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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solo_piano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solo_piano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Solo piano </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solo_piano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Songs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchestral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchestral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Orchestral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchestral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chamber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chamber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Chamber </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chamber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera_and_choral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera_and_choral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Opera and choral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera_and_choral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Recordings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes,_references_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes, references and sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes, references and sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Robert Schumann</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" > 100 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="روبرت شومان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت شومان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_%C5%9Euman" title="Robert Şuman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Robert Şuman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="روبرت شومان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روبرت شومان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Роберт Шуман – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Роберт Шуман" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Роберт Шуман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роберт Шуман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Робэрт Шуман – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Робэрт Шуман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Роберт Шуман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Роберт Шуман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Ρόμπερτ Σούμαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόμπερτ Σούμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="روبرت شومان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روبرت شومان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8A%88%EB%A7%8C" title="로베르트 슈만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로베르트 슈만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ռոբերտ Շուման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Շուման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F" title="רוברט שומאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט שומאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ შუმანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობერტ შუმანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD" title="Роберт Шуманн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роберт Шуманн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Роберт Шуман – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Роберт Шуман" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertus_Schumann" title="Robertus Schumann – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Robertus Schumann" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_%C5%A0%C5%ABmanis" title="Roberts Šūmanis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roberts Šūmanis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Роберт Шуман – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Роберт Шуман" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रॉबर्ट शुमान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉबर्ट शुमान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="روبيرت شومان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبيرت شومان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Роберт Шуман – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Роберт Шуман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ရောဘတ် ရှူးမန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရောဘတ် ရှူးမန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ロベルト・シューマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロベルト・シューマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰਾਬਰਟ ਸ਼ੂਮਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਬਰਟ ਸ਼ੂਮਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Шуман, Роберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шуман, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shumann" title="Robert Shumann – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Robert Shumann" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڕۆبێرت شوومان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆبێرت شوومان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Роберт Шуман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роберт Шуман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ராபர்ட் சூமான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ராபர்ட் சூமான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_%C5%9Euman" title="Robert Şuman – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Robert Şuman" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="โรแบร์ท ชูมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรแบร์ท ชูมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Роберт Шуман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Шуман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E6%9B%BC" title="罗伯特·舒曼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗伯特·舒曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%92%E6%9B%BC" title="舒曼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="舒曼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Robert Schumann" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruoberts_%C5%A0umans" title="Ruoberts Šumans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ruoberts Šumans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E6%9B%BC" title="罗伯特·舒曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗伯特·舒曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7351#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German composer, pianist and critic (1810–1856)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Schumann" redirects here. For Robert Schumann's wife, see <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Schumann</a>. For the French statesman, see <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Schumann_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Schumann (disambiguation)">Schumann (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Robert Schumann</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="young white man in 1830s costume; he has wavy dark hair of medium length and is clean-shaven" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg/220px-Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg/330px-Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg/440px-Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="3100" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Schumann in 1839</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1810-06-08)8 June 1810 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a>, Kingdom of Saxony</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 July 1856(1856-07-29) (aged 46) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, Rhine Province, Prussia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Composer</li><li>pianist</li><li>music critic</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Schumann</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1840)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Robert Schumann<a href="#cite_note-alexander-4">[n 1]</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʁoːbɛʁt ˈʃuːman]</a>; 8 June 1810 – 29 July 1856) was a German composer, pianist, and music critic of the early <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic era</a>. He composed in all the main musical genres of the time, writing for solo piano, voice and piano, <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber groups</a>, orchestra, choir and the opera. His works typify the spirit of the Romantic era in German music. Schumann was born in <a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a>, Saxony, to an affluent middle-class family with no musical connections, and was initially unsure whether to pursue a career as a lawyer or to make a living as a pianist-composer. He studied law at the universities of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg</a> but his main interests were music and <a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature" title="Romantic literature">Romantic literature</a>. From 1829 he was a student of the piano teacher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wieck" title="Friedrich Wieck">Friedrich Wieck</a>, but his hopes for a career as a virtuoso pianist were frustrated by a worsening problem with his right hand, and he concentrated on composition. His early works were mainly piano pieces, including the large-scale <a href="/wiki/Carnaval_(Schumann)" title="Carnaval (Schumann)">Carnaval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davidsb%C3%BCndlert%C3%A4nze" title="Davidsbündlertänze">Davidsbündlertänze</a> (Dances of the League of David), <a href="/wiki/Fantasiest%C3%BCcke,_Op._12" title="Fantasiestücke, Op. 12">Fantasiestücke</a> (Fantasy Pieces), <a href="/wiki/Kreisleriana" title="Kreisleriana">Kreisleriana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinderszenen" title="Kinderszenen">Kinderszenen</a> (Scenes from Childhood) (1834–1838). He was a co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a> (New Musical Journal) in 1834 and edited it for ten years. In his writing for the journal and in his music he distinguished between two contrasting aspects of his personality, dubbing these <a href="/wiki/Alter_egos" class="mw-redirect" title="Alter egos">alter egos</a> "Florestan" for his impetuous self and "Eusebius" for his gentle poetic side. Despite the bitter opposition of Wieck, who did not regard his pupil as a suitable husband for his daughter, Schumann married <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara</a> in 1840. In the years immediately following their wedding Schumann composed prolifically, writing, first, songs and song‐cycles including <a href="/wiki/Frauen-Liebe_und_Leben" title="Frauen-Liebe und Leben">Frauenliebe und Leben</a> ("Woman's Love and Life") and <a href="/wiki/Dichterliebe" title="Dichterliebe">Dichterliebe</a> ("Poet's Love"). He turned his attention to orchestral music in 1841, completing <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Schumann)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Schumann)">the first</a> of his four symphonies. In the following year he concentrated on chamber music, writing three <a href="/wiki/String_quartets" class="mw-redirect" title="String quartets">string quartets</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Piano_Quintet_(Schumann)" title="Piano Quintet (Schumann)">Piano Quintet</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Piano_Quartet_(Schumann)" title="Piano Quartet (Schumann)">Piano Quartet</a>. During the rest of the 1840s, between bouts of mental and physical ill health, he composed a variety of piano and other pieces and went with his wife on concert tours in Europe. His only opera, <a href="/wiki/Genoveva" title="Genoveva">Genoveva</a> (1850), was not a success and has seldom been staged since. Schumann and his family moved to <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> in 1850 in the hope that his appointment as the city's director of music would provide financial security, but his shyness and mental instability made it difficult for him to work with his orchestra and he had to resign after three years. In 1853 the Schumanns met the twenty-year-old <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, whom Schumann praised in an article in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik. The following year Schumann's always-precarious mental health deteriorated gravely. He threw himself into the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">River Rhine</a> but was rescued and taken to a private sanatorium near <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, where he lived for more than two years, dying there at the age of 46. During his lifetime Schumann was recognised for his piano music – often subtly <a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">programmatic</a> – and his songs. His other works were less generally admired, and for many years there was a widespread belief that those from his later years lacked the inspiration of his early music. More recently this view has been less prevalent, but it is still his piano works and songs from the 1830s and 1840s on which his reputation is primarily based. He had considerable influence in the nineteenth century and beyond. In the German-speaking world the composers <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> and more recently <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm" title="Wolfgang Rihm">Wolfgang Rihm</a> have been inspired by his music, as were French composers such as <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Georges Bizet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Gabriel Fauré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>. Schumann was also a major influence on the Russian school of composers, including <a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Anton Rubinstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schumannhaus_ALT.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exterior of substantial town house seen from the square outside it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Schumannhaus_ALT.JPG/280px-Schumannhaus_ALT.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Schumannhaus_ALT.JPG/420px-Schumannhaus_ALT.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Schumannhaus_ALT.JPG/560px-Schumannhaus_ALT.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>Schumann's birthplace, now the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann_House" title="Robert Schumann House">Robert Schumann House</a>, after an anonymous colourised lithograph</figcaption></figure> Robert Schumann<a href="#cite_note-alexander-4">[n 1]</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a> (today the German state of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>), into an affluent middle-class family.<a href="#cite_note-perrey6-5">[4]</a> On 13 June 1810 the local newspaper, the Zwickauer Wochenblatt (Zwickau Weekly Paper), carried the announcement, "On 8 June to Herr <a href="/wiki/August_Schumann" title="August Schumann">August Schumann</a>, notable citizen and bookseller here, a little son".<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> He was the fifth and last child of August Schumann and his wife, Johanna Christiane (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> Schnabel). August, not only a bookseller but also a lexicographer, author and publisher of <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romances" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric romances">chivalric romances</a>, made considerable sums from his German translations of writers such as <a href="/wiki/Cervantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervantes">Cervantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-g760-2">[2]</a> Robert, his favourite child, was able to spend many hours exploring the classics of literature in his father's collection.<a href="#cite_note-g760-2">[2]</a> Intermittently, between the ages of three and five-and-a-half, he was placed with foster parents, as his mother had contracted <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-perrey6-5">[4]</a> At the age of six Schumann went to a private preparatory school, where he remained for four years.<a href="#cite_note-c3-7">[6]</a> When he was seven he began studying general music and piano with the local organist, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Kuntsch" title="Johann Gottfried Kuntsch">Johann Gottfried Kuntsch</a>, and for a time he also had cello and flute lessons with one of the municipal musicians, Carl Gottlieb Meissner.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Throughout his childhood and youth his love of music and literature ran in tandem, with poems and dramatic works produced alongside small-scale compositions, mainly piano pieces and songs.<a href="#cite_note-hall1125-9">[8]</a> He was not a musical child prodigy like <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> or <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-perrey6-5">[4]</a> but his talent as a pianist was evident from an early age: in 1850 the <a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_musikalische_Zeitung" title="Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung">Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung</a> (Universal Musical Journal) printed a biographical sketch of Schumann which included an account from contemporary sources that even as a boy he possessed a special talent for portraying feelings and characteristic traits in melody: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent">Indeed, he could sketch the different dispositions of his intimate friends by certain figures and passages on the piano so exactly and comically that everyone burst into loud laughter at the accuracy of the portrait.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></div> From 1820 Schumann attended the Zwickau Lyceum, the local high school of about two hundred boys, where he remained till the age of eighteen, studying a traditional curriculum. In addition to his studies he read extensively: among his early enthusiasms were <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> According to the musical historian George Hall, Paul remained Schumann's favourite author and exercised a powerful influence on the composer's creativity with his sensibility and vein of fantasy.<a href="#cite_note-hall1125-9">[8]</a> Musically, Schumann got to know the works of <a href="/wiki/Haydn" class="mw-redirect" title="Haydn">Haydn</a>, Mozart, <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, and of living composers <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a>, with whom August Schumann tried unsuccessfully to arrange for Robert to study.<a href="#cite_note-hall1125-9">[8]</a> August was not particularly musical but he encouraged his son's interest in music, buying him a <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Streicher" title="Johann Baptist Streicher">Streicher</a> grand piano and organising trips to <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> for a performance of <a href="/wiki/Die_Zauberfl%C3%B6te" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Zauberflöte">Die Zauberflöte</a> (The Magic Flute) and <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Carlsbad</a> to hear the celebrated pianist <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Ignaz Moscheles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_A_Young_Age_of_Robert_Schumann.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="miniature oil painting of a young, clean-shaven white youth in early-19th-century costume" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portrait_of_A_Young_Age_of_Robert_Schumann.png/220px-Portrait_of_A_Young_Age_of_Robert_Schumann.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portrait_of_A_Young_Age_of_Robert_Schumann.png/330px-Portrait_of_A_Young_Age_of_Robert_Schumann.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portrait_of_A_Young_Age_of_Robert_Schumann.png/440px-Portrait_of_A_Young_Age_of_Robert_Schumann.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Schumann <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1826<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University">University</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: University">edit</a>]</div> August Schumann died in 1826; his widow was less enthusiastic about a musical career for her son and persuaded him to study for the law as a profession. After his final examinations at the Lyceum in March 1828 he entered <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a>. Accounts differ about his diligence as a law student. According to his roommate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Flechsig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Flechsig (page does not exist)">Emil Flechsig</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Flechsig" class="extiw" title="de:Emil Flechsig">de</a>], he never set foot in a lecture hall,<a href="#cite_note-g761-14">[13]</a> but he himself recorded, "I am industrious and regular, and enjoy my <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> ... and am only now beginning to appreciate its true worth".<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Nonetheless reading and playing the piano occupied a good deal of his time, and he developed expensive tastes for champagne and cigars.<a href="#cite_note-hall1125-9">[8]</a> Musically, he discovered the works of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>, whose death in November 1828 caused Schumann to cry all night.<a href="#cite_note-hall1125-9">[8]</a> The leading piano teacher in Leipzig was <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wieck" title="Friedrich Wieck">Friedrich Wieck</a>, who recognised Schumann's talent and accepted him as a pupil.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> After a year in Leipzig Schumann convinced his mother that he should move to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a> which, unlike Leipzig, offered courses in <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical law">ecclesiastical</a> and international law (as well as reuniting Schumann with his close friend Eduard Röller who was a student there).<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> After matriculating at the university on 30 July 1829 he travelled in Switzerland and Italy from late August to late October. He was greatly taken with <a href="/wiki/Rossini" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossini">Rossini</a>'s operas and the <a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">bel canto</a> of the soprano <a href="/wiki/Giuditta_Pasta" title="Giuditta Pasta">Giuditta Pasta</a>; he wrote to Wieck, "one can have no notion of Italian music without hearing it under Italian skies".<a href="#cite_note-g761-14">[13]</a> Another influence on him was hearing the violin virtuoso <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Niccolò Paganini</a> play in Frankfurt in April 1830.