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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Biographical sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_and_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Family and birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Site_of_Andes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Site_of_Andes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Site of Andes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Site_of_Andes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling_of_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling_of_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Spelling of name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling_of_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Childhood_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Childhood and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Poetic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burial_and_tomb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_and_tomb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Burial and tomb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_and_tomb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eclogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eclogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Eclogues</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eclogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Georgics</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aeneid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aeneid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><i>Aeneid</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aeneid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_of_the_Aeneid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_of_the_Aeneid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Reception of the <i>Aeneid</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_of_the_Aeneid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy and reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy and reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Late antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dante's_Divine_Comedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dante's_Divine_Comedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Dante's <i>Divine Comedy</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dante's_Divine_Comedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_and_early_modernity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_and_early_modernity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Renaissance and early modernity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_and_early_modernity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Legends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Virgil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 170 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-170" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">170 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вергилий – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Вергилий" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вергилий – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Вергилий" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vergilius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergil" title="Vergil – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vergil" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8C%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%8A%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%A9%E1%88%B5" title="ዌርጊሊዩስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዌርጊሊዩስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="वर्जिल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="वर्जिल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Вергили – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Вергили" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84" title="فيرجيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيرجيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virchilio" title="Virchilio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Virchilio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="ভাৰ্জিল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰ্জিল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virxiliu" title="Virxiliu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Virxiliu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="वर्जिल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="वर्जिल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virg%C3%ADlio" title="Virgílio – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Virgílio" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вергилий – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Вергилий" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergili" title="Vergili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vergili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ویرژیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویرژیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="ভের্গিল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভের্গিল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergili" title="Vergili – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Vergili" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вергилий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вергилий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Публій Вергілій Марон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Публій Вергілій Марон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Вэргіліюс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вэргіліюс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="वर्जिल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वर्जिल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Virgil" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вергилий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вергилий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergil" title="Vergil – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vergil" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="བིར་སྒྲེལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བིར་སྒྲེལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilije" title="Vergilije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vergilije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vergilius" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Вергили – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Вергили" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgili" title="Virgili – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Virgili" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вергилий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вергилий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" title="Publius Vergilius Maro – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Publius Vergilius Maro" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" title="Publius Vergilius Maro – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Publius Vergilius Maro" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publiu_Virgiliu_Marone" title="Publiu Virgiliu Marone – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Publiu Virgiliu Marone" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrsil" title="Fyrsil – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fyrsil" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" title="Publius Vergilius Maro – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Publius Vergilius Maro" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergil" title="Vergil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vergil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vergilius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βιργίλιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιργίλιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilio" title="Virgilio – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Virgilio" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вергилий – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Вергилий" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilio" title="Virgilio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Virgilio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilio" title="Vergilio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vergilio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verg%C3%ADliu" title="Vergíliu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Vergíliu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilio" title="Virgilio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Virgilio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ویرژیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویرژیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Virgil" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgile" title="Virgile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virgile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergilius" title="Fergilius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fergilius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgili" title="Virgili – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Virgili" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veirgil" title="Veirgil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Veirgil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" title="Publius Vergilius Maro – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Publius Vergilius Maro" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virxilio" title="Virxilio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Virxilio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E5%90%89" title="衛吉 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="衛吉" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vergilius" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EA%B8%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="베르길리우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베르길리우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Virgil" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Վերգիլիոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերգիլիոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="वर्जिल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्जिल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publije_Vergilije_Maron" title="Publije Vergilije Maron – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Publije Vergilije Maron" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" title="Publius Vergilius Maro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Publius Vergilius Maro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilio" title="Virgilio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Virgilio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" title="Publius Vergilius Maro – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Publius Vergilius Maro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilio" title="Vergilio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vergilio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вергилий – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Вергилий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgill" title="Virgill – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Virgill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publio_Virgilio_Marone" title="Publio Virgilio Marone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Publio Virgilio Marone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ורגיליוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ורגיליוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Virgil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgile" title="Virgile – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Virgile" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ვერგილიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვერგილიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вергилий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вергилий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Virgil" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilio" title="Vergilio – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vergilio" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virjil" title="Virjil – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Virjil" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vergilius" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вергилий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вергилий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Virgil" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" title="Publius Vergilius Maro – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Publius Vergilius Maro" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilijs" title="Vergilijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vergilijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" title="Publius Vergilius Maro – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Publius Vergilius Maro" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вергилий – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Вергилий" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilijus" title="Vergilijus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vergilijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publio_Virgilio_Maron" title="Publio Virgilio Maron – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Publio Virgilio Maron" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vergilius" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verjilio" title="Verjilio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Verjilio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vergilius" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgili" title="Virgili – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Virgili" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" title="Publius Vergilius Maro – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Publius Vergilius Maro" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="वर्जिल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वर्जिल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98" title="Вергилиј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вергилиј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Virgil" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="വിർജിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിർജിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%C4%A1ilju" title="Virġilju – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Virġilju" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="व्हर्जिल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हर्जिल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ვირგილიუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვირგილიუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84" title="فيرجيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيرجيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ویرژیل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویرژیل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Virgil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergildo" title="Bergildo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bergildo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вергилий – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вергилий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE" title="ဗာဂျီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗာဂျီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vergilius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="भर्जिल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भर्जिल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="ウェルギリウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウェルギリウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вергилий – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Вергилий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergil" title="Vergil – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Vergil" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergil" title="Vergil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vergil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergil" title="Vergil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vergil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgile" title="Virgile – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Virgile" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgili" title="Virgili – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Virgili" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergiliy" title="Vergiliy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vergiliy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2" title="ਵਰਜਿਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਰਜਿਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84" title="ورجل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ورجل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Virgil" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B" title="វឺជីល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វឺជីល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgile" title="Virgile – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Virgile" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgili" title="Virgili – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Virgili" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergil" title="Vergil – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vergil" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wergiliusz" title="Wergiliusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wergiliusz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virg%C3%ADlio" title="Virgílio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Virgílio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Vergilius" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergiliy" title="Vergiliy – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Vergiliy" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergil" title="Vergil – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Vergil" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" title="Publius Vergilius Maro – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Publius Vergilius Maro" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81" title="Верґіліус – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Верґіліус" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вергилий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вергилий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вергилиус – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Вергилиус" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Virgil" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱜᱤᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱜᱤᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgiliu" title="Virgiliu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Virgiliu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" title="Publius Vergilius Maro – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Publius Vergilius Maro" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgjili" title="Virgjili – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Virgjili" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgiliu" title="Virgiliu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Virgiliu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Virgil" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verg%C3%ADlius" title="Vergílius – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vergílius" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilij" title="Vergilij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vergilij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ڤێرجیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤێرجیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Вергилије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вергилије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilije" title="Vergilije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vergilije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vergilius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vergilius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilio" title="Virgilio – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Virgilio" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வேர்ஜில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேர்ஜில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publie_Virgilie_Marone" title="Publie Virgilie Marone – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Publie Virgilie Marone" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вергилий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вергилий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="เวอร์จิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เวอร์จิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Вержил – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вержил" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" title="Publius Vergilius Maro – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Publius Vergilius Maro" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вергилий – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Вергилий" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вергилий – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Вергилий" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Вергілій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вергілій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84" title="ورجل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ورجل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilio" title="Virgilio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Virgilio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilii" title="Vergilii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vergilii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vergilius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" title="Publius Vergilius Maro – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Publius Vergilius Maro" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vergilius" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virdjile" title="Virdjile – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Virdjile" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilio" title="Virgilio – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Virgilio" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94" title="维吉尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="维吉尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C" title="ווערגיל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווערגיל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Virgil" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE" title="維吉爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="維吉爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vergilius" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Virgil" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verg%C4%97l%C4%97jos" title="Vergėlėjos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vergėlėjos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94" title="维吉尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="维吉尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Virgil" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Vergilius" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1398#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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For the grammarian, see <a href="/wiki/Virgilius_Maro_Grammaticus" title="Virgilius Maro Grammaticus">Virgilius Maro Grammaticus</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Virgil_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Virgil (disambiguation)">Virgil (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Virgil</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgil_mosaic_in_the_Bardo_National_Museum_(Tunis)_(12241228546).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 3rd-century Roman mosaic of Virgil seated between Clio and Melpomene (from Hadrumetum [Sousse], Tunisia)"><img alt="A 3rd-century Roman mosaic of Virgil seated between Clio and Melpomene (from Hadrumetum [Sousse], Tunisia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Virgil_mosaic_in_the_Bardo_National_Museum_%28Tunis%29_%2812241228546%29.jpg/220px-Virgil_mosaic_in_the_Bardo_National_Museum_%28Tunis%29_%2812241228546%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Virgil_mosaic_in_the_Bardo_National_Museum_%28Tunis%29_%2812241228546%29.jpg/330px-Virgil_mosaic_in_the_Bardo_National_Museum_%28Tunis%29_%2812241228546%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Virgil_mosaic_in_the_Bardo_National_Museum_%28Tunis%29_%2812241228546%29.jpg/440px-Virgil_mosaic_in_the_Bardo_National_Museum_%28Tunis%29_%2812241228546%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="2645" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">A 3rd-century Roman <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Mosaic" title="Virgil Mosaic">mosaic of Virgil</a> seated between <a href="/wiki/Clio" title="Clio">Clio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melpomene" title="Melpomene">Melpomene</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> [Sousse], Tunisia)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Publius Vergilius Maro<br />15 October 70 BC<br />Andes, <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">21 September 19 BC (aged 50)<br /><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brundisium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy_(Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy (Roman Empire)">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Poet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didactic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic poetry">didactic poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral poetry">pastoral poetry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Augustan_poetry" title="Augustan poetry">Augustan poetry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogues</a></i> <br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a></i> <br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Publius Vergilius Maro</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin language">Classical Latin</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈpuːbliʊs<span class="wrap"> </span>wɛrˈɡɪliʊs<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmaroː]</a></span>; 15 October 70 BC – 21 September 19 BC), usually called <b>Virgil</b> or <b>Vergil</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">VUR</span>-jil</i></a>) in English, was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> poet of the <a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature_(ancient_Rome)" title="Augustan literature (ancient Rome)">Augustan period</a>. He composed three of the most famous poems in <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin literature</a>: the <i><a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogues</a></i> (or <i>Bucolics</i>), the <i><a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>. A number of minor poems, collected in the <i><a href="/wiki/Appendix_Vergiliana" title="Appendix Vergiliana">Appendix Vergiliana</a></i>, were attributed to him in ancient times, but modern scholars generally regard these works as spurious, with the possible exception of a few short pieces. </p><p>Already acclaimed in his own lifetime as a classic author, Virgil rapidly replaced <a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a> and other earlier authors as a standard school text, and stood as the most popular Latin poet through late antiquity, the Middle Ages, and early modernity, exerting inestimable influence on all subsequent <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Western literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> assigned Virgil a uniquely prominent position among all the celebrities of human history in <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Fame" title="The House of Fame">The House of Fame</a></i> (1374–85), describing him as standing <i>on a pilere / that was of tinned yren clere</i> ("on a pillar that was of bright tin-plated iron"), and in the <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i>, in which Virgil appears as the author's guide through <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> pays tribute to Virgil with the words <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">tu se' solo colui da cu'io tolsi / lo bello stile che m'ha fatto onore</i></span> (<i>Inf.</i> I.86–7) ("thou art alone the one from whom I took the beautiful style that has done honour to me"). In the 20th Century, <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> famously began a lecture on the subject "What Is a Classic?" by asserting as self-evidently true that "whatever the definition we arrive at, it cannot be one which excludes Virgil – we may say confidently that it must be one which will expressly reckon with him."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_biography">Traditional biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Traditional biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical_sources">Biographical sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biographical sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biographical information about Virgil is transmitted chiefly in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vitae</i></span> ('lives') of the poet prefixed to commentaries on his work by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Probus" title="Marcus Valerius Probus">Probus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Donatus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Servius_the_Grammarian" title="Servius the Grammarian">Servius</a>. The life given by Donatus is generally considered to closely reproduce the life of Virgil from a lost work of <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> on the lives of famous authors, just as Donatus used this source for the poet's life in his commentary on <a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a>, where Suetonius is explicitly credited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettleship187928–31_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettleship187928–31-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stok_Lives_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stok_Lives-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The far shorter life given by Servius likewise seems to be an abridgement of Suetonius except for one or two statements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettleship187931_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettleship187931-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Varius_Rufus" title="Lucius Varius Rufus">Varius</a> is said to have written a memoir of his friend Virgil, and Suetonius likely drew on this lost work and other sources contemporary with the poet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettleship187932_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettleship187932-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A life written in verse by the grammarian Phocas (probably active in the 4th through 5th century AD) differs in some details from Donatus and Servius.<sup id="cite_ref-Stok_Lives_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stok_Lives-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Nettleship" title="Henry Nettleship">Henry Nettleship</a> believed that the life attributed to Probus may have drawn independently from the same sources as Suetonius,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettleship187931_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettleship187931-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is attributed by other authorities to an anonymous author of the 5th or 6th century AD who drew on Donatus, Servius, and Phocas.<sup id="cite_ref-Stok_Lives_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stok_Lives-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Servian life was the principal source of Virgil's biography for medieval readers, while the Donatian life enjoyed a more limited circulation, and the lives of Phocas and Probus remained largely unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Stok_Lives_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stok_Lives-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the commentaries record much factual information about Virgil, some of their evidence can be shown to rely on allegorizing and on inferences drawn from his poetry. For this reason, details regarding Virgil's life story are considered somewhat problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler,_pg.1603_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler,_pg.1603-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1602">: 1602 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_birth">Family and birth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Family and birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the ancient <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vitae</i></span>, Publius Vergilius Maro was born on the <a href="/wiki/Ides_(calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ides (calendar)">Ides</a> of October in the consulship of <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Crassus</a> (15 October 70 BC) in the village of Andes, near <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>, added to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy proper</a> during his lifetime).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer19121_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer19121-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer191273_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer191273-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Donatian life reports that some say Virgil's father was a potter, but most say he was an employee of an <a href="/wiki/Apparitor" title="Apparitor">apparitor</a> named Magius, whose daughter he married.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer19121_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer19121-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Phocas and Probus, the name of Virgil's mother was <a href="/wiki/Magia_Polla" title="Magia Polla">Magia Polla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer191250_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer191250-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer191273_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer191273-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> of Virgil's maternal family, <i>Magius,</i> and failure to distinguish the genitive form of this rare name (<i>Magi</i>) in Servius' life from the genitive <i>magi</i> of the noun <i>magus</i> ("magician"), probably contributed to the rise of the medieval legend that Virgil's father was employed by a certain itinerant magician, and that Virgil was a magician himself.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettleship18797_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettleship18797-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysis of his name has led some to believe that he descended from earlier Roman colonists. Modern speculation is not supported by narrative evidence from his writings or his later biographers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Site_of_Andes">Site of Andes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Site of Andes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A tradition of obscure origin, which was accepted by Dante,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identifies Andes with modern <a href="/wiki/Pietole" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietole">Pietole</a>, two or three miles southeast of Mantua.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway1923194_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1923194-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient biography attributed to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Probus" title="Marcus Valerius Probus">Probus</a> records that Andes was thirty <a href="/wiki/Mile#Roman" title="Mile">Roman miles</a> (about 45 kilometres or 28 miles) from Mantua.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway1923189_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1923189-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettleship18797_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettleship18797-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer191273_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer191273-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are eight or nine references to the <i><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gens</a></i> to which Vergil belonged, <a href="/wiki/Vergilia_gens" title="Vergilia gens"><i>gens Vergilia</i></a>, in inscriptions from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>. Out of these, four are from townships remote from Mantua, three appear in inscriptions from <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, and one in an inscription from <a href="/wiki/Calvisano" title="Calvisano">Calvisano</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive offering</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matronae" title="Matres and Matronae">Matronae</a> (a group of deities) by a woman called Vergilia, asking the goddesses to deliver from danger another woman, called Munatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway1923190_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1923190-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tomb erected by a member of the <a href="/wiki/Magia_gens" title="Magia gens"><i>gens Magia</i></a>, to which Virgil's mother belonged, is found at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casalpoglio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casalpoglio (page does not exist)">Casalpoglio</a>, just 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from Calvisano. In 1915, G. E. K. Braunholtz drew attention to the proximity of these inscriptions to each other, and the fact that Calvisano is exactly 30 Roman miles from Mantua,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunholtz1915108_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunholtz1915108-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led <a href="/wiki/Robert_Seymour_Conway" title="Robert Seymour Conway">Robert Seymour Conway</a> to theorize that these inscriptions have to do with relatives of Virgil, and Calvisano or <a href="/wiki/Carpenedolo" title="Carpenedolo">Carpenedolo</a>, not Pietole, is the site of Andes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway1923190–4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1923190–4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kennard_Rand" title="Edward Kennard Rand">E. K. Rand</a> defended the traditional site at Pietole, noting that <a href="/wiki/Egnazio" title="Egnazio">Egnazio</a>'s 1507 edition of Probus' commentary, supposedly based on a "very ancient codex" from <a href="/wiki/Bobbio_Abbey" title="Bobbio Abbey">Bobbio Abbey</a> which can no longer be found, says that Andes was three miles from Mantua, and arguing that this is the correct reading.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERand1930123–4,_127–42_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERand1930123–4,_127–42-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conway replied that Egnazio's manuscript cannot be trusted to have been as ancient as Egnazio claimed it was, nor can we be sure that the reading "three" is not Egnazio's own conjectural correction of his manuscript to harmonize it with the Pietole tradition, and all other evidence strongly favours the unanimous reading of the other witnesses of "thirty miles."