism" title="Moral rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Value_pluralism" title="Value pluralism">Value monism – Value pluralism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseauism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseauism">Rousseauian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Tao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">Double standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">Ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immorality" title="Immorality">Immorality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">Moral agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hierarchy" title="Moral hierarchy">Moral hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_imperative" title="Moral imperative">Moral imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precept" title="Precept">Precept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-discipline">Self-discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(ethics)" title="Intrinsic value (ethics)">Intrinsic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">Ethicists </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Sidgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Frankena" title="William Frankena">Frankena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Korsgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a> (c. 322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics (Spinoza)</a> (1677)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteen_Sermons_Preached_at_the_Rolls_Chapel" title="Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel">Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel</a> (1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Moral_Sentiments" title="The Theory of Moral Sentiments">The Theory of Moral Sentiments</a> (1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Principles_of_Morals_and_Legislation" title="An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation">An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation</a> (1780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysics_of_Morals" title="Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals">Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals</a> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a> (1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Methods_of_Ethics" title="The Methods of Ethics">The Methods of Ethics</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Ethica" title="Principia Ethica">Principia Ethica</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Ethics" title="Practical Ethics">Practical Ethics</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Virtue" title="After Virtue">After Virtue</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_and_Persons" title="Reasons and Persons">Reasons and Persons</a> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_ethics" title="Descriptive ethics">Descriptive ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethics" title="History of ethics">History of ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ethics_articles" title="Index of ethics articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethics" title="Category:Ethics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a> (44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a> (1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Guqin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qin_list" title="Template:Qin list"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qin_list" title="Template talk:Qin list"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qin_list" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qin list"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Guqin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">Guqin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_aesthetics" title="Guqin aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_construction" title="Guqin construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_guqin_players" title="Contemporary guqin players">Contemporary players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_guqin" title="History of the guqin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Guqin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_notation" title="Guqin notation">Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_playing_technique" title="Guqin playing technique">Playing technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin#In_popular_culture" title="Guqin">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinpu" title="Qinpu">Qinpu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_schools" title="Qin schools">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Guqin societies">Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_strings" title="Guqin strings">Strings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin_tunings" title="Guqin tunings">Tuning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Melodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ao_Ai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ao Ai (page does not exist)">Ao Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangling_San&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangling San (page does not exist)">Guangling San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Songs_of_a_Nomad_Flute" title="Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute">Hujia Shiba-pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieshi_Diao_Youlan" title="Jieshi Diao Youlan">Jieshi Diao Youlan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Shui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Shui (page does not exist)">Liu Shui</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meihua_Sannong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meihua Sannong (page does not exist)">Meihua Sannong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingsha_Luoyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pingsha Luoyan (page does not exist)">Pingsha Luoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao_Xiang_Shuiyun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiao Xiang Shuiyun (page does not exist)">Xiao Xiang Shuiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangguan_Sandie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yangguan Sandie (page does not exist)">Yangguan Sandie</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%8F%A1-seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%E7%8F%A1-seal.svg/40px-%E7%8F%A1-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%E7%8F%A1-seal.svg/60px-%E7%8F%A1-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%E7%8F%A1-seal.svg/80px-%E7%8F%A1-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangling_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangling school (page does not exist)">Guangling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiuyi_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiuyi school (page does not exist)">Jiuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingnan school (page does not exist)">Lingnan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mei%27an_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mei'an school (page does not exist)">Mei'an</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pucheng_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pucheng school (page does not exist)">Pucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_school" title="Shu school">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yushan_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yushan school (page does not exist)">Yushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhe_school_(guqin)" title="Zhe school (guqin)">Zhe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhucheng_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhucheng school (page does not exist)">Zhucheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinyu_Qin_Society" title="Jinyu Qin Society">Jinyu Qin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Youlan_Qin_Society" title="London Youlan Qin Society">London Youlan Qin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Qin_Society" title="New York Qin Society">New York Qin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Guqin_Association" title="North American Guqin Association">North American Guqin Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical personages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Ya" title="Bo Ya">Bo Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Yan" title="Cai Yan">Cai Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Yong" title="Cai Yong">Cai Yong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Chuwang" title="Guo Chuwang">Guo Chuwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Huizong of Song">Emperor Huizong of Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Kang" title="Ji Kang">Ji Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruan_Ji" title="Ruan Ji">Ruan Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Quan" title="Zhu Quan">Zhu Quan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zha_Fuxi" title="Zha Fuxi">Zha Fuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Pinghu" title="Guan Pinghu">Guan Pinghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ziqian" title="Zhang Ziqian">Zhang Ziqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jingl%C3%BCe" title="Wu Jinglüe">Wu Jinglüe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhaoji" title="Wu Zhaoji">Wu Zhaoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lui_Tsun-Yuen" title="Lui Tsun-Yuen">Lui Tsun-Yuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Youren" title="Lin Youren">Lin Youren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Xiangting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Xiangting (page does not exist)">Li Xiangting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Yi" title="Gong Yi">Gong Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Chengwei" title="Zeng Chengwei">Zeng Chengwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yu_(musician)" title="Cheng Yu (musician)">Cheng Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar_Teh-Yun" title="Tsar Teh-Yun">Tsar Teh-Yun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_Confucianism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_Confucianism" title="Template:Religious Confucianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Religious_Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Religious Confucianism (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_Confucianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious Confucianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_Confucianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_Confucianism" title="Religious Confucianism">Religious Confucianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesa" title="Jesa">Jesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_to_Heaven" title="Sacrifice to Heaven">Sacrifice to Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Festival Huế">Festival Huế</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Shan" title="Feng Shan">Feng Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_and_music_system" title="Ritual and music system">Ritual and music system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Li" title="Guan Li">Guan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Li_(ceremony)" title="Ji Li (ceremony)">Ji Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_marriage" title="Traditional Chinese marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ghost_marriage" title="Chinese ghost marriage">Ghost marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_the_living" title="Worship of the living">Worship of the living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shendao_shejiao" title="Shendao shejiao">Shendao shejiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_ritual_religion" title="Confucian ritual religion">Confucian ritual religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_Heaven_and_humanity" title="Unity of Heaven and humanity">Unity of Heaven and humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_Between_Heaven_and_Mankind" title="Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind">Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">Ancestor veneration in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianxia" title="Tianxia">Tianxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Huang_Zisun" title="Yan Huang Zisun">Yan Huang Zisun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_and_grain" title="Soil and grain">Soil and grain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_church" title="Confucian church">Confucian church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Confucian_Church" title="Holy Confucian Church">Holy Confucian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanyuan_teaching" title="Xuanyuan teaching">Xuanyuan teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taigu_school" title="Taigu school">Taigu school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shengdao" title="Shengdao">Shengdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_Academy" title="Confucian Academy">Confucian Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_Shinto" title="Confucian Shinto">Confucian Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shint%C5%8D_Taiseiky%C5%8D" title="Shintō Taiseikyō">Taiseikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_Shusei" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinto Shusei">Shusei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamazaki_Ansai" title="Yamazaki Ansai">Suika Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onmy%C5%8Dd%C5%8D" title="Onmyōdō">Onmyōdō</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamazaki_Ansai" title="Yamazaki Ansai">Yamazaki Ansai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius" title="Temple of Confucius">Temple of Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_royal_ancestral_shrine" title="Confucian royal ancestral shrine">Confucian royal ancestral shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_shrine" title="Ancestral shrine">Ancestral shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_goods_store" title="Religious goods store">Religious goods store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero shrine">Hero shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myo_shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Myo shrine">Myo shrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jongmyo_(Seoul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jongmyo (Seoul)">Jongmyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munmyo" title="Munmyo">Munmyo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci_shrine" title="Ci shrine">Ci shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_shrine" title="Miao shrine">Miao shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_miao" title="Yin miao">Yin miao</a></li> <li>Beijing Temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven" title="Temple of Heaven">Temple of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Shejitan" title="Beijing Shejitan">Beijing Shejitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Agriculture" title="Temple of Agriculture">Temple of Agriculture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_tablet" title="Spirit tablet">Spirit tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_censer" title="Tiangong censer">Tiangong censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_money" title="Hell money">Hell money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_coin_charm" title="Confucian coin charm">Confucian coin charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Four Books and Five Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Classics" title="Thirteen Classics">Thirteen Classics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wufang_Shangdi" title="Wufang Shangdi">Wufang Shangdi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidi_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baidi (god)">White Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaohao" title="Shaohao">Shaohao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidi_(god)" title="Heidi (god)">Black Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuanxu" title="Zhuanxu">Zhuanxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_(god)" title="Xuanwu (god)">Xuanwu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangdi" title="Cangdi">Bluegreen Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Xi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fu Xi">Fu Xi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidi_(god)" title="Chidi (god)">Red Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shennong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Flame Emperor">Flame Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong" title="Zhurong">Zhurong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tutelary deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landlord_deity#In_China" title="Landlord deity">Landlord deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudigong" title="Tudigong">Tudigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_God_(China)" title="City God (China)">City God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_God" title="Mountain God">Mountain God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4604#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4604#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4604#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121430614">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89664672">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108389263">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73158790619838851517">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/53990/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118565036">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80050515">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909957g">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909957g">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00622965">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35030509">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001645&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX881775">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/34692">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070920664">Netherlands</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p282420924">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/7009259">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000002119&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000001350&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000040353">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=89928">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000050147">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199631156">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdfmcj22v36r3">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810633322205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/12146">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007310545205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000075213">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520175606706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14044279">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00581694?