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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Michele Ruggieri</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Michele Ruggieri" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Michele Ruggieri" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Michele Ruggieri" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Michele Ruggieri" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Michele Ruggieri" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Michele Ruggieri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%A8%D7%99" title="מיקלה רוג'רי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיקלה רוג'רי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA" title="ミケーレ・ルッジェーリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミケーレ・ルッジェーリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Michele Ruggieri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Michele Ruggieri" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Руджери, Микеле – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Руджери, Микеле" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Michele Ruggieri" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Michele Ruggieri" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%98%8E%E5%9D%9A" title="罗明坚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗明坚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2314211#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Chinese name</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Luo Mingjian</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:羅">羅</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:明">明</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A0%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:堅">堅</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:罗">罗</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:明">明</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9D%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:坚">坚</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Luó Míngjiān</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Lo Ming-chien</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Michele</b> <b>Ruggieri</b>, SJ (born <b>Pompilio Ruggieri</b> and known in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> as <b>Luo Mingjian</b>; 1543 – 11 May 1607) was an <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priest and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_missionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic missionary">missionary</a>. A founding father of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_China" title="Jesuit missions in China">Jesuit China missions</a>, co-author of the first European–Chinese dictionary, and first European translator of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Books">Four Books</a> of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, he has been described as the first European <a href="/wiki/Sinologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinologist">sinologist</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Biography"></span><span class="anchor" id="History"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Ruggieri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Ruggieri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pompilio Ruggieri was born in <a href="/wiki/Spinazzola" title="Spinazzola">Spinazzola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, in 1543. He obtained a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_both_laws" title="Doctor of both laws">doctorate in civil and canon law</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Naples">University of Naples</a> and was employed in the administration of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip II of Naples">Philip II</a>. He entered the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> on 27 October 1572<sup id="cite_ref-ri_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taking the name "Michele". After completing the Jesuit usual spiritual and intellectual formation, Ruggieri volunteered for the Asian missions and left for <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, where he was <a href="/wiki/Catholic_ordination" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic ordination">ordained</a> in March 1578 while waiting for a ship to take him to <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Goa">Goa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Witek_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witek-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missionary_work">Missionary work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Ruggieri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Missionary work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png/170px-Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png/255px-Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png/340px-Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>A page from the manuscript Portuguese-Chinese dictionary created by Ruggieri, Ricci, and Fernandez (between 1583–88)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ruggieri left Europe with a group of missionaries which included <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Acquaviva" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Acquaviva">Rudolph Acquaviva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>. Arriving in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">India</a> (September 1578), he promptly started to study the language used on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a> and in 6 months reached such proficiency that he could hear <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a>. It is probably this gift for language that made him an ideal choice for the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Chinese mission</a>. </p><p>Ruggieri was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a> to study the Chinese language and customs, arriving 20 July 1579.