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway193171–5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway193171–5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claim that today's consideration for ancient <i>Andes</i> should be sought in the Casalpoglio area of <a href="/wiki/Castel_Goffredo" title="Castel Goffredo">Castel Goffredo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spelling_of_name">Spelling of name</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spelling of name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the fourth or fifth century AD the original spelling <i>Vergilius</i> had been changed to <i>Virgilius</i>, and then the latter spelling spread to the modern European languages.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This latter spelling persisted even though, as early as the 15th century, the classical scholar <a href="/wiki/Poliziano" title="Poliziano">Poliziano</a> had shown <i>Vergilius</i> to be the original spelling.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicisations</a> <i>Vergil</i> and <i>Virgil</i> are both considered acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some speculation that the spelling <i>Virgilius</i> might have arisen due to a pun, since <i>virg-</i> carries an echo of the Latin word for 'wand' (<i>uirga</i>), Virgil being particularly associated with magic in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. There is also a possibility that <i>virg-</i> is meant to evoke the Latin <i>virgo</i> ('virgin'); this would be a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_4" title="Eclogue 4">fourth <i>Eclogue</i></a>, which has a history of Christian, and specifically <a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_interpretations_of_Virgil%27s_Eclogue_4" title="Christian interpretations of Virgil's Eclogue 4">interpretations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_education">Childhood and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Childhood and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virgil spent his boyhood in <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a> until his 15th year (55 BC), when he is said to have received the <i><a href="/wiki/Toga_virilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Toga virilis">toga virilis</a></i> on the very day that <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a> died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer19122_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer19122-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Cremona, he moved to Milan, and shortly afterwards to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer19122_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer19122-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After briefly considering a career in <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> and law, the young Virgil turned his talents to poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the biographers statements that Virgil's family was of modest means, these accounts of his education, as well as of his ceremonial assumption of the <i>toga virilis,</i> suggest that his father was in fact a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equestrian</a> landowner.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is said to have been tall and stout, with a swarthy complexion and a rustic appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer19122_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer19122-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virgil also seems to have suffered bad health throughout his life and in some ways lived the life of an invalid. Schoolmates considered Virgil extremely shy and reserved, and he was nicknamed "Parthenias" ("virgin") because of his social aloofness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetic_career">Poetic career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Poetic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The biographical tradition asserts that Virgil began the hexameter <i><a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogues</a></i> (or <i>Bucolics</i>) in 42 BC and it is thought that the collection was published around 39–38 BC, although this is controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler,_pg.1603_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler,_pg.1603-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1602">: 1602 </span></sup> After defeating the army led by the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">assassins</a> of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a> (42 BC), <a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavian</a> tried to pay off his veterans with land expropriated from towns in northern Italy, which—according to tradition—included an estate near Mantua belonging to Virgil. The loss of Virgil's family farm and the attempt through poetic petitions to regain his property have traditionally been seen as his motives in the composition of the <i>Eclogues</i>. This is now thought to be an unsupported inference from interpretations of the <i>Eclogues</i>. In <i>Eclogues</i> 1 and 9, Virgil indeed dramatizes the contrasting feelings caused by the brutality of the land expropriations through pastoral idiom but offers no indisputable evidence of the supposed biographic incident. </p><p>Sometime after the publication of the <i>Eclogues</i> (probably before 37 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler,_pg.1603_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler,_pg.1603-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1603">: 1603 </span></sup> Virgil became part of the circle of <a href="/wiki/Maecenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maecenas">Maecenas</a>, Octavian's capable <i>agent d'affaires</i> who sought to counter sympathy for Antony among the leading families by rallying Roman literary figures to Octavian's side. Virgil came to know many of the other leading literary figures of the time, including <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, in whose poetry he is often mentioned,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Varius_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Varius Rufus">Varius Rufus</a>, who later helped finish the <i>Aeneid</i>. </p><p>At Maecenas's insistence (according to the tradition) Virgil spent the ensuing years (perhaps 37–29 BC) on the long <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a> poem called the <i><a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a></i> (from Greek, "On Working the Earth"), which he dedicated to Maecenas. </p><p>Virgil worked on the <i>Aeneid</i> during the last eleven years of his life (29–19 BC), commissioned, according to <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the tradition, Virgil traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Senatorial province">senatorial province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a> in Greece in about 19 BC to revise the <i>Aeneid</i>. After meeting Augustus in Athens and deciding to return home, Virgil caught a fever while visiting a town near <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a>. After crossing to Italy by ship, weakened with disease, Virgil died in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> on 21 September 19 BC. Augustus ordered Virgil's literary executors, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Varius_Rufus" title="Lucius Varius Rufus">Lucius Varius Rufus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plotius_Tucca" title="Plotius Tucca">Plotius Tucca</a>, to disregard Virgil's own wish <a href="/wiki/Book_burning#Posthumous_destruction_of_works" title="Book burning">that the poem be burned</a>, instead ordering it to be published with as few editorial changes as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burial_and_tomb">Burial and tomb</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Burial and tomb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parco_della_Grotta_di_Posillipo3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tomb of Virgil in Naples, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Parco_della_Grotta_di_Posillipo3.jpg/330px-Parco_della_Grotta_di_Posillipo3.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Parco_della_Grotta_di_Posillipo3.jpg/500px-Parco_della_Grotta_di_Posillipo3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Parco_della_Grotta_di_Posillipo3.jpg/960px-Parco_della_Grotta_di_Posillipo3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4067" data-file-height="2701" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Virgil%27s_tomb" title="Virgil's tomb">Tomb of Virgil</a> in Naples, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>After his death at <a href="/wiki/Brundisium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brundisium">Brundisium</a> according to Donatus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer19128_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer19128-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or at <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a> according to some late manuscripts of Servius,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer191272_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer191272-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virgil's remains were transported to <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, where his tomb was engraved with an epitaph that he himself composed: <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Mantua me genuit; Calabri rapuere; tenet nunc Parthenope. Cecini pascua, rura, duces</i></span></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer19128_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer19128-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer191272_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer191272-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> gave me life, the <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Calabrians</a> took it away, Naples holds me now; I sang of pastures, farms, and commanders." (transl. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Knox" title="Bernard Knox">Bernard Knox</a>) <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a> reports that <a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a> annexed the site to his estate (11.48, 11.50), and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> says that Silius "would visit Virgil's tomb as if it were a temple" (<i>Epistulae</i> 3.7.8).<sup id="cite_ref-Berenbeim_Tomb_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berenbeim_Tomb-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parco_della_Grotta_di_Posillipo5_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Parco_della_Grotta_di_Posillipo5_%28crop%29.jpg/180px-Parco_della_Grotta_di_Posillipo5_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Parco_della_Grotta_di_Posillipo5_%28crop%29.jpg/270px-Parco_della_Grotta_di_Posillipo5_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Parco_della_Grotta_di_Posillipo5_%28crop%29.jpg/360px-Parco_della_Grotta_di_Posillipo5_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption>Modern bust of Virgil at the entrance to his crypt in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The structure known as <a href="/wiki/Virgil%27s_tomb" title="Virgil's tomb">Virgil's tomb</a> is found at the entrance of an ancient Roman tunnel (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">grotta vecchia</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Piedigrotta" title="Piedigrotta">Piedigrotta</a>, a district 1.9 mi (3 km) from the centre of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Mergellina" title="Mergellina">Mergellina</a> harbour, on the road heading north along the coast to <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a>. While Virgil was already the object of literary admiration and veneration before his death, in the Middle Ages his name became associated with miraculous powers, and for a couple of centuries his tomb was the destination of <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a> and veneration.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the nineteenth century, the supposed tomb regularly attracted travellers on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a>, and it still draws visitors today.<sup id="cite_ref-Berenbeim_Tomb_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berenbeim_Tomb-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_works">Early works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Appendix_Vergiliana" title="Appendix Vergiliana">Appendix Vergiliana</a></div> <p>According to the commentators, Virgil received his first education when he was five years old and later went to <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, and finally <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to study <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, which he would abandon for philosophy. From Virgil's admiring references to the <a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">neoteric</a> writers <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Asinius_Pollio_(consul_40_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 BC)">Pollio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helvius_Cinna" title="Helvius Cinna">Cinna</a>, it has been inferred that he was, for a time, associated with <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a>'s neoteric circle. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Appendix_Vergiliana#Catalepton_("Trifles")" title="Appendix Vergiliana">Catalepton</a></i>, he began to write poetry while in the <a href="/wiki/Epicurean" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicurean">Epicurean</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Siro_the_Epicurean" title="Siro the Epicurean">Siro</a> in Naples. A group of small works attributed to the youthful Virgil by the commentators survive collected under the title <i><a href="/wiki/Appendix_Vergiliana" title="Appendix Vergiliana">Appendix Vergiliana</a></i>, but are largely considered spurious by scholars. One, the <i>Catalepton</i>, consists of fourteen short poems,<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler,_pg.1603_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler,_pg.1603-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1602">: 1602 </span></sup> some of which may be Virgil's, and another, a short narrative poem titled the <i><a href="/wiki/Appendix_Vergiliana#Culex_("The_Gnat")" title="Appendix Vergiliana">Culex</a></i> ("The Gnat"), was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eclogues"><i>Eclogues</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eclogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogues</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanVirgilFolio001rEclogues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/RomanVirgilFolio001rEclogues.jpg/250px-RomanVirgilFolio001rEclogues.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/RomanVirgilFolio001rEclogues.jpg/330px-RomanVirgilFolio001rEclogues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/RomanVirgilFolio001rEclogues.jpg/500px-RomanVirgilFolio001rEclogues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption>Page from the beginning of the <i>Eclogues</i> in the 5th-century <i>Vergilius Romanus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Eclogues</i> (from the Greek for "selections") are a group of ten poems roughly modeled on the <a href="/wiki/Bucolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucolic">bucolic</a> (that is, "pastoral" or "rural") poetry of the Hellenistic poet <a href="/wiki/Theocritus" title="Theocritus">Theocritus</a>, which were written in <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a>. While some readers have identified the poet himself with various characters and their vicissitudes, whether gratitude by an old rustic to a new god (<i>Ecl</i>. 1), frustrated love by a rustic singer for a distant boy (his master's pet, <i>Ecl</i>. 2), or a master singer's claim to have composed several eclogues (<i>Ecl</i>. 5), modern scholars largely reject such efforts to garner biographical details from works of fiction, preferring to interpret an author's characters and themes as illustrations of contemporary life and thought. </p><p>The ten <i>Eclogues</i> present traditional pastoral themes with a fresh perspective. Eclogues 1 and 9 address the land confiscations and their effects on the Italian countryside. 2 and 3 are pastoral and erotic, discussing both homosexual love (<i>Ecl</i>. 2) and attraction toward people of any gender (<i>Ecl</i>. 3). <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_4" title="Eclogue 4"><i>Eclogue</i> 4</a>, addressed to <a href="/wiki/Asinius_Pollio" class="mw-redirect" title="Asinius Pollio">Asinius Pollio</a>, the so-called "Messianic Eclogue", uses the imagery of the golden age in connection with the birth of a child (who the child was meant to be has been subject to debate). 5 and 8 describe the myth of <a href="/wiki/Daphnis" title="Daphnis">Daphnis</a> in a song contest, 6, the cosmic and mythological song of <a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a>; 7, a heated poetic contest, and 10 the sufferings of the contemporary elegiac poet <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Gallus" title="Cornelius Gallus">Cornelius Gallus</a>. Virgil in his <i>Eclogues</i> is credited with establishing <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(utopia)" title="Arcadia (utopia)">Arcadia</a> as a poetic ideal that still resonates in Western literature and visual arts<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with setting the stage for the development of Latin pastoral by <a href="/wiki/Calpurnius_Siculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Calpurnius Siculus">Calpurnius Siculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nemesianus" title="Nemesianus">Nemesianus</a> and later writers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgics"><i>Georgics</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Georgics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace,_Virgil_and_Varius_at_the_house_of_Maecenas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Horace%2C_Virgil_and_Varius_at_the_house_of_Maecenas.jpg/290px-Horace%2C_Virgil_and_Varius_at_the_house_of_Maecenas.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Horace%2C_Virgil_and_Varius_at_the_house_of_Maecenas.jpg/435px-Horace%2C_Virgil_and_Varius_at_the_house_of_Maecenas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Horace%2C_Virgil_and_Varius_at_the_house_of_Maecenas.jpg/580px-Horace%2C_Virgil_and_Varius_at_the_house_of_Maecenas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Horatius_Flaccus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Horatius Flaccus">Horace</a>, Virgil and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Varius_Rufus" title="Lucius Varius Rufus">Varius</a> at the house of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Maecenas" title="Gaius Maecenas">Maecenas</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jalabert" title="Charles Jalabert">Charles Jalabert</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Przygotowanie_narz%C4%99dzi_rolniczych.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Przygotowanie_narz%C4%99dzi_rolniczych.jpg/420px-Przygotowanie_narz%C4%99dzi_rolniczych.jpg" decoding="async" width="420" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Przygotowanie_narz%C4%99dzi_rolniczych.jpg/630px-Przygotowanie_narz%C4%99dzi_rolniczych.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Przygotowanie_narz%C4%99dzi_rolniczych.jpg/840px-Przygotowanie_narz%C4%99dzi_rolniczych.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Late 17th-century illustration of a passage from the <i>Georgics</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Siemiginowski-Eleuter" title="Jerzy Siemiginowski-Eleuter">Jerzy Siemiginowski-Eleuter</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The ostensible theme of the <i>Georgics</i> is instruction in the methods of running a farm. In handling this theme, Virgil follows in the <a href="/wiki/Didactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic">didactic</a> ("how to") tradition of the Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i> and several works of the later Hellenistic poets. </p><p>The four books of the <i>Georgics</i> focus respectively on: </p> <ol><li>raising crops;</li> <li>raising trees;</li> <li>livestock and horses;</li> <li>beekeeping and the qualities of bees.