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> In the words of one biographer, "The easy-going discipline at Heidelberg University helped the world to lose a bad lawyer and to gain a great musician".<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Finally deciding in favour of music rather than the law as a career, he wrote to his mother on 30 July 1830 telling her how he saw his future: "My entire life has been a twenty-year struggle between poetry and prose, or call it music and law".<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> He persuaded her to ask Wieck for an objective assessment of his musical potential. Wieck's verdict was that with the necessary hard work Schumann could become a leading pianist within three years. A six-month trial period was agreed.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1830s">1830s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1830s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schumann-Abegg-theme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="musical score for solo piano piece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/Schumann-Abegg-theme.jpg/440px-Schumann-Abegg-theme.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/Schumann-Abegg-theme.jpg/660px-Schumann-Abegg-theme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/Schumann-Abegg-theme.jpg/880px-Schumann-Abegg-theme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Opening of Schumann's <a href="/wiki/Opus_number" title="Opus number">Op.</a> 1, the <a href="/wiki/Abegg_Variations" class="mw-redirect" title="Abegg Variations">Abegg Variations</a></figcaption></figure> Later in 1830 Schumann published his <a href="/wiki/Opus_number" title="Opus number">Op.</a> 1, <a href="/wiki/Variations_on_the_name_%22Abegg%22" title="Variations on the name "Abegg"">a set of piano variations</a> on a theme based on the name of its supposed dedicatee, Countess Pauline von Abegg (who was almost certainly a product of Schumann's imagination).<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> The notes A-B♭-E-G-G (A-B-E-G-G in German nomenclature, which uses "B" for the note known elsewhere as B♭ and "H" for the note known elsewhere as B[♮]), played in waltz tempo, make up the theme on which the variations are based.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The use of a <a href="/wiki/Musical_cryptogram" title="Musical cryptogram">musical cryptogram</a> became a recurrent characteristic of Schumann's later music.<a href="#cite_note-hall1125-9">[8]</a> In 1831 he began lessons in harmony and <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> with <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Dorn" title="Heinrich Dorn">Heinrich Dorn</a>, musical director of the Saxon court theatre,<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> and in 1832 he published his Op. 2, <a href="/wiki/Papillons" title="Papillons">Papillons</a> (Butterflies) for piano, a <a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">programmatic piece</a> depicting twin brothers – one a poetic dreamer, the other a worldly realist – both in love with the same woman at a masked ball.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Schumann had by now come to regard himself as having two distinct sides to his personality and art: he dubbed his introspective, pensive self "Eusebius" and the impetuous and dynamic <a href="/wiki/Alter_ego" title="Alter ego">alter ego</a> "Florestan".<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[n 2]</a> Reviewing an early work of <a href="/wiki/Chopin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopin">Chopin</a> in 1831 he wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">Eusebius dropped by one evening, not long ago. He entered quietly, his pale features brightened by that enigmatic smile with which he likes to excite curiosity. Florestan and I were seated at the piano. He, as you know, is one of those rare musical persons who seem to anticipate everything that is new, of the future and extraordinary. ... This time, however, there was a surprise in store even for him. With the words "Hats off, gentlemen, a genius!" Eusebius spread out before us a piece of music.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neue-Zeitschrift-fur-Musik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Front page of text of newspaper in old style Gothic German type" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Neue-Zeitschrift-fur-Musik.jpg/170px-Neue-Zeitschrift-fur-Musik.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Neue-Zeitschrift-fur-Musik.jpg/255px-Neue-Zeitschrift-fur-Musik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Neue-Zeitschrift-fur-Musik.jpg/340px-Neue-Zeitschrift-fur-Musik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="971" /></a><figcaption>Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik, edited by Schumann from 1835</figcaption></figure> Schumann's pianistic ambitions were ended by a growing paralysis in at least one finger of his right hand. The early symptoms had come while he was still a student at Heidelberg, and the cause is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-ostwald-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[n 3]</a> He tried all the treatments then in vogue including <a href="/wiki/Allopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Allopathy">allopathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a>, and electric therapy, but without success.<a href="#cite_note-b2-34">[31]</a> The condition had the advantage of exempting him from compulsory military service – he could not fire a rifle<a href="#cite_note-b2-34">[31]</a> – but by 1832 he recognised that a career as a virtuoso pianist was impossible and he shifted his main focus to composition. He completed further sets of small piano pieces and the first movement of a symphony (it was too thinly orchestrated according to Wieck and was never completed).<a href="#cite_note-g764-35">[32]</a> An additional activity was journalism. From March 1834, along with Wieck and others, he was on the editorial board of a new music magazine, Neue Leipziger Zeitschrift für Musik (New Leipzig Music Magazine), which was reconstituted under his sole editorship in January 1835 as the <a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-g766-36">[33]</a> Hall writes that it took "a thoughtful and progressive line on the new music of the day".<a href="#cite_note-hall1126-37">[34]</a> Among the contributors were friends and colleagues of Schumann, writing under pen names: he included them in his <a href="/wiki/Davidsb%C3%BCndler" title="Davidsbündler">Davidsbündler</a> (League of David) – a band of fighters for musical truth, named after <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">the Biblical hero</a> who fought against the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/philistine#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:philistine">Philistines</a> – a product of the composer's imagination in which, blurring the boundaries of imagination and reality, he included his musical friends.<a href="#cite_note-hall1126-37">[34]</a> During successive months in 1835 Schumann met three musicians whom he regarded with particular respect: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>, Chopin and Moscheles.<a href="#cite_note-chron1-38">[35]</a> Of these, he was most influenced in his compositions by Mendelssohn, although the latter's restrained classicism is reflected in Schumann's later works rather than in those of the 1830s.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Early in 1835 he completed two substantial compositions: <a href="/wiki/Carnaval_(Schumann)" title="Carnaval (Schumann)">Carnaval</a>, Op. 9 and the <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_Studies" title="Symphonic Studies">Symphonic Studies</a>, Op.13. These works grew out of his romantic relationship with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernestine_von_Fricken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernestine von Fricken (page does not exist)">Ernestine von Fricken</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestine_von_Fricken" class="extiw" title="de:Ernestine von Fricken">de</a>], a fellow pupil of Wieck. The musical themes of Carnaval derive from the name of her home town, <a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1" title="Aš">Asch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j155-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[n 4]</a> The Symphonic Studies are based on a melody said to be by Ernestine's father, Baron von Fricken, an amateur flautist.<a href="#cite_note-g767-42">[38]</a> Schumann and Ernestine became secretly engaged, but in the view of the musical scholar <a href="/wiki/Joan_Chissell" title="Joan Chissell">Joan Chissell</a>, during 1835 Schumann gradually found that Ernestine's personality was not as interesting to him as he first thought, and this, together with his discovery that she was an illegitimate, impecunious, adopted daughter of Fricken, brought the affair to a gradual end.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> According to the biographer <a href="/wiki/Alan_Walker_(musicologist)" title="Alan Walker (musicologist)">Alan Walker</a>, Ernestine may have been less than frank with Schumann about her background and he was hurt when he learnt the truth.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clara-Wieck-1832-signed-illegible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Young white woman, in white gown, with elaborately arranged dark hair, seated and looking towards the artist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Clara-Wieck-1832-signed-illegible.png/170px-Clara-Wieck-1832-signed-illegible.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Clara-Wieck-1832-signed-illegible.png/255px-Clara-Wieck-1832-signed-illegible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c1/Clara-Wieck-1832-signed-illegible.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Wieck</a> in 1832</figcaption></figure> Schumann felt a growing attraction to Wieck's daughter, the sixteen-year-old <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara</a>. She was her father's star pupil, a piano virtuoso emotionally mature beyond her years, with a developing reputation.<a href="#cite_note-c37-45">[41]</a> According to Chissell, her concerto debut at the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Gewandhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipzig Gewandhaus">Leipzig Gewandhaus</a> on 9 November 1835, with Mendelssohn conducting, "set the seal on all her earlier successes, and there was now no doubting that a great future lay before her as a pianist".<a href="#cite_note-c37-45">[41]</a> Schumann had watched her career approvingly since she was nine, but only now fell in love with her. His feelings were reciprocated: they declared their love to each other in January 1836.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> Schumann expected that Wieck would welcome the proposed marriage, but he was mistaken: Wieck refused his consent, fearing that Schumann would be unable to provide for his daughter, that she would have to abandon her career, and that she would be legally required to relinquish her inheritance to her husband.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> It took a series of acrimonious legal actions over the next four years for Schumann to obtain a court ruling that he and Clara were free to marry without her father's consent.<a href="#cite_note-g770-48">[44]</a> Professionally the later years of the 1830s were marked by an unsuccessful attempt by Schumann to establish himself in Vienna, and a growing friendship with Mendelssohn, who was by then based in Leipzig, conducting the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Gewandhaus_Orchestra" title="Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra">Gewandhaus Orchestra</a>. During this period Schumann wrote many piano works, including <a href="/wiki/Kreisleriana" title="Kreisleriana">Kreisleriana</a> (1837), <a href="/wiki/Davidsb%C3%BCndlert%C3%A4nze" title="Davidsbündlertänze">Davidsbündlertänze</a> (1837), <a href="/wiki/Kinderszenen" title="Kinderszenen">Kinderszenen</a> (Scenes from Childhood, 1838) and <a href="/wiki/Faschingsschwank_aus_Wien" title="Faschingsschwank aus Wien">Faschingsschwank aus Wien</a> (Carnival Prank from Vienna, 1839).<a href="#cite_note-hall1126-37">[34]</a> In 1838 Schumann visited Schubert's brother <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Schubert" title="Ferdinand Schubert">Ferdinand</a> and discovered several manuscripts including that of the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Schubert)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)">Great C major Symphony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chron2-49">[45]</a> Ferdinand allowed him to take a copy away and Schumann arranged for the work's premiere, conducted by Mendelssohn in Leipzig on 21 March 1839.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> In the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik Schumann wrote enthusiastically about the work and described its "himmlische Länge" – its "heavenly length" – a phrase that has become common currency in later analyses of the symphony.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[n 5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1840s">1840s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1840s">edit</a>]</div> Schumann and Clara finally married on 12 September 1840, the day before her twenty-first birthday.<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> Hall writes that marriage gave Schumann "the emotional and domestic stability on which his subsequent achievements were founded".<a href="#cite_note-hall1126-37">[34]</a> Clara made some sacrifices in marrying Schumann: as a pianist of international reputation she was the better-known of the two but her career was continually interrupted by motherhood of their seven children. She inspired Schumann in his composing career, encouraging him to extend his range as a composer beyond solo piano works.<a href="#cite_note-hall1126-37">[34]</a> During 1840 Schumann turned his attention to song, producing more than half his total output of Lieder, including the cycles <a href="/wiki/Myrthen" title="Myrthen">Myrthen</a> ("Myrtles", a wedding present for Clara), <a href="/wiki/Frauen-Liebe_und_Leben" title="Frauen-Liebe und Leben">Frauenliebe und Leben</a> ("Woman's Love and Life"), <a href="/wiki/Dichterliebe" title="Dichterliebe">Dichterliebe</a> ("Poet's Love"), and settings of words by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Joseph von Eichendorff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-hall1126-37">[34]</a> In 1841 Schumann focused on orchestral music. On 31 March his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Schumann)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Schumann)">First Symphony</a>, The Spring, was premiered by Mendelssohn at a concert in the Gewandhaus at which Clara played Chopin's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Chopin)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Chopin)">Second Piano Concerto</a> and some of Schumann's works for solo piano.<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> His next orchestral works were the <a href="/wiki/Overture,_Scherzo_and_Finale" title="Overture, Scherzo and Finale">Overture, Scherzo and Finale</a>, the Phantasie for piano and orchestra (which later became the first movement of the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Schumann)" title="Piano Concerto (Schumann)">Piano Concerto</a>) and a new symphony (eventually published as the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Schumann)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Schumann)">Fourth, in D minor</a>). Clara gave birth to a daughter in September, the first of the Schumanns' seven children to survive.<a href="#cite_note-hall1126-37">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clara_und_Robert_Schumann_Relief_MIM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="commemorative silver-coloured medallion showing left profiles of Clara and Robert Schumann" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Clara_und_Robert_Schumann_Relief_MIM.jpg/170px-Clara_und_Robert_Schumann_Relief_MIM.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Clara_und_Robert_Schumann_Relief_MIM.jpg/255px-Clara_und_Robert_Schumann_Relief_MIM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Clara_und_Robert_Schumann_Relief_MIM.jpg/340px-Clara_und_Robert_Schumann_Relief_MIM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="2113" /></a><figcaption>Medallion commemorating the Schumanns, 1846</figcaption></figure> The following year Schumann turned his attention to chamber music. He studied works by Haydn and Mozart, despite an ambivalent attitude to the former, writing: "Today it is impossible to learn anything new from him. He is like a familiar friend of the house whom all greet with pleasure and with esteem, but who has ceased to arouse any particular interest".<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> He was stronger in his praise of Mozart: "Serenity, repose, grace, the characteristics of the antique works of art, are also those of Mozart's school. The Greeks gave to 'The Thunderer'<a href="#cite_note-59">[n 6]</a> a radiant expression, and radiantly does Mozart launch his lightnings".<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> After his studies Schumann produced three string quartets, a <a href="/wiki/Piano_Quintet_(Schumann)" title="Piano Quintet (Schumann)">Piano Quintet</a> (premiered in 1843) and a <a href="/wiki/Piano_Quartet_(Schumann)" title="Piano Quartet (Schumann)">Piano Quartet</a> (premiered in 1844).<a href="#cite_note-hall1126-37">[34]</a> In early 1843 there was a setback to Schumann's career: he had a severe and debilitating mental crisis. This was not the first such attack, although it was the worst so far. Hall writes that he had been subject to similar attacks at intervals over a long period, and comments that the condition may have been congenital, affecting August Schumann and Emilie, the composer's sister.<a href="#cite_note-hall1126-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[n 7]</a> Later in the year, Schumann, having recovered, completed a successful secular <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Das_Paradies_und_die_Peri" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Paradies und die Peri">Das Paradies und die Peri</a> (Paradise and the <a href="/wiki/Peri" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri">Peri</a>), based on an <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">oriental</a> poem by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moore" title="Thomas Moore">Thomas Moore</a>. It was premiered at the Gewandhaus on 4 December and repeat performances followed at Dresden on 23 December, Berlin early the following year, and London in June 1856, when Schumann's friend <a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">William Sterndale Bennett</a> conducted a performance given by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Society" title="Royal Philharmonic Society">Philharmonic Society</a> before <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Consort">Prince Consort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[56]</a> Although neglected after Schumann's death it remained popular throughout his lifetime and brought his name to international attention.<a href="#cite_note-hall1126-37">[34]</a> During 1843 Mendelssohn invited him to teach piano and composition at the new <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipzig Conservatory">Leipzig Conservatory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-chron3-64">[57]</a> and Wieck approached him with an offer of reconciliation.<a href="#cite_note-b2-34">[31]</a> Schumann gladly accepted both, although the resumed relationship with his father-in-law remained polite rather than close.<a href="#cite_note-b2-34">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_u_Clara_Schumann_1847.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Signed engraving of middle-aged white couple seated and looking towards the camera. The man is clean-shaven; the woman's dark hair is tied in a bun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Robert_u_Clara_Schumann_1847.jpg/170px-Robert_u_Clara_Schumann_1847.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Robert_u_Clara_Schumann_1847.jpg/255px-Robert_u_Clara_Schumann_1847.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Robert_u_Clara_Schumann_1847.jpg/340px-Robert_u_Clara_Schumann_1847.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption>Robert and Clara Schumann in 1847, lithograph with a personal dedication</figcaption></figure> In 1844 Clara embarked on a concert tour of Russia; her husband joined her. They met the leading figures of the Russian musical scene, including <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Mikhail Glinka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Anton Rubinstein</a> and were both immensely impressed by Saint Petersburg and Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-g777-65">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[59]</a> The tour was an artistic and financial success but it was arduous, and by the end Schumann was in a poor state both physically and mentally.<a href="#cite_note-g777-65">[58]</a> After the couple returned to Leipzig in late May he sold the Neue Zeitschrift, and in December the family moved to Dresden.<a href="#cite_note-g777-65">[58]</a> Schumann had been passed over for the conductorship of the Leipzig Gewandhaus in succession to Mendelssohn, and he thought that Dresden, with a thriving opera house, might be the place where he could, as he now wished, become an operatic composer.<a href="#cite_note-g777-65">[58]</a> His health remained poor. His doctor in Dresden reported complaints "from insomnia, general weakness, auditory disturbances, tremors, and chills in the feet, to a whole range of phobias".<a href="#cite_note-67">[60]</a> From the beginning of 1845 Schumann's health began to improve; he and Clara studied counterpoint together and both produced contrapuntal works for the piano. He added a slow movement and finale to the 1841 Phantasie for piano and orchestra, to create his Piano Concerto, Op. 54.<a href="#cite_note-68">[61]</a> The following year he worked on what was to be published as his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Schumann)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Schumann)">Second Symphony</a>, Op. 61. Progress on the work was slow, interrupted by further bouts of ill health.<a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a> When the symphony was complete he began work on his opera, <a href="/wiki/Genoveva" title="Genoveva">Genoveva</a>, which was not completed until August 1848.