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for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aesthetics of music</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89" title="جماليات الموسيقى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جماليات الموسيقى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik%C3%A4sthetik" title="Musikästhetik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musikästhetik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muusikaesteetika" title="Muusikaesteetika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muusikaesteetika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esth%C3%A9tique_de_la_musique" title="Esthétique de la musique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esthétique de la musique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85%EB%AF%B8%ED%95%99" title="음악미학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음악미학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetica_musica" title="Aesthetica musica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aesthetica musica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="音楽美学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音楽美学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikkestetikk" title="Musikkestetikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Musikkestetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetyka_muzyczna" title="Estetyka muzyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Estetyka muzyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A9tica_musical" title="Estética musical – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estética musical" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetic%C4%83_muzical%C4%83" title="Estetică muzicală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Estetică muzicală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музыкальная эстетика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыкальная эстетика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%80" title="සංගීතයේ සෞන්දර්යාත්මක බව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංගීතයේ සෞන්දර්යාත්මක බව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasbena_estetika" title="Glasbena estetika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glasbena estetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музичка естетика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Музичка естетика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikestetik" title="Musikestetik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Musikestetik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музична естетика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музична естетика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8" title="音樂美學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="音樂美學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1955326#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dublin_Philharmonic_Orchestra_performing_Tchaikovsky%27s_Symphony_No_4_in_Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina.jpg/200px-Dublin_Philharmonic_Orchestra_performing_Tchaikovsky%27s_Symphony_No_4_in_Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dublin_Philharmonic_Orchestra_performing_Tchaikovsky%27s_Symphony_No_4_in_Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina.jpg/300px-Dublin_Philharmonic_Orchestra_performing_Tchaikovsky%27s_Symphony_No_4_in_Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dublin_Philharmonic_Orchestra_performing_Tchaikovsky%27s_Symphony_No_4_in_Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina.jpg/400px-Dublin_Philharmonic_Orchestra_performing_Tchaikovsky%27s_Symphony_No_4_in_Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Music_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Music critic">Music critics</a> listen to symphony <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> concerts and write a review which assesses the conductor and orchestra's interpretation of the pieces they played. The critic uses a range of aesthetic evaluation tools to write their review. They may assess the tone of the orchestra, the tempos that the conductor chose for the symphony movements, the taste and judgement showed by the conductor in their creative choices, and even the selection of pieces which formed the concert program.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aesthetics of music</b> is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> that deals with the nature of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beauty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">taste</a> in music, and with the creation or appreciation of beauty in music.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the pre-modern tradition, the aesthetics of music or musical aesthetics explored the mathematical and cosmological dimensions of rhythmic and harmonic organization. In the eighteenth century, focus shifted to the experience of hearing music, and thus to questions about its beauty and human enjoyment (<i><a href="/wiki/Plaisir" title="Plaisir">plaisir</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jouissance" title="Jouissance">jouissance</a></i>) of music. The origin of this philosophic shift is sometimes attributed to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a> in the 18th century, followed by <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>. </p><p>Aesthetics is a sub-discipline of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. In the 20th century, important contributions to the aesthetics of music were made by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kivy" title="Peter Kivy">Peter Kivy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Levinson" title="Jerrold Levinson">Jerrold Levinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Davies_(philosopher)" title="Stephen Davies (philosopher)">Stephen Davies</a>. However, many musicians, <a href="/wiki/Music_criticism" title="Music criticism">music critics</a>, and other non-philosophers have contributed to the aesthetics of music. In the 19th century, a significant debate arose between <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Eduard Hanslick</a>, a music critic and <a href="/wiki/Musicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicologist">musicologist</a>, and composer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> regarding whether instrumental music could communicate emotions to the listener. Wagner and his disciples argued that instrumental music could communicate emotions and images; composers who held this belief wrote instrumental <a href="/wiki/Tone_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone poem">tone poems</a>, which attempted to tell a story or depict a landscape using instrumental music. Although history portrays Hanslick as Wagner's opponent, in 1843 after the premiere of Tannhäuser in Dresden, Hanslick gave the opera rave reviews. He called Wagner, “The great new hope of a new school of German Romantic opera.”