</li></ol> <p>Well-known passages include the beloved <i>Laus Italiae</i> of Book 2, the prologue description of the temple in Book 3, and the description of the plague at the end of Book 3. Book 4 concludes with a long mythological narrative, in the form of an <i><a href="/wiki/Epyllion" title="Epyllion">epyllion</a></i> which describes vividly the discovery of beekeeping by <a href="/wiki/Aristaeus" title="Aristaeus">Aristaeus</a> and the story of <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>' journey to the underworld. </p><p>Ancient scholars, such as Servius, conjectured that the Aristaeus episode replaced, at the emperor's request, a long section in praise of Virgil's friend, the poet Gallus, who was disgraced by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, and who committed suicide in 26 BC. </p><p>The tone of the <i>Georgics</i> wavers between optimism and pessimism, sparking critical debate on the poet's intentions,<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler,_pg.1603_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler,_pg.1603-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1605">: 1605 </span></sup> but the work lays the foundations for later didactic poetry. Virgil and Maecenas are said to have taken turns reading the <i>Georgics</i> to Octavian upon his return from defeating Antony and <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a> in 31 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aeneid"><i>Aeneid</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aeneid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_Aeneas_MAN_Naples_110338.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Terracotta_Aeneas_MAN_Naples_110338.jpg/250px-Terracotta_Aeneas_MAN_Naples_110338.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Terracotta_Aeneas_MAN_Naples_110338.jpg/330px-Terracotta_Aeneas_MAN_Naples_110338.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Terracotta_Aeneas_MAN_Naples_110338.jpg/500px-Terracotta_Aeneas_MAN_Naples_110338.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="3159" /></a><figcaption>A 1st-century terracotta expressing the <i><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">pietas</a></i> of Aeneas, who carries his aged father and leads his young son</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> is widely considered Virgil's finest work, and is regarded as one of the most important poems in the history of Western literature (<a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> referred to it as 'the classic of all Europe').<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work (modelled after <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>) chronicles a refugee of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, named <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, as he struggles to fulfill his destiny. His intentions are to reach Italy, where his descendants <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a> are to found the city of Rome. </p><p>The epic poem consists of 12 books in <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a> verse which describe the journey of <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, a warrior fleeing the sack of Troy, to Italy, his battle with the Italian prince Turnus, and the foundation of a city from which Rome would emerge. The <i>Aeneid</i>'s first six books describe the journey of Aeneas from Troy to Rome. Virgil made use of several models in the composition of his epic;<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler,_pg.1603_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler,_pg.1603-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1603">: 1603 </span></sup> Homer, the pre-eminent author of classical epic, is everywhere present, but Virgil also makes special use of the Latin poet <a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a> and the Hellenistic poet <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a> among the various other writers to whom he alludes. Although the <i>Aeneid</i> casts itself firmly into the epic mode, it often seeks to expand the genre by including elements of other genres, such as tragedy and aetiological poetry. Ancient commentators noted that Virgil seems to divide the <i>Aeneid</i> into two sections based on the poetry of Homer; the first six books were viewed as employing the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> as a model while the last six were connected to the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Book 1<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (at the head of the Odyssean section) opens with a storm which <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, Aeneas's enemy throughout the poem, stirs up against the fleet. The storm drives the hero to the coast of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, which historically was Rome's deadliest foe. The queen, <a href="/wiki/Dido_(Queen_of_Carthage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dido (Queen of Carthage)">Dido</a>, welcomes the ancestor of the Romans, and under the influence of the gods falls deeply in love with him. At a banquet in Book 2, Aeneas tells the story of the sack of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>, the death of his wife, and his escape, to the enthralled Carthaginians, while in Book 3 he recounts to them his wanderings over the Mediterranean in search of a suitable new home. <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a> in Book 4 recalls the lingering Aeneas to his duty to found a new city, and he slips away from Carthage, leaving Dido to commit suicide, cursing Aeneas and calling down revenge in symbolic anticipation of the fierce wars between Carthage and Rome. In Book 5, funeral games are celebrated for Aeneas's father <a href="/wiki/Anchises" title="Anchises">Anchises</a>, who had died a year before. On reaching <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a>, in Italy in Book 6, Aeneas consults the <a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a>, who conducts him through the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a> where Aeneas meets the dead Anchises who reveals Rome's destiny to his son. </p><p>Book 7 (beginning the Iliadic half) opens with an address to the muse and recounts Aeneas's arrival in Italy and betrothal to <a href="/wiki/Lavinia" title="Lavinia">Lavinia</a>, daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a>. Lavinia had already been promised to <a href="/wiki/Turnus" title="Turnus">Turnus</a>, the king of the <a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutulians</a>, who is roused to war by the <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Fury</a> <a href="/wiki/Allecto" class="mw-redirect" title="Allecto">Allecto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amata" title="Amata">Amata</a>, Lavinia's mother. In Book 8, Aeneas allies with <a href="/wiki/Evander_of_Pallene" class="mw-redirect" title="Evander of Pallene">King Evander</a>, who occupies the future site of Rome, and is given new armor and a shield depicting Roman history. Book 9 records an assault by <a href="/wiki/Nisus_and_Euryalus" title="Nisus and Euryalus">Nisus and Euryalus</a> on the Rutulians; Book 10, the death of Evander's young son <a href="/wiki/Pallas_(son_of_Evander)" title="Pallas (son of Evander)">Pallas</a>; and 11 the death of the Volscian warrior princess <a href="/wiki/Camilla_(mythology)" title="Camilla (mythology)">Camilla</a> and the decision to settle the war with a duel between Aeneas and Turnus. The <i>Aeneid</i> ends in Book 12 with the taking of Latinus's city, the death of Amata, and Aeneas's defeat and killing of Turnus, whose pleas for mercy are spurned. The final book ends with the image of Turnus's soul lamenting as it flees to the underworld. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception_of_the_Aeneid">Reception of the <i>Aeneid</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reception of the Aeneid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgil_Reading_the_Aeneid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Virgil_Reading_the_Aeneid.jpg/280px-Virgil_Reading_the_Aeneid.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Virgil_Reading_the_Aeneid.jpg/420px-Virgil_Reading_the_Aeneid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Virgil_Reading_the_Aeneid.jpg/560px-Virgil_Reading_the_Aeneid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2540" /></a><figcaption><i>Virgil Reading the</i> Aeneid <i>to Augustus, Octavia, and Livia</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Wicar" title="Jean-Baptiste Wicar">Jean-Baptiste Wicar</a>, Art Institute of Chicago</figcaption></figure> <p>Critics of the <i>Aeneid</i> focus on a variety of issues.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tone of the poem as a whole is a particular matter of debate; some see the poem as ultimately pessimistic and politically subversive to the Augustan regime, while others view it as a celebration of the new imperial dynasty. Virgil makes use of the symbolism of the Augustan regime, and some scholars see strong associations between Augustus and Aeneas, the one as founder and the other as re-founder of Rome. A strong <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleology</a>, or drive towards a climax, has been detected in the poem. The <i>Aeneid</i> is full of prophecies about the future of Rome, the deeds of Augustus, his ancestors, and famous Romans, and the <a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian Wars">Carthaginian Wars</a>; the shield of Aeneas even depicts Augustus's victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a> against <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra VII</a> in 31 BC. A further focus of study is the character of Aeneas. As the protagonist of the poem, Aeneas seems to waver constantly between his emotions and commitment to his prophetic duty to found Rome; critics note the breakdown of Aeneas's emotional control in the last sections of the poem where the "pious" and "righteous" Aeneas mercilessly slaughters Turnus. </p><p>The <i>Aeneid</i> appears to have been a great success. Virgil is said to have recited Books 2, 4, and 6 to Augustus;<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler,_pg.1603_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler,_pg.1603-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1603">: 1603 </span></sup> and Book 6 apparently caused the emperor's sister <a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia</a> to faint. Although the truth of this claim is subject to scholarly skepticism, it has served as a basis for later art, such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Wicar" title="Jean-Baptiste Wicar">Jean-Baptiste Wicar</a>'s <i>Virgil Reading the Aeneid</i>. </p><p>Some lines of the poem were left unfinished, and the whole was unedited, at Virgil's death in 19 BC. As a result, the text of the <i>Aeneid</i> that exists may contain faults which Virgil was planning to correct before publication. However, the only obvious imperfections are a few lines of verse that are metrically unfinished (i.e. not a complete line of <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a>). Some scholars have argued that Virgil deliberately left these metrically incomplete lines for dramatic effect.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other alleged imperfections are subject to scholarly debate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_reception">Legacy and reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy and reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg/220px-RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg/330px-RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg/440px-RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>A 5th-century portrait of Virgil from the <a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Romanus" title="Vergilius Romanus">Vergilius Romanus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The works of Virgil almost from the moment of their publication revolutionized <a href="/wiki/Latin_poetry" title="Latin poetry">Latin poetry</a>. The <i>Eclogues</i>, <i>Georgics</i>, and above all the <i>Aeneid</i> became standard texts in school curricula with which all educated Romans were familiar. Poets following Virgil often refer intertextually to his works to generate meaning in their own poetry. The Augustan poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> parodies the opening lines of the <i>Aeneid</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Amores_(Ovid)" title="Amores (Ovid)">Amores</a></i> 1.1.1–2, and his summary of the Aeneas story in Book 14 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i>, the so-called "mini-Aeneid", has been viewed as a particularly important example of post-Virgilian response to the epic genre. <a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a>'s epic, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pharsalia" title="Pharsalia">Bellum Civile</a></i>, has been considered an anti-Virgilian epic, disposing of the divine mechanism, treating historical events, and diverging from Virgilian epic practice. The Flavian-era poet <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a> in his 12-book epic <i>Thebaid</i> engages closely with the poetry of Virgil; in his epilogue he advises his poem not to "rival the divine <i>Aeneid</i>, but follow afar and ever venerate its footsteps."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virgil finds one of his most ardent admirers in <a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a>. With almost every line of his epic <i><a href="/wiki/Punica_(poem)" title="Punica (poem)">Punica</a></i>, Silius references Virgil. </p><p>Partially as a result of his so-called "Messianic" <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_4" title="Eclogue 4">Fourth Eclogue</a> – widely interpreted later to have predicted the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth of Jesus Christ</a> – Virgil was in later antiquity imputed to have the magical abilities of a seer; the <i><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Vergilianae" title="Sortes Vergilianae">Sortes Vergilianae</a></i>, the process of using Virgil's poetry as a tool of divination, is found in the time of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, and continued into the Middle Ages. In a similar vein Macrobius in the <i><a href="/wiki/Macrobius#Saturnalia" title="Macrobius">Saturnalia</a></i> credits the work of Virgil as the embodiment of human knowledge and experience, mirroring the Greek conception of Homer.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler,_pg.1603_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler,_pg.1603-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1603">: 1603 </span></sup> Virgil also found commentators in antiquity. <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>, a commentator of the 4th century AD, based his work on the commentary of <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Donatus</a>. Servius's commentary provides us with a great deal of information about Virgil's life, sources, and references; however, many modern scholars find the variable quality of his work and the often simplistic interpretations frustrating. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_antiquity">Late antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Late antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vergil_tomb_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The verse inscription at Virgil's tomb." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vergil_tomb_inscription.jpg/220px-Vergil_tomb_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vergil_tomb_inscription.jpg/330px-Vergil_tomb_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vergil_tomb_inscription.jpg/440px-Vergil_tomb_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The verse inscription at Virgil's tomb was supposedly composed by the poet himself: <i>Mantua me genuit, Calabri rapuere, tenet nunc Parthenope. Cecini pascua, rura, duces.</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> gave me life, the <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Calabrians</a> took it away, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> holds me now; I sang of pastures, farms, and commanders" [transl. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Knox" title="Bernard Knox">Bernard Knox</a>])</figcaption></figure> <p>Even as the Western Roman Empire collapsed, literate men acknowledged that Virgil was a master poet – <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a>, for example, confessing how he had wept at reading the death of Dido.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known surviving manuscripts of Virgil's works include manuscripts from late antiquity such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Augusteus" title="Vergilius Augusteus">Vergilius Augusteus</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Vaticanus" title="Vergilius Vaticanus">Vergilius Vaticanus</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Romanus" title="Vergilius Romanus">Vergilius Romanus</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a> read Virgil, whom he quotes in several places, along with some other Latin poets, though he cautions that "we ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century" title="Renaissance of the 12th century">Renaissance of the 12th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Neckham" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Neckham">Alexander Neckham</a> placed the "divine" <i>Aeneid</i> on his standard arts curriculum,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Dido became the romantic heroine of the age.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monks like <a href="/wiki/Maiolus_of_Cluny" title="Maiolus of Cluny">Maiolus of Cluny</a> might repudiate what they called "the luxurious eloquence of Virgil",<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they could not deny the power of his appeal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dante's_Divine_Comedy"><span id="Dante.27s_Divine_Comedy"></span>Dante's <i>Divine Comedy</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dante's Divine Comedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_van_Leyden_034.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lucas_van_Leyden_034.jpg/250px-Lucas_van_Leyden_034.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lucas_van_Leyden_034.jpg/330px-Lucas_van_Leyden_034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lucas_van_Leyden_034.jpg/500px-Lucas_van_Leyden_034.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption><i>Virgil in His Basket</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_van_Leyden" title="Lucas van Leyden">Lucas van Leyden</a>, 1525</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> presents Virgil as his guide through <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Hell</a> and the greater part of <a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatory</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dante also mentions Virgil in <i><a href="/wiki/De_vulgari_eloquentia" title="De vulgari eloquentia">De vulgari eloquentia</a></i>, as one of the four <i>regulati poetae</i> along with <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annaeus_Lucanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annaeus Lucanus">Lucan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a> (ii, vi, 7). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_and_early_modernity">Renaissance and early modernity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Renaissance and early modernity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Renaissance saw a number of authors inspired to write epic in Virgil's wake: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a> called himself the English Virgil; <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i> was influenced by the example of the <i>Aeneid</i>; and later artists influenced by Virgil include <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Hermann Broch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends">Legends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The legend of "Virgil in his basket" arose in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, and is often seen in art and mentioned in literature as part of the <a href="/wiki/Power_of_Women" title="Power of Women">Power of Women</a> <a href="/wiki/Literary_topos" title="Literary topos">literary topos</a>, demonstrating the disruptive force of female attractiveness on men. In this story Virgil became enamoured of a beautiful woman, sometimes described as the emperor's daughter or mistress and called Lucretia. She played him along and agreed to an assignation at her house, which he was to sneak into at night by climbing into a large basket let down from a window. When he did so he was hoisted only halfway up the wall and then left trapped there into the next day, exposed to public ridicule. The story paralleled that of <a href="/wiki/Tale_of_Phyllis_and_Aristotle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tale of Phyllis and Aristotle">Phyllis riding Aristotle</a>. Among other artists depicting the scene, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_van_Leyden" title="Lucas van Leyden">Lucas van Leyden</a> made a <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> and later an <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Middle Ages, Virgil's reputation was such that it inspired legends associating him with magic and prophecy. From at least the 3rd century, Christian thinkers interpreted <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_4" title="Eclogue 4"><i>Eclogue</i> 4</a>, which describes the birth of a boy ushering in a golden age, as a prediction of <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus's birth</a>. In consequence, Virgil came to be seen on a similar level to the <a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Hebrew prophets of the Bible</a> as one who had heralded Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relatedly, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i> argues that medieval legends about the <a href="/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">golem</a> may have been inspired by Virgilian legends about the poet's apocryphal power to bring inanimate objects to life.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possibly as early as the second century AD, Virgil's works were seen as having magical properties and were used for <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>. In what became known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Vergilianae" title="Sortes Vergilianae">Sortes Vergilianae</a></i> ("Virgilian Lots"), passages would be selected at random and interpreted to answer questions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ziolkowskixxxiv_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziolkowskixxxiv-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 12th century, starting around <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> but eventually spreading widely throughout Europe, a tradition developed in which Virgil was regarded as a great <a href="/wiki/Magician_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magician (paranormal)">magician</a>. Legends about Virgil and his magical powers remained popular for over two hundred years, arguably becoming as prominent as his writings themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Ziolkowskixxxiv_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziolkowskixxxiv-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virgil's legacy in medieval <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> was such that the Welsh version of his name, <i>Fferyllt</i> or <i>Pheryllt</i>, became a generic term for magic-worker, and survives in the modern Welsh word for pharmacist, <i>fferyllydd</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more discussion on the spelling of Virgil's name, see Flickinger, R. C. 1930. "Vergil or Virgil?." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Classical_Journal" title="The Classical Journal">The Classical Journal</a></i> 25(9):658–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a succinct summary, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~loxias/aeneid.htm">Globalnet.co.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091218115544/http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~loxias/aeneid.htm">Archived</a> 18 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a bibliography and summary see Fowler, pp. 1605–1606</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEliot" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Eliot, T. S. "What Is a Classic?". In Chinitz, David E.; Schuchard, Ronald (eds.). <i>The Complete Prose of T. S. Eliot: The Critical Edition</i>. Vol. 6: The War Years, <span class="nowrap">1940–</span>1946. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">669–</span>687.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Classic%3F&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Prose+of+T.+S.+Eliot%3A+The+Critical+Edition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E669-%3C%2Fspan%3E687&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettleship187928–31-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettleship187928–31_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettleship1879">Nettleship 1879</a>, pp. 28–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stok_Lives-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stok_Lives_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stok_Lives_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stok_Lives_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stok_Lives_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStok2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stok, Fabio (2014). "Lives". <i>The Virgil Encyclopedia</i>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">751–</span>755. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118351352.wbve1235">10.1002/9781118351352.wbve1235</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5498-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5498-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-5498-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lives&rft.btitle=The+Virgil+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E751-%3C%2Fspan%3E755&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118351352.wbve1235&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5498-7&rft.aulast=Stok&rft.aufirst=Fabio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettleship187931-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettleship187931_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettleship187931_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettleship1879">Nettleship 1879</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettleship187932-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettleship187932_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettleship1879">Nettleship 1879</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler,_pg.1603-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler,_pg.1603_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler,_pg.1603_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler,_pg.1603_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler,_pg.1603_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler,_pg.1603_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler,_pg.1603_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler,_pg.1603_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler,_pg.1603_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler, Don. 1996. "Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro)." In <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">The Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gottwein.de/latine/map/it_cis01.jpg">"Map of Cisalpine Gaul"</a>. <i>gottwein.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528150009/http://www.gottwein.de/latine/map/it_cis01.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gottwein.de&rft.atitle=Map+of+Cisalpine+Gaul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gottwein.de%2Flatine%2Fmap%2Fit_cis01.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer19121-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer19121_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer19121_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrummer1912">Brummer 1912</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer191273-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer191273_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer191273_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer191273_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrummer1912">Brummer 1912</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer191250-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer191250_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrummer1912">Brummer 1912</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Morgan, John D. (2014). "Magius". <i>The Virgil Encyclopedia</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 781. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118351352.wbve1289">10.1002/9781118351352.wbve1289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5498-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5498-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-5498-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magius&rft.btitle=The+Virgil+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=781&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118351352.wbve1289&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5498-7&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettleship18797-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettleship18797_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettleship18797_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettleship1879">Nettleship 1879</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Purg.</i> XVIII.83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1923194-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway1923194_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConway1923">Conway 1923</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1923189-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway1923189_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConway1923">Conway 1923</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1923190-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway1923190_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConway1923">Conway 1923</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunholtz1915108-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunholtz1915108_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBraunholtz1915">Braunholtz 1915</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway1923190–4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway1923190–4_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConway1923">Conway 1923</a>, pp. 190–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERand1930123–4,_127–42-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERand1930123–4,_127–42_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRand1930">Rand 1930</a>, pp. 123–4, 127–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway193171–5-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway193171–5_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConway1931">Conway 1931</a>, pp. 71–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNardoni1986" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nardoni, Davide (1986). "La terra di Virgilio". <i>Archeologia Viva</i> (in Italian) (January–February ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archeologia+Viva&rft.atitle=La+terra+di+Virgilio&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Nardoni&rft.aufirst=Davide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGualtierotti2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gualtierotti, Piero (2008). <i>Castel Goffredo dalle origini ai Gonzaga</i> (in Italian). Mantua. pp. <span class="nowrap">96–</span>100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castel+Goffredo+dalle+origini+ai+Gonzaga&rft.place=Mantua&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Gualtierotti&rft.aufirst=Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFComparetti1997" class="citation book cs1">Comparetti, Domenico (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-6wGE9Ylmj4C&pg=PR7"><i>Vergil in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691026787" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691026787"><bdi>978-0691026787</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vergil+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0691026787&rft.aulast=Comparetti&rft.aufirst=Domenico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-6wGE9Ylmj4C%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson-Okamura2010" class="citation book cs1">Wilson-Okamura, David Scott (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTaNUGscVhIC&pg=PA15"><i>Virgil in the Renaissance</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521198127" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521198127"><bdi>978-0521198127</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virgil+in+the+Renaissance&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0521198127&rft.aulast=Wilson-Okamura&rft.aufirst=David+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTaNUGscVhIC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinklerMcCuen-Metherell2011" class="citation book cs1">Winkler, Anthony C.; McCuen-Metherell, Jo Ray (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUMIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA278"><i>Writing the Research Paper: A Handbook</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1133169024" title="Special:BookSources/978-1133169024"><bdi>978-1133169024</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+the+Research+Paper%3A+A+Handbook&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1133169024&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Anthony+C.&rft.au=McCuen-Metherell%2C+Jo+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPUMIAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer19122-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer19122_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer19122_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer19122_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrummer1912">Brummer 1912</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Damen, Mark. [2002] 2004. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320AncLit/chapters/11verg.htm">Vergil and 'The Aeneid'</a>." Ch. 11 in <i>A Guide to Writing in History and Classics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_University" title="Utah State University">Utah State University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216160433/http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320AncLit/chapters/11verg.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon1934" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Mary L. (1934). "The Family of Vergil". <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F297009">10.2307/297009</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/297009">297009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Family+of+Vergil&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F297009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F297009%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Mary+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Satires_(Horace)" title="Satires (Horace)">Satires</a></i> 1.5, 1.6; Horace, <a href="/wiki/Odes_(Horace)" title="Odes (Horace)"><i>Odes</i></a> 1.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvery1957" class="citation journal cs1">Avery, W. T. (1957). "Augustus and the "Aeneid"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Classical Journal</i>. <b>52</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">225–</span>29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Augustus+and+the+%22Aeneid%22&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSellarGloverBryant1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Young_Sellar" title="William Young Sellar">Sellar, William Young</a>; <a href="/wiki/Terrot_Reaveley_Glover" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrot Reaveley Glover">Glover, Terrot Reaveley</a>; Bryant, Margaret (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Virgil"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Virgil">"Virgil" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">111–</span>116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virgil&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Sellar&rft.aufirst=William+Young&rft.au=Glover%2C+Terrot+Reaveley&rft.au=Bryant%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer19128-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer19128_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer19128_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrummer1912">Brummer 1912</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummer191272-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer191272_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummer191272_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrummer1912">Brummer 1912</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berenbeim_Tomb-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berenbeim_Tomb_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berenbeim_Tomb_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerenbeim2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Berenbeim, Jessica (2014). "Virgil, tomb of". <i>The Virgil Encyclopedia</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118351352.wbve2205">10.1002/9781118351352.wbve2205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5498-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5498-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-5498-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virgil%2C+tomb+of&rft.btitle=The+Virgil+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=1361&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118351352.wbve2205&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5498-7&rft.aulast=Berenbeim&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChambers,_Robert1832" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Robert (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_K0UJAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Book of Days</i></a>. London: W and R Chambers. p. 366.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Days&rft.place=London&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=W+and+R+Chambers&rft.date=1832&rft.au=Chambers%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_K0UJAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnell1960" class="citation book cs1">Snell, Bruno (1960). <i>The Discovery of the Mind: the Greek Origins of European Thought</i>. Harper. pp. <span class="nowrap">281–</span>282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Mind%3A+the+Greek+Origins+of+European+Thought&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E281-%3C%2Fspan%3E282&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot, T. S.</a> 1944. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bracchiumforte.com/PDFs/tseliot.pdf"><i>What Is a Classic?</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115123753/http://bracchiumforte.com/PDFs/tseliot.pdf">Archived</a> 15 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber" title="Faber & Faber">Faber & Faber</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkyns, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, F. J. 1909. "Evidences of Incompleteness in the "Aeneid" of Vergil." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Classical_Journal" title="The Classical Journal">The Classical Journal</a></i> 4(11):341–55. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3287376">3287376</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theb.12.816–817</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. W. Gransden, <i>Virgil: The Aeneid</i> (Cambridge 1990), p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregory_of_Tours1916" class="citation book cs1">Gregory of Tours (1916). <i>The History of the Franks</i>. Translated by Brehaut, E. New York: Columbia University Press. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/560532077">560532077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Franks&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F560532077&rft.au=Gregory+of+Tours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Waddell" title="Helen Waddell">Helen Waddell</a>, <i>The Wandering Scholars</i> (Fontana 1968), p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waddell, pp. 22–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waddell, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlighieri2003" class="citation book cs1">Alighieri, Dante (2003). <i>The Divine Comedy (The Inferno, The Purgatorio, and The Paradiso)</i>. New York: Berkley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0451208637" title="Special:BookSources/978-0451208637"><bdi>978-0451208637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Comedy+%28The+Inferno%2C+The+Purgatorio%2C+and+The+Paradiso%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berkley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0451208637&rft.aulast=Alighieri&rft.aufirst=Dante&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gransden, pp. 108–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Snyder_(art_historian)" title="James Snyder (art historian)">Snyder, James</a>. 1985. <i>Northern Renaissance Art</i>. US: <a href="/wiki/Abrams_Books" title="Abrams Books">Harry N. Abrams</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0136235964" title="Special:BookSources/0136235964">0136235964</a>. pp. 461–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZiolkowskiPutnam2008" class="citation book cs1">Ziolkowski, Jan M.; Putnam, Michael C. J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MpsPueOp8cUC"><i>The Virgilian Tradition: The First Fifteen Hundred Years</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">xxxiv–</span>xxxv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300108224" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300108224"><bdi>978-0300108224</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1901–1906). "Golem". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Golem&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziolkowskixxxiv-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ziolkowskixxxiv_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ziolkowskixxxiv_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZiolkowskiPutnam2008" class="citation book cs1">Ziolkowski, Jan M.; Putnam, Michael C. J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MpsPueOp8cUC"><i>The Virgilian Tradition: The First Fifteen Hundred Years</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. xxxiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300108224" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300108224"><bdi>978-0300108224</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virgilian+Tradition%3A+The+First+Fifteen+Hundred+Years&rft.pages=xxxiv&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0300108224&rft.aulast=Ziolkowski&rft.aufirst=Jan+M.&rft.au=Putnam%2C+Michael+C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMpsPueOp8cUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZiolkowskiPutnam2008" class="citation book cs1">Ziolkowski, Jan M.; Putnam, Michael C. J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MpsPueOp8cUC"><i>The Virgilian Tradition: The First Fifteen Hundred Years</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300108224" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300108224"><bdi>978-0300108224</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virgilian+Tradition%3A+The+First+Fifteen+Hundred+Years&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0300108224&rft.aulast=Ziolkowski&rft.aufirst=Jan+M.&rft.au=Putnam%2C+Michael+C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMpsPueOp8cUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, W. S., and L. N. Quartarone. 2002. <i>Approaches to Teaching Vergil's Aeneid</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBraunholtz1915" class="citation journal cs1">Braunholtz, G. E. K. (June 1915). "The Nationality of Vergil". <i>The Classical Review</i>. <b>29</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">104–</span>110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009840X00048368">10.1017/S0009840X00048368</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/696876">696876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Nationality+of+Vergil&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=1915-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009840X00048368&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F696876%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Braunholtz&rft.aufirst=G.+E.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrummer1912" class="citation book cs1">Brummer, Jacob, ed. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iqkNAAAAIAAJ"><i>Vitae Vergilianae</i></a>. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vitae+Vergilianae&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=B.+G.+Teubner&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiqkNAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Buckham, Philip Wentworth, Joseph Spence, Edward Holdsworth, William Warburton, and John Jortin. 1825. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miscellaneavirg00jortgoog"><i>Miscellanea Virgiliana: In Scriptis Maxime Eruditorum Virorum Varie Dispersa, in Unum Fasciculum Collecta</i></a>. Cambridge: Printed for W. P. Grant.</li> <li>Conway, R. S. [1914] 1915. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t6445ps8d&view=1up&seq=5">The Youth of Vergil</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_John_Rylands_Library" title="Bulletin of the John Rylands Library">Bulletin of the John Rylands Library</a></i> July 1915.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConway1923" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Seymour_Conway" title="Robert Seymour Conway">Conway, R. S.</a> (January 1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m2caAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA184">"Where Was Vergil's Farm?"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the John Rylands Library</i>. <b>7</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">184–</span>210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7227%2FBJRL.7.2.2">10.7227/BJRL.7.2.2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+John+Rylands+Library&rft.atitle=Where+Was+Vergil%27s+Farm%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=1923-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7227%2FBJRL.7.2.2&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm2caAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConway1928" class="citation book cs1">Conway, Robert Seymour (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUt-rtli_V0C"><i>Harvard Lectures on the Vergilian Age</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard+Lectures+on+the+Vergilian+Age&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=Robert+Seymour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUt-rtli_V0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConway1931" class="citation journal cs1">Conway, R. S. (April 1931). "Further Considerations on the Site of Vergil's Farm". <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>25</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800013483">10.1017/S0009838800013483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Further+Considerations+on+the+Site+of+Vergil%27s+Farm&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=1931-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800013483&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Farrell, J. 1991. <i>Vergil's Georgics and the Traditions of Ancient Epic: The Art of Allusion in Literary History</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li> <li>—2001. "The Vergilian Century." <i>Vergilius (1959–)</i> 47:11–28. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41587251">41587251</a>.</li> <li>Farrell, J., and Michael C. J. Putnam, eds. 2010. <i>A Companion to Vergil's Aeneid and Its Tradition</i>, (<i>Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World</i>). Chichester, MA: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>.</li> <li>Fletcher, K. F. B. 2014. <i>Finding Italy: Travel, Nation and Colonization in Vergil's 'Aeneid'</i>. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>.</li> <li>Hardie, Philip R., ed. 1999. <i>Virgil: Critical Assessments of Ancient Authors</i> 1–4. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</li> <li>Henkel, John. 2014. "Vergil Talks Technique: Metapoetic Arboriculture in 'Georgics' 2." <i>Vergilius (1959–)</i> 60:33–66. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43185985">43185985</a>.</li> <li>Horsfall, N. 2016. <i>The Epic Distilled: Studies in the Composition of the Aeneid</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeithMyers2023" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Alison; Myers, Micah Y. (2023). <i>Vergil and Elegy</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781487547950" title="Special:BookSources/9781487547950"><bdi>9781487547950</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vergil+and+Elegy&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781487547950&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Myers%2C+Micah+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mack, S. 1978. <i>Patterns of Time in Vergil</i>. Hamden: Archon Books.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNettleship1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Nettleship" title="Henry Nettleship">Nettleship, H.</a> (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_STSsb7otPcC"><i>Ancient Lives of Vergil</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Lives+of+Vergil&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Nettleship&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_STSsb7otPcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Panoussi, V. 2009. <i>Greek Tragedy in Vergil's "Aeneid": Ritual, Empire, and Intertext</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Quinn, S., ed. 2000. <i>Why Vergil? A Collection of Interpretations</i>. Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRand1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kennard_Rand" title="Edward Kennard Rand">Rand, Edward Kennard</a> (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EKAyAQAAIAAJ"><i>In Quest of Virgil's Birthplace</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-42874-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-42874-4"><bdi>978-0-674-42874-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Quest+of+Virgil%27s+Birthplace&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=978-0-674-42874-4&rft.aulast=Rand&rft.aufirst=Edward+Kennard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEKAyAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rossi, A. 2004. <i>Contexts of War: Manipulation of Genre in Virgilian Battle Narrative</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</li> <li>Sondrup, Steven P. 2009. "Virgil: From Farms to Empire: Kierkegaard's Understanding of a Roman Poet." In <i>Kierkegaard and the Roman World</i>, edited by J. B. Stewart. Farnham: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate</a>.</li> <li>Syed, Y. 2005. <i>Vergil's Aeneid and the Roman Self: Subject and Nation in Literary Discourse</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Syson" title="Antonia Syson">Syson, A.</a> 2013. <i>Fama and Fiction in Vergil's 'Aeneid'</i>. Columbus: <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University_Press" title="Ohio State University Press">Ohio State University Press</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Virgil" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Virgil">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Virgil" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Virgil">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Virgil</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Virgil&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Virgil">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Virgil&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Virgil</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Virgil&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Virgil">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Virgil&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <p><b>Collected works</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/virgil">Works by Virgil in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/129">Works by Virgil</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Virgil%22+OR+%22Vergil%22+OR+%22Publius+Vergilius+Maro%22%29">Works by or about Virgil</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/6359">Works by Virgil</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=P.+Vergilius+Maro">Works of Virgil</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Digital_Library" title="Perseus Digital Library">Perseus Digital Library</a> – Latin texts, translations, and commentaries <ul><li><i>Aeneid</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogues</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a></i> translated by J. C. Greenough, 1900</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>, translated by T. C. Williams, 1910</li> <li><i>—</i> translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>, 1697</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/VirgilEclogues.html">Works of Virgil</a> at <a href="/wiki/Theoi_Project" title="Theoi Project">Theoi Project</a> <ul><li><i>Aeneid</i>, <i>Eclogues</i> and<i> Georgics</i>, translated by H. R. Fairclough, 1916</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/virgil/index.htm">Works of Virgil</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Sacred_Text_Archive" title="Internet Sacred Text Archive">Internet Sacred Texts Archive</a> <ul><li><i>Aeneid</i>, translated by John Dryden, 1697</li> <li><i>Eclogues</i> and <i>Georgics</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/John_William_Mackail" title="John William Mackail">J. W. MacKail</a>, 1934</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/verg.html">P. Vergilius Maro</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Latin_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Latin Library">The Latin Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT392.HTM">Virgil's works</a> – text, concordances, and frequency list.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/Virgilhome.htm">Virgil: The Major Texts</a>: contemporary, line-by-line English translations of <i>Eclogues</i>, <i>Georgics</i>, and <i>Aeneid</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/2407/browse?value=Virgili+Mar%C3%B3%2C+Publi%2C+70-19+aC&type=author">Virgil</a> in the collection of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Calabria" title="Ferdinand, Duke of Calabria">Ferdinand, Duke of Calabria</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43">Somni</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10550/16827"><i>Publii Vergilii Maronis Opera</i></a> Naples and Milan, 1450.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10550/23087"><i>Publii Vergilii Maronis Opera</i></a> Italy, 1470–1499.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10550/23142"><i>Publii Vergilii Maronis Opera</i></a> Milan, 1465.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_198.html">Lewis E 198 Opera at OPenn</a></li></ul> <p><b>Biography</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/suet-vergil.html">Suetonius: <i>The Life of Virgil</i></a> – an English translation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030724230122/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/donatus_vita.html"><i>Vita Vergiliana</i></a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> [<i>The</i> <i>Life of Virgil</i>] by <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a> (in original Latin).</li> <li>Aelius Donatus's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virgil.org/vitae/a-donatus.htm"><i>Life of Virgil</i></a>, translated by David Wilson-Okamura</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10960"><i>Vergil – A Biography</i></a> (Project Gutenberg ed.), by <a href="/wiki/Tenney_Frank" title="Tenney Frank">Tenney Frank</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lateinforum.de/vergil.htm">Vergilian Chronology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070222085305/http://www.lateinforum.de/vergil.htm">Archived</a> 22 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in German).</li></ul> <p><b>Commentary</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vergil.classics.upenn.edu/">The Vergil Project</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.co.uk/">A new <i>Aeneid</i> for the 21st century</a>." – A review of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fagles" title="Robert Fagles">Robert Fagles</a>'s new translation of the <i>Aeneid</i> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-tls.co.uk">TLS</a>, 9 February 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virgilmurder.org">Virgilmurder</a> – Jean-Yves Maleuvre's website setting forth his theory that Virgil was murdered by Augustus.