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Geronimo Pratt - Wikipedia
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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American political activist (1947–2011)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Geronimo Pratt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Geronimo_Pratt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9c/Geronimo_Pratt.jpg/220px-Geronimo_Pratt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9c/Geronimo_Pratt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Elmer Pratt</div><br />September 13, 1947<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Morgan_City,_Louisiana" title="Morgan City, Louisiana">Morgan City, Louisiana</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 2, 2011<span style="display:none">(2011-06-02)</span> (aged 63)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Pratt's body was cremated and scattered somewhere in Tanzania.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">United States (birthplace), Tanzania<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>, Sumpter Williams High School (<a href="/wiki/Morgan_City,_Louisiana" title="Morgan City, Louisiana">Morgan City, Louisiana</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Deputy Minister of Defense of the Southern California Chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Overturned murder conviction</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Black_Power_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power Movement">Black Power Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal charge</th><td class="infobox-data">Murder</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal penalty</th><td class="infobox-data">27 years in prison</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Released (conviction vacated)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military Career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army-USA-OR-05_(Army_greens).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Army-USA-OR-05_%28Army_greens%29.svg/35px-Army-USA-OR-05_%28Army_greens%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Army-USA-OR-05_%28Army_greens%29.svg/53px-Army-USA-OR-05_%28Army_greens%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Army-USA-OR-05_%28Army_greens%29.svg/70px-Army-USA-OR-05_%28Army_greens%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="124" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">Sergeant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/30px-Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/45px-Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a> <br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/30px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/45px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star</a> (2)<br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/30px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/45px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/60px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a> (2)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Elmer "Geronimo" Pratt</b> (September 13, 1947 – June 2, 2011), also known as <b>Geronimo Ji-Jaga</b> and <b>Geronimo Ji-Jaga Pratt,</b> was a decorated military veteran and a high-ranking member of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a> in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Born in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, he <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">served two tours in Vietnam</a>, receiving several decorations. He moved to Los Angeles, where he studied at <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> under the <a href="/wiki/GI_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="GI Bill">GI Bill</a> and joined the Black Panther Party. He was wrongfully convicted and imprisoned. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> targeted Pratt in a <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a> operation in the early 1970s, intended to "neutralize Pratt as an effective BPP functionary."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pratt was tried and convicted in 1972 for the 1968 murder of Caroline Olsen; he served 27 years in prison, eight of which were in <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a>. Pratt was freed in 1997 when his conviction was vacated due to the prosecution's having withheld <a href="/wiki/Exculpatory_evidence" title="Exculpatory evidence">exculpatory evidence</a> that tended to prove his innocence. This decision was upheld on appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-jigsaw_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jigsaw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He worked as a <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> activist until the time of his death. Pratt was also the <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godfather</a> of the late rapper <a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jigsaw_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jigsaw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died of a heart attack in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, on June 3, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years_and_military_service">Early years and military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geronimo_Pratt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years and military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elmer Pratt was born in <a href="/wiki/Morgan_City,_Louisiana" title="Morgan City, Louisiana">Morgan City, Louisiana</a>, where his father was in the scrap metal business. Pratt was raised <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>. Pratt was a star <a href="/wiki/Quarterback" title="Quarterback">quarterback</a> at Sumpter Williams High School. </p><p>He served two combat tours as a soldier in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, reaching the rank of sergeant. He was highly decorated, earning two <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Star">Bronze