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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_from_the_Principate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_from_the_Principate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Transition from the Principate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_from_the_Principate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiple_emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Multiple emperors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devaluation_of_the_Consulate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devaluation_of_the_Consulate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Devaluation of the Consulate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devaluation_of_the_Consulate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transformation_of_the_traditional_Senatorial_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transformation_of_the_traditional_Senatorial_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Transformation of the traditional Senatorial order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transformation_of_the_traditional_Senatorial_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Military reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Religious reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downgrading_of_Rome_as_capital_of_the_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downgrading_of_Rome_as_capital_of_the_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Downgrading of Rome as capital of the empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downgrading_of_Rome_as_capital_of_the_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intensification_of_coloni_use_and_the_origins_of_serfdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensification_of_coloni_use_and_the_origins_of_serfdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Intensification of coloni use and the origins of serfdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensification_of_coloni_use_and_the_origins_of_serfdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stylistic_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stylistic_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Stylistic changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stylistic_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dominate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="عهد السيادة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عهد السيادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Дамінат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дамінат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Доминат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Доминат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domin%C3%A1t" title="Dominát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dominát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatet" title="Dominatet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dominatet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominaat" title="Dominaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dominaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Δεσποτεία (Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεσποτεία (Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominado" title="Dominado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dominado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatua" title="Dominatua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dominatua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87" title="دومیناته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دومیناته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%95" title="전제정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전제정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Դոմինատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դոմինատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatus" title="Dominatus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dominatus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominato" title="Dominato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dominato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98" title="דומינט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דומינט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="დომინატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დომინატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Доминат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Доминат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatas" title="Dominatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dominatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatus" title="Dominatus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dominatus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Доминат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Доминат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89" title="الدوميناتى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الدوميناتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominaat" title="Dominaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dominaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%82%B9" title="ドミナートゥス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドミナートゥス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatet" title="Dominatet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dominatet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%84/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" title="واکمن اوسېدل/تسلط – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="واکمن اوسېدل/تسلط" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominato" title="Dominato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dominato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Доминат – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Доминат" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Доминат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Доминат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominati_(Roma)" title="Dominati (Roma) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dominati (Roma)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domin%C3%A1t" title="Dominát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dominát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Доминат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Доминат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominat" title="Dominat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dominat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatet" title="Dominatet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dominatet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominado" title="Dominado – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dominado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatus" title="Dominatus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dominatus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Домінат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Домінат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%92" title="دومیناتے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دومیناتے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Late Roman Empire administration phase</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of ancient Rome">Politics of ancient Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/150px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/225px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/300px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a></b><br />753–509 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></b><br />509–27 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b><br />27 BC – AD 395</li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 284</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dominate</a><br />AD 284–641</li></ul> </div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire"><b>Western</b></a><br />AD 395–476</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><b>Eastern</b></a><br />AD 395–1453</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">Sullan republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Augustus" title="Constitutional reforms of Augustus">Augustan reforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Political institutions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Assemblies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Ordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Extraordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrector" title="Corrector">Corrector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Public law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius" title="Ius">Ius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum" title="Senatus consultum">Senatus consultum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestio_perpetua" title="Quaestio perpetua">Quaestio perpetua</a></i></li></ul> </div> <i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">Senatus consultum ultimum</a></i></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Titles and