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.utk.edu/~mclennan/BA/AV/">The Secret History of Virgil</a> – contains selection on the magical legends and tall tales that circulated about Virgil in the Middle Ages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thoughtcast.org/casts/virgils-georgics">Interview</a> with Virgil scholar Richard Thomas and poet David Ferry, who recently translated the <i><a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a></i> – via <i>ThoughtCast</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/aeneid1.htm">SORGLL: <i>Aeneid</i>, Bk I, 1–49</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002001956/http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/aeneid1.htm">Archived</a> 2 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, read by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sonkowsky" title="Robert Sonkowsky">Robert Sonkowsky</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/aeneid04.htm">SORGLL: <i>Aeneid</i>, Bk IV, 296–396</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227140428/http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/aeneid04.htm">Archived</a> 27 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, read by Stephen Daitz</li></ul> <p><b>Bibliographies</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niklasholzberg.com/Homepage/Bibliographien.html">Comprehensive bibliographies on all three of Virgil's major works, downloadable in Word or pdf format</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/hellenisticbibliography/latin-authors/vergil">Bibliography of works relating Vergil to the literature of the Hellenistic age</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/werner_vergil.html">A selective Bibliographical Guide to Vergil's <i>Aeneid</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005162933/http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/werner_vergil.html">Archived</a> 5 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virgil.org/bibliography">Virgil in Late Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance: an Online Bibliography</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virgil444" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virgil" title="Template:Virgil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virgil" title="Template talk:Virgil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virgil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virgil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virgil444" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virgil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogues</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Eclogue_1" title="Eclogue 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_2" title="Eclogue 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_3" title="Eclogue 3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_4" title="Eclogue 4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_5" title="Eclogue 5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_6" title="Eclogue 6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_7" title="Eclogue 7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_8" title="Eclogue 8">8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_9" title="Eclogue 9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue_10" title="Eclogue 10">10</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Appendix_Vergiliana" title="Appendix Vergiliana">Appendix Vergiliana</a></i> (spurious)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Augusteus" title="Vergilius Augusteus">Vergilius Augusteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Romanus" title="Vergilius Romanus">Vergilius Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Vaticanus" title="Vergilius Vaticanus">Vergilius Vaticanus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_interpretations_of_Virgil%27s_Eclogue_4" title="Christian interpretations of Virgil's Eclogue 4">Christian interpretations of <i>Eclogue</i> 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Vergilianae" title="Sortes Vergilianae">Sortes Vergilianae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Virgilian_Progression" title="The Virgilian Progression">The Virgilian Progression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil%27s_tomb" title="Virgil's tomb">Virgil's tomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Barque_of_Dante" title="The Barque of Dante">Dante and Virgil in Hell</a></i> (1822 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante_in_Hell" title="Dante in Hell">Dante, led by Virgil, Consoles the Souls of the Envious</a></i> (1835 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_and_Paolo_Malatesta_Appraised_by_Dante_and_Virgil" title="Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Appraised by Dante and Virgil">Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Appraised by Dante and Virgil</a></i> (1835 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante_and_Virgil" title="Dante and Virgil">Dante and Virgil</a></i> (1850 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Barque_of_Dante_(Manet)" title="The Barque of Dante (Manet)">The Barque of Dante</a></i> (1858 painting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Virgil" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Virgil"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Virgil" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Virgil"><b>Wikiquote</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Author:Virgil" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Author:Virgil"><b>Wikisource texts</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics565" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics565" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Associated_subjects86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Associated_subjects86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated subjects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virgil&#039;s_Aeneid_(19_BC)109" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aeneid" title="Template:Aeneid"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aeneid" title="Template talk:Aeneid"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aeneid" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aeneid"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virgil&#039;s_Aeneid_(19_BC)109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> (19 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alecto" title="Alecto">Alecto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crinisus" title="Crinisus">Crinisus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymen_(god)" title="Hymen (god)">Hymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberinus_(god)" title="Tiberinus (god)">Tiberinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trojans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achates_(Aeneid)" title="Achates (Aeneid)">Achates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneads" title="Aeneads">Aeneads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolus" title="Aeolus">Aeolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aletes_(Aeneid_character)" title="Aletes (Aeneid character)">Aletes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchises" title="Anchises">Anchises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphates" title="Antiphates">Antiphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascanius" title="Ascanius">Ascanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caieta" title="Caieta">Caieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capys" title="Capys">Capys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonius" title="Clonius">Clonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynaeus" title="Corynaeus">Corynaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creusa_(wife_of_Aeneas)" title="Creusa (wife of Aeneas)">Creusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanus_(son_of_Zeus)" title="Dardanus (son of Zeus)">Dardanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dares_Phrygius" title="Dares Phrygius">Dares Phrygius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deiphobus" title="Deiphobus">Deiphobus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymus_(mythology)" title="Elymus (mythology)">Elymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entellus" title="Entellus">Entellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisus_and_Euryalus" title="Nisus and Euryalus">Euryalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyas" title="Gyas">Gyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocoon" title="Hippocoon">Hippocoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilioneus" title="Ilioneus">Ilioneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n" title="Laocoön">Laocoön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas_(Aeneid)" title="Mimas (Aeneid)">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misenus" title="Misenus">Misenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnestheus" title="Mnestheus">Mnestheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisus_and_Euryalus" title="Nisus and Euryalus">Nisus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornytus" title="Ornytus">Ornytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palinurus" title="Palinurus">Palinurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandarus" title="Pandarus">Pandarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthous" title="Panthous">Panthous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polites_(Prince_of_Troy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polites (Prince of Troy)">Polites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripheus" title="Ripheus">Ripheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergestus" title="Sergestus">Sergestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theona" title="Theona">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymoetes" title="Thymoetes">Thymoetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucalegon" title="Ucalegon">Ucalegon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phoenicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acerbas" title="Acerbas">Acerbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Perenna" title="Anna Perenna">Anna Perenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belus_(Tyre)" title="Belus (Tyre)">Belus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattan_I" title="Mattan I">Mattan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_of_Tyre" title="Pygmalion of Tyre">Pygmalion of Tyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acestes" title="Acestes">Acestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenides" title="Achaemenides">Achaemenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actor_(mythology)" title="Actor (mythology)">Actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax the Lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amata" title="Amata">Amata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgeus_(Aeneid)" title="Androgeus (Aeneid)">Androgeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automedon" title="Automedon">Automedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventinus_(mythology)" title="Aventinus (mythology)">Aventinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butes" title="Butes">Butes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_(mythology)" title="Camilla (mythology)">Camilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catillus" title="Catillus">Catillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytius" title="Clytius">Clytius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydon" title="Cydon">Cydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cydonians">Cydonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erulus" title="Erulus">Erulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evander_of_Pallene" class="mw-redirect" title="Evander of Pallene">Evander of Pallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaesus" title="Halaesus">Halaesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iarbas" title="Iarbas">Iarbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juturna" title="Juturna">Juturna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausus" title="Lausus">Lausus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavinia" title="Lavinia">Lavinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macar" title="Macar">Macar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapus" title="Messapus">Messapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabus" title="Metabus">Metabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezentius" title="Mezentius">Mezentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(son_of_Evander)" title="Pallas (son of Evander)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picus" title="Picus">Picus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salius" title="Salius">Salius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinon" title="Sinon">Sinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnus" title="Turnus">Turnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufens" title="Ufens">Ufens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbro_(priest)" title="Umbro (priest)">Umbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venulus" title="Venulus">Venulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film and TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Avenger_(1962_film)" title="The Avenger (1962 film)">The Avenger</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eneide_(TV_serial)" title="Eneide (TV serial)">Eneide</a></i> (1971–2)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eneyida_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eneyida (film) (page does not exist)">Eneyida</a></i> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 828</span> history of Britain)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_d%27En%C3%A9as" title="Roman d'Enéas">Roman d'Enéas</a></i> (1160 poem)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eneas_romance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eneas romance (page does not exist)">Eneas romance</a></i> (ca. 1170-1188)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido,_Queen_of_Carthage_(play)" title="Dido, Queen of Carthage (play)">Dido, Queen of Carthage</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1593</span> play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virgile_travesti" title="Virgile travesti">Virgile travesti</a></i> (1648)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amelia_(novel)" title="Amelia (novel)">Amelia</a></i> (1751 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dunciad" title="The Dunciad">The Dunciad</a></i> (1729 poem)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida">Eneida</a></i> (1798 mock epic)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lavinia_(novel)" title="Lavinia (novel)">Lavinia</a></i> (2008 novel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_(opera)" title="Didone (opera)">Didone</a></i> (1641 Cavalli)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achille_et_Polyx%C3%A8ne" title="Achille et Polyxène">Achille et Polyxène</a></i> (1687 Lully/Collasse)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Dido and Aeneas">Dido and Aeneas</a></i> (1688 Purcell)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didon_(Desmarets)" title="Didon (Desmarets)">Didon</a></i> (1693 Desmarets)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata" title="Didone abbandonata">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724 libretto Metastasio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Sarro)" title="Didone abbandonata (Sarro)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724 Sarro)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Albinoni)" title="Didone abbandonata (Albinoni)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724 Albinoni)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Vinci)" title="Didone abbandonata (Vinci)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1726 Vinci)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Sarti)" title="Didone abbandonata (Sarti)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1762 Sarti)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didon_(Piccinni)" title="Didon (Piccinni)">Didon</a></i> (1783 Piccinni)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido,_Queen_of_Carthage_(opera)" title="Dido, Queen of Carthage (opera)">Dido, Queen of Carthage</a></i> (1792 Storace)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Troyens" title="Les Troyens">Les Troyens</a></i> (1858 Berlioz)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ballymote" title="Book of Ballymote">Book of Ballymote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_31" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 31">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Augusteus" title="Vergilius Augusteus">Vergilius Augusteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Romanus" title="Vergilius Romanus">Vergilius Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Vaticanus" title="Vergilius Vaticanus">Vergilius Vaticanus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_astra_(phrase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad astra (phrase)">Ad astra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuit_c%C5%93ptis" title="Annuit cœptis">Annuit cœptis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Experto_crede" title="Experto crede">Experto crede</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune_favours_the_bold" title="Fortune favours the bold">Fortune favours the bold</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lacrimae_rerum" title="Lacrimae rerum">Lacrimae rerum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_over_matter" title="Mind over matter">Mind over matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obscuris_vera_involvens" title="Obscuris vera involvens">Obscuris vera involvens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quos_ego" title="Quos ego">Quos ego</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beware_of_Greeks_bearing_gifts" title="Beware of Greeks bearing gifts">Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i> (25 BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneas,_Anchises,_and_Ascanius" title="Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius">Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius</a></i> (1619)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Aeneas_(Salvator_Rosa)" title="The Dream of Aeneas (Salvator Rosa)">The Dream of Aeneas</a></i> (1660–65)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Ascanius_Shooting_the_Stag_of_Sylvia" title="Landscape with Ascanius Shooting the Stag of Sylvia">Ascanius Shooting the Stag of Sylvia</a></i> (1689)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido_building_Carthage" title="Dido building Carthage">Dido building Carthage</a></i> (1815)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough_(painting)" title="The Golden Bough (painting)">The Golden Bough</a></i> (1834)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/And_Then_There_Was_Silence" title="And Then There Was Silence">And Then There Was Silence</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Fire_(album)" title="Gates of Fire (album)">Gates of Fire</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aposiopesis" title="Aposiopesis">Aposiopesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">Dactylic hexameter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteron_proteron" title="Hysteron proteron">Hysteron proteron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Vergilianae" title="Sortes Vergilianae">Sortes Vergilianae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_of_Troy" title="Brutus of Troy">Brutus of Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneados" title="Eneados">Eneados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Golden Bough (mythology)">The Golden Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallels_between_Virgil%27s_Aeneid_and_Homer%27s_Iliad_and_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey">Parallels between Virgil's <i>Aeneid</i> and Homer's <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commentary_of_the_Aeneid" title="Political commentary of the Aeneid">Political commentary of the <i>Aeneid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulpicius_Apollinaris" title="Sulpicius Apollinaris">Sulpicius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="&quot;Dido_and_Aeneas&quot;_from_Virgil&#039;s_Aeneid92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Template:Dido and Aeneas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Template talk:Dido and Aeneas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dido and Aeneas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="&quot;Dido_and_Aeneas&quot;_from_Virgil&#039;s_Aeneid92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">"Dido and Aeneas" from <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_(opera)" title="Didone (opera)">Didone</a></i> (1641, Cavalli)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Dido and Aeneas">Dido and Aeneas</a></i> (1688, Purcell) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas_discography" title="Dido and Aeneas discography">discography</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dido%27s_Lament" title="Dido's Lament">Dido's Lament</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didon_(Desmarets)" title="Didon (Desmarets)">Didon</a></i> (1693, Desmarets)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata" title="Didone abbandonata">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724, Metastasio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Sarro)" title="Didone abbandonata (Sarro)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724, Sarro)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Albinoni)" title="Didone abbandonata (Albinoni)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724, Albinoni)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Sarti)" title="Didone abbandonata (Sarti)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1762, Sarti)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didon_(Piccinni)" title="Didon (Piccinni)">Didon</a></i> (1783, Piccinni)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido,_Queen_of_Carthage_(opera)" title="Dido, Queen of Carthage (opera)">Dido, Queen of Carthage</a></i> (1792, Storace)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Troyens" title="Les Troyens">Les Troyens</a></i> (1863, Berlioz)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido,_Queen_of_Carthage_(play)" title="Dido, Queen of Carthage (play)">Dido, Queen of Carthage</a></i> (c. 1593)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_d%27En%C3%A9as" title="Roman d'Enéas">Roman