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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kuwasi Balagoon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American anarchist activist (1946–1986)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Kuwasi Balagoon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuwasi_Balagoon,_circa_1980s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Kuwasi_Balagoon%2C_circa_1980s.jpg/220px-Kuwasi_Balagoon%2C_circa_1980s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Kuwasi_Balagoon%2C_circa_1980s.jpg/330px-Kuwasi_Balagoon%2C_circa_1980s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/96/Kuwasi_Balagoon%2C_circa_1980s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Donald Weems</div><br />December 22, 1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 13, 1986<span style="display:none">(1986-12-13)</span> (aged 39)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization(s)</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Black_Liberation_Army" title="Black Liberation Army">Black Liberation Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power Movement">Black Power Movement</a></li><li>Black Liberation</li><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black anarchism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Escaped</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>September 27, 1973 (first)</li><li>May 7, 1978 (second)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Escape end</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>May 1974 (first)</li><li>January 1982 (second)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waverly_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Waverly Brown">Waverly Brown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1981_Brink%27s_robbery" title="1981 Brink's robbery">Edward O'Grady</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1981_Brink%27s_robbery" title="1981 Brink's robbery">Peter Paige</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1964–1967</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kuwasi Balagoon</b> (December 22, 1946 – December 13, 1986), born <b>Donald Weems</b>, was an American political activist, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Liberation_Army" title="Black Liberation Army">Black Liberation Army</a>. Radicalised by race riots in his home state of Maryland growing up, as well as by his experiences while serving in the US Army, Weems became the black nationalist known as Kuwasi Balagoon in New York City in the late 1960s. First becoming involved in local Afrocentric organisations in Harlem, Balagoon would move on to become involved in the New York chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a>, which quickly saw him charged and arrested for criminal behaviour. Balagoon was initially part of the <a href="/wiki/Panther_21" title="Panther 21">Panther 21</a> case, in which 21 panthers were accused of planning to bomb several locations in New York City, but although the Panther 21 were later acquitted, Balagoon's case was separated off and he was convicted of a New Jersey bank robbery. </p><p>While serving his sentence, Balagoon became disillusioned with the Black Panther Party and drifted into the more radical <a href="/wiki/Black_Liberation_Army" title="Black Liberation Army">Black Liberation Army</a> while also ideologically embracing <a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black anarchism</a>. During the 1970s Balagoon would escape prison twice, and during his second period on the run, would be involved in breaking <a href="/wiki/Assata_Shakur" title="Assata Shakur">Assata Shakur</a> out of prison in 1979. In 1981 Balagoon was amongst the several BLA, <a href="/wiki/May_19_Communist_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="May 19 Communist Organization">May 19 Communist Organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a> members involved in the <a href="/wiki/1981_Brink%27s_robbery" title="1981 Brink's robbery">1981 Brink's robbery</a>, which resulted in the deaths of two police officers and one security guard. Following his capture in 1982, Balagoon would be tried and sentenced to life for his involvement. While in prison, Balagoon died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">pneumocystis pneumonia</a> brought about by <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> on 13 December 1986. He was 39 years old. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwasi_Balagoon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwasi_Balagoon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balagoon was born Donald Weems in the majority Black community of Lakeland in <a href="/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland" title="Prince George's County, Maryland">Prince George's County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> on December 22, 1946. In the early 1960s the teenage Weems was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a> occurring in Maryland seeking civil rights for African-Americans. The Cambridge movement was noted for breaking away from "passive resistance" and becoming more militant, with Gloria Richardson defending active self-defence as a tactic. The Cambridge movement eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_riot_of_1963" title="Cambridge riot of 1963">Cambridge riot of 1963</a>, and the National Guard was sent into Maryland for a year as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After graduating high school, Weems joined the <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a> and was deployed to <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, where he experienced racism and physical attacks from white officers and enlisted men. In response, Weems and other Black soldiers formed a secret group with the Army called "Da Legislators" which carried out revenge attacks. It was during this period in Europe that Weems visited <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> where he met African immigrants, Black immigrants from the Caribbean and other <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black British people</a>. Weems found the experience of meeting Black people of other nationalities stimulating and began embracing a more <a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentric</a> lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having served 3 years in the army, mostly in Germany, Weems was honourably discharged in 1967. He returned home to the United States and settled in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> where his sister Dianne now lived.