<a href="#cite_note-70">[63]</a> Between 24 November 1846 and 4 February 1847 the Schumanns toured to Vienna, Berlin and other cities. The Viennese leg of the tour was not a success. The performance of Schumann's First Symphony and Piano Concerto at the <a href="/wiki/Musikverein" title="Musikverein">Musikverein</a> on 1 January 1847 attracted a sparse and unenthusiastic audience, but in Berlin the performance of Das Paradies und die Peri was well received, and the tour gave Schumann the chance to see numerous operatic productions. In the words of <a href="/wiki/Grove%27s_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>, "A regular if not always approving member of the audience at performances of works by <a href="/wiki/Donizetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Donizetti">Donizetti</a>, Rossini, <a href="/wiki/Meyerbeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Flotow" title="Friedrich von Flotow">Flotow</a>, he registered his 'desire to write operas' in his travel diary".<a href="#cite_note-g779-71">[64]</a> The Schumanns suffered several blows during 1847, including the death of their first son, Emil, born the year before, and the deaths of their friends Felix and <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny</a> Mendelssohn.<a href="#cite_note-chron2-49">[45]</a> A second son, Ludwig, and a third, Ferdinand, were born in 1848 and 1849.<a href="#cite_note-chron2-49">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1850s">1850s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1850s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schumann-photo1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="early photograph of a middle-aged white man, clean shaven, seated, leaning on the hand of his right arm, of which the elbow is on the adjacent table" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Schumann-photo1850.jpg/220px-Schumann-photo1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Schumann-photo1850.jpg/330px-Schumann-photo1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Schumann-photo1850.jpg/440px-Schumann-photo1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Schumann in an 1850 <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a></figcaption></figure> Genoveva, a four-act opera based on the medieval legend of <a href="/wiki/Genevieve_of_Brabant" title="Genevieve of Brabant">Genevieve of Brabant</a>, was premiered in Leipzig, conducted by the composer, in June 1850. There were two further performances immediately afterwards, but the piece was not the success Schumann had been hoping for. In a 2005 study of the composer, Eric Frederick Jensen attributes this to Schumann's operatic style: "not tuneful and simplistic enough for the majority, not 'progressive' enough for the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagnerians</a>".<a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, who was in the first-night audience, revived Genoveva at <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> in 1855 – the only other production of the opera in Schumann's lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a> Since then, according to <a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Opera_Book" title="The Complete Opera Book">Kobbé's Opera Book</a>, despite occasional revivals Genoveva has remained "far from even the edge of the repertory".<a href="#cite_note-74">[67]</a> With a large family to support, Schumann sought financial security and with the support of his wife he accepted a post as director of music at <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> in April 1850. Hall comments that in retrospect it can be seen that Schumann was fundamentally unsuited for the post. In Hall's view, Schumann's diffidence in social situations, allied to mental instability, "ensured that initially warm relations with local musicians gradually deteriorated to the point where his removal became a necessity in 1853".<a href="#cite_note-hall1127-75">[68]</a> During 1850 Schumann composed two substantial late works – the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Schumann)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Schumann)">Third (Rhenish) Symphony</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cello_Concerto_(Schumann)" title="Cello Concerto (Schumann)">Cello Concerto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chron4-76">[69]</a> He continued to compose prolifically, and reworked some of his earlier works, including the D minor symphony from 1841, published as his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Schumann)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Schumann)">Fourth Symphony</a> (1851), and the 1835 Symphonic Studies (1852).<a href="#cite_note-chron4-76">[69]</a> In 1853 the twenty-year-old <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> called on Schumann with a letter of introduction from a mutual friend, the violinist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joseph Joachim</a>. Brahms had recently written the first of his three piano sonatas,<a href="#cite_note-78">[n 8]</a> and played it to Schumann, who rushed excitedly out of the room and came back leading his wife by the hand, saying "Now, my dear Clara, you will hear such music as you never heard before; and you, young man, play the work from the beginning".<a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a> Schumann was so impressed that he wrote an article – his last – for the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik titled "Neue Bahnen" (New Paths), extolling Brahms as a musician who was destined "to give expression to his times in ideal fashion".<a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a> Hall writes that Brahms proved "a personal tower of strength to Clara during the difficult days ahead": in early 1854 Schumann's health deteriorated drastically. On 27 February he attempted suicide by throwing himself into the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">River Rhine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hall1127-75">[68]</a> He was rescued by fishermen, and at his own request he was admitted to a private sanatorium at <a href="/wiki/Endenich" title="Endenich">Endenich</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, on 4 March. He remained there for more than two years, gradually deteriorating, with intermittent intervals of lucidity during which he wrote and received letters and sometimes essayed some composition.<a href="#cite_note-g788-81">[73]</a> The director of the sanatorium held that direct contact between patients and relatives was likely to distress all concerned and reduce the chances of recovery. Friends, including Brahms and Joachim, were permitted to visit Schumann but Clara did not see her husband until nearly two and a half years into his confinement, and only two days before his death.<a href="#cite_note-g788-81">[73]</a> Schumann died at the sanatorium aged 46 on 29 July 1856, the cause of death being recorded as <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[n 9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Robert_Schumann" title="List of compositions by Robert Schumann">List of compositions by Robert Schumann</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><a href="/wiki/Kreisleriana" title="Kreisleriana">Kreisleriana</a>, Op. 16 (1838)</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Schumann_Kreisleriana_Op._16_N3_Giorgi_Latsabidze.ogg" title="File:Robert Schumann Kreisleriana Op. 16 N3 Giorgi Latsabidze.ogg">N8. Schnell und spielend</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="223" data-mwtitle="Robert_Schumann_Kreisleriana_Op._16_N3_Giorgi_Latsabidze.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Robert_Schumann_Kreisleriana_Op._16_N3_Giorgi_Latsabidze.ogg/Robert_Schumann_Kreisleriana_Op._16_N3_Giorgi_Latsabidze.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Robert_Schumann_Kreisleriana_Op._16_N3_Giorgi_Latsabidze.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Latso" title="Giorgi Latso">Giorgi Latso</a>, piano</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Baker%27s_Biographical_Dictionary_of_Musicians" title="Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians">Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians</a> (2001) begins its entry on Schumann: "[G]reat German composer of surpassing imaginative power whose music expressed the deepest spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic era</a>", and concludes: "As both man and musician, Schumann is recognized as the quintessential artist of the Romantic period in German music. He was a master of lyric expression and dramatic power, perhaps best revealed in his outstanding piano music and songs ..."<a href="#cite_note-baker-92">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[84]</a> Schumann believed the aesthetics of all the arts were identical. In his music he aimed at a conception of art in which the poetic was the main element. According to the musicologist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Carl Dahlhaus</a>, for Schumann, "music was supposed to turn into a <a href="/wiki/Tone_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone poem">tone poem</a>, to rise above the realm of the trivial, of tonal mechanics, by means of its spirituality and soulfulness".<a href="#cite_note-94">[85]</a> In the late nineteenth century and most of the twentieth it was widely held that the music of Schumann's later years was less inspired than his earlier works (up to about the mid-1840s), either because of his declining health,<a href="#cite_note-95">[86]</a> or because his increasingly orthodox approach to composition deprived his music of the Romantic spontaneity of the earlier works.<a href="#cite_note-96">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[88]</a> The late-nineteenth century composer <a href="/wiki/Felix_Draeseke" title="Felix Draeseke">Felix Draeseke</a> commented "Schumann started as a genius and ended as a talent".<a href="#cite_note-98">[89]</a> In the view of the composer and <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboeist</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Holliger" title="Heinz Holliger">Heinz Holliger</a>, "certain works of his early and middle period are praised to the skies, while on the other hand a pious veil of silence obscures the more sober, austere and concentrated works of the late period".<a href="#cite_note-99">[90]</a> More recently the later works have been viewed more favourably; Hall suggests that this is because they are now played more often in concert and in recording studios, and have "the beneficial effects of period performance practice as it has come to be applied to mid-19th-century music".<a href="#cite_note-hall1126-37">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solo_piano">Solo piano</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Solo piano">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><a href="/wiki/Fantasie_in_C_(Schumann)" title="Fantasie in C (Schumann)">Fantasie C major</a>, Op. 17 (1836, revised 1839)</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Schumann_-_Fantasie_-_Sempre_Fantasticamente_ed_Appassionatamente.ogg" title="File:Robert Schumann - Fantasie - Sempre Fantasticamente ed Appassionatamente.ogg">1. Sempre Fantasticamente ed Appassionatamente</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="916" data-mwtitle="Robert_Schumann_-_Fantasie_-_Sempre_Fantasticamente_ed_Appassionatamente.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Robert_Schumann_-_Fantasie_-_Sempre_Fantasticamente_ed_Appassionatamente.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/Robert_Schumann_-_Fantasie_-_Sempre_Fantasticamente_ed_Appassionatamente.ogg/Robert_Schumann_-_Fantasie_-_Sempre_Fantasticamente_ed_Appassionatamente.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Schumann_-_Fantasie_-_Moderato,_Sempre_energico.ogg" title="File:Robert Schumann - Fantasie - Moderato, Sempre energico.ogg">2. Moderato, Sempre energico</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="459" data-mwtitle="Robert_Schumann_-_Fantasie_-_Moderato,_Sempre_energico.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Robert_Schumann_-_Fantasie_-_Moderato%2C_Sempre_energico.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Robert_Schumann_-_Fantasie_-_Moderato%2C_Sempre_energico.ogg/Robert_Schumann_-_Fantasie_-_Moderato%2C_Sempre_energico.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Schumann_-_Fantasie_-_Lento_sostenuto_Sempre_piano.ogg" title="File:Robert Schumann - Fantasie - Lento sostenuto Sempre piano.ogg">3. Lento sostenuto Sempre piano</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="657" data-mwtitle="Robert_Schumann_-_Fantasie_-_Lento_sostenuto_Sempre_piano.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Robert_Schumann_-_Fantasie_-_Lento_sostenuto_Sempre_piano.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/Robert_Schumann_-_Fantasie_-_Lento_sostenuto_Sempre_piano.ogg/Robert_Schumann_-_Fantasie_-_Lento_sostenuto_Sempre_piano.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_solo_piano_compositions_by_Robert_Schumann" title="List of solo piano compositions by Robert Schumann">List of solo piano compositions by Robert Schumann</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><a href="/wiki/Arabeske_(Schumann)" title="Arabeske (Schumann)">Arabeske in C major, Op. 18 (1839)</a></div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Schumann-arabeske-andrea-valori.ogg" title="File:Schumann-arabeske-andrea-valori.ogg">Arabeske (Schumann)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="380" data-mwtitle="Schumann-arabeske-andrea-valori.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Schumann-arabeske-andrea-valori.ogg/Schumann-arabeske-andrea-valori.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Schumann-arabeske-andrea-valori.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Mario Andrea Valori, piano</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Schumann's works in some other musical genres – particularly orchestral and operatic works – have had a mixed critical reception, both during his lifetime and since, but there is widespread agreement about the high quality of his solo piano music.<a href="#cite_note-hall1125-9">[8]</a> In his youth the familiar Austro-German tradition of <a href="/wiki/Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach">Bach</a>, Mozart and <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a> was temporarily eclipsed by a fashion for the flamboyant showpieces of composers such as <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a>. Schumann's first published work, the <a href="/wiki/Abegg_Variations" class="mw-redirect" title="Abegg Variations">Abegg Variations</a>, is in the latter style.<a href="#cite_note-g762-100">[91]</a> But he revered the earlier German masters, and in his three piano sonatas (composed between 1830 and 1836) and the <a href="/wiki/Fantasie_in_C_(Schumann)" title="Fantasie in C (Schumann)">Fantasie in C</a> (1836) he showed his respect for the earlier Austro-German tradition.<a href="#cite_note-101">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_music" title="Absolute music">Absolute music</a> such as those works is in the minority in his piano compositions, of which many are what Hall calls "character pieces with fanciful names".<a href="#cite_note-hall1126-37">[34]</a> Schumann's most characteristic form in his piano music is the cycle of short, interrelated pieces, often <a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">programmatic</a>, though seldom explicitly so. They include <a href="/wiki/Carnaval_(Schumann)" title="Carnaval (Schumann)">Carnaval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasiest%C3%BCcke,_Op._12" title="Fantasiestücke, Op. 12">Fantasiestücke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kreisleriana" title="Kreisleriana">Kreisleriana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinderszenen" title="Kinderszenen">Kinderszenen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waldszenen" title="Waldszenen">Waldszenen</a> (Wood Scenes). The critic <a href="/wiki/J._A._Fuller_Maitland" class="mw-redirect" title="J. A. Fuller Maitland">J. A. Fuller Maitland</a> wrote of the first of these, "Of all the pianoforte works [Carnaval] is perhaps the most popular; its wonderful animation and never-ending variety ensure the production of its full effect, and its great and various difficulties make it the best possible test of a pianist's skill and versatility".<a href="#cite_note-102">[93]</a> Schumann continually inserted into his piano works veiled allusions to himself and others – particularly Clara – in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ciphers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciphers">ciphers</a> and musical quotations.<a href="#cite_note-g768-103">[94]</a> His self-references include both the impetuous "Florestan" and the poetic "Eusebius" elements he identified in himself.<a href="#cite_note-104">[95]</a> Although some of his music is technically challenging for the pianist Schumann also wrote simpler pieces for young players, the best-known of which are his <a href="/wiki/Album_for_the_Young" title="Album for the Young">Album für die Jugend</a> (Album for the Young, 1848) and Three Sonatas for Young People (1853).<a href="#cite_note-hall1125-9">[8]</a> He also wrote some undemanding music with an eye to commercial sales, including the <a href="/wiki/Blumenst%C3%BCck_(Schumann)" title="Blumenstück (Schumann)">Blumenstück</a> (Flower Piece) and <a href="/wiki/Arabeske_(Schumann)" title="Arabeske (Schumann)">Arabeske</a> (both 1839), which he privately considered "feeble and intended for the ladies".<a href="#cite_note-105">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songs">Songs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Songs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_vocal_compositions_by_Robert_Schumann" title="List of vocal compositions by Robert Schumann">List of vocal compositions by Robert Schumann</a></div> The authors of <a href="/wiki/The_Record_Guide" title="The Record Guide">The Record Guide</a> describe Schumann as "one of the four supreme masters of the German <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a>", alongside Schubert, Brahms and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Hugo Wolf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-st686-106">[97]</a> The pianist <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Moore" title="Gerald Moore">Gerald Moore</a> wrote that "after the unparalleled Franz Schubert", Schumann shares the second place in the hierarchy of the Lied with Wolf.<a href="#cite_note-107">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grove%27s_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a> classes Schumann as "the true heir of Schubert" in Lieder.<a href="#cite_note-108">[99]</a> Schumann wrote more than 300 songs for voice and piano.<a href="#cite_note-gj-109">[100]</a> They are known for the quality of the texts he set: Hall comments that the composer's youthful appreciation of literature was constantly renewed in adult life.<a href="#cite_note-hsong-110">[101]</a> Although Schumann greatly admired <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> and Schiller and set a few of their verses, his favoured poets for lyrics were the later Romantics such as <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-st686-106">[97]</a> Among the best-known of the songs are those in four cycles composed in 1840 – a year Schumann called his Liederjahr (year of song).<a href="#cite_note-111">[102]</a> These are <a href="/wiki/Dichterliebe" title="Dichterliebe">Dichterliebe</a> (Poet's Love) comprising sixteen songs with words by Heine; <a href="/wiki/Frauen-Liebe_und_Leben#Schumann's_setting" title="Frauen-Liebe und Leben">Frauenliebe und Leben</a> (Woman's Love and Life), eight songs setting poems by <a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso" title="Adelbert von Chamisso">Adelbert von Chamisso</a>; and two sets simply titled Liederkreis – German for "Song Cycle" – the <a href="/wiki/Liederkreis,_Op._24_(Schumann)" title="Liederkreis, Op. 24 (Schumann)">Op. 24</a> set, consisting of nine Heine settings and the <a href="/wiki/Liederkreis,_Op._39_(Schumann)" title="Liederkreis, Op. 39 (Schumann)">Op. 39</a> set of twelve settings of poems by Eichendorff.<a href="#cite_note-112">[103]</a> Also from 1840 is the set Schumann wrote as a wedding present to Clara, <a href="/wiki/Myrthen" title="Myrthen">Myrthen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Myrtus" title="Myrtus">Myrtles</a> – traditionally part of a bride's wedding bouquet),<a href="#cite_note-113">[104]</a> which the composer called a song cycle, although comprising twenty-six songs with lyrics from ten different writers this set is a less unified cycle than the others. In a study of Schumann's songs <a href="/wiki/Eric_Sams" title="Eric Sams">Eric Sams</a> suggests that even here there is a unifying theme, namely the composer himself.<a href="#cite_note-114">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Du_Ring_an_meinem_Finger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Musical score with line for voice and two lines below for piano accompaniment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Du_Ring_an_meinem_Finger.jpg/360px-Du_Ring_an_meinem_Finger.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Du_Ring_an_meinem_Finger.jpg/540px-Du_Ring_an_meinem_Finger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Du_Ring_an_meinem_Finger.jpg/720px-Du_Ring_an_meinem_Finger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Opening of "Du Ring an meinem Finger" from <a href="/wiki/Frauen-Liebe_und_Leben" title="Frauen-Liebe und Leben">Frauenliebe und Leben</a></figcaption></figure> Although during the twentieth century it became common practice to perform these cycles as a whole, in Schumann's time and beyond it was usual to extract individual songs for performance in recitals. The first documented public performance of a complete Schumann song cycle was not until 1861, five years after the composer's death; the <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Stockhausen" title="Julius Stockhausen">Julius Stockhausen</a> sang Dichterliebe with Brahms at the piano.<a href="#cite_note-r222-115">[106]</a> Stockhausen also gave the first complete performances of Frauenliebe und Leben and the Op. 24 Liederkreis.<a href="#cite_note-r222-115">[106]</a> After his Liederjahr Schumann returned in earnest to writing songs after a break of several years. Hall describes the variety of the songs as immense, and comments that some of the later songs are entirely different in mood from the composer's earlier Romantic settings. Schumann's literary sensibilities led him to create in his songs an equal partnership between words and music unprecedented in the German Lied.<a href="#cite_note-hsong-110">[101]</a> His affinity with the piano is heard in his accompaniments to his songs, notably in their preludes and postludes, the latter often summing up what has been heard in the song.