Stars</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Hearts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-obit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lat-obit_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-obit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later moved to <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UCLA_and_Black_Panther_Party">UCLA and Black Panther Party</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geronimo_Pratt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: UCLA and Black Panther Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After leaving the Army, Pratt studied political science at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-obit_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using a grant provided by the <a href="/wiki/Servicemen%27s_Readjustment_Act_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Servicemen's Readjustment Act (USA)">GI Bill</a>. Pratt became politically active and was recruited into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Panthers">Black Panthers</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bunchy_Carter" title="Bunchy Carter">Bunchy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Huggins" title="John Huggins">John Huggins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lat-butler_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-butler-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Pratt joined the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Panthers">Black Panthers</a>, his years in the army proved useful. He rose to become Deputy Minister of Defense of the local organization, after <a href="/wiki/Bunchy_Carter" title="Bunchy Carter">Bunchy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Huggins" title="John Huggins">John Huggins</a> were killed by <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a> infiltrators in the <a href="/wiki/Us_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Us Organization">Us Organization</a>. He took the name "<a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a>," after a prominent <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> chief and leader of resistance to US domination, and "Ji-Jaga," after a Central African tribe. </p><p>In 1971, his wife Saundra was killed when she was 8 months pregnant and her body was left in a ditch. The murder was attributed at the time to a BPP schism between supporters of <a href="/wiki/Huey_Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Huey Newton">Huey Newton</a> and those of <a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a>; Pratt and his wife belonged to the Cleaver faction. Pratt later believed this account was an FBI lie, and that Saundra's murder was unrelated to her activities in the Black Panther Party.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By January 1970, the Los Angeles <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> office had sought permission from national headquarters for a counterintelligence effort "designed to challenge the legitimacy of the authority exercised" by Pratt in the local Panthers. Another FBI memo, dated five months later, noted that the Bureau was constantly considering counterintelligence measures designed to neutralize Pratt "as an effective (Panther) functionary."<sup id="cite_ref-lat-butler_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-butler-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Murder_charges">Murder charges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geronimo_Pratt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Murder charges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1968, Caroline Olsen, a 27-year-old elementary school teacher, was murdered by gunshot during a robbery on a <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Monica">Santa Monica</a> <a href="/wiki/Tennis_court" title="Tennis court">tennis court</a>. Olsen's husband, Kenneth, who was also shot but survived, identified Pratt as the killer in an eyewitness line-up. Julius Butler, a <a href="/wiki/Police_informant" class="mw-redirect" title="Police informant">police informant</a> and infiltrator inside the Black Panther Party, testified that Pratt had confessed to him and discussed the murder with him on several occasions. In 1970, Pratt was arrested and charged with murder and <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>. </p><p>His attorney, <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Cochran" title="Johnnie Cochran">Johnnie Cochran</a>, argued that the charges should be dropped. He claimed that Pratt had been 350 miles away on the night of the murder. Pratt was convicted in 1972. Journalist and author <a href="/wiki/Jack_Olsen" title="Jack Olsen">Jack Olsen</a> reported that FBI "moles" had infiltrated defense sessions and monitored Cochran's phone calls.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prison">Prison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geronimo_Pratt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Pratt was incarcerated at <a href="/wiki/Mule_Creek_State_Prison" title="Mule Creek State Prison">Mule Creek State Prison</a>, he studied law and built a defense. Attorney <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hanlon" title="Stuart Hanlon">Stuart Hanlon</a>, who had helped represent him in his first trial, and <a href="/wiki/William_Paparian" class="mw-redirect" title="William Paparian">William Paparian</a> worked on the appeals that resulted in Pratt's conviction being vacated. In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> he recalled being held in solitary confinement in a cell near <a href="/wiki/Manson_Family" title="Manson Family">cult</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manson" title="Charles Manson">Charles Manson</a>, with only big ants to keep him company.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Murder_conviction_vacated">Murder conviction vacated</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geronimo_Pratt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Murder conviction vacated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conviction was <a href="/wiki/Vacated_judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacated judgement">vacated</a> on June 10, 1997, on the grounds that the prosecution had concealed evidence that might have influenced the jury's verdict. Police wiretaps showed that he was present at a Black Panther meeting in Oakland, 400 miles away from the murder in L.A. at the time of the murder.