<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Grey, a musicologist specializing in Wagnerian opera at Stanford University argues, “On the Beautiful in Music was written in riposte of Wagner's polemic grandstanding and overblown theorizing.” <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanslick and his partisans asserted that instrumental music is simply patterns of sound that do not communicate any emotions or images. </p><p>Since ancient times, it has been thought that music has the ability to affect our <a href="/wiki/Emotions" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotions">emotions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">intellect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>; it can assuage our loneliness or incite our passions. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> suggests in <i>The Republic</i> that music has a direct effect on the soul. Therefore, he proposes that in the ideal regime, music would be closely regulated by the state (Book VII). There has been a strong tendency in the aesthetics of music to emphasize the paramount importance of compositional structure; however, other issues concerning the aesthetics of music include <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyricism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypnotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypnotism">hypnotism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotiveness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temporal_Dynamics_of_Music_and_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal Dynamics of Music and Language">temporal dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonance</a>, playfulness, and <a href="/wiki/Timbre_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbre (music)">color</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Musical_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical development">musical development</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics_of_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 18th century, music was considered so far outside the realm of aesthetic theory (then conceived of in visual terms) that music was barely mentioned in <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>'s treatise <i><a href="/wiki/The_Analysis_of_Beauty" title="The Analysis of Beauty">The Analysis of Beauty</a></i>. He considered <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a> beautiful (closing the treatise with a discussion of the minuet), but treated music important only insofar as it could provide the proper accompaniment for the dancers. </p><p>However, by the end of the century, people began to distinguish the topic of music and its own beauty from music as part of a mixed media, as in opera and dance. <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, whose <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Judgment" title="Critique of Judgment">Critique of Judgment</a></i> is generally considered the most important and influential work on aesthetics in the 18th century, argued that instrumental music is beautiful but ultimately trivial. Compared to the other fine arts, it does not engage the understanding sufficiently, and it lacks moral purpose. To display the combination of genius and taste that combines ideas and beauty, Kant thought that music must be combined with words, as in song and opera. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics_of_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, the era of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a> in music, some composers and critics argued that music should and could express ideas, images, emotions, or even a whole literary plot. Challenging Kant's reservations about instrumental music, in 1813 <a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a> argued that music was fundamentally the art of instrumental composition. Five years later, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></i> argued that instrumental music is the greatest art, because it is uniquely capable of representing the metaphysical organization of reality. He felt that because music neither represents the phenomenal world, nor makes statements about it, it bypasses both the pictorial and the verbal. He believed that music was much closer to the true nature of all things than any other art form. This idea would explain why, when the appropriate music is set to any scene, action or event is played, it seems to reveal its innermost meaning, appearing to be the most accurate and distinct commentary of it.