<a href="#cite_note-hsong-110">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orchestral">Orchestral</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Orchestral">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhenish-opening-score.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="page of full orchestral score" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Rhenish-opening-score.jpg/300px-Rhenish-opening-score.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Rhenish-opening-score.jpg/450px-Rhenish-opening-score.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Rhenish-opening-score.jpg/600px-Rhenish-opening-score.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>Opening of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Schumann)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Schumann)">Schumann's Third Symphony</a>, the Rhenish</figcaption></figure> Schumann acknowledged that he found orchestration a difficult art to master, and many analysts have criticised his orchestral writing.<a href="#cite_note-116">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[n 10]</a> Conductors including <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Max Reger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a> have made changes to the instrumentation before conducting his orchestral music.<a href="#cite_note-120">[110]</a> The music scholar <a href="/wiki/Julius_Harrison" title="Julius Harrison">Julius Harrison</a> considers such alterations fruitless: "the essence of Schumann's warmly vibrant music resides in its forthright romantic appeal with all those personal traits, lovable characteristic and faults" that make up Schumann's artistic character.<a href="#cite_note-121">[111]</a> Hall comments that Schumann's orchestration has subsequently been more highly regarded because of a trend towards playing the orchestral music with smaller forces in <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">historically informed performance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hall1127-75">[68]</a> After the successful premiere in 1841 of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Schumann)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Schumann)">the first</a> of his four symphonies the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung described it as "well and fluently written ... also, for the most part, knowledgeably, tastefully, and often quite successfully and effectively orchestrated",<a href="#cite_note-122">[112]</a> although a later critic called it "inflated piano music with mainly routine orchestration".<a href="#cite_note-123">[113]</a> Later in the year a second symphony was premiered and was less enthusiastically received. Schumann revised it ten years later and published it as his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Schumann)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Schumann)">Fourth Symphony</a>. Brahms preferred the original, more lightly-scored version,<a href="#cite_note-124">[114]</a> which is occasionally performed and has been recorded, but the revised 1851 score is more usually played.<a href="#cite_note-125">[115]</a> The work now called the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Schumann)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Schumann)">Second Symphony</a> (1846) is structurally the most <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">classical</a> of the four and is influenced by Beethoven and Schubert.<a href="#cite_note-126">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Schumann)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Schumann)">Third Symphony</a> (1851), known as the Rhenish, is, unusually for a symphony of its day, in five movements, and is the composer's nearest approach to pictorial symphonic music, with movements depicting a solemn religious ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> and outdoor merrymaking of Rhinelanders.<a href="#cite_note-127">[117]</a> Schumann experimented with unconventional symphonic forms in 1841 in his <a href="/wiki/Overture,_Scherzo_and_Finale" title="Overture, Scherzo and Finale">Overture, Scherzo and Finale</a>, Op. 52, sometimes described as "a symphony without a slow movement".<a href="#cite_note-128">[118]</a> Its unorthodox structure may have made it less appealing and it is not often performed.<a href="#cite_note-129">[119]</a> Schumann composed six overtures, three of them for theatrical performance, preceding <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Manfred" title="Manfred">Manfred</a> (1852), <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Scenes_from_Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Scenes from Goethe's Faust">Faust</a> (1853) and his own Genoveva. The other three were stand-alone concert works inspired by Schiller's <a href="/wiki/The_Bride_of_Messina" title="The Bride of Messina">The Bride of Messina</a>, Shakespeare's <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a> and Goethe's <a href="/wiki/Hermann_and_Dorothea" title="Hermann and Dorothea">Hermann and Dorothea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Schumann)" title="Piano Concerto (Schumann)">Piano Concerto</a> (1845) quickly became and has remained one of the most popular Romantic piano concertos.<a href="#cite_note-tomes-131">[121]</a> In the mid-twentieth century, when the symphonies were less well regarded than they later became, the concerto was described in The Record Guide as "the one large-scale work of Schumann's which is by general consent an entire success".<a href="#cite_note-132">[122]</a> The pianist Susan Tomes comments, "In the era of recording it has often been paired with <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Grieg)" title="Piano Concerto (Grieg)">Grieg's Piano Concerto</a> (also in A minor) which clearly shows the influence of Schumann's".<a href="#cite_note-tomes-131">[121]</a> The first movement pitches against each other the forthright Florestan and dreamy Eusebius elements in Schumann's artistic nature – the vigorous opening bars succeeded by the wistful A minor theme that enters in the fourth bar.<a href="#cite_note-tomes-131">[121]</a> No other concerto or concertante work by Schumann has approached the popularity of the Piano Concerto, but the <a href="/wiki/Konzertst%C3%BCck_for_Four_Horns_and_Orchestra" title="Konzertstück for Four Horns and Orchestra">Concert Piece for Four Horns and Orchestra</a> (1849) and the <a href="/wiki/Cello_Concerto_(Schumann)" title="Cello Concerto (Schumann)">Cello Concerto</a> (1850) remain in the concert repertoire and are well represented on record.<a href="#cite_note-133">[123]</a> The late <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Schumann)" title="Violin Concerto (Schumann)">Violin Concerto</a> (1853) is less often heard but has received several recordings.<a href="#cite_note-134">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chamber">Chamber</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chamber">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Andante and Variations, Op. 46 (1843) </div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Schumann_-_Andante_and_Variations_-_Introduction,_Theme_and_Variations_01-05.ogg" title="File:Robert Schumann - Andante and Variations - Introduction, Theme and Variations 01-05.ogg">Introduction, Theme and Variations 1–5</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="435" data-mwtitle="Robert_Schumann_-_Andante_and_Variations_-_Introduction,_Theme_and_Variations_01-05.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Robert_Schumann_-_Andante_and_Variations_-_Introduction%2C_Theme_and_Variations_01-05.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Robert_Schumann_-_Andante_and_Variations_-_Introduction%2C_Theme_and_Variations_01-05.ogg/Robert_Schumann_-_Andante_and_Variations_-_Introduction%2C_Theme_and_Variations_01-05.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Schumann_-_Andante_and_Variations_-_Variations_06-10.ogg" title="File:Robert Schumann - Andante and Variations - Variations 06-10.ogg">Variations 6–10</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="382" data-mwtitle="Robert_Schumann_-_Andante_and_Variations_-_Variations_06-10.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Robert_Schumann_-_Andante_and_Variations_-_Variations_06-10.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Robert_Schumann_-_Andante_and_Variations_-_Variations_06-10.ogg/Robert_Schumann_-_Andante_and_Variations_-_Variations_06-10.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Schumann_-_Andante_and_Variations_-_Variations_11-15.ogg" title="File:Robert Schumann - Andante and Variations - Variations 11-15.ogg">Variations 11–15</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_7" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="295" data-mwtitle="Robert_Schumann_-_Andante_and_Variations_-_Variations_11-15.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Robert_Schumann_-_Andante_and_Variations_-_Variations_11-15.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/Robert_Schumann_-_Andante_and_Variations_-_Variations_11-15.ogg/Robert_Schumann_-_Andante_and_Variations_-_Variations_11-15.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Performed by Neal and Nancy O'Doan (pianos), Carter Enyeart and Toby Saks (cellos) and Christopher Leuba (horn)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Schumann composed a substantial quantity of chamber pieces, of which the best-known and most performed are the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Quintet_(Schumann)" title="Piano Quintet (Schumann)">Piano Quintet in E♭ major</a>, Op. 44, the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Quartet_(Schumann)" title="Piano Quartet (Schumann)">Piano Quartet</a> in the same key (both 1842) and three piano trios, the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_No._1_(Schumann)" title="Piano Trio No. 1 (Schumann)">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_No._2_(Schumann)" title="Piano Trio No. 2 (Schumann)">second</a> from 1847 and the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_No._3_(Schumann)" title="Piano Trio No. 3 (Schumann)">third</a> from 1851. The Quintet was written for and dedicated to Clara Schumann. It is described by the musicologist <a href="/wiki/Linda_Correll_Roesner" title="Linda Correll Roesner">Linda Correll Roesner</a> as "a very 'public' and brilliant work that nonetheless manages to incorporate a private message" by quoting a theme composed by Clara.<a href="#cite_note-lcr-135">[125]</a> Schumann's writing for piano and <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartet</a> – two violins, one viola and one cello – was in contrast with earlier piano quintets with different combinations of instruments, such as Schubert's <a href="/wiki/Trout_Quintet" title="Trout Quintet">Trout Quintet</a> (1819). Schumann's ensemble became the template for later composers including Brahms, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvořák">Dvořák</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elgar" class="mw-redirect" title="Elgar">Elgar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[126]</a> Roesner describes the Quartet as equally brilliant as the Quintet but also more intimate.<a href="#cite_note-lcr-135">[125]</a> Schumann composed a set of three string quartets (Op. 41, 1842). Dahlhaus comments that after this Schumann avoided writing for string quartet, finding Beethoven's achievements in that genre daunting.<a href="#cite_note-137">[127]</a> Among the later chamber works are the <a href="/wiki/Violin_Sonata_No._1_(Schumann)" title="Violin Sonata No. 1 (Schumann)">Sonata in A minor for Piano and Violin</a>, Op. 105 – the first of three chamber pieces written in a two-month period of intense creativity in 1851 – followed by the Third Piano Trio and the <a href="/wiki/Violin_Sonata_No._2_(Schumann)" title="Violin Sonata No. 2 (Schumann)">Sonata in D minor for Violin and Piano</a>, Op. 121.<a href="#cite_note-138">[128]</a> In addition to his chamber works for what were or were becoming standard combinations of instruments, Schumann wrote for some unusual groupings and was often flexible about which instruments a work called for: in his <a href="/wiki/Adagio_and_Allegro_for_Horn_and_Piano" title="Adagio and Allegro for Horn and Piano">Adagio and Allegro</a>, Op. 70 the pianist may, according to the composer, be joined by either a horn, a violin or a cello, and in the Fantasiestücke, Op. 73 the pianist may be duetting with a clarinet, violin or cello.<a href="#cite_note-g794-139">[129]</a> His Andante and Variations (1843) for two pianos, two cellos and a horn later became a piece for just the pianos.<a href="#cite_note-g794-139">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera_and_choral">Opera and choral</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Opera and choral">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schumann-Genoveva-score.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="front cover of musical score, with name of work, librettists, composer and publisher" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Schumann-Genoveva-score.jpg/170px-Schumann-Genoveva-score.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Schumann-Genoveva-score.jpg/255px-Schumann-Genoveva-score.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Schumann-Genoveva-score.jpg/340px-Schumann-Genoveva-score.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Cover of <a href="/wiki/Genoveva" title="Genoveva">Genoveva</a> score</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Genoveva" title="Genoveva">Genoveva</a> was not a great success in Schumann's lifetime and has continued to be a rarity in the opera house. From its premiere onwards the work was criticised on the grounds that it is "an evening of Lieder and nothing much else happens".<a href="#cite_note-t308-140">[130]</a> The conductor <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a>, who championed the work, blamed music critics for the low esteem in which the work is held. He maintained that they all approached the work with a preconceived idea of what an opera must be like, and finding that Genoveva did not match their preconceptions they condemned it out of hand.<a href="#cite_note-141">[131]</a> In Harnoncourt's view it is a mistake to look for a dramatic plot in this opera: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">It is a look into the soul. Schumann didn't want anything naturalistic at all. To Schumann this seemed alien to opera. He wanted to find an opera in which the music had more to say.<a href="#cite_note-harn-142">[132]</a></div> Harnoncourt's view of the lack of drama in the opera contrasts with that of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Bond" title="Victoria Bond">Victoria Bond</a>, who conducted the work's first professional stage production in the US in 1987. She finds the work "full of high drama and supercharged emotion. In my opinion, it's very stageworthy, too. It’s not at all static".<a href="#cite_note-t308-140">[130]</a> Unlike the opera, Schumann's secular oratorio <a href="/wiki/Das_Paradies_und_die_Peri" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Paradies und die Peri">Das Paradies und die Peri</a> was an enormous success in his lifetime, although it has since been neglected. <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a> described it as a "divine work" and said he "knew nothing higher in all of music."<a href="#cite_note-143">[133]</a> The conductor <a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Sir Simon Rattle</a> called it "The great masterpiece you've never heard, and there aren't many of those now. ... In Schumann's life it was the most popular piece he ever wrote, it was performed endlessly. Every composer loved it. Wagner wrote how jealous he was that Schumann had done it".<a href="#cite_note-lso-144">[134]</a> Based on an episode from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moore" title="Thomas Moore">Thomas Moore</a>'s epic poem <a href="/wiki/Lalla_Rookh" title="Lalla Rookh">Lalla Rookh</a> it reflects the exotic, colourful tales from Persian mythology popular in the nineteenth century. In a letter to a friend in 1843 Schumann said, "at the moment I'm involved in a large project, the largest I've yet undertaken – it's not an opera – I believe it's well-nigh a new genre for the concert hall".<a href="#cite_note-lso-144">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scenes_from_Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Scenes from Goethe's Faust">Szenen aus Goethes Faust</a> (Scenes from Goethe's Faust), composed between 1844 and 1853, is another hybrid work, operatic in manner but written for concert performance and labelled an <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> by the composer. The work was never given complete in Schumann's lifetime, although the third section was successfully performed in Dresden, Leipzig and Weimar in 1849 to mark the centenary of Goethe's birth. Jensen comments that its good reception is surprising as Schumann made no concessions to popular taste: "The music is not particularly tuneful ... There are no arias for Faust or Gretchen in the grand manner".<a href="#cite_note-j233-145">[135]</a> The complete work was first given in 1862 in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, six years after Schumann's death.<a href="#cite_note-j233-145">[135]</a> Schumann's other works for voice and orchestra include a <a href="/wiki/Requiem_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem Mass">Requiem Mass</a>, described by the critic <a href="/wiki/Ivan_March" title="Ivan March">Ivan March</a> as "long-neglected and under-prized".<a href="#cite_note-march-146">[136]</a> Like Mozart before him, Schumann was haunted by the conviction that the Mass was his own requiem.<a href="#cite_note-march-146">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Recordings">edit</a>]</div> All of Schumann's major works and most of the minor ones have been recorded.<a href="#cite_note-march1-147">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[138]</a> From the 1920s his music has had a prominent place in the catalogues. In the 1920s <a href="/wiki/Hans_Pfitzner" title="Hans Pfitzner">Hans Pfitzner</a> recorded the symphonies, and other early recordings were conducted by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Enescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Enescu">Georges Enescu</a> and Toscanini.<a href="#cite_note-149">[139]</a> Large-scale performances with modern symphony orchestras have been recorded under conductors including <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sawallisch" title="Wolfgang Sawallisch">Wolfgang Sawallisch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk" title="Rafael Kubelík">Rafael Kubelík</a>,<a href="#cite_note-m1138-150">[140]</a> and from the mid-1990s smaller ensembles such as the <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Orchestre des Champs-Élysées">Orchestre des Champs-Élysées</a> with <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Herreweghe" title="Philippe Herreweghe">Philippe Herreweghe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_R%C3%A9volutionnaire_et_Romantique" title="Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique">Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique</a> with <a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_Gardiner" title="John Eliot Gardiner">John Eliot Gardiner</a> have recorded <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">historically informed</a> readings of Schumann's orchestral music.<a href="#cite_note-m1138-150">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[141]</a> The songs featured in the recorded repertoire from the early days of the gramophone, with performances by singers such as <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schumann" title="Elisabeth Schumann">Elisabeth Schumann</a> (no relation to the composer),<a href="#cite_note-152">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schorr" title="Friedrich Schorr">Friedrich Schorr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kipnis" title="Alexander Kipnis">Alexander Kipnis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tauber" title="Richard Tauber">Richard Tauber</a>, followed in a later generation by <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzkopf" title="Elisabeth Schwarzkopf">Elisabeth Schwarzkopf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[143]</a> Although in 1955 the authors of The Record Guide expressed regret that so few of Schumann's songs were available on record,<a href="#cite_note-154">[144]</a> by the early twenty-first century every song was on disc. A complete set was published in 2010 with the songs in chronological order of composition; the pianist <a href="/wiki/Graham_Johnson_(musician)" title="Graham Johnson (musician)">Graham Johnson</a> partnered a range of singers including <a href="/wiki/Ian_Bostridge" title="Ian Bostridge">Ian Bostridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keenlyside" title="Simon Keenlyside">Simon Keenlyside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felicity_Lott" title="Felicity Lott">Felicity Lott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Maltman" title="Christopher Maltman">Christopher Maltman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Murray" title="Ann Murray">Ann Murray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christine_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Christine Schäfer">Christine Schäfer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gj-109">[100]</a> Pianists for other recordings of Schumann Lieder have included Gerald Moore, <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Baldwin" title="Dalton Baldwin">Dalton Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Werba" title="Erik Werba">Erik Werba</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Demus" title="Jörg Demus">Jörg Demus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parsons_(pianist)" title="Geoffrey Parsons (pianist)">Geoffrey Parsons</a>, and more recently <a href="/wiki/Roger_Vignoles" title="Roger Vignoles">Roger Vignoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Gage" title="Irwin Gage">Irwin Gage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Eisenlohr" title="Ulrich Eisenlohr">Ulrich Eisenlohr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[145]</a> Schumann's solo piano music has remained core repertoire for pianists; there have been numerous recordings of major works played by performers from <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cortot" title="Alfred Cortot">Alfred Cortot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myra_Hess" title="Myra Hess">Myra Hess</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gieseking" title="Walter Gieseking">Walter Gieseking</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Alfred Brendel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy" title="Vladimir Ashkenazy">Vladimir Ashkenazy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Argerich" title="Martha Argerich">Martha Argerich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hough" title="Stephen Hough">Stephen Hough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcadi_Volodos" title="Arcadi Volodos">Arcadi Volodos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lang_Lang" title="Lang Lang">Lang Lang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[146]</a> The chamber works are also well represented in the recording catalogues. In 2023 <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)" title="Gramophone (magazine)">Gramophone</a> magazine singled out among recent issues recordings of the Piano Quintet by <a href="/wiki/Leif_Ove_Andsnes" title="Leif Ove Andsnes">Leif Ove Andsnes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_Quartet" title="Artemis Quartet">Artemis Quartet</a>, String Quartets 1 and 3 by the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Zehetmair" title="Thomas Zehetmair">Zehetmair Quartet</a> and the Piano Trios by Andsnes, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Tetzlaff" title="Christian Tetzlaff">Christian Tetzlaff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanja_Tetzlaff" title="Tanja Tetzlaff">Tanja Tetzlaff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[147]</a> Schumann's only opera, Genoveva, has been recorded. A 1996 complete set conducted by Harnoncourt with <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Ziesak" title="Ruth Ziesak">Ruth Ziesak</a> in the title role followed earlier recordings under <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Albrecht" title="Gerd Albrecht">Gerd Albrecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Masur" title="Kurt Masur">Kurt Masur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[148]</a> Recordings of Das Paradies und die Peri include sets conducted by Gardiner<a href="#cite_note-march-146">[136]</a> and Rattle.