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500355288">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/f392a00c-dfd7-4165-a031-468afcbbc5e3">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1452080">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118565036.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118565036">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026952238">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63j3v50">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/405385">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confucius&oldid=1259110998">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confucius&oldid=1259110998</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Confucius" title="Category:Confucius">Confucius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:551_BC_births" title="Category:551 BC births">551 BC births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:479_BC_deaths" title="Category:479 BC deaths">479 BC deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_BC_historians" title="Category:6th-century BC historians">6th-century BC historians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_BC_Chinese_philosophers" title="Category:6th-century BC Chinese philosophers">6th-century BC Chinese philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_BC_Chinese_writers" title="Category:6th-century BC Chinese writers">6th-century BC Chinese writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_BC_religious_leaders" title="Category:6th-century BC religious leaders">6th-century BC religious leaders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_BC_musicians" title="Category:6th-century BC musicians">6th-century BC musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_BC_historians" title="Category:5th-century BC historians">5th-century BC historians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_BC_Chinese_philosophers" title="Category:5th-century BC Chinese philosophers">5th-century BC Chinese philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_BC_Chinese_writers" title="Category:5th-century BC Chinese writers">5th-century BC Chinese writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_BC_musicians" title="Category:5th-century BC musicians">5th-century BC musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_BC_religious_leaders" title="Category:5th-century BC religious leaders">5th-century BC religious leaders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aphorists" title="Category:Aphorists">Aphorists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_educational_theorists" title="Category:Chinese educational theorists">Chinese educational theorists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_ethicists" title="Category:Chinese ethicists">Chinese ethicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_logicians" title="Category:Chinese logicians">Chinese logicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_political_philosophers" title="Category:Chinese political philosophers">Chinese political philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_humanists" title="Category:Classical humanists">Classical humanists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Confucianism" title="Category:Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deified_Chinese_men" title="Category:Deified Chinese men">Deified Chinese men</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_theory" title="Category:Education theory">Education theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Educators_from_Shandong" title="Category:Educators from Shandong">Educators from Shandong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Founders_of_religions" title="Category:Founders of religions">Founders of religions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gokbu_Gong_clan" title="Category:Gokbu Gong clan">Gokbu Gong clan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Guqin_players" title="Category:Guqin players">Guqin players</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historians_from_Shandong" title="Category:Historians from Shandong">Historians from Shandong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Qufu" title="Category:People from Qufu">People from Qufu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_from_Lu_(state)" title="Category:Philosophers from Lu (state)">Philosophers from Lu (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_from_Shandong" title="Category:Philosophers from Shandong">Philosophers from Shandong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_culture" title="Category:Philosophers of culture">Philosophers of culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_education" title="Category:Philosophers of education">Philosophers of education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_law" title="Category:Philosophers of law">Philosophers of law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Jining" title="Category:Politicians from Jining">Politicians from Jining</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophers" title="Category:Social philosophers">Social philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Jining" title="Category:Writers from Jining">Writers from 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[\"CITEREFVan_Norden2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViolatti2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_Schiller\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarburton1779\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXun\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFY.1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYao1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYao2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhou\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhou2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhou2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF李典典\"] = 1,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"History\"] = 1,\n [\"Name\"] = 1,\n [\"Titles\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Anachronism inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Awrap\"] = 1,\n [\"BCE\"] = 14,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Bpmfsp\"] = 2,\n [\"CE\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite IEP\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite SEP\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 49,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Confucianism\"] = 1,\n [\"Cslist\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Em\"] = 5,\n [\"Ethics\"] = 1,\n [\"Explain\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 14,\n [\"IMDb title\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"In Our Time\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox philosopher\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Ko-hhrm\"] = 1,\n [\"Korean\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang\"] = 27,\n [\"Langn\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit.\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Old Chinese\"] = 3,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pb\"] = 2,\n [\"Philosophy of language\"] = 1,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Qin list\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Religious Confucianism\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 69,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Social and political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 2,\n [\"Tonesup\"] = 3,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Zh\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","20.5"],["recursiveClone 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Confucius","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Confucius","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4604","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4604","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-21T23:03:49Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T12:24:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/54\/Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg","headline":"Chinese philosopher and politician (551\u2013479 BCE)"}</script> </body> </html>