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prosecution had not disclosed the extent to which a key witness against Pratt, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Butler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Butler (page does not exist)">Julius Butler</a>, was an <a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">informant</a> to the FBI and the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">Los Angeles Police Department</a>. The state appealed the decision, but an appeals court in 1999 ruled this fact to be "'favorable' to the defendant, 'suppressed' by a law enforcement agency, and 'material' to the jury's decision to convict;" it upheld the decision to vacate the conviction, freeing him.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 24, 1997, Pratt returned to his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Morgan_City,_Louisiana" title="Morgan City, Louisiana">Morgan City, Louisiana</a>, to see his aged mother, Eunice. He had not seen her in 23 years, since she rode a bus to visit him at <a href="/wiki/Folsom_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Folsom Prison">Folsom Prison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, Pratt's longtime friend and attorney <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Cochran" title="Johnnie Cochran">Johnnie Cochran</a>, filed a federal civil lawsuit against the FBI and the <a href="/wiki/LAPD" class="mw-redirect" title="LAPD">LAPD</a>, accusing them of malicious prosecution and false imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the help of Brian T. Dunn, another attorney at <a href="/wiki/The_Cochran_Firm" title="The Cochran Firm">The Cochran Firm</a>, the suit was settled for $4.5 million. A federal judge approved the settlement of the civil suit: the City of Los Angeles paid $2.75 million of the settlement and the US Department of Justice paid the remaining $1.75 million.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geronimo_Pratt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pratt continued to work until his death on behalf of men and women wrongfully convicted. He participated in rallies in support of <a href="/wiki/Mumia_Abu-Jamal" title="Mumia Abu-Jamal">Mumia Abu-Jamal</a>, whom he had met when both were active as Black Panthers. In his later years, he moved to Tanzania, where he was living at the time of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-obit_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geronimo_Pratt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/doc156.gif">LA 157-3436</a>, the partially redacted COINTELPRO file on Geronimo Pratt</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jigsaw-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jigsaw_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jigsaw_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJigsaw2003" class="citation web cs1">Jigsaw (September 18, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allhiphop.com/2003/09/18/geronimo-ji-jaga-souljas-story-pt-1/">"Geronimo Ji Jaga: Soulja's Story, Pt 1"</a>. <i>allhiphop.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=allhiphop.com&rft.atitle=Geronimo+Ji+Jaga%3A+Soulja%27s+Story%2C+Pt+1&rft.date=2003-09-18&rft.au=Jigsaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallhiphop.com%2F2003%2F09%2F18%2Fgeronimo-ji-jaga-souljas-story-pt-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeronimo+Pratt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErica_Henry2011" class="citation web cs1">Erica Henry (June 3, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/US/06/03/california.pratt.death/">"Former Black Panther Elmer 'Geronimo' Pratt dies, attorney says"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Former+Black+Panther+Elmer+%27Geronimo%27+Pratt+dies%2C+attorney+says&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft.au=Erica+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2011%2FUS%2F06%2F03%2Fcalifornia.pratt.death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeronimo+Pratt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-obit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-obit_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-obit_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-obit_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Martin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/us/04pratt.html">"Elmer G. Pratt, Jailed Panther Leader, Dies at 63"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (June 3, 2011); Retrieved June 4, 2011.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lat-obit-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lat-obit_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert J. Lopez, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-geronimo-pratt-20110603,0,6307630.story">Geronimo Ji Jaga dies at 63; former Black Panther whose murder conviction was overturned</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/LA_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="LA Times">LA Times</a> (June 3, 2011).</i> Retrieved June 5, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lat-butler-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lat-butler_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lat-butler_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward J. Boyer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-05-24-mn-61623-story.html">"Past Haunts Ex-Panther in New Life : Julius Butler's testimony helped convict Geronimo Pratt of murder. Now, the First A.M.E. Church official's prominence upsets some who say Butler was an FBI informant—a claim he denies"</a>, <i>The Los Angeles Times</i> (May 24, 1994). Retrieved June 4, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Slaying May Herald Panther Showdown," <i>The Los Angeles Times</i> (November 13, 1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Pearson, <i>The Shadow of the Panther</i>, p.444</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Olsen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jackolsen.com/pratt.htm"><i>Last Man Standing: The Tragedy and Triumph of Geromino Pratt</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923013103/http://jackolsen.com/pratt.htm">Archived</a> 2010-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved June 4, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/483.html">"Dan Whitcomb, Framed Black Panther spent 27 years in jail"</a>. <i>www.hartford-hwp.