d'Enéas</a></i> (1160)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eneas_romance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eneas romance (page does not exist)">Eneas romance</a></i> (ca. 1170-1188)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Simple_Man_(Klaus_Nomi_album)" title="Simple Man (Klaus Nomi album)">Simple Man</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido_building_Carthage" title="Dido building Carthage">Dido building Carthage</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Ham_Roman_Villa" title="Low Ham Roman Villa">Low Ham Roman Villa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amelia_(novel)" title="Amelia (novel)">Amelia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dante&#039;s_Divine_Comedy231" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Divine_Comedy_navbox" title="Template:Divine Comedy navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Divine_Comedy_navbox" title="Template talk:Divine Comedy navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Divine_Comedy_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Divine Comedy navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dante&#039;s_Divine_Comedy231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters<br />and locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertran_de_Born" title="Bertran de Born">Bertran de Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonturo_Dati" title="Bonturo Dati">Bonturo Dati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunetto_Latini" title="Brunetto Latini">Brunetto Latini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcante_de%27_Cavalcanti" title="Cavalcante de' Cavalcanti">Cavalcante de' Cavalcanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capaneus" title="Capaneus">Capaneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon" title="Charon">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiron" title="Chiron">Chiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciacco" title="Ciacco">Ciacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciampolo" title="Ciampolo">Ciampolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocytus" title="Cocytus">Cocytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dis_(Divine_Comedy)" title="Dis (Divine Comedy)">Dis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farinata_degli_Uberti" title="Farinata degli Uberti">Farinata degli Uberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Argenti" title="Filippo Argenti">Filippo Argenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini" title="Francesca da Rimini">Francesca da Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geryon_(Divine_Comedy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geryon (Divine Comedy)">Geryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Schicchi_de%27_Cavalcanti" title="Gianni Schicchi de' Cavalcanti">Gianni Schicchi de' Cavalcanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_refusal" title="Great refusal">Great refusal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gualdrada_Berti" title="Gualdrada Berti">Gualdrada Berti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Guerra" title="Guido Guerra">Guido Guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_I_da_Montefeltro" title="Guido I da Montefeltro">Guido I da Montefeltro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacopo_Rusticucci" title="Iacopo Rusticucci">Iacopo Rusticucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malebolge" title="Malebolge">Malebolge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nessus_(mythology)" title="Nessus (mythology)">Nessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Malatesta" title="Paolo Malatesta">Paolo Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegethon" title="Phlegethon">Phlegethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegyas" title="Phlegyas">Phlegyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_della_Vigna" title="Pietro della Vigna">Pietro della Vigna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutus" title="Plutus">Plutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Pope Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggieri_degli_Ubaldini" title="Ruggieri degli Ubaldini">Ruggieri degli Ubaldini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Satan" title="Dante's Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugolino_della_Gherardesca" title="Ugolino della Gherardesca">Ugolino della Gherardesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Ulysses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanni_Fucci" title="Vanni Fucci">Vanni Fucci</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virgil</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circles of Hell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_circle_of_hell" title="First circle of hell">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_circle_of_hell" title="Second circle of hell">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_circle_of_hell" title="Third circle of hell">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_circle_of_hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth circle of hell">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_circle_of_hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth circle of hell">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_circle_of_hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth circle of hell">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_circle_of_hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh circle of hell">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malebolge" title="Malebolge">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_circle_of_hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth circle of hell">Ninth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malebranche_(Divine_Comedy)" title="Malebranche (Divine Comedy)">Malebranche</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alichino_(devil)" title="Alichino (devil)">Alichino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbariccia" title="Barbariccia">Barbariccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagnazzo" title="Cagnazzo">Cagnazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcabrina" title="Calcabrina">Calcabrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciriatto" title="Ciriatto">Ciriatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draghignazzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Draghignazzo">Draghignazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farfarello" class="mw-redirect" title="Farfarello">Farfarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacoda" title="Malacoda">Malacoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicante" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubicante">Rubicante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarmiglione" title="Scarmiglione">Scarmiglione</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alagia_Fieschi" title="Alagia Fieschi">Alagia Fieschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Daniel" title="Arnaut Daniel">Arnaut Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Portinari" title="Beatrice Portinari">Beatrice Portinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Este_(1268%E2%80%931334)" title="Beatrice d'Este (1268–1334)">Beatrice d'Este</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belacqua" title="Belacqua">Belacqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonagiunta_Orbicciani" title="Bonagiunta Orbicciani">Bonagiunta Orbicciani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonconte_I_da_Montefeltro" title="Bonconte I da Montefeltro">Bonconte I da Montefeltro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casella_(Divine_Comedy)" title="Casella (Divine Comedy)">Casella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Malaspina_the_Young" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad Malaspina the Young">Conrad Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunoe" title="Eunoe">Eunoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forese_Donati" title="Forese Donati">Forese Donati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_da_Camino" title="Gaia da Camino">Gaia da Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherardo_III_da_Camino" title="Gherardo III da Camino">Gherardo III da Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanna_da_Montefeltro" title="Giovanna da Montefeltro">Giovanna da Montefeltro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Guinizelli" title="Guido Guinizelli">Guido Guinizelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_del_Cassero" title="Jacopo del Cassero">Jacopo del Cassero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Gallura" title="Joanna of Gallura">Giovanna Visconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethe" title="Lethe">Lethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Manfred, King of Sicily">Manfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Lombardo" title="Marco Lombardo">Marco Lombardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matelda" title="Matelda">Matelda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nella_Donati" title="Nella Donati">Nella Donati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nino_Visconti" title="Nino Visconti">Nino Visconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oderisi_da_Gubbio" title="Oderisi da Gubbio">Oderisi da Gubbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omberto_Aldobrandeschi" title="Omberto Aldobrandeschi">Omberto Aldobrandeschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pia_de%27_Tolomei" title="Pia de' Tolomei">Pia de' Tolomei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Pope Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapia_Salvani" title="Sapia Salvani">Sapia Salvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sordello" title="Sordello">Sordello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)"><i>Paradiso</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacciaguida" title="Cacciaguida">Cacciaguida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel_of_Anjou" title="Charles Martel of Anjou">Charles Martel of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance I of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_II_of_Sicily" title="Constance II of Sicily">Constance II of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunizza_da_Romano" title="Cunizza da Romano">Cunizza da Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empyrean" title="Empyrean">Empyrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folquet_de_Marselha" title="Folquet de Marselha">Folquet de Marselha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">Hierarchy of angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Eagle">Imperial Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccarda_Donati" title="Piccarda Donati">Piccarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripheus" title="Ripheus">Ripheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrapasso" title="Contrapasso">Contrapasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terza_rima" title="Terza rima">Terza rima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_refusal" title="Great refusal">Great refusal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Verses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Pape_Sat%C3%A0n,_pape_Sat%C3%A0n_aleppe" title="Pape Satàn, pape Satàn aleppe">Pape Satàn, pape Satàn aleppe</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Raph%C3%A8l_mai_am%C3%A8cche_zab%C3%AC_almi" title="Raphèl mai amècche zabì almi">Raphèl mai amècche zabì almi</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palacio_Barolo" title="Palacio Barolo">Palacio Barolo</a> (Palanti, 1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Danteum" title="Danteum">Danteum</a></i> (Terragni, 1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinema</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Inferno" title="L'Inferno">L'Inferno</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(1924_film)" title="Dante's Inferno (1924 film)"><i>Dante's Inferno</i></a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(1935_film)" title="Dante's Inferno (1935 film)"><i>Dante's Inferno</i></a> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dante_Quartet" title="The Dante Quartet">The Dante Quartet</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_TV_Dante" title="A TV Dante">A TV Dante</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Deep_and_Dreamless_Sleep" title="The Deep and Dreamless Sleep">The Deep and Dreamless Sleep</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(2007_film)" title="Dante's Inferno (2007 film)"><i>Dante's Inferno</i></a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno:_An_Animated_Epic" title="Dante's Inferno: An Animated Epic">Dante's Inferno: An Animated Epic</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_commedia_di_Amos_Poe" title="La commedia di Amos Poe">La commedia di Amos Poe</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Hell_Animated" title="Dante's Hell Animated">Dante's Hell Animated</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Botticelli_Inferno" title="Botticelli Inferno">Botticelli Inferno</a></i> (2016 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demon_Lord_Dante" title="Demon Lord Dante">Demon Lord Dante</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jimbo%27s_Inferno" title="Jimbo's Inferno">Jimbo's Inferno</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno:_A_Graphic_Novel_Adaptation" title="Dante's Inferno: A Graphic Novel Adaptation">Dante's Inferno</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gert%27s_Inferno" title="Gert's Inferno">Gert's Inferno</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illustrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy_Illustrated_by_Botticelli" title="Divine Comedy Illustrated by Botticelli">Divine Comedy Illustrated by Botticelli</a></i> (1485)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Giraud" title="Jean Giraud">Jean Giraud</a> (<i>Paradiso</i>, 1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Rimini" title="The Story of Rimini">The Story of Rimini</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine" title="La Comédie humaine">La Comédie humaine</a></i> (1830–1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Earth_Inferno" title="Earth Inferno">Earth Inferno</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cantos" title="The Cantos">The Cantos</a></i> (1917–1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/As_I_Was_Going_Down_Sackville_Street" title="As I Was Going Down Sackville Street">As I Was Going Down Sackville Street</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Dante%27s_Hell" title="The System of Dante's Hell">The System of Dante's Hell</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Niven_and_Pournelle_novel)" title="Inferno (Niven and Pournelle novel)">Inferno</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dante_Club" title="The Dante Club">The Dante Club</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Brown_novel)" title="Inferno (Brown novel)">Inferno</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music (classical)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Sonata" title="Dante Sonata"><i>Après une Lecture de Dante: Fantasia quasi Sonata</i></a> (Liszt, 1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante_Symphony" title="Dante Symphony">Dante Symphony</a></i> (Liszt, 1857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Francesca da Rimini (Tchaikovsky)">Francesca da Rimini</a></i> (Tchaikovsky, 1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Francesca da Rimini (Rachmaninoff)">Francesca da Rimini</a></i> (Rachmaninoff, 1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_(Zandonai)" title="Francesca da Rimini (Zandonai)">Francesca da Rimini</a></i> (Zandonai, 1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Schicchi" title="Gianni Schicchi">Gianni Schicchi</a></i> (Puccini, 1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy_(Smith)" title="The Divine Comedy (Smith)">The Divine Comedy</a></i> (Smith, 1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(opera)" title="Inferno (opera)">Inferno</a></i> (Ronchetti, 2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music (modern)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Metamorfosi_album)" title="Inferno (Metamorfosi album)">Inferno</a></i> (1973 album)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(song)" title="Dante's Inferno (song)">"Dante's Inferno"</a> (1995 song)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante_XXI" title="Dante XXI">Dante XXI</a></i> (2006 album)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Place_Where_the_Sun_Is_Silent" title="A Place Where the Sun Is Silent">A Place Where the Sun Is Silent</a></i> (2011 album)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Barque_of_Dante" title="The Barque of Dante">The Barque of Dante</a></i> (Delacroix, 1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wood_of_the_Self-Murderers:_The_Harpies_and_the_Suicides" title="The Wood of the Self-Murderers: The Harpies and the Suicides">The Wood of the Self-Murderers: The Harpies and the Suicides</a></i> (Blake, 1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_and_Paolo_Malatesta_Appraised_by_Dante_and_Virgil" title="Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Appraised by Dante and Virgil">Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Appraised by Dante and Virgil</a></i> (Scheffer, 1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante_in_Hell" title="Dante in Hell">Dante in Hell</a></i> (Flandrin, 1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Barque_of_Dante_(Manet)" title="The Barque of Dante (Manet)">The Barque of Dante</a></i> (Manet, 1850s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pia_de%27_Tolomei_(Rossetti_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pia de' Tolomei (Rossetti painting)">Pia de' Tolomei</a></i> (Rossetti, 1868)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paolo_and_Francesca_da_Rimini" title="Paolo and Francesca da Rimini">Paolo and Francesca da Rimini</a></i> (Rossetti, 1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_barca_de_Aqueronte" title="La barca de Aqueronte">La barca de Aqueronte</a></i> (Hidalgo, 1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Laguna_Estigia" title="La Laguna Estigia">La Laguna Estigia</a></i> (Hidalgo, 1887)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gates_of_Hell" title="The Gates of Hell">The Gates of Hell</a></i> (Rodin, 1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(Rodin_sculpture)" title="The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)">The Kiss</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thinker" title="The Thinker">The Thinker</a></i> (1904)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Majy%C5%AB%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Majyūō">King of Demons</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_May_Cry" title="Devil May Cry"><i>Devil May Cry</i> series</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonetta" title="Bayonetta"><i>Bayonetta</i> series</a> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(video_game)" title="Dante's Inferno (video game)">Dante's Inferno</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_(video_game)" title="The Lost (video game)">The Lost</a></i> (cancelled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_references_in_the_Divine_Comedy" title="List of cultural references in the Divine Comedy">Cultural references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_translations_of_the_Divine_Comedy" title="List of English translations of the Divine Comedy">English translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy_in_popular_culture" title="Divine Comedy in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tr8912">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/411631">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virgil&oldid=1281047025">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virgil&oldid=1281047025</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Virgil" title="Category:Virgil">Virgil</a></li><li><a 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