honours</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses">Praeses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis" title="Triumvir monetalis">Triumvir monetalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template talk:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Dominate</b>, also known as the <b>late Roman Empire</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Despotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Despotic">despotic</a> form of imperial government of the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. It followed the earlier period known as the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>. Until the empire was reunited in 313, this phase is more often called the <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Menne,_I._2011_p._21_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menne,_I._2011_p._21-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It may begin with the commencement of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> in AD 284, following the <a href="/wiki/Third_Century_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Century Crisis">Third Century Crisis</a> of AD 235–284, and end in the west with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> in AD 476, while in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> its end is disputed, with the majority of opinions placing it around the transition between the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian</a> dynasties, between the years 565<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 641.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In form, the Dominate is considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to have been more authoritarian, less collegial and more bureaucratic than the Principate from which it emerged. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern term <i>dominate</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>dominus</i>, which translates into English as <i><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">lord</a></i> or <i>master</i>. <i>Dominus</i>, traditionally used by Roman slaves to address their masters, was sporadically used in addressing <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperors</a> throughout the Principate, usually in the form of excessive flattery (or political invective) when referring to the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> actively discouraged the practice, and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> in particular is said to have reviled it as <a href="/wiki/Sycophancy" title="Sycophancy">sycophancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> encouraged its use,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but none of the emperors used the term in any semi-official capacity until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> in AD 274, where coins were issued bearing the inscription <i>deus et dominus natus</i> ('born god and master').<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only under <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> that the term <i>dominus</i> was adopted as part of the emperor's official titulature, forming part of Diocletian's radical reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-Menne,_I._2011_p._21_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menne,_I._2011_p._21-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transition_from_the_Principate">Transition from the Principate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transition from the Principate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dominate system of government emerged as a response to the 50 years of chaos that is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>. The stresses and strains of those years (chronic usurpations, military insurrections, simultaneous military conflicts across multiple frontiers) exposed the weaknesses in the Roman state under the Principate, and saw a gradual movement from the collegiate model of government that existed prior to AD 235 to a more formally autocratic version that begins after AD 285.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In broad terms, it saw the gradual exclusion of the senatorial elite from high military commands and the parallel elevation of the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian order">equestrian orders</a>, the reorganisation of the armed forces and the creation of mobile field armies, changes in imperial dress and ceremonial displays, a religious policy aiming at religious unity, large scale monetary reforms, and the creation of an empire-wide civil bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Diocletian is commonly thought of as creator of the Dominate, its origins lie in the innovations of earlier emperors, principally those undertaken by Aurelian (AD 270–275).<sup id="cite_ref-Updated:20July2001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Updated:20July2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some reforms stretch back to the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (AD 253–268)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (AD 98–117), during whose reign "<a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">knights</a> were given an escalating importance in the administration of Rome and the empire."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all the changes that produced the 'Dominate' were completed by the time of Diocletian's abdication in AD 305; many changes were either introduced or modified by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a>. Consequently, just as the Principate emerged over the period 31 BC through to 14 AD, it is only by AD 337 that the reforms that resulted in the Dominate were largely complete.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the opinion of the historian <a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">John Bagnall Bury</a>, the system of government </p> <blockquote><p>constructed with the most careful attention to details, was a solution of the formidable problem of holding together a huge heterogeneous empire, threatened with dissolution and bankruptcy, an empire which was far from being geographically compact and had four long, as well as several smaller, frontiers to defend. To govern a large state by two independent but perfectly similar machines, controlled not from one centre but from two foci, without sacrificing its unity was an interesting and entirely new experiment. These bureaucratic machines worked moderately well, and their success might have been extraordinary if the monarchs who directed them had always been men of superior ability. Blots of course and defects there were, especially in the fields of economy and finance. The political creation of the Illyrian Emperors was not unworthy of the genius of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_emperors">Multiple emperors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Multiple emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>, the position of emperor saw the concentration of various civil and military offices within a single <a href="/wiki/Magistracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistracy">magistracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustus and his successors usually took great care to disguise the autocratic nature of the office by hiding behind the institutions of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and the fiction that the emperor was simply the <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a></i> or first citizen, whose authority was granted by the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Senate of the Roman Empire">Senate</a>. This role was almost always filled by a single individual, and the date that the <i><a href="/wiki/Potestas_tribunicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Potestas tribunicia">Potestas tribunicia</a></i> was conferred onto that person was the point when imperial authority could be exercised.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of the Principate, it became common for the emperor (or <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a></i>) to nominate an heir (referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i>), but the <i>caesar</i> did not have access to the powers of the emperor, nor was he delegated any official authority.