<sup id="cite_ref-Witek_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witek-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He landed at the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> trade centre and started at once to learn to read and write Chinese. In the process, and aware that several would be following him, he set up Shengma'erding Jingyuan ("St Martin House"), the first school for teaching Chinese to foreigners. </p><p>Ruggieri's and Ricci's intent was to settle somewhere in "real" China – not just Macao, and to that end Ruggieri made trips to Canton (Guangzhou) and <a href="/wiki/Zhaoqing" title="Zhaoqing">Zhaoqing</a> (the residence of the Governor General of Guangdong and Guangxi), making useful contacts with the local authorities. He is one of the first Christian missionaries to have entered <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>. After several failed attempts to obtain permission to establish a permanent mission within China, such a permission was finally obtained in 1582, and in 1583 Ricci and Ruggieri finally settled in <a href="/wiki/Zhaoqing" title="Zhaoqing">Zhaoqing</a>, the first stage on the Jesuits' "long ascent" to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ri_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1584 Ruggieri published the first Chinese catechism.<sup id="cite_ref-Witek_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witek-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visiting villages in the region he baptized several families that formed the nucleus of further Christian communities in mainland China. </p><p>During 1583–88, Michele Ruggieri, with <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> as co-author, created a Portuguese-Chinese dictionary – the first ever European-Chinese dictionary, for which they developed a consistent system for transcribing Chinese words in Latin alphabet. The dictionary's Romanisation was Ruggieri's.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 182">: 182 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YongPeng2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YongPeng2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Chinese Jesuit Lay Brother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebastiano_Fernandez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebastiano Fernandez (page does not exist)">Sebastiano Fernandez</a>, who had grown up and been trained in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a>, assisted in this work.<sup id="cite_ref-ri_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manuscript was misplaced in the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> Archives in Rome, and re-discovered only in 1934, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasquale_d%27Elia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasquale d'Elia (page does not exist)">Pasquale d'Elia</a>. This dictionary was finally published in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-camus_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camus-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ricciDict_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ricciDict-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Ruggieri is attributed one of the first collections of handwritten maps of China, translated into Latin from Chinese sources (atlases and maps), dating back to 1606, or nearly fifty years before the manuscript maps of the Polish Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Michael_Boym" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Boym">Michael Boym</a> and the Novus Atlas Sinensis of the Trentino Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Martino_Martini" title="Martino Martini">Martino Martini</a> (printed by the publisher Johan Blaeu in Amsterdam in 1655 and immediately translated into several languages). The manuscript is now preserved in the State Archives of Rome, ms. 493. </p><p>Ruggieri was accused by Cai Yilong (<small><a href="/wiki/Wade-Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade-Giles">w</a></small><span class="nowrap"> </span>Ts‘ai I-lung) of adultery with the wife of Lo Hung in October 1587. After trial, the judge ordered Cai to be severely punished, to the point he died of his wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 182">: 182 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Europe">Return to Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Ruggieri&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Return to Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1588, Ruggieri left China for <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in order to get the pope to send an embassy to the <a href="/wiki/Wanli_Emperor" title="Wanli Emperor">Wanli Emperor</a>. This plan had been proposed as a means to allow Jesuits to reach Beijing and to be received by the emperor. But nothing became of it, the frequent death of Roman Pontiffs, and the deterioration of his own health, preceded the weary Jesuit's retirement to <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>, where he died in 1607 without ever going to China again.<sup id="cite_ref-ri_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>, the retired Jesuit carried on intellectual work that would make China better known in Europe. He completed the Latin translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Books">Four Books</a></i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (the classic Chinese introduction to <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>’ <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>), wrote <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> in Chinese, and circulated copies of Chinese maps he had brought along with him from Zhaoqing. Ruggieri was also a much sought after spiritual guide and confessor in the school of Salerno. He died on 11 May 1607. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Ruggieri&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Ruggieri&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ri-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ri_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ri_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ri_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ri_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913210503/http://ricci.rt.usfca.edu/biography/view.aspx?biographyID=1071">Biography</a> at the Ricci 21st Century Roundtable database.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witek-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witek_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witek_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witek_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150409185159/http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/r/ruggieri-michele.php">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Michele Ruggieri", Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/r/ruggieri-michele.php">the original</a> on 2015-04-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Michele+Ruggieri%22%2C+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Chinese+Christianity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdcconline.net%2Fen%2Fstories%2Fr%2Fruggieri-michele.