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hartford-hwp.com&rft.atitle=Dan+Whitcomb%2C+Framed+Black+Panther+spent+27+years+in+jail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartford-hwp.com%2Farchives%2F45a%2F483.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeronimo+Pratt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/geronimo-pratt-black-panther-leader-who-spent-27-years-in-jail-for-a-crime-he-did-not-commit-2297384.html">"Geronimo Pratt: Black Panther leader who spent 27 years in jail for a crime he did not commit"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 23 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Geronimo+Pratt%3A+Black+Panther+leader+who+spent+27+years+in+jail+for+a+crime+he+did+not+commit&rft.date=2011-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fgeronimo-pratt-black-panther-leader-who-spent-27-years-in-jail-for-a-crime-he-did-not-commit-2297384.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeronimo+Pratt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.justia.com/cases/california/caapp4th/69/1294.html">In re Pratt, 82 Cal.Rptr.2d 260 (Cal.App. 2 Dist.1999)"</a> Retrieved July 22, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-06-15-mn-3689-story.html">"Tears of Joy Flow as Pratt Is Reunited With Mother"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. June 15, 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Tears+of+Joy+Flow+as+Pratt+Is+Reunited+With+Mother&rft.date=1997-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1997-06-15-mn-3689-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeronimo+Pratt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/US/9805/29/pratt/">|website=CNN|date=May 29, 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2000/10/5/last_man_standing_the_tragedy_and">"Last Man Standing: The Tragedy and Triumph of Geronimo ji-Jaga Pratt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a>. October 5, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212052903/https://www.democracynow.org/2000/10/5/last_man_standing_the_tragedy_and">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Last+Man+Standing%3A+The+Tragedy+and+Triumph+of+Geronimo+ji-Jaga+Pratt&rft.pub=Democracy+Now%21&rft.date=2000-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2000%2F10%2F5%2Flast_man_standing_the_tragedy_and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeronimo+Pratt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geronimo_Pratt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Olsen" title="Jack Olsen">Olsen, Jack</a>. <i>Last Man Standing: The Tragedy and Triumph of Geronimo Pratt</i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-49367-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-49367-3">0-385-49367-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geronimo_Pratt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2000/10/5/last_man_standing_the_tragedy_and">2000 radio interview of Geronimo Pratt on Democracy Now! with his attorneys Johnnie Cochran Jr. and Stuart Hanlon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsws.org/articles/1999/feb1999/prat-f18.shtml"><i>Framed Black Panther leader Geronimo Pratt wins appeal</i> wsws.org</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Brown" title="Elaine Brown">Elaine Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Cox" title="Donald L. Cox">Donald Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilliard" title="David Hilliard">David Hilliard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Black_Panther_Party" title="List of members of the Black Panther Party"><span style="background-color: #000000; color:white;">Members</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">West Coast based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JoNina_Abron-Ervin" title="JoNina Abron-Ervin">JoNina Abron-Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aoki" title="Richard Aoki">Richard Aoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barron" title="Charles Barron">Charles Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_Brent" title="William Lee Brent">William Lee Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Bullins" title="Ed Bullins">Ed Bullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunchy_Carter" title="Bunchy Carter">Bunchy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Comfort" title="Mark Comfort">Mark Comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Dixon" title="Aaron Dixon">Aaron Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Douglas" title="Emory Douglas">Emory Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Kwaku_Duren" title="B. Kwaku Duren">B. Kwaku Duren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Easley-Cox" title="Barbara Easley-Cox">Barbara Easley-Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Ford_(activist)" title="Kent Ford (activist)">Kent Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggie_Forte" title="Reggie Forte">Reggie Forte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hewitt" title="Raymond Hewitt">Raymond "Masai" Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Howard" title="Elbert Howard">Elbert "Big Man" Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huggins" title="John Huggins">John Huggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericka_Huggins" title="Ericka Huggins">Ericka Huggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Hutton" title="Bobby Hutton">Bobby Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(activist)" title="George Jackson (activist)">George Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Tarika_Lewis" title="Joan Tarika Lewis">Joan Tarika Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalil_Muntaqim" title="Jalil Muntaqim">Jalil Muntaqim (Anthony