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was during the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a> that the traditional imperial approach of a single imperial magistrate based at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> became unable to cope with multiple and simultaneous invasions and usurpations that required the emperor to be everywhere at once. Further, it was their absence which caused usurpations to occur in response to a local or provincial crisis that traditionally would have been dealt with by the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Dominate, the burden of the imperial position was increasingly shared between colleagues, referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Consortium_imperii" title="Consortium imperii">Consortium imperii</a></i>. It was Diocletian who introduced this form of government, under a system called the <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a>, which originally consisted of two co-emperors (<i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augusti</a></i>) and two respectively subordinate junior emperors (<i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesars</a></i>), each of whom shared in the imperial power. This original power sharing model lasted from AD 289 through to AD 324, being undone during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_wars_of_the_Tetrarchy" title="Civil wars of the Tetrarchy">Civil wars of the Tetrarchy</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a>'s death in AD 337, the empire was again shared between multiple <i>augusti</i>, lasting until AD 350. The model became a permanent feature of the empire in AD 364 with the accession of <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a>, who shared the imperial office with his brother <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>. Barring the 3-year period of solitary rule by <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> from AD 392–395, this approach would last until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">overthrow of the last western emperor</a> in AD 476. </p><p>While each <i>augustus</i> was autonomous within each portion of the empire they managed, all laws that were introduced by any emperor were valid across the entirety of the empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devaluation_of_the_Consulate">Devaluation of the Consulate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Devaluation of the Consulate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, the office of <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a> was the highest elected magistracy in the Roman state, with two consuls elected annually. With the arrival of the Principate, although all real power was invested in the emperor, the consuls were still in theory the head of state, and the calendar year was identified by the two <i>ordinary</i> consuls who began in office at the start of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the Principate, the imperial consulate was an important position, albeit as the method through which the Roman aristocracy could progress through to the higher levels of imperial administration – only former consuls could become consular legates, the proconsuls of Africa and Asia, or the urban prefect of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consequently, the high regard placed upon the ordinary consulate remained intact, as it was one of the few offices that one could share with the emperor, and during this period it was filled mostly by patricians or by individuals who had consular ancestors. It was a post that would be occupied by a man halfway through his career, in his early thirties for a patrician, or in his early forties for most others.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If they were especially skilled or valued, they may even have achieved a second (or rarely, a third) consulate. Prior to achieving the consulate, these individuals already had a significant career behind them, and would expect to continue serving the state, filling in the post upon which the state functioned.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagnall,_R._S._1987_p.2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagnall,_R._S._1987_p.2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Dominate, the loss of many pre-consular functions and the encroachment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equites</a></i> into the traditional senatorial administrative and military functions meant that senatorial careers virtually vanished prior to their appointment as consuls.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagnall,_R._S._1987_p.2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagnall,_R._S._1987_p.2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had the effect of seeing a <a href="/wiki/Suffect" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffect">suffect</a> consulship granted at an earlier age, to the point that by the 4th century, it was being held by men in their early twenties, and possibly younger.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagnall,_R._S._1987_p.2_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagnall,_R._S._1987_p.2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As time progressed, second consulates, usually ordinary, became far more common than had been the case during the first two centuries, while the first consulship was usually a suffect consulate. Also, the consulate during this period was no longer just the province of senators – the automatic awarding of a suffect consulship to the equestrian <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefects</a> (who were given the <i>ornamenta consularia</i> upon achieving their office) allowed them to style themselves <i>cos. II</i> when they were later granted an ordinary consulship by the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagnall,_R._S._1987_p.2_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagnall,_R._S._1987_p.2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All this had the effect of further devaluing the office of consul, to the point that by time of the Dominate, holding an ordinary consulate was occasionally left out of the cursus inscriptions, while suffect consulships were hardly ever recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagnall,_R._S._1987_p.2_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagnall,_R._S._1987_p.2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transformation_of_the_traditional_Senatorial_order">Transformation of the traditional Senatorial order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transformation of the traditional Senatorial order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg/220px-Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg/330px-Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg/440px-Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>Roman Emperor Constantine, who adjusted many of the civil and military reforms initiated by Diocletian</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the key changes in the management of the empire during the Dominate was the large scale removal of old-style senatorial participation in administrative and military functions. The process began with the reforms of Gallienus, who removed senators from military commands, placing them in the hands of the <i><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Diocletian, the military equestrian transformation was taken a stage further, with the removal of hereditary senators from most administrative, as well as military, posts (such as the <a href="/wiki/Legatus_legionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus legionis">Legatus legionis</a>). Hereditary senators were limited to administrative jobs in Italy and a few neighbouring provinces (Sicily, Africa, Achaea and Asia), despite the fact that senior administrative posts had been greatly multiplied by the tripling of the number of provinces and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">dioceses</a> (or super-provinces). The exclusion of the old Italian aristocracy, both senatorial and equestrian, from the political and military power that they had monopolised for many centuries was largely complete. The Senate became politically insignificant, although it retained great prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constantine I, however, re-introduced a limited form of <a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">senatorial career</a>, basing the magistracies on previous offices but with changed functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_P._2001_p._255_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_P._2001_p._255-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestorship</a>, a role which had acted as a form of apprenticeship for an ambitious senator during the Principate, it was downgraded during the Dominate and assigned to the sons of senators, with the legal qualifying age lowered to sixteen. This was followed by a suffect consulship and/or a <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetorship</a>. The office of Praetor had also lost much of its influence, as it had been stripped of its legal functions, so that during the Dominate its purpose was primarily to organise the <i><a href="/wiki/Ludi_Romani" title="Ludi Romani">Ludi Romani</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most prestigious post that a senator could hold under the Dominate was that of <i><a href="/wiki/Praefectus_urbi" title="Praefectus urbi">Praefectus urbi</a></i>; during this period the office gained in effective power, as the imperial court was removed from the city of Rome, meaning that the prefects were no longer under the emperor's direct supervision. The most significant change was the return of <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">provincial government</a> to the senatorial order, with the larger or more important provinces handed over to those senators who had held an ordinary consulship. However, unlike the time of the Principate, the role of governor was much reduced, being a purely civil magistrate with no military functions, and with provinces greatly reduced in size, and the number increasing from the roughly fifty pre-existing provinces to approximately one hundred.