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichele+Ruggieri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yang-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yang_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yang_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2001" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Paul Fu-Mien (2001). John W Witek (ed.). <i>The Portuguese-Chinese Dictionary of Michele Ruggieri and Matteo Richi: An Historical and Linguistic Introduction</i>. Ricci Institute for Chinese-Western Cultural History (University of San Francisco) and Biblioteca Nacional Portugal, Instituto Português do Oriente.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese-Chinese+Dictionary+of+Michele+Ruggieri+and+Matteo+Richi%3A+An+Historical+and+Linguistic+Introduction&rft.pub=Ricci+Institute+for+Chinese-Western+Cultural+History+%28University+of+San+Francisco%29+and+Biblioteca+Nacional+Portugal%2C+Instituto+Portugu%C3%AAs+do+Oriente&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Paul+Fu-Mien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichele+Ruggieri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YongPeng2008-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YongPeng2008_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeming_YongJing_Peng2008" class="citation book cs1">Heming Yong; Jing Peng (14 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NYFBtTUZFxEC&pg=PA385"><i>Chinese Lexicography : A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 385–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156167-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156167-2"><bdi>978-0-19-156167-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Lexicography+%3A+A+History+from+1046+BC+to+AD+1911%3A+A+History+from+1046+BC+to+AD+1911&rft.pages=385-&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008-08-14&rft.isbn=978-0-19-156167-2&rft.au=Heming+Yong&rft.au=Jing+Peng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNYFBtTUZFxEC%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichele+Ruggieri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-camus-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-camus_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yves Camus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riccimac.org/doc/JesuitsJourneys.pdf">"Jesuits’ Journeys in Chinese Studies"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090942/http://www.riccimac.org/doc/JesuitsJourneys.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ricciDict-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ricciDict_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dicionário Português-Chinês : Pu Han ci dian : Portuguese-Chinese dictionary", by Michele Ruggieri, Matteo Ricci; edited by John W. Witek. Published 2001, Biblioteca Nacional. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/972-565-298-3" title="Special:BookSources/972-565-298-3">972-565-298-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7h5YbM5M60C">Partial preview</a> available on <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Trigault" title="Nicolas Trigault">Nicolas Trigault</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Christiana_expeditione_apud_Sinas_suscepta_ab_Societate_Jesu" class="mw-redirect" title="De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu">De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu</a></i>, Book Two, Chapter 12, "Father Ruggieri goes to Rome to arrange for an embassy from the Pope...". Pages 193–194 in the English translation: Louis J. Gallagher (1953). "China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matteo Ricci: 1583–1610", Random House, New York, 1953. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iLsWAAAAQAAJ">The original Latin text</a> can be found on <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Ruggieri&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070727004252/http://form.nlc.gov.cn/sino/show.php?id=94">Biography</a> at the National Digital Library of China</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102033108/http://www.vaticanradio.org/cinesebig5/churchistory/riccicina/ricci03.html">About Ruggieri and Ricci</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Ruggieri&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>DUNNE, G.: <i>Generation of giants</i>, Notre-Dame, 1962.</li> <li>GISONDI, F.A.: <i>M.Ruggieri, Missionario in Cina e primo sinologo europeo</i>, Milano, 1999.</li> <li>SHIH, Joseph: <i>Le P.Ruggieri et le problème de l'évangélisation en Chine</i>, Rome, 1964.</li> <li>RUGGIERI Michele: <i>Atlante della Cina di Michele Ruggieri S.I., a cura di Eugenio Lo Sardo</i>, Roma, Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/882400380X" title="Special:BookSources/882400380X">882400380X</a></li> <li>RUGGIERI Michele: <i>La filosofía Moral de Confucio</i>, Thierry Meynard & Roberto Villasante (ed.), Mensajero & Sal Terrae & Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, GC Loyola, Madrid, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788427141896" title="Special:BookSources/9788427141896">9788427141896</a></li> <li>RUGGIERI Michele: <i>Michele Ruggieri’s Tianzhu shilu (The True Record of the Lord of Heaven)</i>, Daniel Canaris (ed.), Leiden, Brill, 2023. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46934-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46934-1">978-90-04-46934-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Ruggieri&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913204510/http://archives.catholic.org.hk/books/ctj.12/index.htm">Facsimile edition of <i>Tianzhu Shengjiao Shilu</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20020604001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p124480152">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/290402">Vatican</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="RUGGERI, Pompilio"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pompilio-in-religione-michele-nome-cinese-luo-mingjian-ruggeri_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian 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