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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Asian-American Marxist group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">I Wor Kuen</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="Chinese">義和拳</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:I_Wor_Kuen_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/I_Wor_Kuen_logo.png/220px-I_Wor_Kuen_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/90/I_Wor_Kuen_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Named after</th><td class="infobox-data">Boxer Rebellion (I Wor Kuen/Yihequan)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Revolutionary_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Revolutionary Struggle">League of Revolutionary Struggle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">late 1969<span class="noprint">; 56 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1969</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded at</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">1978<span class="noprint">; 47 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1978</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">New York City Chinatown</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">I Wor Kuen</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:義">義</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:和">和</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8B%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:拳">拳</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">义和拳</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boxers_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxers (group)">Righteous and Harmonious Fists</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yìhé Quán</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Yih-wò Kyuhn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">ji6 wo4 kyun4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[ji˨ wɔ˩ kʰyn˩]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>I Wor Kuen</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">義和拳</span>; <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a>: <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">ji6 wo4 kyun4</span></i>) was a radical <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian American</a> <a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">collective</a> that originally formed in 1969 in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Chinatown</a>. Borrowing from the ideologies of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Panthers">Black Panthers</a>, IWK organized several community programs and produced a newsletter series promoting <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> for <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a>. Initially consisting of students from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, the group worked in conjunction with residents of New York City's Chinatown to address the community's needs for <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare reform in the United States">healthcare reform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Draft_counseling" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft counseling">draft counseling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Childcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Childcare">childcare</a>. The group expanded nationally with the <a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> in 1972 to create a national organisation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_Wor_Kuen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The organization established itself in New York's Chinatown in late 1969 and is named after the peasant group that fought against foreign intrusion and influence in China in 1898 during the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>, which officially began in 1900. Translated to "Righteous and Harmonious Fists," it was established by a group of young people and students who participated in the Triple A and Columbia's AAPA, and eventually other radical Chinese nationals (Wei 212-3). Inspired by their namesake from the Chinese Boxer Rebellion and with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, the members were heavy proponents for self-determination and community service on varying levels. </p><p>Within New York City, it worked predominantly around issues affecting the immediate Manhattan Chinatown. They protested the tourist buses that came into the community; participated in a "housing crimes trial" forum at Columbia University with <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Council_on_Housing" title="Metropolitan Council on Housing">Metropolitan Council on Housing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Panthers">Black Panthers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=City_Wide_Coordinating_Committee_of_Welfare_Rights_Groups&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City Wide Coordinating Committee of Welfare Rights Groups (page does not exist)">City Wide Coordinating Committee of Welfare Rights Groups</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Service_Employees_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social Service Employees Union (page does not exist)">Social Service Employees Union</a>; hosted free movie screenings about the People's Republic of China; organized the first Chinatown Health Fair in 1971 with other organizations in the neighborhood as a reaction against the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Consolidated_Benevolent_Association" title="Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association">Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association</a>'s neglect to the community<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and worked on demonstrations to raise awareness on how to avoid the draft.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to their public organizing, it was also known for the nationally distributed and bilingual newspaper, <i>Getting Together</i> (Chinese: 团結報). It focused on "national liberation struggles around the world but paid particular attention to the People's Republic of China ... [and] the oppressive conditions in Chinatown."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By pushing out a publication such as <i>Getting Together</i>, IWK believed that they would be able to share their particular observations and stories of oppression to the rest of the nation. </p><p>Eventually, it spread out nationally towards the Bay Area, joining forces with the Red Guards (a similar organization based in San Francisco). The group was also generally persecuted by more conservative groups within the Chinese and Asian American community, like the CCBA, who denounced IWK's revolutionary activities as being disruptive to Chinatown (Wei 215). They were also under FBI surveillance when they began to use the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Progressive_Association_(San_Francisco)" title="Chinese Progressive Association (San Francisco)">Chinese Progressive Association</a> as a means of public recruitment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1978, I Wor Kuen and the Chicano Marxist–Leninist organization <a href="/wiki/August_29th_Movement" title="August 29th Movement">August 29th Movement</a> were both dissolved and the new organization the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Revolutionary_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Revolutionary Struggle">League of Revolutionary Struggle</a> was founded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_Wor_Kuen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/01/archives/youths-in-chinatown-open-health-fair.html">"Youths in Chinatown Open Health Fair"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1 August 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Youths+in+Chinatown+Open+Health+Fair&rft.date=1971-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F08%2F01%2Farchives%2Fyouths-in-chinatown-open-health-fair.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AI+Wor+Kuen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChing1971" class="citation news cs1">Ching, Frank (12 November 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/12/archives/peking-backers-here-stage-welcome.html">"Peking Backers Here Stage Welcome"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Peking+Backers+Here+Stage+Welcome&rft.date=1971-11-12&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F11%2F12%2Farchives%2Fpeking-backers-here-stage-welcome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AI+Wor+Kuen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWei1993" class="citation book cs1">Wei, William (1993). <i>Asian American Movement</i>. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+American+Movement&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AI+Wor+Kuen" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_Wor_Kuen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.asamst.ucsb.edu/news/newsletter2006.pdf">http://www.asamst.ucsb.edu/news/newsletter2006.pdf</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122154742/http://www.aamovement.net/history/red_guard/redguardparty.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20081122154742/http://www.aamovement.net/history/red_guard/redguardparty.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080325170215/http://www.aamovement.net/history/ypm3.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20080325170215/http://www.aamovement.net/history/ypm3.