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decline in the functions carried out by the old aristocratic senatorial families acting collegially with the emperor in the running of the empire was offset by the rise of an expanded imperial bureaucracy who served the emperor in a subordinate role. Interposed between the governors and the emperors was the <i><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></i> and, above him, the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">Praetorian Prefect</a>, both of which were civilian (non-military) roles. Gone was the division between <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Senatorial provinces">provinces under the jurisdiction of the Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial provinces">those under the authority of the emperor</a> during the Principate. Now all <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">dioceses</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefecture</a> were under the authority of the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Praetorian Prefects had wide-ranging administrative, financial, judicial and legislative powers. The provincial governors were appointed at his recommendation, and with him rested their dismissal, subject to the Emperor's approval. The only civilian officials not under the direct oversight of the Praetorian Prefects were the <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsular</a> governors of <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Urban_Prefect" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Prefect">Urban Prefects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increasing administrative machinery surrounding the emperor resulted in an explosion of bureaucratic offices. These state officials were paid originally both in food and with money, but over the course of the Dominate, the <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/annona#Latin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:annona">annona</a></i> (or food ration) was converted into money. Their salaries therefore consumed a considerable chunk of the imperial budget. Although precise numbers are not available, it has been speculated that the state bureaucracy in the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">Praetorian prefecture of the East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum</a>, including the diocesan and provincial governor's staffs, would have consisted of somewhere around 10,000 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This figure did not include the staff of the military commanders, or the financial and other central ministries, and contrasts with the estimated 300 state bureaucrats that were employed across all the provinces during the period of the Julio-Claudian emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the most important offices under the Dominate were the </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></i> (the officer responsible for drafting the laws, and the Imperial rescripts responding to petitions)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></i> (officer responsible for managing the secretarial departments in the palace, the conduct of court ceremonies, and controlling the special department which dealt with ceremonial arrangements and Imperial audiences)</li> <li><i>Magistri scriniorum</i> (the emperor's secretaries, belonging to the <i>memoriae</i>, <i>epistularum</i>, and <i>libellorum</i> bureaus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praepositus_sacri_cubiculi" title="Praepositus sacri cubiculi">Praepositus sacri cubiculi</a></i> (the emperor's chamberlain, who exercised a general authority over all officers associated with the imperial court).</li></ul> <p>All important offices automatically carried with them admission into the Senate, thereby further eroding the standing of the traditional aristocratic Senatorial families of the Principate under the Dominate. This resulted in a senatorial body of around 2,000 members during the reign of Constantine,<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_P._2001_p._255_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_P._2001_p._255-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and these numbers only increased when there were two senatorial bodies in existence, one at Rome and one at Constantinople. </p><p>All the higher officials in the imperial bureaucracy belonged to one of the three classes or ranks introduced by Constantine I – the <i><a href="/wiki/Vir_illustris" title="Vir illustris">illustres</a></i>, <i>spectabiles</i> and <i>clarissimi</i>, all of whom were automatically members of the senatorial order. The heads of the great central civil ministries, the <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magistri militum</a></i> and other high level military commanders as well as the <i>Praepositus sacri cubiculi</i> were all graded as <i>illustres</i>, the highest of the new senatorial ranks. The second class (<i>spectabiles</i>) was assigned to a large group of civil servants, including the <a href="/wiki/Proconsuls" class="mw-redirect" title="Proconsuls">Proconsuls</a>, <i>vicarii</i>, the military governors in the provinces and the <i>magistri scriniorum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entry level class, <i><a href="/wiki/Clarissimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarissimus">clarissimus</a></i>, was the minimum qualification for membership of the Senate. It was automatically awarded as part of the governorship of a province, and to a myriad of other lesser officers. It was held by a large number of junior imperial public servants, as well as being awarded to them after their retirement. The generosity of the emperors in bestowing the <i>clarissimus</i> witnessed the gradual erosion in its value. As a consequence, the emperors began to raise many <i>clarissimi</i> graded officials to the rank of <i>spectabiles</i>, which in turn cheapened the highest rank of <i>illustres</i>. This inflationary pressure resulted in the creation of a new senatorial rank before the middle of the 6th century, that of <i><a href="/wiki/Vir_gloriosus" title="Vir gloriosus">gloriosi</a></i>. Higher in grading than the <i>illustres</i>, all of the highest state officials were regraded to this rank.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_reforms">Military reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rmn-mil-cmd-strct-4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rmn-mil-cmd-strct-4.png/300px-Rmn-mil-cmd-strct-4.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rmn-mil-cmd-strct-4.png/450px-Rmn-mil-cmd-strct-4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rmn-mil-cmd-strct-4.png/600px-Rmn-mil-cmd-strct-4.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>The original command structure of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a>, with a separate <i>magister equitum</i> and a <i>magister peditum</i> in place of the later overall <i>magister militum</i> in the command structure of the army of the Western Roman Empire.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the Principate, provinces that contained <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> were under the proconsular authority of the emperor, who managed those provinces through designated legates (<i><a href="/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore" title="Legatus Augusti pro praetore">Legatus Augusti pro praetore</a></i>), while the units stationed at Rome were under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Prefect" class="mw-redirect" title="Praetorian Prefect">Praetorian Prefect</a>. During the Crisis of the Third Century, greater authority over imperial military matters was ceded to the Praetorian Prefects,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the imperial legates took advantage of weakened centralised authority to use the troops under their command to rebel against the emperor and claim the imperial title for themselves. </p><p>It was <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> who initially divided the military administrative apparatus and the civil administration in order to mitigate the risk that future imperial governors or Praetorian Prefects might attempt to seize the throne through force, and then he reorganized both of them.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Tetrarchy, the Praetorian Prefects were the Emperor's top administrators, ranking just below the Emperor himself in dignity. While initially serving as the Emperor's second in command in all matters of imperial administration (military, civil, judicial, taxation, etc.), during the course of the Dominate the Prefects gradually had portions of their authority stripped from them and given to other offices: the <a href="/wiki/Magister_Militum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magister Militum">Masters of the Soldiers</a> for military affairs and the <a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Imperial Chancellor</a> for central civilian administration.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These reforms were the result of both the lack of officials suitable for the prefect's wide-ranging tasks, and of the desire to reduce the potential challenge to the Emperor's authority posed by a powerful Prefect.