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activism_in_New_York">Activism in New York</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwasi_Balagoon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Activism in New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After settling in New York City, Weems became an activist, and at first, was particularly active in rent strikes as part of the Community Council on Housing, a tenant's rights group. It was on behalf of the CCOH that in 1967, Weems, his sister Dianne, CCOH leader Jesse Gray and two other tenant activists were arrested for disorderly conduct in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> after they interrupted a session of Congress and brought a cage of rats to the assembly to highlight urban housing conditions. The action cost the CCOH what funding it had and Gray could no longer pay its mainstay activists.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following this, Weems moved on from the CCOH and joined the Central Harlem Committee for Self-Defense, a group involved with providing food and water to students who occupied buildings as part of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_protests_of_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University protests of 1968">Columbia University protests of 1968</a>. It was around this same time period that Weems became interested and involved with the <a href="/wiki/African_Theological_Archministry" title="African Theological Archministry">Yoruba Temple in Harlem</a> run by <a href="/wiki/Adefunmi" title="Adefunmi">Adefunmi</a>, which promoted a form of West African traditional religion. Adefunmi promoted <a href="/wiki/Black_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Nationalism">Black Nationalism</a> and encouraged followers to "Africanise" everything about themselves. It was under this influence that Weems Africanized his name to <b>Kuwasi Balagoon</b>. “Kuwasi” is a <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian name</a> for a male born on Sunday, while the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba name</a> “Balagoon” translates as “Warlord".<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_nationalist">Black nationalist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwasi_Balagoon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Black nationalist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the 1960s progressed, Balagoon became more and more involved in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power Movement">Black Power Movement</a> as well as more ideologically inclined towards Black Nationalism. In his own words, Balagoon said "[I] became a revolutionary and accepted the doctrine of nationalism as a response to the genocide practised by the United States government". Balagoon began to read literature such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X" title="The Autobiography of Malcolm X">The Autobiography of Malcolm X</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a>’ book <i><a href="/wiki/Negroes_with_Guns" title="Negroes with Guns">Negroes with Guns</a></i> as well as Williams' newsletter <i>The Crusader</i>. Balagoon also became influenced by <a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a>, who at the time was acting as a spokesperson for the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a>. Amalgamating all these influences, Balagoon came to believe that the only means to achieve "Black Liberation" was through "protracted <a href="/wiki/Guerilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerilla warfare">guerilla warfare</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was at this point that Balagoon joined the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a> (BPP). Balagoon had first become aware of the BPP following the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Huey_Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Huey Newton">Huey Newton</a> following <a href="/wiki/Huey_Newton#Fatal_shooting_of_John_Frey" class="mw-redirect" title="Huey Newton">a shoot out with local police in Oakland, California</a> in October 1967. Around the same time, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Action_Movement" title="Revolutionary Action Movement">Revolutionary Action Movement</a> were involved in setting up a chapter of the Black Panthers in Harlem, New York City. Balagoon quickly joined the chapter, citing the Panthers' adoption of <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> as a motivating factor.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panther_21_trial">Panther 21 trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwasi_Balagoon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Panther 21 trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panther_21" title="Panther 21">Panther 21</a></div> <p>Balagoon was arrested in New Jersey in February 1969 and charged with bank robbery.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feb_1970_arrest_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feb_1970_arrest-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was indicted on 2 April 1969, along with 20 other Panther leaders and organizers, on conspiracy charges; the 21 defendants became known as the <a href="/wiki/Panther_21" title="Panther 21">Panther 21</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feb_1970_arrest_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feb_1970_arrest-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst the charges were conspiracy to bomb the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Botanical Gardens">New York Botanical Gardens</a> and local police stations as well as to assassinate police officers.<sup id="cite_ref-Feb_1970_arrest_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feb_1970_arrest-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the defendants were released, but Balagoon was held without bail because of the more serious charges against him.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feb_1970_arrest_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feb_1970_arrest-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balagoon and fellow panther <a href="/wiki/Sekou_Odinga" title="Sekou Odinga">Sekou Odinga</a> were accused of making an attempt to ambush and kill New York City police officers; the accusation claimed that they were stopped only by the intervention of more officers on the scene.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defence Attorneys counterargued that this accusation was based on the witness testimony of BPP member Joan Bird, who they alleged was beaten by police until she agreed to state that.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After hearing of Bird's arrest and alleged beating, on the day he was charged, Sekou Odinga escaped police custody and went on the run. Odinga avoided an attempted arrest on April 2 and proceeded to flee the United States for <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, where Panther leader <a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a> was now based.