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.aamovement.net/history/gt/gt.html">http://www.aamovement.net/history/gt/gt.html</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaeda2005" class="citation journal cs1">Maeda, Daryl J (2005). "Black Panthers, Red Guards, and Chinamen: Constructing Asian American Identity through Performing Blackness, 1969-1972". <i>American Quarterly</i>. <b>57</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1079–</span>1103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faq.2006.0012">10.1353/aq.2006.0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145694767">145694767</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/191649">191649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Black+Panthers%2C+Red+Guards%2C+and+Chinamen%3A+Constructing+Asian+American+Identity+through+Performing+Blackness%2C+1969-1972&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1079-%3C%2Fspan%3E1103&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Faq.2006.0012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145694767%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Maeda&rft.aufirst=Daryl+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AI+Wor+Kuen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121212065642/http://www.blackpanther.org/legacytwo.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20121212065642/http://www.blackpanther.org/legacytwo.htm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-1a/iwk-history.htm">History of I Wor Kuen</a> at the Encyclopedia 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.navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_American_organizations" title="Template:Chinese American organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_American_organizations" title="Template talk:Chinese American organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_American_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese American organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_American_organizations71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chinese American organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_American_associations" title="List of Chinese American associations">List of Chinese American associations</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Kong_Tong" title="Bing Kong Tong">Bing Kong Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Chinese-American_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brooklyn Chinese-American Association (page does not exist)">Brooklyn Chinese-American Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_American_Citizens_Alliance" title="Chinese American Citizens Alliance">Chinese American Citizens Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_American_Service_League" title="Chinese American Service League">Chinese American Service League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Consolidated_Benevolent_Association" title="Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association">Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Hand_Laundry_Alliance" title="Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance">Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Music_Society_of_North_America" title="Chinese Music Society of North America">Chinese Music Society of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Staff_and_Workers%27_Association" title="Chinese Staff and Workers' Association">Chinese Staff and Workers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_for_Affirmative_Action" title="Chinese for Affirmative Action">Chinese for Affirmative Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_100_(United_States)" title="Committee of 100 (United States)">Committee of 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eng_Suey_Sun_Association" title="Eng Suey Sun Association">Eng Suey Sun Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Family_Association" title="Gin Family Association">Gin Family Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_Sing_Association" title="Hip Sing Association">Hip Sing Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hop_Sing_Tong" title="Hop Sing Tong">Hop Sing Tong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">I Wor Kuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongsi" title="Kongsi">Kongsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Sing_Association" title="Lin Sing Association">Lin Sing Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Chinese_School" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Chinese School">New York Chinese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Leong_Chinese_Merchants_Association" title="On Leong Chinese Merchants Association">On Leong Chinese Merchants Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Chinese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Chinese Americans">Organization of Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soo_Yuen_Benevolent_Association" title="Soo Yuen Benevolent Association">Soo Yuen Benevolent Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suey_Sing_Association" title="Suey Sing Association">Suey Sing Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Metropolitan_Association_of_Chinese_Schools" title="Washington Metropolitan Association of Chinese Schools">Washington Metropolitan Association of Chinese Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_On_Association" title="Ying On Association">Ying On Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_New_Left93" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_New_Left" title="Template:American New Left"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_New_Left" title="Template talk:American New Left"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_New_Left" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American New Left"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_New_Left93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Left#United_States" title="New Left">American New Left</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations and<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">Diggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_Brigade" title="George Jackson Brigade">George Jackson Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_Internationalist_Movement" title="Maoist Internationalist Movement">Maoist Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Communist_movement" title="New Communist movement">New Communist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Coalition_(Fred_Hampton)" title="Rainbow Coalition (Fred Hampton)">Rainbow Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLATE" title="SLATE">SLATE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army" title="Symbionese Liberation Army">Symbionese Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_Against_the_Wall_Motherfucker" title="Up Against the Wall Motherfucker">Up Against the Wall Motherfucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Freedom_Front" title="United Freedom Front">United Freedom Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International Party</a> ("Yippies")</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Movement" title="New American Movement">New American Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Movement" title="Revolutionary Youth Movement">Revolutionary Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venceremos_Brigade" title="Venceremos Brigade">Venceremos Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_Student_Alliance" title="Worker Student Alliance">Worker Student Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maceo_Brigade" title="Antonio Maceo Brigade">Antonio Maceo Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Liberation_Army" title="Black Liberation Army">Black Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Liberators" title="Black Liberators">Black Liberators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Berets" title="Brown Berets">Brown Berets</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">I Wor Kuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Action_Movement" title="Revolutionary Action Movement">Revolutionary Action Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth_Organization" title="Sojourner Truth Organization">Sojourner Truth Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Erik Olin Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Saul Alinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Avakian" title="Bob Avakian">Bob Avakian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers" title="Bill Ayers">Bill Ayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gilbert_(activist)" title="David Gilbert (activist)">David Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Gold" title="Ted Gold">Ted Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hayden" title="Tom Hayden">Tom Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacobs_(activist)" title="John Jacobs (activist)">John Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Robbins" title="Terry Robbins">Terry Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rubin" title="Jerry Rubin">Jerry Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Tribe" title="Berkeley Tribe">Berkeley Tribe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dissent_(American_magazine)" title="Dissent (American magazine)">Dissent</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberated_Barracks" title="Liberated Barracks">Liberated Barracks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Guardian" title="National Guardian">National Guardian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Newsreel" title="The Newsreel">The Newsreel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radical_America" title="Radical America">Radical America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramparts_(magazine)" title="Ramparts (magazine)">Ramparts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wor_Kuen&oldid=1274804836">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wor_Kuen&oldid=1274804836</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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