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next reforms were undertaken by Constantine I, who reorganised the supreme military command. Two significant parts of the reform are apparent: the separation of military commanders from civil administration and the division of the army into two classes: the Field Armies ("<i><a href="/wiki/Comitatenses" title="Comitatenses">comitatenses</a></i>") and the Frontier Troops ("<i><a href="/wiki/Limitanei" title="Limitanei">limitanei</a></i>").<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Field Armies served as the Empire's strategic reserve to respond to crisis where it may arise whereas the Frontier Troops were permanently stationed along the Empire's borders ("<i><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a></i>"). Recruited from the ranks of the Field Armies were the Palace Troops units ("<i><a href="/wiki/Palatini_(Roman_military)" title="Palatini (Roman military)">Palatini</a></i>"), who accompanied the Emperor as he travelled around the Empire, functioning as the successor to the Principate's <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the same time, Constantine established the new military roles of the Master of the Soldiers ("<i><a href="/wiki/Magister_Militum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magister Militum">Magister Militum</a></i>"), who were the supreme military commanders of the empire. Beginning with the head of the foot troops, the <i>magister peditum</i> ("Master of the Foot"), and one for the more prestigious horse troops, the <i>magister equitum</i> ("Master of the Horse"), these were established in each of the four <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Praetorian Prefecture">Praetorian Prefectures</a>. Over time, the numbers and types of Masters would vary across the empire. The establishment of solely military officials provided for a more professional military leadership. The Masters were all ranked as <i>illustres</i>. </p> <ul><li>Within the East, by the late 4th century, there were Masters of the Soldiers, <i><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">per Illyricum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" title="Diocese of Thrace">per Thracias</a> </i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">per Orientem</a></i>. Each of these three Masters exercised independent command over one of the three Field Armies of the Eastern Empire. There were also two Masters of the Soldiers in the Presence (<i>in praesenti</i>) who accompanied the Eastern Emperor and who each commanded half of the Palace Troops. Each of the five Masters were of equal rank.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_J._B._1958_p._36_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_J._B._1958_p._36-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Within the West, there were originally four Masters of the Soldiers; foot and horse <i><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul" title="Praetorian prefecture of Gaul">per Gallias</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">per Italiam</a></i>. Over time, it became more common for the offices (foot and horse) to be combined under a single person, then styled <i>magister equitum et peditum</i> or <i>magister utriusquae militiae</i> ("master of both forces"). By the time of <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a>, the Master of Both Services was the supreme military commander of the West, ranking only below the Emperor and above all other military commanders, and commander of half the Palace Troops. The Master of the Horse held command over half the Palace Troops and the Field Army of Gaul, but still under the command of the Master of Both Services.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_J._B._1958_p._36_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_J._B._1958_p._36-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>To support the Masters of the Soldiers, the Empire established several Military Counts ("<i><a href="/wiki/Comes" title="Comes">Comes rei militaris</a></i>"). There were six such Military Counts throughout the Empire. The Military Counts were all ranked as <i>spectabiles</i>. </p> <ul><li>Within the East, there was only one Military Count: the Military Count of Egypt ("<i>Comes rei militaris Aegypti</i>"). Unlike the Military Counts of the West, this Count commanded the Frontier Troops stationed in Egypt and reported directly to the Eastern Emperor.</li> <li>Within the West, there were six such Military Counts, one for each of the five Field Armies in Illyria, Africa, Tingitania, Hispania, and Britannia. The sixth military count, the Count of the Saxon Shore ("<i><a href="/wiki/Count_of_the_Saxon_Shore" title="Count of the Saxon Shore">comes littoris Saxonici per Britanniam</a></i>"), commanded Frontier Troops along both sides of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and reported to the Count of Britannia. The five regular Military Counts reported to the Master of Both Services.</li></ul> <p>The various Frontier Troops were under the command of Dukes ("<i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">duces limitis</a></i>" or "border commanders"). These commanders were the closest in function to the Imperial Legates of the Principate.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Dukes were given command of forces in a single province, but a few controlled more than one province. In the East, the Dukes reported to the Master of the Soldiers of their district whereas in the West they reported to their respective Military Count. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_reforms">Religious reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religious reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dominate saw enormous changes in the official religion of the empire from its <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a> Principate origins. Its principal feature was the elevation of a supreme deity that all peoples in the empire were to worship. According to <a href="/wiki/John_Bagnall_Bury" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bagnall Bury">John Bagnall Bury</a> </p> <blockquote><p>while in all ancient monarchies religion and sacerdotalism were a political as well as a social power, the position of the Christian Church in the Roman Empire was a new thing in the world, presenting problems of a kind with which no ruler had hitherto been confronted and to which no past experience offered a key. The history of the Empire would have been profoundly different if the Church had remained as independent of the State as it had been before Constantine. But heresies and schisms and religious intolerance on one side, and the despotic instinct to control all social forces on the other, brought about a close union between State and Church which altered the character and spirit of the State, and constituted perhaps the most striking difference between the early and the later Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The origins of the change began in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a>, who promoted the worship of <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a> as the supreme deity of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Updated:20July2001_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Updated:20July2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the worship of Sol Invictus did not remove the veneration towards the traditional Roman gods, it was seen as a mark of imperial favouritism, and the emperors linked his cult to the well-being of the state and on-going military victories of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Next, it was during Diocletian's reign that emperor worship was fully adopted by the emperors, as a method of expressing loyalty to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, deceased emperors had been worshiped as <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">divus</a></i> across the empire. Living emperors had been worshiped as gods in the eastern half of the empire since the time of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, but this was not officially encouraged during the Principate, and it was not introduced into Italy. It was Diocletian who altered this to have the worship of the living emperors as an official part of the religious framework of the entire empire.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To facilitate this, Diocletian was linked to the god <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, while his colleague <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> was associated with <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was under Constantine I that the religious transformation began to take its late Dominate shape, initially with Constantine officially favouring the worship of a single deity in the shape of Sol Invictus.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the course of his reign, the identification of Sol Invictus as the principal god began to merge with the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> god.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid offending Christians, Constantine abandoned the emperor's formal claim to divinity and ceased to demand sacrifices to the emperor that formed part of the imperial cult.