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first week of October 1970, while awaiting trial, members of the Black Panther Party, including Balagoon, were involved in co-ordinated prison riots at both the <a href="/wiki/Queens_Detention_Facility" title="Queens Detention Facility">Queens Branch House of Detention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Detention_Complex" title="Brooklyn Detention Complex">Brooklyn House of Detention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balagoon was being held in Queens with Lumumba Shakur and fellow Panther 21 defendant Kwando Kinshasa where, during the rioting, seven hostages were taken. As authorities attempted to negotiate with the prisoners, who were demanding better conditions inside the prison and speedier trials, inside the prison Balagoon attempted to influence decision-making, believing decisions should be consensus-based. However, Balagoon ultimately felt that the prisoners allowed the Black Panthers to make the decisions, and began disengaging from meetings. The prisons were later retaken, and while Balagoon was disappointed with the outcome, he was evidently pleased with the experience, expressing the belief that the riots demonstrated ordinary people could overcome the power of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balagoon's legal case was separated from 13 of those who had been arrested originally in the Panther 21 trial in order for Balagoon to face charges relating to the robbery in New Jersey. After two years of imprisonment, those 13 panthers were eventually acquitted. Meanwhile, in October 1971, Balagoon pled guilty to the charge that he attempted to shoot police officers during the Jersey robbery and he was sentenced to a term of between 23 and 29 years.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideological_changes">Ideological changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwasi_Balagoon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ideological changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was during this time that Balagoon became disillusioned with the BPP leadership. He was particularly disappointed by the expulsion from the party of former Army ranger <a href="/wiki/Geronimo_Pratt" title="Geronimo Pratt">Geronimo Pratt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was thrown out of the party after his arrest in December 1970 for the 1968 murder of Caroline Olsen.<sup id="cite_ref-Pratt_dies_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pratt_dies-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pratt was a popular figure amongst the New York members of the Panthers and his expulsion demoralised their ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997 Pratt's conviction for that murder was overturned.<sup id="cite_ref-Pratt_dies_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pratt_dies-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other factors continued to divide the West Coast and East Coast Panthers, including disagreements over out-of-town leadership and whether to embrace <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">pan-Africanism</a> nationalism or <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a>. Tensions climaxed when the Panther leadership in California expelled members of the New York leadership <a href="/wiki/Dhoruba_bin_Wahad" title="Dhoruba bin Wahad">Dhoruba bin Wahad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tabor_(activist)" title="Michael Tabor (activist)">Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connie_Matthews" title="Connie Matthews">Connie Matthews</a>. This led to the New York chapter of the Panthers officially splitting from the "national" Panthers.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although in prison, Balagoon was aware of these events and was demoralized by them. Balagoon, alongside many former Panthers imprisoned alongside himself, began to look ideologically towards <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> in response. Balagoon came to believe the Black Panther Party had stopped being a party concerned with the daily struggle of Black people in America and instead one totally focused on defending its membership in court trials against the state. It was this new ideological view that also brought Balagoon towards a new radical Panther splinter group called the <a href="/wiki/Black_Liberation_Army" title="Black Liberation Army">Black Liberation Army</a>, which advocated fighting a "war" against the state by members who had gone "underground".<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_escape">First escape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwasi_Balagoon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First escape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_New_Afrika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_New_Afrika.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_New_Afrika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_New_Afrika.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_New_Afrika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_New_Afrika.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_New_Afrika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>During the 1970s Balagoon became affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Afrika" title="Republic of New Afrika">Republic of New Afrika</a> group. Their flag is seen here. </figcaption></figure> <p>On September 27, 1973, Balagoon escaped imprisonment and went "underground" himself. He remained so for approximately eight months until he was re-arrested following an attempt by Balagoon to take Richard Harris on the run as Harris was on temporary leave from prison to attend a funeral. Balagoon and Harris were caught after being wounded in a gun battle with correctional and police officers.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imprisoned once again, Balagoon committed further to Anarchism and began exploring the works of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Buenaventura Durruti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Severino Di Giovanni</a> and trying to applying their thoughts to "Black Liberation". Balagoon also began to affiliate with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Afrika" title="Republic of New Afrika">Republic of New Afrika</a>, a group that advocated African-Americans identifying as "New Afrikans" and seeking a Black nation-state within North America. From this point onwards Balagoon identified as a "New Afrikan Anarchist".<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_escape">Second escape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwasi_Balagoon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second escape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assata_Shakur_FBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Assata_Shakur_FBI.jpg/200px-Assata_Shakur_FBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Assata_Shakur_FBI.