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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Radio years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Television years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cable,_home_video,_digital_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cable,_home_video,_digital_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cable, home video, digital years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cable,_home_video,_digital_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Merger_with_SAG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merger_with_SAG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Merger with SAG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merger_with_SAG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_leadership:_1937-2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_leadership:_1937-2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical leadership: 1937-2012</span> </div> </a> <ul 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For the post-merger union, see <a href="/wiki/SAG-AFTRA" title="SAG-AFTRA">SAG-AFTRA</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"AFTRA" redirects here. 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22American+Federation+of+Television+and+Radio+Artists%22">"American Federation of Television and Radio Artists"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22American+Federation+of+Television+and+Radio+Artists%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22American+Federation+of+Television+and+Radio+Artists%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22American+Federation+of+Television+and+Radio+Artists%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22American+Federation+of+Television+and+Radio+Artists%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22American+Federation+of+Television+and+Radio+Artists%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">American Federation of Television and Radio Artists</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists_logo.png/150px-American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists_logo.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists_logo.png/225px-American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/39/American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="271" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">AFTRA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SAG-AFTRA" title="SAG-AFTRA">SAG-AFTRA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">August 16, 1937<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1937-08-16</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">March 30, 2012<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">2012-03-30</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles, California</a>, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="country-name">United States</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Members </div></th><td class="infobox-data">74,449<sup id="cite_ref-OLMS_LM-2_2012-04-30_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OLMS_LM-2_2012-04-30-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Actors" title="International Federation of Actors">International Federation of Actors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Journalists" title="International Federation of Journalists">International Federation of Journalists</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Formerly called</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">American Federation of Radio Artists (1937–1952)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>American Federation of Television and Radio Artists</b> (<b>AFTRA</b>) was a performers' <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">union</a> that represented a wide variety of talent, including actors in <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, radio and television announcers and newspersons, singers and recording artists (both royalty artists and <a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">background singers</a>), promo and voice-over announcers and other performers in commercials, <a href="/wiki/Stunt_performer" title="Stunt performer">stunt persons</a> and specialty acts—as the organization itself publicly stated, "AFTRA's membership includes an array of talent".<sup id="cite_ref-AFTRA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFTRA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 30, 2012, the members of AFTRA and of the <a href="/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild" title="Screen Actors Guild">Screen Actors Guild</a> (SAG) voted to merge and form <a href="/wiki/SAG-AFTRA" title="SAG-AFTRA">SAG-AFTRA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MERGER_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MERGER-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>AFTRA was located at 5757 Wilshire Blvd, 7th Floor, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. There were also offices in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, and several other American cities. The federation as a whole had 804 employees and total <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">assets</a> worth $30,403,661.<sup id="cite_ref-TV_&_Radio_Artists_AFTRA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TV_&_Radio_Artists_AFTRA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AFTRA worked in the interests of its members, primarily in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> negotiation and enforcement, <a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">advocacy</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a>, legislation and public policy issues) and member benefits such as employer-paid health plans.<sup id="cite_ref-AFTRA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFTRA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AFTRA was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Journalists" title="International Federation of Journalists">International Federation of Journalists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Actors" title="International Federation of Actors">International Federation of Actors</a>. AFTRA also shared jurisdiction of radio, television, Internet and other new media with its sister union SAG, while the latter was the body solely responsible for motion picture performances.