<a href="#cite_note-lso-144">[134]</a> Among the recordings of Szenen aus Goethes Faust is one conducted by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a> in 1972, with Fischer-Dieskau as Faust and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Harwood" title="Elizabeth Harwood">Elizabeth Harwood</a> as Gretchen.<a href="#cite_note-159">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert-Schumann-Haus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Room in old house with grand piano in the centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Robert-Schumann-Haus.JPG/170px-Robert-Schumann-Haus.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Robert-Schumann-Haus.JPG/255px-Robert-Schumann-Haus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Robert-Schumann-Haus.JPG/340px-Robert-Schumann-Haus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Schumann's piano in the museum in the house in which he was born in Zwickau</figcaption></figure> Schumann had considerable influence in the nineteenth century and beyond. Those he influenced included French composers such as <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Messager" title="André Messager">Messager</a>, who made a joint pilgrimage to his tomb at Bonn in 1879,<a href="#cite_note-160">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles-Marie_Widor" title="Charles-Marie Widor">Widor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debussy" class="mw-redirect" title="Debussy">Debussy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravel">Ravel</a>, along with the developers of <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-g792-161">[151]</a> Cortot maintained that Schumann's Kinderscenen inspired Bizet's <a href="/wiki/Jeux_d%27enfants_(Bizet)" title="Jeux d'enfants (Bizet)">Jeux d'enfants</a> (Children's Games, 1871), <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Chabrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Emanuel Chabrier">Chabrier</a>'s Pièces pittoresques (1881), Debussy's <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Corner" title="Children's Corner">Children's Corner</a> (1908) and Ravel's <a href="/wiki/Ma_m%C3%A8re_l%27Oye" title="Ma mère l'Oye">Ma mère l'Oye</a> (Mother Goose, 1908).<a href="#cite_note-162">[152]</a> Elsewhere in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a> called Schumann "my ideal",<a href="#cite_note-163">[153]</a> and Grieg's Piano Concerto is heavily influenced by Schumann's.<a href="#cite_note-tomes-131">[121]</a> Grieg wrote that Schumann's songs deserved to be recognised as "major contributions to world literature",<a href="#cite_note-g792-161">[151]</a> and Schumann was a major influence on the Russian school of composers, including <a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Anton Rubinstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>, though critical of Schumann's orchestration, described him as a "composer of genius" and "most striking exponent of the music of our time."<a href="#cite_note-165">[155]</a> Although Brahms said that all he had learned from Schumann was how to play chess,<a href="#cite_note-d153-166">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[n 11]</a> his works contain many homages to Schumann. Other composers in German-speaking countries whose music shows Schumann's influence include Mahler, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schoenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[157]</a> More recently, Schumann has been an important influence on the music of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm" title="Wolfgang Rihm">Wolfgang Rihm</a>, who has incorporated elements of Schumann's music into chamber works (Fremde Szenen I–III, (Foreign Scenes, 1982–1984))<a href="#cite_note-169">[158]</a> and his opera <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Lenz_(opera)" title="Jakob Lenz (opera)">Jakob Lenz</a> (1977–1978).<a href="#cite_note-170">[159]</a> Other twentieth and twenty-first century composers drawing on Schumann have included <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Kagel" title="Mauricio Kagel">Mauricio Kagel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Killmayer" title="Wilhelm Killmayer">Wilhelm Killmayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Pousseur" title="Henri Pousseur">Henri Pousseur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Holloway" title="Robin Holloway">Robin Holloway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[160]</a> During the second half of the nineteenth century there developed what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>". Schumann's successors including Clara and Brahms, together with their supporters such as Joachim and the music critic <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Eduard Hanslick</a>, were seen as the proponents of music in the classic German tradition of Beethoven, Mendelssohn and Schumann. They were opposed by the adherents of Liszt and Wagner, including Draeseke, <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a> (for a time) and in his capacity as a music critic <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Bernard Shaw</a>, who were in favour of more extreme <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_harmony" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic harmony">chromatic harmonies</a> and explicit programmatic content.<a href="#cite_note-172">[161]</a> Wagner declared that the symphony was dead.<a href="#cite_note-173">[162]</a> By the turn of the century critics such as Fuller Maitland and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Krehbiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Krehbiel">Henry Krehbiel</a> were treating the output of both factions with equal regard.<a href="#cite_note-174">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[164]</a> In 1991 the first volume of a complete edition of Schumann's works was published. A supposedly complete edition had been published between 1879 and 1887, edited by Clara and Brahms, but it was not complete: apart from inadvertent omissions the two editors deliberately suppressed some of Schumann's later music as they believed it had been affected by his declining mental health.<a href="#cite_note-t414-176">[165]</a> In the 1980s the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a> set up a research department with the aim of locating all the composer's manuscripts. This led to the New Schumann Complete Edition which comprises 49 volumes and was completed in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-t414-176">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[166]</a> Schumann's birthplace in Zwickau is preserved as a museum in his honour. It hosts chamber concerts and is the focus of an annual festival commemorating him.<a href="#cite_note-178">[167]</a> The International Robert Schumann Competition for Piano and Voice was launched in Berlin in 1956, and later moved to Zwickau. Among the winners have been the pianists <a href="/wiki/Dezs%C5%91_R%C3%A1nki" title="Dezső Ránki">Dezső Ránki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yves_Henry" title="Yves Henry">Yves Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Le_Sage" title="Éric Le Sage">Éric Le Sage</a> and the singers <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Lorenz_(baritone)" title="Siegfried Lorenz (baritone)">Siegfried Lorenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wiens" title="Edith Wiens">Edith Wiens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauro_Peter" title="Mauro Peter">Mauro Peter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[168]</a> In 2009 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music" title="Royal College of Music">Royal College of Music</a> in London inaugurated the <a href="/wiki/Joan_Chissell" title="Joan Chissell">Joan Chissell</a> Schumann Prize for singers and pianists.<a href="#cite_note-180">[169]</a> In 2005 the German federal government launched the online Schumann Network in collaboration with cultural institutions in Zwickau, Leipzig, Düsseldorf and Bonn. The site aims to offer the public the most comprehensive coverage of the life and works of Robert and Clara Schumann.<a href="#cite_note-181">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes,_references_and_sources">Notes, references and sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes, references and sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-alexander-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alexander_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alexander_4-1">b</a> Many sources from the 19th century onwards state that Schumann had the middle name Alexander,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> but according to the 2001 edition of <a href="/wiki/Grove%27s_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a> and a 2005 biography by Eric Frederick Jensen there is no evidence that he had a middle name and it is possibly a misreading of his teenage pseudonym "Skülander". His birth and death certificates and all other existing official documents give "Robert Schumann" as his only names.<a href="#cite_note-g760-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> It is not known why Schumann picked those names for his alter egos, although there has been much conjecture over the years.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Another of his inventions was "Master Raro", a wise musician of sound judgement, neither so dreamy as Eusebius nor so impetuous as Florestan, sometimes invoked to arbitrate between the two.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Wieck believed the damage was done by Schumann's use of a chiroplast – a finger-stretching device then favoured by pianists; the biographer <a href="/wiki/Eric_Sams" title="Eric Sams">Eric Sams</a> has theorised that the affliction was caused by <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury poisoning</a> as a side effect of treatment for <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, a hypothesis subsequently discounted by neurologists.<a href="#cite_note-ostwald-31">[29]</a> Another possible cause may have been <a href="/wiki/Focal_dystonia#Musician's_dystonia" title="Focal dystonia">dystonia</a>, a condition afflicting several musicians over the years.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> A♭, C, B or in German musical notation "As-C-H"<a href="#cite_note-j155-40">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> The Schubert symphony is not quite as long as Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Choral</a> Symphony but is much longer than most purely orchestral symphonies to that date, playing for an hour if all the marked repeats are taken. Many performances cut some of the repeats, but, for example, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Davis" title="Colin Davis">Sir Colin Davis's</a> 1996 complete recording with the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Staatskapelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden Staatskapelle">Dresden Staatskapelle</a> takes 61 minutes and 50 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> None of Schumann's four symphonies play for more than about 35 minutes in typical performances.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, Greek god of thunder, known to the Romans as <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a>, which is the nickname of Mozart's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._41_(Mozart)" title="Symphony No. 41 (Mozart)">last symphony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> According to Walker, Emilie's death in 1826 was suicide due to depression and August was unable to recover from the shock of losing his daughter.<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> The work was published as Brahms's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._2_(Brahms)" title="Piano Sonata No. 2 (Brahms)">Second Piano Sonata</a> although it was composed before the other two.<a href="#cite_note-77">[70]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> As with the hand ailment earlier in his life, Schumann's decline and death have been the subject of much conjecture. One theory is that tertiary <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, long dormant, was the cause, and the official certification as death from pneumonia was intended to spare Clara's feelings. This view is given varying degrees of credence by <a href="/wiki/Joan_Chissell" title="Joan Chissell">Joan Chissell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Walker_(musicologist)" title="Alan Walker (musicologist)">Alan Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Daverio" title="John Daverio">John Daverio</a> and Tim Dowley,<a href="#cite_note-83">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[78]</a> and is not endorsed by Eric Frederick Jensen, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Geck" title="Martin Geck">Martin Geck</a> and Ugo Rauchfleisch, who regard the evidence for syphilis as unconvincing.<a href="#cite_note-87">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[81]</a> Another theory is an atrophy of the brain, linked to congenital <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>: in a 2010 symposium <a href="/wiki/John_C._Tibbetts" title="John C. Tibbetts">John C. Tibbetts</a> quotes the psychiatrist Peter F. Ostwald: "Did the man have diabetes, did he have liver disease? We don’t know. Did he have an infection? Did he have tuberculosis? We don’t know. These conditions could be remedied today. We could take X-rays of the chest, we could do a test for syphilis, we could treat those conditions with antibiotics. A bipolar affective disorder is eminently treatable today".<a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Aspects of Schumann's orchestration for which he has been criticised include (i) string parts that are awkward to play – showing his lack of familiarity with string technique, (ii) a frequent failure to secure a satisfactory balance between melodic and harmonic lines, and, most seriously (iii) his tendency to have string, brass and wind sections playing together most of the time, giving what the composer and musicologist <a href="/wiki/Adam_Carse" title="Adam Carse">Adam Carse</a> calls a "full-bodied but monotonously rich tint" to the colouring instead of letting the sections of the orchestra be heard on their own at suitable points;<a href="#cite_note-117">[108]</a> the analyst Scott Burnham refers to "an indistinct, muffled quality, in which bass lines can be difficult to discern".<a href="#cite_note-118">[109]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Dahlhaus regards Brahms's symphonies as in direct descent from Beethoven's, rather than drawing on Schumann.<a href="#cite_note-d153-166">[156]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Liliencron, p. 44; Spitta, p. 384; Slonimsky and Kuhn, p. 3234; and Wolff p. 1702 </li> <li id="cite_note-g760-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g760_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-g760_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-g760_2-2">c</a> Daverio and Sams, p. 760 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Jensen, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-perrey6-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perrey6_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-perrey6_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-perrey6_5-2">c</a> Perrey, Schumann's lives, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Dowley, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-c3-7"><a href="#cite_ref-c3_7-0">^</a> Chissell, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Geck, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-hall1125-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hall1125_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1125_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1125_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1125_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1125_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1125_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1125_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1125_9-7">h</a> Hall, p. 1125 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Wasielewski, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Geck, p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Chissell, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schumann-portal.de/um-1826.html">"Schumann around 1826"</a>. Schumann Portal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705233411/https://www.schumann-portal.de/um-1826.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schumann+around+1826&rft.pub=Schumann+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schumann-portal.de%2Fum-1826.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-g761-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g761_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-g761_14-1">b</a> Daverio and Sams, p. 761 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Chissell, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Jensen, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Dowley, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Taylor, p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/905534">"Robert Schumann"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513160319/https://www.jstor.org/stable/905534">Archived</a> 13 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Musical Times, Vol. 51, No. 809 (1 July 1910), p. 426 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Jensen, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Jensen, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Geck, p. 62; and Jensen, p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Taylor, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Jensen, p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Taylor, p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Dowley, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Sams, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ericsams.org/index.php/on-music/essays/on-schumann/104-why-florestan-and-eusebius">"What's in a Name?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520171547/https://ericsams.org/index.php/on-music/essays/on-schumann/104-why-florestan-and-eusebius">Archived</a> 20 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Musical Times, February 1967, pp. 131–134 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Walker, pp. 55 and 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Schumann, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-ostwald-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ostwald_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ostwald_31-1">b</a> Ostwald, pp. 23 and 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Geck, p. 30; and Hallarman, Lynn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/oct/17/focal-dystonia-my-hand-spasmed-and-shook-why-musicians-get-the-yips">"When I Tried to Play, my Hand Spasmed and Shook"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520171444/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/oct/17/focal-dystonia-my-hand-spasmed-and-shook-why-musicians-get-the-yips">Archived</a> 20 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian, 17 October 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-b2-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b2_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b2_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b2_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b2_34-3">d</a> Slonimsky and Kuhn, pp. 3234–3235 </li> <li id="cite_note-g764-35"><a href="#cite_ref-g764_35-0">^</a> Daverio and Sams, p. 764 </li> <li id="cite_note-g766-36"><a href="#cite_ref-g766_36-0">^</a> Daverio and Sams, p. 766 </li> <li id="cite_note-hall1126-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hall1126_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1126_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1126_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1126_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1126_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1126_37-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1126_37-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1126_37-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1126_37-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1126_37-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1126_37-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1126_37-11">l</a> Hall, p. 1126 </li> <li id="cite_note-chron1-38"><a href="#cite_ref-chron1_38-0">^</a> Perrey, Chronology, p. xiv </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Abraham, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-j155-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j155_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-j155_40-1">b</a> Jones, p. 