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Balagoon was amongst BLA members who broke <a href="/wiki/Assata_Shakur" title="Assata Shakur">Assata Shakur</a> out of a New Jersey prison in 1979</figcaption></figure> <p>Balagoon escaped from Rahway State Prison in New Jersey and went underground once again on May 27, 1978, this time going on the run with the Black Liberation Army. He was joined by the likes of Sekou Odinga who had returned from Africa. On November 2, 1979, Balagoon was amongst members of the BLA, with assistance from the <a href="/wiki/May_19_Communist_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="May 19 Communist Organization">May 19 Communist Organization</a> ("M19CO"), who broke <a href="/wiki/Assata_Shakur" title="Assata Shakur">Assata Shakur</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Correctional_Facility_for_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton Correctional Facility for Women">Clinton Correctional Facility for Women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shakur had been imprisoned there following her conviction for the 1973 murder of police officer Werner Foerster.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1981_Brink's_robbery"><span id="1981_Brink.27s_robbery"></span>1981 Brink's robbery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwasi_Balagoon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1981 Brink's robbery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1981_Brink%27s_robbery" title="1981 Brink's robbery">1981 Brink's robbery</a></div> <p>In January 1982, Balagoon was captured and charged with participating, along with other members of the BLA, M19CO, and the <a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a>, in the October 20, 1981 <a href="/wiki/1981_Brink%27s_robbery" title="1981 Brink's robbery">robbery of a Brink's armored truck</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Nyack,_New_York" title="West Nyack, New York">West Nyack, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two police officers, <a href="/wiki/Waverly_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Waverly Brown">Waverly Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_O%27Grady_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward O'Grady II">Edward O'Grady II</a>, and money courier Peter Paige were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1983, Balagoon was placed on trial alongside <a href="/wiki/David_Gilbert_(activist)" title="David Gilbert (activist)">David Gilbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judith_Alice_Clark" title="Judith Alice Clark">Judith Alice Clark</a>, white accomplices who had helped during the robbery.<sup id="cite_ref-3goontrial_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3goontrial-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon a motion by the defence, the trial was transferred from <a href="/wiki/Rockland_County,_New_York" title="Rockland County, New York">Rockland County</a> to <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York" title="Orange County, New York">Orange County</a> due to concerns regarding the <a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">partiality</a> of the juror pool in Rockland.<sup id="cite_ref-3goontrial_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3goontrial-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the trial, Balagoon dismissed legal representation and instead represented himself, using his speaking time to reject the authority of the court and to portray himself as a "prisoner of war".<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the trial Balagoon was allowed to call Odinga as a witness, who had previously been convicted of racketeering and conspiracy but acquitted of the robbery and any murder charges due to <a href="/wiki/Double_jeopardy" title="Double jeopardy">double jeopardy</a> laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Odinga_testimony_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odinga_testimony-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Balagoon's examination of Odinga, Odinga confirmed that Balagoon and himself had been a part of the robbery and stated that the deaths that had taken place had been "justified". Previous to Odinga's testimony, none of the defendants had admitted any role in the robbery.<sup id="cite_ref-Odinga_testimony_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odinga_testimony-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balagoon was convicted of murder and other charges<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sentenced to life imprisonment. Following the trial, Balagoon claimed in a letter "As to the seventy-five years in prison, I am not really worried, not only because I am in the habit of not completing sentences or waiting on parole or any of that nonsense but also because the State simply isn't going to last seventy-five or even fifty years."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwasi_Balagoon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an early 1980 television interview, Balagoon endorsed killing Black Liberation Army members who had become police informers and gave evidence used to convict BLA members such as Balagoon, Balagoon deriding them as "traitors". In the same interview, Balagoon described the <a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">1983 Beirut barracks bombings</a>, in which two suicide bombers killed 307 people (mostly American and French peacekeeping forces) as "beautiful", "incredible" and that there was "a lot to learn" from it.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwasi_Balagoon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balagoon died in prison of <a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_jiroveci_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia">pneumocystis pneumonia</a>, an <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>-related illness, on December 13, 1986, aged 39.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-philycitypaper_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philycitypaper-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his lifetime, Balagoon had been an openly <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a> man whose views on sexuality often intersected with his ideology. However, many of the groups he had been involved in, such as the New Afrikan People's Organisation, omitted his sexuality and his cause of death in their official obituaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwasi_Balagoon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balagoon authored several texts while in prison, writings that have become influential among Black and other anarchists since first being published and distributed by anarchist prisoner support networks in the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/PM_Press" title="PM Press">PM Press</a> released <i>Kuwasi Balagoon: A Soldier's Story</i>. This collection of writings by and about Balagoon was edited by Matt Meyer and Karl Kersplebedeb and includes contributions from <a href="/wiki/Sekou_Odinga" title="Sekou Odinga">Sekou Odinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Gilbert_(activist)" title="David Gilbert (activist)">David Gilbert</a>, Meg Starr, <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Ashanti Alston</a>, and other activists.