Bottom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Parker" title="Pat Parker">Pat Parker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geronimo Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trivers" title="Robert Trivers">Robert Trivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Zinzun" title="Michael Zinzun">Michael Zinzun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">East Coast based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumia_Abu-Jamal" title="Mumia Abu-Jamal">Mumia Abu-Jamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundiata_Acoli" title="Sundiata Acoli">Sundiata Acoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Ashanti Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwasi_Balagoon" title="Kuwasi Balagoon">Kuwasi Balagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhoruba_bin_Wahad" title="Dhoruba bin Wahad">Dhoruba bin Wahad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronza_Bowers_Jr." title="Veronza Bowers Jr.">Veronza Bowers Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safiya_Bukhari" title="Safiya Bukhari">Safiya Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Coates_(publisher)" title="Paul Coates (publisher)">W. Paul Coates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_%22Eddie%22_Conway" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall "Eddie" Conway">Marshall "Eddie" Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Joseph" title="Jamal Joseph">Jamal Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaka_Khan" title="Chaka Khan">Chaka Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Kimbro" title="Warren Kimbro">Warren Kimbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_McLucas" title="Lonnie McLucas">Lonnie McLucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Oliver-Velez" title="Denise Oliver-Velez">Denise Oliver-Velez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Pinkney" title="Larry Pinkney">Larry Pinkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Rackley" title="Alex Rackley">Alex Rackley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Sams_Jr." title="George W. Sams Jr.">George W. Sams Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afeni_Shakur" title="Afeni Shakur">Afeni Shakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assata_Shakur" title="Assata Shakur">Assata Shakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Maroon_Shoatz" title="Russell Maroon Shoatz">Russell Maroon Shoatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tabor_(activist)" title="Michael Tabor (activist)">Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Hameed" title="Bashir Hameed">James Dixon York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">Southern based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Essex" title="Mark Essex">Mark Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hillary_King" title="Robert Hillary King">Robert Hillary King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_O%27Neal" title="Pete O'Neal">Pete O'Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Rahim" title="Malik Rahim">Malik Rahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola_Three" title="Angola Three">Herman Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola_Three" title="Angola Three">Albert Woodfox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">Chicago based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Clark_(activist)" title="Mark Clark (activist)">Mark Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Neal_(informant)" title="William O'Neal (informant)">William O'Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Rush" title="Bobby Rush">Bobby Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Stamps" title="Marion Stamps">Marion Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akua_Njeri" title="Akua Njeri">Akua Njeri (Deborah Johnson)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connie_Matthews" title="Connie Matthews">Connie Matthews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Harry Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Programs and projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Point_Program_(Black_Panther_Party)" title="Ten-Point Program (Black Panther Party)">Ten-Point Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Breakfast_for_Children" title="Free Breakfast for Children">Free Breakfast for Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Panther_(newspaper)" title="The Black Panther (newspaper)"><i>The Black Panther</i> (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Coalition_(Fred_Hampton)" title="Rainbow Coalition (Fred Hampton)">Rainbow Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Against_Fascism" title="United Front Against Fascism">United Front Against Fascism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Inspired groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guerrilla_Family" title="Black Guerrilla Family">Black Guerrilla Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Liberation_Army" title="Black Liberation Army">Black Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Liberators" title="Black Liberators">Black Liberators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers_(Israel)" title="Black Panthers (Israel)">Black Panthers (Israel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Black_Panthers" title="British Black Panthers">British Black Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Panthers" title="Dalit Panthers">Dalit Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_Brigade" title="George Jackson Brigade">George Jackson Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Panthers" title="Gray Panthers">Gray Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Wor_Kuen" title="I Wor Kuen">I Wor Kuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81_Tamatoa" title="Ngā Tamatoa">Ngā Tamatoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Panthers" title="Polynesian Panthers">Polynesian Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pink_Panthers" title="The Pink Panthers">The Pink Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viduthalai_Chiruthaigal_Katchi" title="Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi">Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">Subsequent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assata%27s_Daughters" title="Assata's