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to appeal to both Christians and pagans, Constantine adopted two new religious symbols into the imperial iconography, in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Chi_Rho" title="Chi Rho">Chi Rho</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Labarum" title="Labarum">Labarum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_P._2001_p._281_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_P._2001_p._281-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of Constantine's death in AD 337, this process was largely complete, with Constantine being baptized on his deathbed. </p><p>At the Imperial court, Christians began indiscernibly to rise in favour, to the detriment of pagans. This did not begin to immediately hamper the advancement of pagan courtiers after the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> in 312, as the full effects were not visible until paganism was prohibited at the end of the 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_P._2001_p._281_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_P._2001_p._281-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, however, as a result of the imperial patronage of Constantine and especially his sons, Christianity rapidly emerged as the official religion of the empire, although many vestiges of the imperial cult took some time to pass (such as the Emperors still assuming the role of <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a>, chief priest of the pagan cults, until AD 381).<sup id="cite_ref-Southern,_P._2001_p._281_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern,_P._2001_p._281-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, the organisation of the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Imperial Church</a> had aligned to the civil administration of the empire. Every city had a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>, every <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> had a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan</a>, and every <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">civil diocese</a> had an <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_hierarchy#Equivalents_of_diocesan_bishops_in_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church hierarchy">exarch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the level of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian Prefectures</a> sat the five <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Patriarchates</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a>'s authority extended over the whole western or Latin half of the Empire, and included the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> had oversight over the civil dioceses of Thrace, Pontus, and Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Alexandria">Patriarchate of Alexandria</a> corresponded to the Diocese of Egypt. The <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Antioch">Patriarchate of Antioch</a> had jurisdiction over the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">Praetorian prefecture of the East</a>, while the smaller <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a> dominated the three Palestinian provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emperors had, over time, conceded many privileges to the clergy and the churches. Firstly, all clergy, like the holders of the pagan religious offices, were exempted from taxation. There were no restrictions placed on churches receiving bequests through wills, and they were given the same rights as the pagan temples had in granting asylum to any who requested it. Bishops were permitted to act as judges in civil cases when both parties had agreed, and no appeal was permitted once the Bishop had made their ruling. The state made increasing use of the ecclesiastical authorities in local administration due to the decline in the civic life of the urban communities, which coincided with the increasing local influence of the bishops. Finally, bishops were given the same role as the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defensor_civitatis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defensor civitatis (page does not exist)">defensor civitatis</a></i>, who was responsible for protecting the poor against exploitation by government officials and defending them from other powerful individuals, during the course of which the bishop could bring cases of illegality directly to the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downgrading_of_Rome_as_capital_of_the_empire">Downgrading of Rome as capital of the empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Downgrading of Rome as capital of the empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most visible signs of the changes brought about by the Dominate was the downgrading of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> from its status as the official residence of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a>. This precedent had already been established by <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> in 260, who moved the imperial court to <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> in response to a suspected future attack by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">usurper</a> <a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a> as well as defending Italy from the ravages of the <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rome was increasingly seen to be too distant a residence for the emperor when troubles could erupt along any of the borders of the empire. In the west, Mediolanum was seen to be a much better strategic city for the emperor to be based at, as it gave good access through the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> northwards to both the Danubian provinces in the east as well as the Rhine provinces and <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> to the west. Further, it was well positioned to guard against incursions through the alpine passes.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision was confirmed when Diocletian established the Tetrarchy, and his colleague <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> informally established Mediolanum as the senior western emperor's official residence.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diocletian, conscious that the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persian</a> threat to the eastern provinces required a continuous imperial presence, placed his eastern capital in the city of <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>. Meanwhile, the Caesars also had imperial residences – <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a> was based at <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum" title="Augusta Treverorum">Augusta Treverorum</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> sited his residence at <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the collapse of the Tetrachy, Constantine I at first placed his imperial capital at <a href="/wiki/Serdica" class="mw-redirect" title="Serdica">Ulpia Serdica</a> before erecting a new imperial capital on the site of the old Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>. Naming it <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, it finally replaced Nicomedia as the site of the emperor's residence in the east in 330.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantinople would remain the capital of the eastern provinces throughout the period of the Dominate. </p><p>In the west, Mediolanum continued to be the imperial residence until the repeated invasions by <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a> forced the western emperor <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a> to relocate to the strongly fortified city of <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> in 402.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ravenna remained the western imperial capital until the loss of Italy in 476. Although Rome was reincorporated into the empire by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> in 540, it was Ravenna which was selected as the official residence of the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarch</a>, the governor who represented the emperor in Italy. Ravenna would retain this position until 751, when the Byzantine Empire finally lost the central Italian provinces to the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensification_of_coloni_use_and_the_origins_of_serfdom">Intensification of coloni use and the origins of serfdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Intensification of coloni use and the origins of serfdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom#Origins" title="History of serfdom">History of serfdom § Origins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome#Serfdom" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery in ancient Rome § Serfdom</a></div> <p>Large Roman landowners increasingly relied on Roman freemen, acting as tenant farmers to provide labor.