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2020, <a href="/wiki/Black_and_Pink" title="Black and Pink">Black and Pink</a>, a prison abolitionist organization supporting LGBTQ and HIV-positive prisoners, has run a "Kuwasi Balagoon award" for those living with HIV/AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwasi_Balagoon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Umoja_2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umoja_2015_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUmoja2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Umoja, Akinyele</a> (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273895582">"Maroon: Kuwasi Balagoon and the Evolution of Revolutionary New Afrikan Anarchism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_%26_Society" title="Science & Society">Science & Society</a></i>. <b>79</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Guilford_Press" title="Guilford Press">Guilford Press</a>: 196–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1521%2Fsiso.2015.79.2.196">10.1521/siso.2015.79.2.196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8237">0036-8237</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5798110341">5798110341</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1662047452">1662047452</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Maroon%3A+Kuwasi+Balagoon+and+the+Evolution+of+Revolutionary+New+Afrikan+Anarchism&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=196-220&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5798110341&rft.issn=0036-8237&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1521%2Fsiso.2015.79.2.196&rft.aulast=Umoja&rft.aufirst=Akinyele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F273895582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwasi+Balagoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feb_1970_arrest-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feb_1970_arrest_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feb_1970_arrest_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feb_1970_arrest_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feb_1970_arrest_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans_Asbury1970" class="citation news cs1">Evans Asbury, Edith (February 1, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/02/01/archives/16-black-panthers-go-on-trial-tomorrow-in-state-court-here.html">"16 Black Panthers Go on Trial Tomorrow in State Court Here"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2022</span>. <q>The prosecution case had three undercover agents who rested heavily on testimony they had infiltrated the New York branch of the Panther party. They testified they had heard the defendants plot to bomb police precincts, department stores, railway and subway installations and the Bronx Botanical Garden. They also testified to having attended classes conducted by the Panthers that included simulated firing and instructions on how to make bombs, and on guerrilla warfare. The undercover agents also testified that they had heard the defendants urge that all members of the party have guns and know how to use them, and that they had ad vocated killing "pigs," as they called policemen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Black+Panther+Party+Members+Freed+After+Being+Cleared+of+Charges&rft.date=1971-05-14&rft.aulast=Evans+Asbury&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F05%2F14%2Farchives%2Fblack-panther-party-members-freed-after-being-cleared-of-charges-13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwasi+Balagoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans_Asbury1971" class="citation news cs1">Evans Asbury, Edith (January 12, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/12/archives/expoliceman-describes-shootout-to-panther-jury.html">"Ex-Policeman Describes Shoot-Out to Panther jury"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THE+CITY%3B+Defendant+Guilty+In+2d+Brink%27s+Case&rft.date=1984-10-24&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F10%2F24%2Fnyregion%2Fthe-city-defendant-guilty-in-2d-brink-s-case.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwasi+Balagoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuwasi_Balagoon1983" class="citation book cs1">Kuwasi Balagoon (December 9, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/kuwasi-balagoon-letters-from-prison"><i>Kuwasi Balagoon: Letters from Prison</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Anarchist+Library&rft.atitle=Letters+from+Prison&rft.aulast=Balagoon&rft.aufirst=Kuwasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fkuwasi-balagoon-letters-from-prison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwasi+Balagoon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmpress.org/index.php?l=product_detail&p=884">"A Soldier's Story: Revolutionary Writings by a New Afrikan Anarchist, Third Edition"</a>. <i>pmpress.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cox">Donald Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilliard" title="David Hilliard">David Hilliard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Black_Panther_Party" title="List of members of the Black Panther Party"><span style="background-color: #000000; color:white;">Members</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">West Coast based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JoNina_Abron-Ervin" title="JoNina Abron-Ervin">JoNina Abron-Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aoki" title="Richard Aoki">Richard Aoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barron" title="Charles Barron">Charles Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_Brent" title="William Lee Brent">William Lee Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Bullins" title="Ed Bullins">Ed Bullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunchy_Carter" title="Bunchy Carter">Bunchy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Comfort" title="Mark Comfort">Mark Comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Dixon" title="Aaron Dixon">Aaron Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Douglas" title="Emory Douglas">Emory Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Kwaku_Duren" title="B. Kwaku Duren">B. Kwaku Duren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Easley-Cox" title="Barbara Easley-Cox">Barbara Easley-Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Ford_(activist)" title="Kent Ford (activist)">Kent Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggie_Forte" title="Reggie Forte">Reggie Forte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hewitt" title="Raymond Hewitt">Raymond "Masai" Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Howard" title="Elbert Howard">Elbert "Big Man" Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huggins" title="John