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Romantic movement accepted the thesis that instrumental music has representational capacities, most did not support Schopenhauer's linking of music and metaphysics. The mainstream consensus endorsed music's capacity to represent particular emotions and situations. In 1832, composer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> stated that his piano work <a href="/wiki/Papillons" title="Papillons">Papillons</a> was "intended as a musical representation" of the final scene of a novel by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flegeljahre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flegeljahre (page does not exist)">Flegeljahre</a></i>. The thesis that the value of music is related to its representational function was vigorously countered by the <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(music)" title="Formalism (music)">formalism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Eduard Hanslick</a>, setting off the "War of the Romantics." </p><p>This fight, according to <a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Carl Dahlhaus</a>, divided aestheticians into two competing groups: On the one side were formalists (e.g., Hanslick) who emphasized that the rewards of music are found in appreciation of musical form or design, while on the other side were anti-formalists, such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, who regarded musical form as a means to other artistic ends. Recent research, however, has questioned the centrality of that strife: "For a long time, accounts of aesthetic concerns during that century have focused on a conflict between authors who were sympathetic to either form or content in music, favouring either ‘absolute’ or ‘programme music’ respectively. That interpretation of the period, however, is worn out."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Dorschel" title="Andreas Dorschel">Andreas Dorschel</a> places the tension between music's sensual immediacy and its intellectual mediations centre stage for 19th century aesthetics: "Music seems to touch human beings more immediately than any other form of art; yet it is also an elaborately mediated phenomenon steeped in complex thought. The paradox of this ‘immediate medium’, discovered along with the eighteenth-century invention of ‘aesthetics’, features heavily in philosophy's encounters with music during the nineteenth century. [...] It seems more fruitful now to unfold the paradox of the immediate medium through a web of alternative notions such as sound and matter, sensation and sense, habituation and innovation, imagination and desire, meaning and interpretation, body and gesture."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics_of_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A group of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist</a> writers in the early 20th century (including the poet <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>) believed that music was essentially pure because it didn't represent anything, or make reference to anything beyond itself. In a sense, they wanted to bring poetry closer to Hanslick's ideas about the autonomous, self-sufficient character of music. (Bucknell 2002) Dissenters from this view notably included <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a>, who argued against the alleged 'purity' of music in a classic work on <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>. Far from being a new debate, this disagreement between modernists and their critics was a direct continuation of the 19th-century debate about the autonomy of music. </p><p>Among 20th-century composers, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> is the most prominent composer to defend the modernist idea of musical autonomy. When a composer creates music, Stravinsky claims, the only relevant thing "is his apprehension of the contour of the form, for the form is everything. He can say nothing whatever about meanings" (Stravinsky 1962, p. 115). Although listeners often look for meanings in music, Stravinsky warned that these are distractions from the musical experience. </p><p>The most distinctive development in the aesthetics of music in the 20th century was that attention was directed at the distinction between 'higher' and 'lower' music, now understood to align with the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> suggested that culture industries churn out a debased mass of unsophisticated, sentimental products that have replaced more 'difficult' and critical art forms that might lead people to actually question social life. <a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">False needs</a> are cultivated in people by the culture industries. These needs can be both created and satisfied by the capitalist system, and can replace people's 'true' needs: freedom, full expression of human potential and creativity, and genuine creative happiness. Thus, those trapped in the false notions of beauty according to a capitalist mode of thinking can only hear beauty in dishonest terms (citation necessary). </p><p>Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kivy" title="Peter Kivy">Peter Kivy</a>'s work in the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a> has contributed extensively to the aesthetics of music. Analytic philosophy pays very little attention to the topic of musical beauty. Instead, Kivy inspired extensive debate about the nature of emotional expressiveness in music. He also contributed to the debate over the nature of authentic performances of older music arguing that much of the debate was incoherent because it failed to distinguish among four distinct standards of <a href="/wiki/Authentic_performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Authentic performance">authentic performance</a> of music (1995). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics_of_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 21st century, philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Nick_Zangwill" title="Nick Zangwill">Nick Zangwill</a> have extended the study of aesthetics in music as studied in the 20th century by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Levinson" title="Jerrold Levinson">Jerrold Levinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kivy" title="Peter Kivy">Peter Kivy</a>. In his 2014 book on the aesthetics of music titled <i>Music and Aesthetic Reality: Formalism and the Limits of Description</i>, Zangwill introduces his realist position by stating, "By 'realism' about musical experience, I mean a view that foregrounds the <i>aesthetic properties</i> of music and our experience of these properties: Musical experience is an awareness of an array of sounds and out the sound structure and its aesthetic properties. This is the content of musical experience."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary music in the 20th and 21st centuries has had both supporters and detractors. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> in the 20th century was a critic of much popular music. Others in the 21st century, such as Eugene W. Holland, have constructively proposed jazz improvisation as a socio-economic model, and Edward W. Sarath has constructively proposed jazz as a useful paradigm for understanding education and society.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constructive_reception">Constructive reception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics_of_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Constructive reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eugene W. Holland has proposed jazz improvisation as a model for social and economic relations in general.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Edward W. Sarath has constructively proposed jazz improvisation as a model for change in music, education, and society.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics_of_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Simon_Frith" title="Simon Frith">Simon Frith</a> (2004, p. 17-9) argues that, "'bad music' is a necessary concept for musical pleasure, for musical aesthetics." He distinguishes two common kinds of bad music: the Worst Records Ever Made type, which include "Tracks which are clearly incompetent musically; made by singers who can't sing, players who can't play, producers who can't produce," and "Tracks involving genre confusion. The most common examples are actors or TV stars recording in the latest style." Another type of "bad music" is "rock critical lists," such as "Tracks that feature sound gimmicks that have outlived their charm or novelty" and "Tracks that depend on false sentiment [...], that feature an excess of feeling molded into a radio-friendly pop song." </p><p>Frith gives three common qualities attributed to bad music: inauthentic, [in] bad taste (see also: <a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">kitsch</a>), and stupid. He argues that "The marking off of some tracks and genres and artists as 'bad' is a necessary part of popular music pleasure; it is a way we establish our place in various music worlds. And 'bad' is a key word here because it suggests that aesthetic and ethical judgements are tied together here: not to like a record is not just a matter of taste; it is also a matter of argument, and argument that matters" (p. 28). Frith's analysis of popular music is based in sociology. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> was a prominent philosopher who wrote on the aesthetics of popular music. A <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a>, Adorno was extremely hostile to popular music. His theory was largely formulated in response to the growing popularity of American music in Europe between World War I and World War II. As a result, Adorno often uses "jazz" as his example of what he believed was wrong with popular music; however, for Adorno this term included everyone from <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>. He attacked popular music claiming that it is simplistic and repetitive, and encourages a fascist mindset (1973, p. 126). Besides Adorno, Theodore Gracyk provides the most extensive philosophical analysis of popular music. He argues that conceptual categories and distinctions developed in response to art music are systematically misleading when applied to popular music (1996). At the same time, the social and political dimensions of popular music do not deprive it of aesthetic value (2007). </p><p>In 2007 musicologist and journalist <a href="/wiki/Craig_Schuftan" title="Craig Schuftan">Craig Schuftan</a> published <i>The Culture Club</i>, a book drawing links between <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> art movements and popular music of today and that of past decades and even centuries. His story involves drawing lines between <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, or <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a>, and pop, or <a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">low culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more scholarly study of the same topic, <i>Between Montmartre and the Mudd Club: Popular Music and the Avant-Garde</i>, was published five years earlier by philosopher Bernard Gendron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics_of_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturology" title="Culturology">Culturology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aesthetic_principles_of_music" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aesthetic principles of music">List of aesthetic principles of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">Music history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Music theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics_of_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Aesthetics">"Aesthetics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Aesthetics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FAesthetics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics+of+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cengage.com/music/book_content/049557273X_wrightSimms.pdf">http://www.cengage.com/music/book_content/049557273X_wrightSimms.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Grey, Richard Wagner and His World edited by Thomas S. Grey. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009), 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorr1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Storr" title="Anthony Storr">Storr, Anthony</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicmind0000stor"><i>Music and the mind</i></a></span>. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0345383184" title="Special:BookSources/0345383184"><bdi>0345383184</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29403072">29403072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+the+mind&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29403072&rft.isbn=0345383184&rft.aulast=Storr&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicmind0000stor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics+of+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Dorschel, <i>The Nineteenth Century.</i> In: Tomás McAuley, Nanette Nielsen, Jerrold Levinson (eds.