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-g767-42"><a href="#cite_ref-g767_42-0">^</a> Davario and Sams, p. 767 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Chissell, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Walker, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-c37-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c37_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c37_45-1">b</a> Chissell, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Chissell, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Geck, p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-g770-48"><a href="#cite_ref-g770_48-0">^</a> Daverio and Sams, p. 770 </li> <li id="cite_note-chron2-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chron2_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chron2_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chron2_49-2">c</a> Perrey, Chronology, p. xv </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Marston, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Maintz, p. 100; and Marston, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Notes to RCA CD set 09026-62673-2 (1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1378641722">1378641722</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Notes to: DG CD set 00028948629619 (2022) conducted by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1370948560">1370948560</a>; Pye LP set GGCD 302 1–2 (1957) conducted by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Adrian_Boult" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Adrian Boult">Sir Adrian Boult</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/181675364">181675364</a>; EMI CD set 5099909799356 (2011) conducted by <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Muti" title="Riccardo Muti">Riccardo Muti</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1184268709">1184268709</a>; and DG CD set 00028947779322 (2009) conducted by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/951273040">951273040</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Dowley, p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Dowley, p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Schumann, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199579037.001.0001/acref-9780199579037-e-3610">"Jupiter Symphony"</a>, The Oxford Companion to Music, Oxford University Press, 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2024 (subscription required) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"'Jupiter' Symphony". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520171447/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199579037.001.0001/acref-9780199579037-e-3610">The Oxford Companion to Music</a>. Oxford University Press. January 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957903-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957903-7"><bdi>978-0-19-957903-7</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Jupiter%27+Symphony&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Music&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957903-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199579037.001.0001%2Facref-9780199579037-e-3610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Schumann, pp. 94–95 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Walker, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Browne Conor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.qub.ac.uk/erin/2017/05/31/robert-schumanns-das-paradies-und-die-peri-and-its-early-performances/">"Robert Schumann's Das Paradies und die Peri and its early performances"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513142610/https://blogs.qub.ac.uk/erin/2017/05/31/robert-schumanns-das-paradies-und-die-peri-and-its-early-performances/">Archived</a> 13 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Thomas Moore in Europe, Queen's University Belfast, 31 May 2017; and "Philharmonic Concerts", The Times, 24 June 1856, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-chron3-64"><a href="#cite_ref-chron3_64-0">^</a> Perrey, Chronology, p. xvi </li> <li id="cite_note-g777-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g777_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-g777_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-g777_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-g777_65-3">d</a> Daverio and Sams, p. 777 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Daverio, p. 286 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Daverio, p. 299 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Daverio, p. 305 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Daverio, p. 298 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Walker, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-g779-71"><a href="#cite_ref-g779_71-0">^</a> Daverio and Sams, p. 779 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Jensen, p. 235 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Jensen, pp. 316–317 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Harewood, pp. 718–719 </li> <li id="cite_note-hall1127-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hall1127_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1127_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall1127_75-2">c</a> Hall, p. 1127 </li> <li id="cite_note-chron4-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chron4_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chron4_76-1">b</a> Perrey, Chronology, p. xvii </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Jensen, p. 271 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Walker, p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Schumann, pp. 252–254 </li> <li id="cite_note-g788-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g788_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-g788_81-1">b</a> Daverio and Sams, pp. 788–789 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Daverio, p. 568 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Chissell, p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Walker, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Daverio, p. 484 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Dowley, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Jensen, p. 329 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Geck, p. 251 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Rauchfleisch, pp. 164–170 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Tibbetts, pp. 388–389 </li> <li id="cite_note-baker-92"><a href="#cite_ref-baker_92-0">^</a> Slonimsky and Kuhn, p. 3234 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Slonimsky and Kuhn, p. 3236 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Dahlhaus (1987), p. 214 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Tibbetts, p. 413 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Dahlhaus (1985), pp. 47–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Jensen, p. 283 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Batka, p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Hiekel, p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-g762-100"><a href="#cite_ref-g762_100-0">^</a> Daverio and Sams, p. 762 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Solomon, pp. 41–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Fuller Maitland, p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-g768-103"><a href="#cite_ref-g768_103-0">^</a> Daverio and Sams, pp. 755 and 768 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Chissell, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Jensen, p. 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-st686-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-st686_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-st686_106-1">b</a> Sackville-West and Shawe-Taylor, p. 686 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Sams, p. vii </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Böker-Heil, Norbert, David Fallows, John H. Baron, James Parsons, Eric Sams, Graham Johnson, and Paul Griffiths. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000016611">"Lied"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007062201/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000016611">Archived</a> 7 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, 2001 (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-gj-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gj_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gj_109-1">b</a> Johnson, pp. 5–24 </li> <li id="cite_note-hsong-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hsong_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hsong_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hsong_110-2">c</a> Hall, pp. 1126–1127 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Daverio, p. 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Daverio and Sams, pp. 797 and 799 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Finson (2007), p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Sams, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-r222-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r222_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r222_115-1">b</a> Reich p. 222 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Daverio and Sams, pp. 789 and 792; and Burnham, pp. 152–153 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Carse, p. 264 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Burnham, p. 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Frank, p. 200; Heyworth, p. 36; Kapp, p. 239; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/schumann-symphonies-manfred-overture">"Schumann Symphonies; Manfred – Overture"</a>, Gramophone, February 1997 (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240516112713/https://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/schumann-symphonies-manfred-overture">Archived</a> 16 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Harrison, p. 249 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Finson (1989), p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham, Gerald</a>, quoted in Burnham, p. 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Harrison, p. 247 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> March, et al, pp. 1139–1140 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Harrison, pp. 252–253 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Harrison, p. 255 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Burnham, p. 157; and Abraham, p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Burnham, p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Burnham, pp. 163–164 </li> <li id="cite_note-tomes-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tomes_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tomes_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tomes_131-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tomes_131-3">d</a> Tomes, p. 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Sackville-West and Shawe-Taylor, p. 678 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> March et al, pp. 1134, 1138 and 1140 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> March et al, p. 1137 </li> <li id="cite_note-lcr-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lcr_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lcr_135-1">b</a> Roesner, p. 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/List_of_Compositions_for_Piano_Quintet">"List of Compositions for Piano Quintet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240109221040/https://imslp.org/wiki/List_of_Compositions_for_Piano_Quintet">Archived</a> 9 January 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, International Music Score Library Project. Retrieved 17 May 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Dahlhaus (1989), p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Roesner, p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-g794-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g794_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-g794_139-1">b</a> Daverio and Sams, p. 794 </li> <li id="cite_note-t308-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t308_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t308_140-1">b</a> Tibbetts, p. 308 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Cowan, Rob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gramophone.co.uk/reviews/review?slug=schumann-genoveva">"Schumann Genoveva"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240517100711/https://www.gramophone.co.uk/reviews/review?slug=schumann-genoveva">Archived</a> 17 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Gramophone, January 1998 (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-harn-142"><a href="#cite_ref-harn_142-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harnoncourt.info/schumann-genoveva-2/">"Schumann: Genoveva"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518105600/https://www.harnoncourt.info/schumann-genoveva-2/">Archived</a> 18 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Nikolaus Harnoncourt. Retrieved 18 May 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Жизнь Петра Ильича Чайковского, том 1 (1997), p. 229–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-lso-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lso_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lso_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lso_144-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lsolive.lso.co.uk/products/schumann-das-paradies">"Schumann: Das Paradies und die Peri"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318131449/https://lsolive.lso.co.uk/products/schumann-das-paradies">Archived</a> 18 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, London Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 18 May 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-j233-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j233_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-j233_145-1">b</a> Jensen, p. 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-march-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-march_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-march_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-march_146-2">c</a> March et al, p. 1150 </li> <li id="cite_note-march1-147"><a href="#cite_ref-march1_147-0">^</a> March et al, pp. 1133–1150 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Kapp, pp. 242 and 247 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naxosmusiclibrary.com/login">"Robert Schumann"</a>, Naxos Music Library. Retrieved 17 May 2024 (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520173541/https://www.naxosmusiclibrary.com/login">Archived</a> 20 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-m1138-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m1138_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-m1138_150-1">b</a> March et al, pp. 1138–1139 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> "Robert Schumann: Complete Symphonies", Harmonia Mundi, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1005955733">1005955733</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Gammond, p. 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Sackville-West and Shawe-Taylor, pp. 688–689; and March et al, p. 1148 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Sackville-West and Shawe-Taylor, p. 687 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> March et al, pp. 1147–1149; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naxosmusiclibrary.com/login">"Robert Schumann"</a>, Naxos Music Library. Retrieved 17 May 2024 (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520051042/https://www.naxosmusiclibrary.com/login">Archived</a> 20 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> March et al, pp. 1144–1147; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naxosmusiclibrary.com/login">"Robert Schumann"</a>, Naxos Music Library. Retrieved 17 May 2024 (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520051042/https://www.naxosmusiclibrary.com/login">Archived</a> 20 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/article/robert-schumann-the-gramophone-award-winning-recordings">"Robert Schumann: 12 Gramophone Award-winning Recordings"</a>, Gramophone, 15 May 2023 (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240517100712/https://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/article/robert-schumann-the-gramophone-award-winning-recordings">Archived</a> 17 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/schumann-genoveva">"Schumann Genoveva"</a>, Gramophone, January 1998 (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240517100712/https://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/schumann-genoveva">Archived</a> 17 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Stuart, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charm.rhul.ac.uk/discography/decca.html">Decca Classical, 1929–2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150604115151/http://www.charm.rhul.ac.uk/discography/decca.html">Archived</a> 4 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, AHRC Research Centre for the History and Analysis of Recorded Music. Retrieved 30 May 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Nectoux, p. 277 </li> <li id="cite_note-g792-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g792_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-g792_161-1">b</a> Daverio and Sams, p. 792 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Brody, p. 206 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Moore, p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Kapp, p. 237 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> The second concert of the Russian Musical Society. mr Slavyansky’s Russian concert. The Second Concert of the Russian Musical Society. Mr Slavyansky’s Russian Concert - Tchaikovsky Research. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://en.tchaikovsky-research.net/pages/The_Second_Concert_of_the_Russian_Musical_Society._Mr_Slavyansky%27s_Russian_Concert">https://en.tchaikovsky-research.net/pages/The_Second_Concert_of_the_Russian_Musical_Society._Mr_Slavyansky%27s_Russian_Concert</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-d153-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d153_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d153_166-1">b</a> Dahlhaus (1989), p. 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Kapp, p. 245 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Williams, p. 379 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Williams, p. 380 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Williams, pp. 384–385 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Anderson, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.25600">"Shaw, (George) Bernard"</a>, Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, 2001 (subscription required) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000025600">"Shaw, (George) Bernard"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520173634/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000025600">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shaw%2C+%28George%29+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000025600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988">; and Larkin, pp. 85–86, 88 and 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Dahlhaus (1989), p. 265 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Obituary, J. A. Fuller Maitland, The Times 31 March 1936, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Krehbiel, p. 226 </li> <li id="cite_note-t414-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t414_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t414_176-1">b</a> Tibbetts, pp. 413–414 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schott-music.com/en/series/robert-schumann-neue-ausgabe-saemtlicher-werke?product_list_limit=94&product_list_mode=grid">"Robert Schumann: New Edition of Complete Works"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520172748/https://www.schott-music.com/en/series/robert-schumann-neue-ausgabe-saemtlicher-werke?product_list_limit=94&product_list_mode=grid">Archived</a> 20 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Schott Music Group. Retrieved 20 May 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schumann-zwickau.de/">Robert Schumann House</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812010916/https://www.schumann-zwickau.de/">Archived</a> 12 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 16 May 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schumann-zwickau.de/de/02/rswettbewerb.php">"Internationaler Robert-Schumann-Wettbewerb"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203212842/https://www.schumann-zwickau.de/de/02/rswettbewerb.php">Archived</a> 3 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Robert Schumann Haus, Zwickau (in German). Retrieved 21 May 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Warrack, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-100296">"Chissell, Joan Olive (1919–2007), Music Critic"</a>, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2011 (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required) </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schumann-portal.de/startseite.html">"Welcome to the Schumann Network!"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928140355/https://www.schumann-portal.de/startseite.html">Archived</a> 28 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Schumann Netzwerk. Retrieved 20 May 2024; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bonn.de/bonn-erleben/kunst-kultur/clara-und-robert-schumann.php">"Clara und Robert Schumann"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240528160516/https://www.bonn.de/bonn-erleben/kunst-kultur/clara-und-robert-schumann.php">Archived</a> 28 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, City of Bonn (in German). Retrieved 28 May 2024 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham, Gerald</a> (1974). A Hundred Years of Music. London: Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3074351">3074351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hundred+Years+of+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3074351&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Batka" title="Richard Batka">Batka, Richard</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schumann00batk">Schumann</a> (in German). Leipzig: Reclam. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/929462354">929462354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schumann&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Reclam&rft.date=1891&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F929462354&rft.aulast=Batka&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fschumann00batk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Brody, Elaine (Summer 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25599933">"Schumann's Legacy in France"</a>. Studies in Romanticism. 