Huggins">John Huggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericka_Huggins" title="Ericka Huggins">Ericka Huggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Hutton" title="Bobby Hutton">Bobby Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(activist)" title="George Jackson (activist)">George Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Tarika_Lewis" title="Joan Tarika Lewis">Joan Tarika Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalil_Muntaqim" title="Jalil Muntaqim">Jalil Muntaqim (Anthony Bottom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Parker" title="Pat Parker">Pat Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geronimo_Pratt" title="Geronimo Pratt">Geronimo Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trivers" title="Robert Trivers">Robert Trivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Zinzun" title="Michael Zinzun">Michael Zinzun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">East Coast based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumia_Abu-Jamal" title="Mumia Abu-Jamal">Mumia Abu-Jamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundiata_Acoli" title="Sundiata Acoli">Sundiata Acoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Ashanti Alston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuwasi Balagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhoruba_bin_Wahad" title="Dhoruba bin Wahad">Dhoruba bin Wahad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronza_Bowers_Jr." title="Veronza Bowers Jr.">Veronza Bowers Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safiya_Bukhari" title="Safiya Bukhari">Safiya Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Coates_(publisher)" title="Paul Coates (publisher)">W. Paul Coates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_%22Eddie%22_Conway" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall "Eddie" Conway">Marshall "Eddie" Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Joseph" title="Jamal Joseph">Jamal Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaka_Khan" title="Chaka Khan">Chaka Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Kimbro" title="Warren Kimbro">Warren Kimbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_McLucas" title="Lonnie McLucas">Lonnie McLucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Oliver-Velez" title="Denise Oliver-Velez">Denise Oliver-Velez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Pinkney" title="Larry Pinkney">Larry Pinkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Rackley" title="Alex Rackley">Alex Rackley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Sams_Jr." title="George W. Sams Jr.">George W. Sams Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afeni_Shakur" title="Afeni Shakur">Afeni Shakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assata_Shakur" title="Assata Shakur">Assata Shakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Maroon_Shoatz" title="Russell Maroon Shoatz">Russell Maroon Shoatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tabor_(activist)" title="Michael Tabor (activist)">Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Hameed" title="Bashir Hameed">James Dixon York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">Southern based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Essex" title="Mark Essex">Mark Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hillary_King" title="Robert Hillary King">Robert Hillary King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_O%27Neal" title="Pete O'Neal">Pete O'Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Rahim" title="Malik Rahim">Malik Rahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola_Three" title="Angola Three">Herman Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola_Three" title="Angola Three">Albert Woodfox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">Chicago based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Clark_(activist)" title="Mark Clark (activist)">Mark Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Neal_(informant)" title="William O'Neal (informant)">William O'Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Rush" title="Bobby Rush">Bobby Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Stamps" title="Marion Stamps">Marion Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akua_Njeri" title="Akua Njeri">Akua Njeri (Deborah Johnson)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connie_Matthews" title="Connie Matthews">Connie Matthews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Harry Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Programs and projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Point_Program_(Black_Panther_Party)" title="Ten-Point Program (Black Panther Party)">Ten-Point Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Breakfast_for_Children" title="Free Breakfast for Children">Free Breakfast for Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Panther_(newspaper)" title="The Black Panther (newspaper)"><i>The Black Panther</i> (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Coalition_(Fred_Hampton)" title="Rainbow Coalition (Fred Hampton)">Rainbow Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Against_Fascism" title="United Front Against Fascism">United Front Against Fascism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Inspired groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guerrilla_Family" title="Black Guerrilla Family">Black Guerrilla Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Liberation_Army" title="Black Liberation Army">Black Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Liberators" title="Black Liberators">Black Liberators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers_(Israel)" title="Black Panthers (Israel)">Black Panthers (Israel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Black_Panthers" title="British Black Panthers">British Black Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Panthers" title="Dalit Panthers">Dalit Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_Brigade" title="George Jackson Brigade">George Jackson Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Panthers" title="Gray Panthers">Gray Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Wor_Kuen" title="I Wor Kuen">I Wor Kuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81_Tamatoa" title="Ngā Tamatoa">Ngā Tamatoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Panthers" title="Polynesian Panthers">Polynesian Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pink_Panthers" title="The Pink Panthers">The Pink Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viduthalai_Chiruthaigal_Katchi" title="Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi">Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000; color:white;width:1%">Subsequent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assata%27s_Daughters" title="Assata's Daughters">Assata's Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Militia" title="Black