Daughters">Assata's Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Militia" title="Black Panther Militia">Black Panther Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Riders_Liberation_Party" title="Black Riders Liberation Party">Black Riders Liberation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Women%27s_Defense_League" title="Black Women's Defense League">Black Women's Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton_Gun_Club" title="Huey P. Newton Gun Club">Huey P. Newton Gun Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Afrikan_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Afrikan Black Panther Party">New Afrikan Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Black Panther Party">New Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Panther_Vanguard_Movement" title="New Panther Vanguard Movement">New Panther Vanguard Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Black_Panther_Party" title="Revolutionary Black Panther Party">Revolutionary Black Panther Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Films and television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Black Power, We're Goin' Survive America</i> (1968)</li> <li><i>Black Panthers: A Report</i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers_(film)" title="Black Panthers (film)">Black Panthers</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i>Mayday</i> (1969)</li> <li><i>Interview with Bobby Seale</i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver,_Black_Panther" title="Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther">Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i>Finally Got the News</i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Murder_of_Fred_Hampton" title="The Murder of Fred Hampton">The Murder of Fred Hampton</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i>Teach Our Children</i> (1973)</li> <li><i>In the Event Anyone Disappears</i> (1974)</li> <li><i>Charles Garry: Streetfighter in the Courtroom</i> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_(film)" title="Panther (film)"><i>Panther</i></a> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Power_to_the_People" title="All Power to the People">All Power to the People</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i>Public Enemy</i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Huey_P._Newton_Story" title="A Huey P. Newton Story">A Huey P. Newton Story</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Catches_Us" title="Night Catches Us">Night Catches Us</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Panthers:_Vanguard_of_the_Revolution" title="The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution">The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judas_and_the_Black_Messiah" title="Judas and the Black Messiah">Judas and the Black Messiah</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Cigar" title="The Big Cigar">The Big Cigar</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Soul_on_Ice_(book)" title="Soul on Ice (book)">Soul on Ice</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seize_the_Time_(book)" title="Seize the Time (book)">Seize the Time</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_in_My_Eye_(book)" title="Blood in My Eye (book)"> Blood in My Eye</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Suicide" title="Revolutionary Suicide">Revolutionary Suicide</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Taste_of_Power" title="A Taste of Power">A Taste of Power</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Against_Empire" title="Black Against Empire">Black Against Empire</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunalism" title="Intercommunalism">Intercommunalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Betty_Van_Patter" title="Murder of Betty Van Patter">Murder of Betty Van Patter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Black_Panther_trials" title="New Haven Black Panther trials">New Haven Black Panther trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_21" title="Panther 21">Panther 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice%E2%80%93Poindexter_case" title="Rice–Poindexter case">Rice–Poindexter case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Templeton_(artist)" title="Robert Templeton (artist)">Robert Templeton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Sweetback%27s_Baadasssss_Song" title="Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song">Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song</a></i> (1971)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Panther_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Panther Power">Panther Power</a>" (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_People%27s_Constitutional_Convention" title="Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention">Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#000000; color:white; −"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Black_Panther_Party" title="Category:Members of the Black Panther Party">Category|<span style="background-color: #000000; color:white;">Black Panther Party</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711080#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711080#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711080#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120205992">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8856787">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/163940/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm9df6ghFG9gcC7QCgYfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1012868168">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85829800">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/96cbf494-ec24-4bb3-9330-c0122d0997cd">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6md17cr">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐746fb5b8df‐lgtdp Cached time: 20241216042456 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.465 seconds Real time usage: 0.595 seconds Preprocessor visited node 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