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Western Music and Philosophy.</i> Oxford University Press, Oxford – New York, NY 2021, pp. 207–224, p. 207 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199367313.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199367313-e-11">access via <i>Oxford Handbooks Online</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Dorschel, <i>The Nineteenth Century.</i> In: Tomás McAuley, Nanette Nielsen, Jerrold Levinson (eds.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Western Music and Philosophy.</i> Oxford University Press, Oxford – New York, NY 2021, pp. 207–224, p. 207 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199367313.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199367313-e-11">access via <i>Oxford Handbooks Online</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Zangwill. <i>Music and Aesthetic Reality: Formalism and the Limits of Description</i>. Page 20. 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarath2014" class="citation book cs1">Sarath, Edward W. (2014). <i>Improvisation, Creativity, and Consciousness: Jazz as Integral Template for Music, Education, and Society</i>. SUNY series in Integral Theory. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438447223" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438447223"><bdi>978-1438447223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improvisation%2C+Creativity%2C+and+Consciousness%3A+Jazz+as+Integral+Template+for+Music%2C+Education%2C+and+Society&rft.pub=SUNY+series+in+Integral+Theory&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1438447223&rft.aulast=Sarath&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics+of+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2008" class="citation journal cs1">Holland, Eugene W. (2008). "Jazz Improvisation: Music of the People-to-Come". <i>Deleuze, Guattari and the Production of the New, Simon O'Sullivan & Stephen Zepke, Eds.</i>: 196–205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deleuze%2C+Guattari+and+the+Production+of+the+New%2C+Simon+O%27Sullivan+%26+Stephen+Zepke%2C+Eds.&rft.atitle=Jazz+Improvisation%3A+Music+of+the+People-to-Come&rft.pages=196-205&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Eugene+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics+of+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2004" class="citation journal cs1">Holland, Eugene W. (2004). "Studies in Applied Nomadology: Jazz Improvisation and Post-Capitalist Markets". <i>Deleuze and Music, Ian Buchanan & Marcel Swiboda, Eds.</i>: 20–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deleuze+and+Music%2C+Ian+Buchanan+%26+Marcel+Swiboda%2C+Eds.&rft.atitle=Studies+in+Applied+Nomadology%3A+Jazz+Improvisation+and+Post-Capitalist+Markets&rft.pages=20-35&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Eugene+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics+of+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarath2014" class="citation book cs1">Sarath, Edward W. (2014). <i>Improvisation, Creativity, and Consciousness: Jazz as Integral Template for Music, Education, and Society</i>. SUNY series in Integral Theory. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438447223" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438447223"><bdi>978-1438447223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improvisation%2C+Creativity%2C+and+Consciousness%3A+Jazz+as+Integral+Template+for+Music%2C+Education%2C+and+Society&rft.pub=SUNY+series+in+Integral+Theory&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1438447223&rft.aulast=Sarath&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics+of+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110603153751/http://www.illiterarty.com/reviews/book-review-culture-club-craig-schuftan">"Book review: <i>Culture Club</i> by Craig Schuftan | Illiterarty.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illiterarty.com/reviews/book-review-culture-club-craig-schuftan">the original</a> on 2011-06-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+review%3A+Culture+Club+by+Craig+Schuftan+%26%23124%3B+Illiterarty.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.illiterarty.com%2Freviews%2Fbook-review-culture-club-craig-schuftan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics+of+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics_of_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adorno, Theodor W. <i>Essays on Music</i>. Richard Leppert (ed.) Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.</li> <li>Adorno, Theodor W. <i>Philosophy of Modern Music</i>. Anne G. Mitchell and Wesley V. Blomster (trans.) New York: Seabury Press, 1973.</li> <li>Appen, Ralf von (2007). "On the aesthetics of popular music." <i>Music Therapy Today</i> Vol. VIII (1), 5–25. Online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musictherapyworld.de/modules/mmmagazine/issues/20070330122710/MTT8_1_April07eBook.pdf">Music Therapy Today</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091229114744/http://www.musictherapyworld.de/modules/mmmagazine/issues/20070330122710/MTT8_1_April07eBook.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Appen, Ralf von (2007). <i>Der Wert der Musik. Zur Ästhetik des Populären.</i> Bielefeld: Transcript. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89942-734-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-89942-734-3">3-89942-734-3</a></li> <li>Bucknell, Brad (2002). <i>Literary Modernism and Musical Aesthetics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, UK">Cambridge, UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66028-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-66028-9">0-521-66028-9</a>.</li> <li>Dahlhaus, Carl (1982). <i>Esthetics of Music</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, UK">Cambridge, UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</li> <li>Davies, Stephen. <i>Musical Meaning and Expression</i>. Ithaca & London: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 1994.</li> <li>Davies, Stephen. <i>Musical Works and Performances: A Philosophical Exploration</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001.</li> <li>Frith, Simon. "What is Bad Music" in Washburne, Christopher J. and Derno, Maiken (eds.) (2004). <i>Bad Music: The Music We Love to Hate</i>. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94366-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94366-3">0-415-94366-3</a>.</li> <li>Gendron, Bernard. <i>Between Montmartre and the Mudd Club: Popular Music and the Avant-Garde</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.</li> <li>Gracyk, Theodore. <i>Listening to Popular Music: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Led Zeppelin</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.</li> <li>Gracyk, Theodore. <i>Rhythm and Noise: An Aesthetics of Rock</i>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996.</li> <li>Kant, Immanuel. <i>Kritik der Urteilskraft, Kants gesammelte Schriften,</i> Volume 5, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1902–. Translated as <i>Critique of the Power of Judgment</i>. Paul Guyer (ed.), Paul Guyer and Eric Matthews (trans.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.</li> <li>Kivy, Peter. <i>Authenticities: Philosophical Reflections on Musical Performance</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3046-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3046-1">0-8014-3046-1</a>.</li> <li>Kivy, Peter. <i>Sound Sentiment: An Essay on the Musical Emotions Including the Complete Text of the Corded Shell</i>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989.</li> <li>Levinson, Jerrold. <i>Music, Art, and Metaphysics</i>. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1990; 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011.</li> <li>Plato, <i>The Republic</i>. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. Oxford University Press: 1894. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.html">[1]</a></li> <li>Scruton, Roger. <i>The Aesthetics of Music</i>. Oxford University Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816727-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816727-3">978-0-19-816727-3</a>.</li> <li>Schopenhauer, Arthur. <i>The World as Will and Representation</i>. Dover. Volume I, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21761-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-21761-2">0-486-21761-2</a>. Volume II, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21762-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-21762-0">0-486-21762-0</a>.</li> <li>Sorce Keller, Marcello. ”Originality, Authenticity and Copyright”, <i>Sonus</i>, VII (2007), no. 2, pp. 77–85.</li> <li>Sorce Keller, Marcello. “Why is Music so Ideological, Why Do Totalitarian States Take It So Seriously: A Personal View from History, and the Social Sciences”, <i>Journal of Musicological Research</i>, XXVI (2007), no. 2-3, pp. 91–122</li> <li>Stravinsky, Igor, with Robert Craft, <i>Expositions and Developments</i>. New York: Doubleday, 1962.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics_of_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alperson, Philip (ed.), <i>What is Music?</i>. New York, NY: Haven, 1987.</li> <li>Appelqvist, Hanne. “Form and Freedom: The Kantian Ethos of Musical Formalism.” The Nordic Journal of Aesthetics No. 40 (2010–2011), 75–88.</li> <li>Bertinetto, Alessandro. "Il pensiero dei suoni. Temi di filosofia della musica". Milano: Bruno Mondadori, 2012.</li> <li>Bowman, Wayne D. <i>Philosophical Perspectives on Music</i>. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.</li> <li>Bucknell, Brad. <i>Literary Modernism and Musical Aesthetics</i> New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.</li> <li>Budd, Malcolm. <i>Music and the Emotions: The Philosophical Theories</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1985.</li> <li>Davies, Stephen. <i>Musical Meaning and Expression</i>, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994.</li> <li>Davies, Stephen. <i>Musical Works and Performances: A Philosophical Exploration</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.</li> <li>Fubini, Enrico. <i>History of Music Aesthetics</i> Translated by Michael Hatwell. London: Macmillan Press, 1990.</li> <li>Goehr, Lydia. 'The Imaginary Museum of Musical Works. An Essay in the Philosophy of Music' Oxford, 1992/2007.</li> <li>Gracyk, Theodore. "The Aesthetics of Popular Music," <i>The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>, June, 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/m/music-po.htm">http://www.iep.utm.edu/m/music-po.htm</a>.</li> <li>Gracyk, Theodore. "Adorno, Jazz, and the Aesthetics of Popular Music," <i>The Musical Quarterly</i> 76 no. 4 (Winter 1992): 526–42.</li> <li>Gracyk, Theodore. <i>On Music</i>. Thinking In Action Series. New York: Routledge, 2013.</li> <li>Hamilton, Andy. <i>Aesthetics and Music</i> New York: Continuum International Publishing, 2001.</li> <li>Hanslick, Eduard (1885/1957). <i>Vom Musikalisch-Schönen. Tr. The Beautiful In Music</i>. Bobbs-Merrill Co (June 1957). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-60211-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-672-60211-3">0-672-60211-3</a>. (Classic statement of an aesthetics of music based on the notion of 'form'.)</li> <li>Hausegger, Friedrich von. <i>Die Musik als Ausdruck</i> [1887], ed. Elisabeth Kappel and Andreas Dorschel. Vienna – London – New York: Universal Edition, 2010 (Studien zur Wertungsforschung 50). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7024-6860-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7024-6860-6">978-3-7024-6860-6</a>. (Contra Hanslick, Hausegger makes expression the central issue of an aesthetics of music.)</li> <li>Higgins, Kathleen M. <i>The Music of Our Lives</i>. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1991.</li> <li>Juslin, Patrik N., and John A. Sloboda. <i>Handbook of Music and Emotion: Theory, Research, Applications.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.</li> <li>Kertz-Welzel, Alexandra. "The <i>Magic</i> of Music: Archaic Dreams in Romantic Aesthetics and an Education in Aesthetics." <i>Philosophy of Music Education Review</i> 13 no. 1 (Spring 2005): 77–94.</li> <li>Kertz-Welzel, Alexandra. "In Search of the Sense and the Senses: Aesthetic Education in Germany and the United States." <i>Journal of Aesthetic Education</i> 39 no. 3 (Fall 2005): 104–116.