Panther Militia">Black Panther Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Riders_Liberation_Party" title="Black Riders Liberation Party">Black Riders Liberation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Women%27s_Defense_League" title="Black Women's Defense League">Black Women's Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton_Gun_Club" title="Huey P. Newton Gun Club">Huey P. Newton Gun Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Afrikan_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Afrikan Black Panther Party">New Afrikan Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Black Panther Party">New Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Panther_Vanguard_Movement" title="New Panther Vanguard Movement">New Panther Vanguard Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Black_Panther_Party" title="Revolutionary Black Panther Party">Revolutionary Black Panther Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Films and television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Black Power, We're Goin' Survive America</i> (1968)</li> <li><i>Black Panthers: A Report</i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers_(film)" title="Black Panthers (film)">Black Panthers</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i>Mayday</i> (1969)</li> <li><i>Interview with Bobby Seale</i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver,_Black_Panther" title="Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther">Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i>Finally Got the News</i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Murder_of_Fred_Hampton" title="The Murder of Fred Hampton">The Murder of Fred Hampton</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i>Teach Our Children</i> (1973)</li> <li><i>In the Event Anyone Disappears</i> (1974)</li> <li><i>Charles Garry: Streetfighter in the Courtroom</i> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_(film)" title="Panther (film)"><i>Panther</i></a> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Power_to_the_People" title="All Power to the People">All Power to the People</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i>Public Enemy</i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Huey_P._Newton_Story" title="A Huey P. Newton Story">A Huey P. Newton Story</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Catches_Us" title="Night Catches Us">Night Catches Us</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Panthers:_Vanguard_of_the_Revolution" title="The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution">The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judas_and_the_Black_Messiah" title="Judas and the Black Messiah">Judas and the Black Messiah</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Cigar" title="The Big Cigar">The Big Cigar</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Soul_on_Ice_(book)" title="Soul on Ice (book)">Soul on Ice</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seize_the_Time_(book)" title="Seize the Time (book)">Seize the Time</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_in_My_Eye_(book)" title="Blood in My Eye (book)"> Blood in My Eye</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Suicide" title="Revolutionary Suicide">Revolutionary Suicide</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Taste_of_Power" title="A Taste of Power">A Taste of Power</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Against_Empire" title="Black Against Empire">Black Against Empire</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000000; color:white; −;width:1%;background:#000000; color:white;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunalism" title="Intercommunalism">Intercommunalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Betty_Van_Patter" title="Murder of Betty Van Patter">Murder of Betty Van Patter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Black_Panther_trials" title="New Haven Black Panther trials">New Haven Black Panther trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_21" title="Panther 21">Panther 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice%E2%80%93Poindexter_case" title="Rice–Poindexter case">Rice–Poindexter case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Templeton_(artist)" title="Robert Templeton (artist)">Robert Templeton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Sweetback%27s_Baadasssss_Song" title="Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song">Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song</a></i> (1971)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Panther_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Panther Power">Panther Power</a>" (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_People%27s_Constitutional_Convention" title="Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention">Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#000000; color:white; −"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Black_Panther_Party" title="Category:Members of the Black Panther Party">Category|<span style="background-color: #000000; color:white;">Black Panther Party</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_socialism_navbox" title="Template:American socialism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_socialism_navbox" title="Template talk:American socialism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_socialism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American socialism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Hill,_Illinois#History" title="Bishop Hill, Illinois">Bishop Hill Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Farm" title="Brook Farm">Brook Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1877_St._Louis_general_strike" title="1877 St. Louis general strike">1877 St. Louis general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike" title="1912 Lawrence textile strike">1912 Lawrence textile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor unionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Repression and persecution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Society" title="American Defense Society">American Defense Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Protective_League" title="American Protective League">American Protective League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Party_USA_and_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="The Communist Party USA and African Americans">Communist Party USA and African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in the United States">Communists</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_labor_movement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the labor movement in the United States">labor movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communists_in_the_United_States_Labor_Movement_(1919%E2%80%9337)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1919–37)">1919–1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communists_in_the_United_States_Labor_Movement_(1937%E2%80%9350)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists in the United States Labor Movement (1937–50)">1937–1957</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike" title="Seattle General Strike">Seattle General Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Wisconsin_protests" title="2011 Wisconsin protests">2011 Wisconsin protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_education_workers%27_strikes_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="2018–19 education workers' strikes in the United States">2018–19 education workers' strikes in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Riders_Liberation_Party" title="Black Riders Liberation Party">Black Riders Liberation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Socialists" title="Colorado Springs Socialists">Colorado Springs Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_Correspondence_for_Democracy_and_Socialism" title="Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism">Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Organization" title="International Socialist Organization">International Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">Legal Marijuana Now Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Afrikan_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Afrikan Black Panther Party">New Afrikan Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(2006_organization)" title="Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization)">New Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck_Revolt" title="Redneck Revolt">Redneck Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">Revolutionary Communist Party, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Rifle_Association" title="Socialist Rifle Association">Socialist Rifle Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacist_League_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartacist League (US)">Spartacist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist Party of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Workers_Party" title="American Workers Party">American Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Federation" title="Democratic Socialist Federation">Democratic Socialist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_Internationalist_Movement" title="Maoist Internationalist Movement">Maoist Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Movement" title="New American Movement">New American Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Socialist_Party" title="Puerto Rican Socialist Party">Puerto Rican Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_America" title="Social Democracy of America">Social Democracy of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation_(United_States)" title="Social Democratic Federation (United States)">Social Democratic Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workers Party of the United States">Workers Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abern" title="Martin Abern">Martin Abern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Paul Avrich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuwasi Balagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Barnes_(politician)" title="Jack Barnes (politician)">Jack Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Victor L. Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James P. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Voltairine de Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">Daniel De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">James W. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galleani" title="Luigi Galleani">Luigi Galleani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Michael Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hay" title="Harry Hay">Harry Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Bill Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Harry Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Chris Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Heywood" title="Angela Heywood">Angela Heywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Heywood" title="Ezra Heywood">Ezra Heywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_(activist)" title="Joe Hill (activist)">Joe Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Morris Hillquit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoan" title="Daniel Hoan">Daniel Hoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Labadie" title="Jo Labadie">Jo Labadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Dyer Lum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">David McReynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Charlene Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Johann Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Phil Ochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Albert Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Lucy Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">George Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(journalist)" title="John Reed (journalist)">John Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ruthenberg">Charles Ruthenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Sacco" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicola Sacco">Nicola Sacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshama_Sawant" title="Kshama Sawant">Kshama Sawant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Max Shachtman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Paul Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Vanzetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomeo Vanzetti">Bartolomeo Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Hasan Piker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zeidler" title="Frank Zeidler">Frank Zeidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">John Zerzan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_Reason_(newspaper)" title="Appeal to Reason (newspaper)">Appeal to Reason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Worker" title="Daily Worker">Daily Worker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Review_(1900)" title="International Socialist Review (1900)">International Socialist Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_Capital" title="Monopoly Capital">Monopoly Capital</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_America" title="The Other America">The Other America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Socialism" title="Voluntary Socialism">Voluntary Socialism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Socialism%3F" title="Why Socialism?">Why Socialism?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">Anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">Labor laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a 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