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackay298_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackay298-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The status of these tenant farmers, eventually known as <a href="/wiki/Colonus_(person)" title="Colonus (person)">coloni</a>, steadily eroded. Because the tax system implemented by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (reigned 284–305) assessed taxes based both on land and on the inhabitants of that land, it became administratively inconvenient for peasants to leave the land where the census counted them.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackay298_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackay298-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 332 AD, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Constantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Constantine">Emperor Constantine</a> issued legislation that greatly restricted the rights of the coloni and tied them to the land. Coloni and lower-ranking plebeians were no longer allowed to change their occupation. Ultimately, with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Rome">Fall of Rome</a>, non-Patrician Roman citizens themselves would find themselves displaced and would become serfs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stylistic_changes">Stylistic changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stylistic changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diocletian and his <i>augusti</i> colleagues and successors openly displayed the naked face of Imperial power. They ceased using the more modest title of <a href="/wiki/Princeps#Roman_Emperor" title="Princeps">princeps</a>; they adopted the veneration of the potentates of ancient <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persia</a>; and, they started wearing jeweled robes and shoes in contrast to the simple <a href="/wiki/Toga_praetexta" class="mw-redirect" title="Toga praetexta">toga praetexta</a> used by Emperors of the Principate. </p><p>Emperors inhabited luxurious palaces (the ruins of Diocletian's enormous palace in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> survive to this day; see <a href="/wiki/Diocletian%27s_Palace" title="Diocletian's Palace">Diocletian's Palace</a>) and were surrounded by a court of individuals who, only due to the favor and proximity of the Emperor, attained the highest honorific titles and bureaucratic functions. In fact, many offices associated with the palatine life and that suggested intimate relationship with royalty eventually developed connotations of power, such as the offices of <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)" title="Chamberlain (office)">Chamberlain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constable" title="Constable">Constable</a>. The titles of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Senator">Senator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Consul" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Consul">Consul</a>, after the loss of every residue of political power they had had in the Principate, became mere honorifics in the later Empire. </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Stone_Potter" title="David Stone Potter">David Potter</a> describes the transformation of government under Diocletian when describing the shifts in imagery the Emperor used to display his power (in this case the building of a huge new palace at <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a>): </p> <blockquote><p>The style of Government so memorably described by Marcus, whereby the emperor sought to show himself as a model of correct aristocratic deportment, had given way to a style in which the emperor was seen to be distinct from all other mortals. His house could no longer be a grander version of houses that other people might live in: it, like him, had to be different.</p></blockquote> <p>The adoption of <i>Dominus</i> as a formal title reflected the divine status (<i><a href="/wiki/Divus" class="mw-redirect" title="Divus">divus</a></i>) that has come to be a prerogative of the Imperial position. Originally an exceptional honour awarded by the Senate to an Emperor posthumously, the elevation had devolved to an expected convention for still-living Caesars. To dissuade the rebellions and usurpations of the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>, the Emperors sought the kind of divine <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a> invoked by <a href="/wiki/Despotism#Ancient_Greece_and_oriental_despotism" title="Despotism">Eastern monarchies</a>. </p><p>Emperors imported rituals such as kneeling before the Emperor, and kissing of the hem of the Imperial robe (<a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">proskynesis</a>). Even some Christian emperors, such as <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a>, were venerated after death. In the Eastern Roman Empire after 476 AD, the symbiotic relation between the Imperial Crown in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> led to the distinctive character of the medieval Roman state. <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a> was the last emperor known to be consecrated as <i>divus</i> on his death (518 AD). The title appears to have been abandoned thereafter on grounds of its spiritual impropriety (see <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_of_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult of ancient Rome">Imperial cult of ancient Rome</a> for more on the divinity of Roman leaders). The last ruler to use the titles <i>Dominus Noster</i> was <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> (died 565), giving place to the title of <i>Basileus</i> ("King"). In the Eastern half of the Empire, and especially from the time of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, the system of the Dominate evolved into <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to the situation in the Principate, however, emperors in the Dominate could not be deified as it was, excepting the two initial decades and the reign of <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christian</a> period of the Roman Empire. </p><p>Another clear symptom of the upgrading of the imperial status was the notion of the emperor as an incarnation of the <a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">majesty</a> of Rome; thus <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté">lèse majesté</a></i> became high treason.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/48px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/64px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Constitution of the Late Roman Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Menne,_I._2011_p._21-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Menne,_I._2011_p._21_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menne,_I._2011_p._21_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Menne, I., <i>Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193–284</i> (2011) p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuhoff, Wolfgang (2002). "Die diokletianische Tetrarchie als Epoche einer historischen Wende in antiker und moderner Sicht". International Journal of the Classical Tradition. 9 (2): 177–178. doi:10.1007/BF02898434 JSTOR 30224306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, A. D., <i>From Rome to Byzantium AD 363 to 565: The Transformation of Ancient Rome</i> (2013) p. xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell, S., <i>A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284–641</i> (2014), Chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cambridge Ancient History</i>, Vol. XI, <i>The High Empire</i> (2008) p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shorter, D., <i>Rome and her Empire</i> (2014) p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cambridge Ancient History</i>, Vol. XI, <i>The High Empire</i> (2008) p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, A., <i>Aurelian and the Third Century</i> (2004) p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) pp. 12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bray, J. J., <i>Gallienus: A Study in Reformist and Sexual Politics</i> (1997) p. 2; Körner, C., <i>Aurelian (A.D. 270–275)</i>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/aurelian.htm">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a></i> (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Updated:20July2001-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Updated:20July2001_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Updated:20July2001_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Körner, C., <i>Aurelian (A.D. 270–275)</i>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/aurelian.htm">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a></i> (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bray, J. J., <i>Gallienus: A Study in Reformist and Sexual Politics</i> (1997) pp. 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett, J. <i>Trajan, Optimus Princeps: A Life and Times</i> (1997) pp.108-111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B. <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B., <i>A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius</i> (1893) pp. 28–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B., <i>A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius</i> (1893) pp. 23–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B., <i>A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius</i> (1893) pp. 20; 523</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, A. <i>Aurelian and the Third Century</i> (2004) p. 5; Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) pp. 251–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B., <i>A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius</i> (1893) p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bagnall, R. S.; Cameron, A.; Schwartz, S. R.; <a href="/wiki/Klaas_Worp" title="Klaas Worp">Worp, K. A.