</li> <li>Kivy, Peter. The Corded Shell: Reflections on Musical Expression. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980.</li> <li>Kivy, Peter. <i>New Essays on Musical Understanding</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825083-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825083-8">978-0-19-825083-8</a>.</li> <li>Lippman, Edward. <i>A History of Western Musical Aesthetics</i>. University of Nebraska Press, 1992.</li> <li>Meyer, Leonard. <i>Emotion and Meaning in Music.</i> Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1956.</li> <li>Seashore, Carl. In Search of Beauty in Music; A Scientific Approach to Musical Aesthetics. New York: Ronald Press Co., 1947.</li> <li>Sessions, Roger. The Musical Experience of Composer, Performer, ListenerNew York: Atheneum, 1966.</li> <li>Sorgner, S. L./Fuerbeth, O. (ed.) "Music in German Philosophy: An Introduction". Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-76837-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-76837-6">0-226-76837-6</a></li> <li>Sorce Keller, Marcello. <i>What Makes Music European. Looking Beyond Sound</i>. Latham, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 2011.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markand_Thakar" title="Markand Thakar">Thakar, Markand</a>. <i>Looking for the 'Harp' Quartet: An Investigation into Musical Beauty</i>. University of Rochester Press, 2011.</li> <li>Zangwill, Nick. "Against Emotion: Hanslick Was Right About Music," <i> British. Journal of Aesthetics</i>, 44 (Jan. 2004), 29–43.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics_of_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/m/music-po.htm">The Aesthetics of Popular Music (on-line encyclopedia entry)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musictherapyworld.de/modules/mmmagazine/issues/20070330122710/MTT8_1_April07eBook.pdf">"On the aesthetics of popular music" by Ralf von Appen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091229114744/http://www.musictherapyworld.de/modules/mmmagazine/issues/20070330122710/MTT8_1_April07eBook.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/music/">The Philosophy of Music (on-line encyclopedia entry)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophyofmusic.org/">PhilosophyOfMusic.org</a> edited by <a 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title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_psychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_psychology" title="Template:Music psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_psychology" title="Template talk:Music psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_psychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_music" title="Neuroscience of music">Cognitive neuroscience of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_in_music_cognition" title="Culture in music cognition">Culture in music cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_psychology" title="Category:Music psychology">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_pitch" title="Absolute pitch">Absolute pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">Auditory illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_imagery" title="Auditory imagery">Auditory imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_music" title="Background music">Background music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">Consonance and dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsch%27s_scale_illusion" title="Deutsch's scale illusion">Deutsch's scale illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earworm" title="Earworm">Earworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_music_cognition" title="Embodied music cognition">Embodied music cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(biomusicology)" title="Entrainment (biomusicology)">Entrainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_and_music" title="Exercise and music">Exercise and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_movement_in_music_reading" title="Eye movement in music reading">Eye movement in music reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franssen_effect" title="Franssen effect">Franssen effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_theory_of_tonal_music" title="Generative theory of tonal music">Generative theory of tonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissando_illusion" title="Glissando illusion">Glissando illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonic_music_consumption_model" title="Hedonic music consumption model">Hedonic music consumption model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusory_continuity_of_tones" title="Illusory continuity of tones">Illusory continuity of tones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitin_effect" title="Levitin effect">Levitin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipps%E2%80%93Meyer_law" title="Lipps–Meyer law">Lipps–Meyer law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_expectation" title="Melodic expectation">Melodic expectation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_fission" title="Melodic fission">Melodic fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_effect" title="Mozart effect">Mozart effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Music and movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_psychological_operations" title="Music in psychological operations">Music in psychological operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_music_preference" title="Psychology of music preference">Music preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-related_memory" title="Music-related memory">Music-related memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_gesture" title="Musical gesture">Musical gesture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_semantics" title="Musical semantics">Musical semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_syntax" title="Musical syntax">Musical syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_illusion" title="Octave illusion">Octave illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pitch" title="Relative pitch">Relative pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadji_effect" title="Sharawadji effect">Sharawadji effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepard_tone" title="Shepard tone">Shepard tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-to-song_illusion" title="Speech-to-song illusion">Speech-to-song illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_dynamics_of_music_and_language" title="Temporal dynamics of music and language">Temporal dynamics of music and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonal_memory" title="Tonal memory">Tonal memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritone_paradox" title="Tritone paradox">Tritone paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amusia" title="Amusia">Amusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_arrhythmia" title="Auditory arrhythmia">Auditory arrhythmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_deafness" title="Beat deafness">Beat deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_hallucinations" title="Musical hallucinations">Musical hallucinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_dystonia" title="Focal dystonia">Musician's dystonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Music-specific disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_deafness" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone deafness">Tone deafness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aesthetics of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioacoustics" title="Bioacoustics">Bioacoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_intonation_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodic intonation therapy">Melodic intonation therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_acoustics" title="Musical acoustics">Musical acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Neurologic music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuronal_encoding_of_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuronal encoding of sound">Neuronal encoding of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_science" title="Performance science">Performance science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis_and_music" title="Psychoanalysis and music">Psychoanalysis and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_musicology" title="Systematic musicology">Systematic musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_psychologists" title="Category:Music psychologists">Researchers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamshed_Bharucha" title="Jamshed Bharucha">Jamshed Bharucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Cuddy" title="Lola Cuddy">Lola Cuddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cutietta" title="Robert Cutietta">Robert Cutietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_W._Davidson" title="Jane W. Davidson">Jane W. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Deli%C3%A8ge" title="Irène Deliège">Irène Deliège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Deutsch" title="Diana Deutsch">Diana Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuomas_Eerola" title="Tuomas Eerola">Tuomas Eerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henkjan_Honing" title="Henkjan Honing">Henkjan Honing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Huron" title="David Huron">David Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Kraus" title="Nina Kraus">Nina Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_L._Krumhansl" title="Carol L. Krumhansl">Carol L. Krumhansl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Lerdahl" title="Fred Lerdahl">Fred Lerdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Levitin" title="Daniel Levitin">Daniel Levitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_B._Meyer" title="Leonard B. Meyer">Leonard B. Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Friedrich_Meyer" title="Max Friedrich Meyer">Max Friedrich Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mursell" title="James Mursell">James Mursell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parncutt" title="Richard Parncutt">Richard Parncutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Oliver Sacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Seashore" title="Carl Seashore">Carl Seashore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Schoen" title="Max Schoen">Max Schoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sloboda" title="John Sloboda">John Sloboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Stumpf" title="Carl Stumpf">Carl Stumpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Forde_Thompson" title="William Forde Thompson">William Forde Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Trehub" title="Sandra Trehub">Sandra Trehub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books and journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_Perception" title="Music Perception">Music Perception</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musicae_Scientiae_(journal)" title="Musicae Scientiae (journal)">Musicae Scientiae (journal)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musicophilia" title="Musicophilia">Musicophilia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Music,_Thought,_and_Feeling" title="Music, Thought, and Feeling">Music, Thought, and Feeling</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_Music_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology of Music (journal)">Psychology of Music (journal)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_in_Six_Songs" title="The World in Six Songs">The World in Six Songs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Your_Brain_on_Music" title="This Is Your Brain on Music">This Is Your Brain on Music</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1955326#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4040808-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568862">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hudební estetika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135171&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX528962">Spain</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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