13 (3): 189–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25599933">10.2307/25599933</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25599933">25599933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Romanticism&rft.atitle=Schumann%27s+Legacy+in+France&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=189-212&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25599933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25599933%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25599933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Burnham, Scott (2007). "Novel Symphonies and Dramatic Overtures". In Beate Perrey (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_y6q3/page/n5/mode/2up">Cambridge Companion to Schumann</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-00154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-00154-0"><bdi>978-1-139-00154-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Novel+Symphonies+and+Dramatic+Overtures&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Companion+to+Schumann&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-00154-0&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani0000unse_y6q3%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Carse" title="Adam Carse">Carse, Adam</a> (1964). The History of Orchestration. New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-48-621258-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-48-621258-6"><bdi>978-0-48-621258-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Orchestration&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-48-621258-6&rft.aulast=Carse&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Chissell" title="Joan Chissell">Chissell, Joan</a> (1989). Schumann (Fifth ed.). London: Dent. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-46-012588-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-46-012588-8"><bdi>978-0-46-012588-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schumann&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-46-012588-8&rft.aulast=Chissell&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus, Carl</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realisminninetee0000dahl/page/24/mode/2up">Realism in Nineteenth-Century Music</a>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-126115-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52-126115-9"><bdi>978-0-52-126115-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Realism+in+Nineteenth-Century+Music&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-52-126115-9&rft.aulast=Dahlhaus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frealisminninetee0000dahl%2Fpage%2F24%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dahlhaus, Carl (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schoenbergnewmus0000dahl_u2r0/page/110/mode/2up">Schoenberg and the New Music: Essays</a>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-133251-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52-133251-4"><bdi>978-0-52-133251-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schoenberg+and+the+New+Music%3A+Essays&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-52-133251-4&rft.aulast=Dahlhaus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fschoenbergnewmus0000dahl_u2r0%2Fpage%2F110%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dahlhaus, Carl (1989). Nineteenth-Century Music. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07644-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07644-0"><bdi>978-0-520-07644-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-Century+Music&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07644-0&rft.aulast=Dahlhaus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Daverio" title="John Daverio">Daverio, John</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertschumannhe0000dave/page/n7/mode/">Robert Schumann: Herald of a "New Poetic Age"</a>. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509180-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509180-9"><bdi>978-0-19-509180-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Schumann%3A+Herald+of+a+%22New+Poetic+Age%22&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509180-9&rft.aulast=Daverio&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertschumannhe0000dave%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Daverio, John; <a href="/wiki/Eric_Sams" title="Eric Sams">Eric Sams</a> (2000). "Schumann, Robert". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0022unse/page/n5/mode/2up">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>. Vol. 22. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905948998">905948998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schumann%2C+Robert&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905948998&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rft.aulast=Daverio&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Eric+Sams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewgrovedictiona0022unse%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dowley, Tim (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schumann00timd/page/n5/mode/2up">Schumann: His Life and Times</a>. Neptune City: Paganiniana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87-666634-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87-666634-0"><bdi>978-0-87-666634-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schumann%3A+His+Life+and+Times&rft.place=Neptune+City&rft.pub=Paganiniana&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87-666634-0&rft.aulast=Dowley&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fschumann00timd%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_W._Finson" title="Jon W. Finson">Finson, Jon W.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertschumannst00fins/page/n5/mode/2up">Robert Schumann and the Study of Orchestral Composition</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-313213-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-313213-9"><bdi>978-0-19-313213-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Schumann+and+the+Study+of+Orchestral+Composition&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-313213-9&rft.aulast=Finson&rft.aufirst=Jon+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertschumannst00fins%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Finson, Jon W. (2007). Robert Schumann. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67-402629-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67-402629-2"><bdi>978-0-67-402629-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Schumann&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-67-402629-2&rft.aulast=Finson&rft.aufirst=Jon+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Frank, Mortimer H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arturotoscanini00mort/page/198/mode/2up">Arturo Toscanini: The NBC Years</a>. Portland: Amadeus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57-467069-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57-467069-1"><bdi>978-1-57-467069-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arturo+Toscanini%3A+The+NBC+Years&rft.place=Portland&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57-467069-1&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Mortimer+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farturotoscanini00mort%2Fpage%2F198%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._A._Fuller_Maitland" class="mw-redirect" title="J. A. Fuller Maitland">Fuller Maitland, J. A.</a> (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924022192979/page/n3/mode/2up">Schumann</a>. London: S. 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London: Salamander. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86-101400-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86-101400-2"><bdi>978-0-86-101400-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harmony+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Classical+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Salamander&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-86-101400-2&rft.aulast=Gammond&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharmonyillustrat0000gamm%2Fpage%2F190%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Geck" title="Martin Geck">Geck, Martin</a> (2013) [2010]. Robert Schumann: The Life and Work of a Romantic Composer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-22-628469-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-22-628469-9"><bdi>978-0-22-628469-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Schumann%3A+The+Life+and+Work+of+a+Romantic+Composer&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-22-628469-9&rft.aulast=Geck&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hall, George (2002). "Robert Schumann". In Alison Latham (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198662129/page/1125/mode/2up">Oxford Companion to Music</a>. 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London: Hyperion. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/680498810">680498810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schumann%3A+The+Complete+Songs&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F680498810&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jones, J. Barrie (1998). "Piano Music for Concert Hall and Salon c. 1830–1900". In David Rowland (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00rowl_0/page/n5/mode/2up">Cambridge Companion to the Piano</a>. 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Kassel and New York: Bärenreiter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-76-181244-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-76-181244-0"><bdi>978-3-76-181244-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Schubert+in+der+Rezeption+Robert+Schumanns%3A+Studien+zur+%C3%84sthetik+und+Instrumentalmusik&rft.place=Kassel+and+New+York&rft.pub=B%C3%A4renreiter&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-76-181244-0&rft.aulast=Maintz&rft.aufirst=Marie+Luise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranzschubertind0000main%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_March" title="Ivan March">March, Ivan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Greenfield" title="Edward Greenfield">Edward Greenfield</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Layton_(musicologist)" title="Robert Layton (musicologist)">Robert Layton</a>; Paul Czajkowski (2008). The Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music 2009. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-03335-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-03335-8"><bdi>978-0-141-03335-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Guide+to+Recorded+Classical+Music+2009&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-141-03335-8&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Edward+Greenfield&rft.au=Robert+Layton&rft.au=Paul+Czajkowski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Marston, Philip (2007). "Schumann's Heroes". In Beate Perrey (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_y6q3/page/n5/mode/2up">Cambridge Companion to Schumann</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-00154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-00154-0"><bdi>978-1-139-00154-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schumann%27s+Heroes&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Companion+to+Schumann&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-00154-0&rft.aulast=Marston&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani0000unse_y6q3%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Northrop_Moore" title="Jerrold Northrop Moore">Moore, Jerrold Northrop</a> (1984). Edward Elgar: a Creative Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-315447-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-315447-6"><bdi>978-0-19-315447-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Elgar%3A+a+Creative+Life&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-315447-6&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Jerrold+Northrop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Nectoux" title="Jean-Michel Nectoux">Nectoux, Jean-Michel</a> (1991). Gabriel Fauré: A Musical Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-123524-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52-123524-2"><bdi>978-0-52-123524-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gabriel+Faur%C3%A9%3A+A+Musical+Life&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-52-123524-2&rft.aulast=Nectoux&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Ostwald, Peter (Summer 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3519811">"Florestan, Eusebius, Clara, and Schumann's Right Hand"</a>. 19th-Century Music. 4 (1): 17–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3519811">10.2307/3519811</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3519811">3519811</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112318/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3519811">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=19th-Century+Music&rft.atitle=Florestan%2C+Eusebius%2C+Clara%2C+and+Schumann%27s+Right+Hand&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-31&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3519811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3519811%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ostwald&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3519811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Perrey, Beate (2007). "Chronology". In Beate Perrey (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_y6q3/page/n5/mode/2up">Cambridge Companion to Schumann</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-00154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-00154-0"><bdi>978-1-139-00154-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Companion+to+Schumann&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-00154-0&rft.aulast=Perrey&rft.aufirst=Beate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani0000unse_y6q3%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Perrey, Beate (2007). "Schumann's lives, and afterlives". In Beate Perrey (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_y6q3/page/n5/mode/2up">Cambridge Companion to Schumann</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-00154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-00154-0"><bdi>978-1-139-00154-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schumann%27s+lives%2C+and+afterlives&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Companion+to+Schumann&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-00154-0&rft.aulast=Perrey&rft.aufirst=Beate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani0000unse_y6q3%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rauchfleisch, Udo (1990). Robert Schumann: Werk und Leben (in German). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-17-010945-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-17-010945-2"><bdi>978-3-17-010945-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Schumann%3A+Werk+und+Leben&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Kohlhammer&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-17-010945-2&rft.aulast=Rauchfleisch&rft.aufirst=Udo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_B._Reich" title="Nancy B. Reich">Reich, Nancy B.</a> (1988). Clara Schumann: The Artist and the Woman. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80-149388-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80-149388-1"><bdi>978-0-80-149388-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clara+Schumann%3A+The+Artist+and+the+Woman&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-80-149388-1&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Nancy+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Correll_Roesner" title="Linda Correll Roesner">Roesner, Linda Correll</a> (2007). "The Chamber Works". In Beate Perrey (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_y6q3/page/n5/mode/2up">Cambridge Companion to Schumann</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-00154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-00154-0"><bdi>978-1-139-00154-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chamber+Works&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Companion+to+Schumann&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-00154-0&rft.aulast=Roesner&rft.aufirst=Linda+Correll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani0000unse_y6q3%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sackville-West" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Sackville-West">Sackville-West, Edward</a>; <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Shawe-Taylor_(music_critic)" title="Desmond Shawe-Taylor (music critic)">Desmond Shawe-Taylor</a> (1955). The Record Guide. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/500373060">500373060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Record+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F500373060&rft.aulast=Sackville-West&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Desmond+Shawe-Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sams, Eric (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songsofrobertsch0000unse/page/50/mode/2up">The Songs of Robert Schumann</a>. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41-610390-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41-610390-8"><bdi>978-0-41-610390-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Songs+of+Robert+Schumann&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-41-610390-8&rft.aulast=Sams&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsongsofrobertsch0000unse%2Fpage%2F50%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Schumann, Robert (1946). <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wolff" title="Konrad Wolff">Konrad Wolff</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onmusicmusicians0000unse_b6e8/page/n5/mode/2up">On Music and Musicians</a>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/583002">583002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F583002&rft.aulast=Schumann&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonmusicmusicians0000unse_b6e8%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Slonimsky" title="Nicolas Slonimsky">Slonimsky, Nicolas</a>; Laura Kuhn, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bakersbiographic05slon/page/3234/mode/2up">Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>. Vol. 5. New York: Schirmer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865530-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865530-7"><bdi>978-0-02-865530-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baker%27s+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schirmer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865530-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbakersbiographic05slon%2Fpage%2F3234%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yonty_Solomon" title="Yonty Solomon">Solomon, Yonty</a> (1972). "Solo Piano Music (I): The Sonatas and Fantasie". In Alan Walker (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertschumannma0000walk/mode/2up">Robert Schumann: The Man and His Music</a>. New York: Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-497367-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-497367-0"><bdi>978-0-06-497367-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1330614595">1330614595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Solo+Piano+Music+%28I%29%3A+The+Sonatas+and+Fantasie&rft.btitle=Robert+Schumann%3A+The+Man+and+His+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1330614595&rft.isbn=978-0-06-497367-0&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Yonty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertschumannma0000walk%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spitta" title="Philipp Spitta">Spitta, Philipp</a> (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmusi03grov/page/384/mode/2up">"Schumann, Robert"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/George_Grove" title="George Grove">George Grove</a> (ed.). A Dictionary of Music and Musicians. London and New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1043255406">1043255406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schumann%2C+Robert&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1879&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1043255406&rft.aulast=Spitta&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofmusi03grov%2Fpage%2F384%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Ronald (1985) [1982]. Robert Schumann: His Life and Work. London: Panther. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-58-605883-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-58-605883-1"><bdi>978-0-58-605883-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Schumann%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Panther&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-58-605883-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Tibbetts" title="John C. Tibbetts">Tibbetts, John C.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schumannchorusof0000tibb/page/n5/mode/2up">Schumann: A Chorus of Voices</a>. New York: Amadeus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-185-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-185-8"><bdi>978-1-57467-185-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schumann%3A+A+Chorus+of+Voices&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-57467-185-8&rft.aulast=Tibbetts&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fschumannchorusof0000tibb%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tomes, Susan (2021). The Piano: A History in 100 Pieces. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30-026286-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30-026286-5"><bdi>978-0-30-026286-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Piano%3A+A+History+in+100+Pieces&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-30-026286-5&rft.aulast=Tomes&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Walker_(musicologist)" title="Alan Walker (musicologist)">Walker, Alan</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schumann0000walk/page/n7/mode/2up">Schumann</a>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-57-110269-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-57-110269-3"><bdi>978-0-57-110269-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schumann&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-57-110269-3&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fschumann0000walk%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Joseph_von_Wasielewski" title="Wilhelm Joseph von Wasielewski">Wasielewski, Wilhelm Joseph von</a> (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=necHAQAAMAAJ">Robert Schumann: Eine Biographie</a> (in German). Dresden: Kuntze. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/492828443">492828443</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520172806/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Robert_Schumann/necHAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Schumann%3A+Eine+Biographie&rft.place=Dresden&rft.pub=Kuntze&rft.date=1869&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F492828443&rft.aulast=Wasielewski&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm+Joseph+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnecHAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Alastair (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3876905">"Swaying with Schumann: Subjectivity and Tradition in Wolfgang Rihm's "Fremde Szenen" I-III and Related Scores"</a>. Music and Letters. 87 (3): 379–397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2Fgci234">10.1093/ml/gci234</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876905">3876905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+and+Letters&rft.atitle=Swaying+with+Schumann%3A+Subjectivity+and+Tradition+in+Wolfgang+Rihm%27s+%22Fremde+Szenen%22+I-III+and+Related+Scores&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=379-397&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fml%2Fgci234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3876905%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3876905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wolff, Anita, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/016-britannica-concise-encyclopedia/page/n3/mode/2up">Britannica Concise Encyclopedia</a>. Chicago: Britannica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-492-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-492-9"><bdi>978-1-59339-492-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britannica+Concise+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Britannica&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-492-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F016-britannica-concise-encyclopedia%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schumann&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style 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class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Robert Schumann">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schumann-portal.de/startseite.html">The Schumann Network</a> – German government-sponsored site</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/schumann">"Discovering Schumann"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+Schumann&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbc.co.uk%2Fschumann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Schumann" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schumann-zwickau.de/">The city of Robert Schumann</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Schumann%2C%20Robert%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Robert%20Schumann%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schumann%2C%20Robert%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Robert%20Schumann%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schumann%2C%20R%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Robert%20Schumann%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Schumann%2C%20Robert%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Robert%20Schumann%22%29%20OR%20%28%221810-1856%22%20AND%20Schumann%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software+OR+mediatype%3Atexts%29">Works by or about Robert Schumann</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> (texts)</li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Schumann,_Robert" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Schumann, Robert">Free scores by Robert Schumann</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Schumann%2C%20Robert%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Robert%20Schumann%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schumann%2C%20Robert%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Robert%20Schumann%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schumann%2C%20R%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Robert%20Schumann%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Schumann%2C%20Robert%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Robert%20Schumann%22%29%20OR%20%28%221810-1856%22%20AND%20Schumann%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software+OR+mediatype%3Aaudio+OR+mediatype%3Avideo%29">Works by or about Robert Schumann</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> (audio and video)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/16702">Works by Robert Schumann</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" 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href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Robert_Schumann" title="List of compositions by Robert Schumann">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Orchestral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_G_minor_(%22Zwickau%22)" title="Symphony in G minor ("Zwickau")">Symphony in G minor</a> (Zwickau) (incomplete)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Schumann)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Schumann)">No. 1 in B♭ major</a> (Spring)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Schumann)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Schumann)">No. 2 in C major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Schumann)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Schumann)">No. 3 in E♭ major</a> (Rhenish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Schumann)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Schumann)">No. 4 in D minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overture,_Scherzo_and_Finale" title="Overture, Scherzo and Finale">Overture, Scherzo and Finale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(overture)" title="Julius Caesar (overture)">Julius Caesar</a> Overture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_and_Dorothea#Schumann's_overture" title="Hermann and Dorothea">Hermann und Dorothea</a> Overture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Schumann)" title="Requiem (Schumann)">Requiem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Concertante works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Schumann)" title="Piano Concerto (Schumann)">Piano Concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konzertst%C3%BCck_for_Four_Horns_and_Orchestra" title="Konzertstück for Four Horns and Orchestra">Konzertstück for Four Horns and Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_and_Allegro_appassionato_(Schumann)" title="Introduction and Allegro appassionato (Schumann)">Introduction and Allegro appassionato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_Concerto_(Schumann)" title="Cello Concerto (Schumann)">Cello Concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_and_Concert_Allegro_(Schumann)" title="Introduction and Concert Allegro (Schumann)">Introduction and Concert Allegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Schumann)" title="Violin Concerto (Schumann)">Violin Concerto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Chamber music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Musical_duo" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical duo">Duos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:0.35em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adagio_and_Allegro_for_Horn_and_Piano" title="Adagio and Allegro for Horn and Piano">Adagio and Allegro for horn and piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasiest%C3%BCcke,_Op._73" title="Fantasiestücke, Op. 73">Fantasiestücke for clarinet and piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Romances_for_Oboe_and_Piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Romances for Oboe and Piano">Three Romances for oboe and piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Pieces_in_Folk_Style" title="Five Pieces in Folk Style">Five Pieces in Folk Style for cello and piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Sonata_No._1_(Schumann)" title="Violin Sonata No. 1 (Schumann)">Violin Sonata No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Sonata_No._2_(Schumann)" title="Violin Sonata No. 2 (Schumann)">Violin Sonata No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violin_Sonata_No._3_(Schumann)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Violin Sonata No. 3 (Schumann) (page does not exist)">Violin Sonata No. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rchenbilder" title="Märchenbilder">Märchenbilder for viola and piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-A-E_Sonata" title="F-A-E Sonata">F-A-E Sonata</a> (collaboration)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trio_(music)" title="Trio (music)">Trios</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:0.35em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_No._1_(Schumann)" title="Piano Trio No. 1 (Schumann)">Piano Trio No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_No._2_(Schumann)" title="Piano Trio No. 2 (Schumann)">Piano Trio No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantasiest%C3%BCcke,_Op._88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fantasiestücke, Op. 88 (page does not exist)">Fantasiestücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_No._3_(Schumann)" title="Piano Trio No. 3 (Schumann)">Piano Trio No. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rchenerz%C3%A4hlungen" title="Märchenerzählungen">Märchenerzählungen for viola, clarinet and piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:0.35em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_String_Quartets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three String Quartets (page does not exist)">Three String Quartets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Quintet_(Schumann)" title="Piano Quintet (Schumann)">Piano Quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piano_Quartet_in_C_minor_(Schumann)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piano Quartet in C minor (Schumann) (page does not exist)">Piano Quartet in C minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Quartet_(Schumann)" title="Piano Quartet (Schumann)">Piano Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andante_and_variations_for_two_pianos,_two_cellos_and_horn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andante and variations for two pianos, two cellos and horn (page does not exist)">Andante and variations for two pianos, two cellos and horn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_solo_piano_compositions_by_Robert_Schumann" title="List of solo piano compositions by Robert Schumann">Solo piano</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Multi-movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:0.35em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasie_in_C_(Schumann)" title="Fantasie in C (Schumann)">Fantasie in C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._1_(Schumann)" title="Piano Sonata No. 1 (Schumann)">Sonata No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._2_(Schumann)" title="Piano Sonata No. 2 (Schumann)">Sonata No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._3_(Schumann)" title="Piano Sonata No. 3 (Schumann)">Sonata No. 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Single-movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:0.35em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variations_on_the_name_%22Abegg%22" title="Variations on the name "Abegg"">Variations on the name "Abegg"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toccata_(Schumann)" title="Toccata (Schumann)"> Toccata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabeske_(Schumann)" title="Arabeske (Schumann)">Arabeske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blumenst%C3%BCck_(Schumann)" title="Blumenstück (Schumann)">Blumenstück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humoreske_(Schumann)" title="Humoreske (Schumann)">Humoreske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geistervariationen" title="Geistervariationen">Geistervariationen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Suites and collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:0.35em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papillons" title="Papillons">Papillons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidsb%C3%BCndlert%C3%A4nze" title="Davidsbündlertänze">Davidsbündlertänze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnaval_(Schumann)" title="Carnaval (Schumann)">Carnaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasiest%C3%BCcke,_Op._12" title="Fantasiestücke, Op. 12">Fantasiestücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_Studies_(Schumann)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphonic Studies (Schumann)">Symphonic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinderszenen" title="Kinderszenen">Kinderszenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreisleriana" title="Kreisleriana">Kreisleriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelletten_(Schumann)" title="Novelletten (Schumann)">Novelletten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachtst%C3%BCcke" title="Nachtstücke">Nachtstücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faschingsschwank_aus_Wien" title="Faschingsschwank aus Wien">Faschingsschwank aus Wien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album_for_the_Young" title="Album for the Young">Album for the Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldszenen" title="Waldszenen">Waldszenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunte_Bl%C3%A4tter" title="Bunte Blätter">Bunte Blätter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Fantasiest%C3%BCcke,_Op._111" title="Three Fantasiestücke, Op. 111">Drei Fantasiestücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albumbl%C3%A4tter_(Schumann)" title="Albumblätter (Schumann)">Albumblätter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ges%C3%A4nge_der_Fr%C3%BChe" title="Gesänge der Frühe">Gesänge der Frühe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Vocal works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liederkreis,_Op._24_(Schumann)" title="Liederkreis, Op. 24 (Schumann)">Liederkreis, Op. 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrthen" title="Myrthen">Myrthen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liederkreis,_Op._39_(Schumann)" title="Liederkreis, Op. 39 (Schumann)">Liederkreis, Op. 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichterliebe" title="Dichterliebe">Dichterliebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauen-Liebe_und_Leben#Schumann's_setting" title="Frauen-Liebe und Leben">Frauen-Liebe und Leben</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Der_Handschuh_(Schumann)" title="Der Handschuh (Schumann)">Der Handschuh</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechs_Gedichte_und_Requiem" title="Sechs Gedichte und Requiem">Sechs Gedichte und Requiem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Choral works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genoveva" title="Genoveva">Genoveva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_and_the_Peri" title="Paradise and the Peri">Paradise and the Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenes_from_Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Scenes from Goethe's Faust">Scenes from Goethe's Faust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_(Schumann)" title="Manfred (Schumann)">Manfred</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Robert_Schumann" title="Category:Robert Schumann">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sound icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/16px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/24px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/32px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audio_files_of_music_by_Robert_Schumann" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Audio files of music by Robert Schumann">Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romantic_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romantic_music" title="Template talk:Romantic music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romantic_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_composers" title="List of Romantic composers">List of Romantic composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers and musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Atterberg" title="Kurt Atterberg">Atterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bazzini" title="Antonio Bazzini">Bazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Auguste_de_B%C3%A9riot" title="Charles Auguste de Bériot">Bériot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_Chadwick" title="George Whitefield Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade" title="Cécile Chaminade">Chaminade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Chausson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Crusell" title="Bernhard Crusell">Crusell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_David" title="Félicien David">Félicien David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Denza" title="Luigi Denza">Denza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">d'Indy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Farrenc" title="Louise Farrenc">Farrenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Foote" title="Arthur Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Franz" title="Robert Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani" title="Mauro Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Glazunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Melchor_Gomis" title="José Melchor Gomis">J. Gomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gretchaninov" title="Alexander Gretchaninov">Gretchaninov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_H%C3%A9rold" title="Ferdinand Hérold">Hérold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kalivoda" title="Jan Kalivoda">Kalivoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toivo_Kuula" title="Toivo Kuula">Kuula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lachner" title="Franz Lachner">Lachner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo" title="Édouard Lalo">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Leoncavallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye" title="Hans Christian Lumbye">Lumbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Lysenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Masarnau_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Santiago Masarnau Fernández">Masarnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Mercadante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_M%C3%A9reaux" title="Amédée Méreaux">Méreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Niedermeyer" title="Louis Niedermeyer">Niedermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Pacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knowles_Paine" title="John Knowles Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Popper" title="David Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Prudent" title="Émile Prudent">Prudent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Raff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Reinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Respighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries" title="Ferdinand Ries">Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rode" title="Pierre Rode">Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Sarasate" title="Pablo de Sarasate">Sarasate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">J. Strauss I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">J. Strauss II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">R. Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Taneyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_T%C3%A1rrega" title="Francisco Tárrega">Tárrega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps" title="Henri Vieuxtemps">Vieuxtemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Ysaÿe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_guitar" title="Romantic guitar">Romantic guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra#Early_Romantic_orchestra" title="Orchestra">Romantic orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)" title="Ballade (classical music)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_piece" title="Character piece">Character piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">Chorale prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_song" title="Orchestral song">Orchestral song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantic opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">Symphonic poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianist_movement" title="Indianist movement">Indianist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_the_Belyayev_circle" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle">Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">Tchaikovsky and The Five</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></div><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a> → </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romantic_music" title="Category:Romantic music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a> →</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7351#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7351#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7351#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120955419">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7575259">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/105/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJppGKcbpJT8vvG8JwkhpP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118611666">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50000565">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13899567n">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13899567n">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00455831">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV032091">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36175907">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990007863&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1026928">Spain</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5456280">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/74557">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00660906?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3cd3882c-00f8-4362-a0c2-ad89ed248533">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/101855">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/s1055">BMLO</a></li><li><a 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