</a>, <i>Consuls of the later Roman Empire</i> (1987) pp.1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bagnall, R. S.; Cameron, A.; Schwartz, S. R.; Worp, K. A., <i>Consuls of the later Roman Empire</i> (1987) p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bagnall,_R._S._1987_p.2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bagnall,_R._S._1987_p.2_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bagnall,_R._S._1987_p.2_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bagnall,_R._S._1987_p.2_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bagnall,_R._S._1987_p.2_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bagnall,_R._S._1987_p.2_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bagnall, R. S.; Cameron, A.; Schwartz, S. R.; Worp, K. A., <i>Consuls of the later Roman Empire</i> (1987) p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) pp. 254–255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, A. H. M., <i>The Later Roman Empire</i> (1964) pp. 525–526</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southern,_P._2001_p._255-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_P._2001_p._255_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_P._2001_p._255_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B. <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), p. 18; Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) p. 255; Bury, J. B. <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B. <i> History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), pp. 26–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B. <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), pp. 27–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B. <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), pp. 32–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowman, A. K. <i>Provincial Administration and Taxation</i> in <i>The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire 43 B.C. – A.D. 69</i> (1996) p. 353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B. <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), pp. 19; 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B. <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) p. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) pp. 153–157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, A. H. M., <i>The Later Roman Empire</i> (1964) p. 371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, Christopher. <i>Bureaucracy and Government</i>. In Lenski, Noel. <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine</i> (2006), p. 187; Jones, A. H. M., <i>The Later Roman Empire</i> (1964) p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) pp. 271–273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B. <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury,_J._B._1958_p._36-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_J._B._1958_p._36_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_J._B._1958_p._36_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B. <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B. <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), pp. 36–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B. (1958). <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i>. Vol. I, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halsberghe, G. H. (1972). <i> The Cult of Sol Invictus</i>. pp. 152; 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lieu, S. N. C., <i>Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China: A Historical Survey</i> (1985) p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Aurelius_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextus Aurelius Victor">Sextus Aurelius Victor</a>; Bird, H. W. <i>Liber de Caesaribus</i> (1994) pp. 161–162; Rees, R. <i>Diocletian and the Tetrarchy</i> (2004) p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rees, R. <i>Diocletian and the Tetrarchy</i> (2004) pp. 54–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, S. <i>Diocletian and the Roman Recovery</i> (1996) p. 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) p. 280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rees, R. <i>Diocletian and the Tetrarchy</i> (2004) p. 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southern,_P._2001_p._281-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_P._2001_p._281_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_P._2001_p._281_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_P._2001_p._281_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B. <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B. <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), pp. 64–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B. <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) pp. 88–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) pp. 144; 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, P. <i>The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine</i> (2001) pp. 180–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, J. B. <i>History of the Later Roman Empire From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i> Vol I (1958), p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackay298-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackay298_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackay298_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMackay2004" class="citation book cs1">Mackay, Christopher (2004). <i>Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521809185" title="Special:BookSources/0521809185"><bdi>0521809185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+A+Military+and+Political+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0521809185&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Goldsworthy" title="Adrian Goldsworthy">Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith</a> (2009). "Conclusion: A Simple Answer". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold"><i>How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower</i></a></span>. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold/page/405">405</a>–415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13719-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13719-4"><bdi>978-0-300-13719-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/262432329">262432329</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclusion%3A+A+Simple+Answer&rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+Death+of+a+Superpower&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=405-415&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F262432329&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13719-4&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Dominate (Roman Empire)</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Dominate&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Dominate">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Dominate&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Carson, Robert. 1981. <i>Principal Coins of the Romans, III: The Dominate, A.D. 294–498</i>. London: Brit. Museum Publ.</li> <li>Elton, Hugh. 2018. <i>The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity, A Political and Military History</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Hebblewhite, Mark 2017. <i>The Emperor and the Army in the Later Roman Empire, AD 235–395</i>. London; New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Kelly, Christopher 2004. <i>Ruling the Later Roman Empire</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Kulikowski, Michael. 2016. <i>The Triumph of Empire: The Roman World from Hadrian to Constantine</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Melounová, Markéta. 2012. "Trials with Religious and Political Charges from the Principate to the Dominate." S<i>borník Prací Filosofické Fakulty Brnenské University = Studia minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Brunensis. Rada archeologicko-klasicka = Series archaeologica et classica</i>. 17.2: 117–130.</li> <li>Minamikawa, Takashi ed. 2015. <i>New Approaches to the later Roman Empire</i>. Kyoto: Kyoto University.</li> <li>Roymans, Nico, Stijn Heeren, and Wim de Clerq eds. 2016. <i>Social Dynamics in the Northwest Frontiers of the Late Roman Empire: Beyond Transformation or Decline</i>. Amsterdam archaeological studies, 26. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.</li> <li>Vitiello, Massimiliano. 2015. "Blaming the Late Republic: Senatorial Ideology and Republican Institutions in Late Antiquity." <i>Classical Receptions Journal</i> 7.1: 31–45.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominate&oldid=1258512207">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominate&oldid=1258512207</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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