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:300px;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Membership (US records)</b><sup id="cite_ref-OLMS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OLMS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Finances (US records; ×$1000)</b><sup id="cite_ref-OLMS_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OLMS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:red; color:red;">    </span> Assets</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:blue; color:blue;">    </span> Liabilities</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:green; color:green;">    </span> Receipts</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:orange; color:orange;">    </span> Disbursements</span></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_years">Radio years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Radio years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emboldened by the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a> passed by Congress in 1935, radio artists from Los Angeles banded together to form the Radio Actors Guild. About the same time, Broadway actor George Heller began lobbying <a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Actors' Equity Association">Actors' Equity Association</a> in New York for a contract protecting radio artists. This led to the creation of Radio Equity, existing under the umbrella of Actors' Equity. </p><p>On August 16, 1937, the American Federation of Radio Artists was formed,<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> succeeding Radio Equity and the Radio Actors Guild. The Four As—the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Actors_and_Artistes_of_America" title="Associated Actors and Artistes of America">Associated Actors and Artistes of America</a>—granted a charter to the new union, with 400 members in two locations. Chicago, the center for “soap opera” production, quickly followed New York and Los Angeles, with performers forming their own local chapter. By December 1937, AFRA had more than 2,000 members. </p><p>On July 12, 1938, with the support of radio stars <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cantor" title="Eddie Cantor">Eddie Cantor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bergen" title="Edgar Bergen">Edgar Bergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Benny" title="Jack Benny">Jack Benny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>, and others, AFRA members negotiated the first <a href="/wiki/Collectively_bargained" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectively bargained">collectively bargained</a> agreement on a national scale—with NBC and CBS—resulting in a wage increase of 125%. In 1939, after only two years in existence, AFRA covered 70% of live radio broadcasting through collective bargaining agreements. </p><p>In 1941, AFRA members negotiated the Transcription Code, providing for programs recorded for later broadcast, and building cost-of-living increases into contracts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_years">Television years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Television years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 16 April 1950, due to a jurisdiction dispute over television performers, several unions in the entertainment industry including <a href="/wiki/Chorus_Equity_Association" title="Chorus Equity Association">Chorus Equity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Guild_of_Variety_Artists" title="American Guild of Variety Artists">American Guild of Variety Artists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Actors_and_Artistes_of_America" title="Associated Actors and Artistes of America">Associated Actors and Artistes of America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Guild_of_Musical_Artists" title="American Guild of Musical Artists">American Guild of Musical Artists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Actors' Equity Association">Actors' Equity Association</a> formed the Television Authority (TVA), which negotiated the first network television contract in December. </p><p>By April 23, 1951, six Los Angeles TV stations signed contracts certifying <i>Television Authority</i> as their performers' sole union representative.<sup id="cite_ref-time/0,9171,821563,00_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time/0,9171,821563,00-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951, the goal of a resolution from the 1947 National Convention was finally realized as AFRA negotiated the first Phonograph Recording Code for singers with the major recording labels. </p><p>On September 17, 1952, the Television Authority and AFRA merged to create a new union: the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. George Heller was the first head of AFTRA, which had nearly 10,000 members. In 1954, AFTRA negotiated the AFTRA Pension and Welfare Plan (later became the AFTRA Health and Retirement Funds) which stood as the industry's first benefit package and was negotiated into other agreements. </p><p>In 1956, early television agreements had been based on live performances, but by the mid-1950s, videotape improved to the point where programs could be broadcast repeatedly. AFTRA members negotiated the first-ever formula for payments for replay of performances, which became the basis for residuals and syndication throughout the television industry. In 1960, AFTRA and Screen Actors Guild members conducted first joint negotiations on television commercials. </p><p>In 1967, AFTRA members called the union’s first national strike on March 29, 1967, after negotiations broke down over staff announcer contracts at owned-and-operated stations in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles and over first-time contracts for “Newsmen” at networks and owned-and-operated stations. Since AFTRA adhered to a bargaining principle that no general agreement exists until all Codes and Contracts are acceptable, the 13-day strike involved all 18,000 members in more than 100 locations across the country. Agreement was reached on the outstanding issues at 8:05 p.m., EST, on Monday, April 10, 1967—just in time to allow broadcast of the annual Academy Awards program live from the Santa Monica Auditorium. </p><p>In 1974, a challenge by <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley">William F. Buckley</a> to AFTRA's union shop agreements for news broadcasters failed as the US Supreme Court declined to review the case. AFTRA and SAG members jointly negotiated the contract covering primetime dramatic programming on the major television networks for the first time. </p><p>In 1978, in only the second national strike in AFTRA’s history, AFTRA and SAG members struck the advertising agencies and national advertisers over the jointly negotiated Commercials Contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cable,_home_video,_digital_years"><span id="Cable.2C_home_video.2C_digital_years"></span>Cable, home video, digital years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cable, home video, digital years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1980, AFTRA and SAG members <a href="/wiki/1980_actors_strike" title="1980 actors strike">held a strike</a> against prime time television, wanting a formula for performer participation in profits from sale of videocassettes and <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay TV</a>. In 1981, a merger of AFTRA and SAG jointly entered their "Phase 1 Agreement," calling for a number of jointly negotiated, ratified, and administered contracts. </p><p>AFTRA became the target of a lawsuit by Tuesday Productions, a <a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego, California">San Diego</a>–based non-union jingle house, which brought anti-trust charges against the union for attempting to organize performers. A jury award for triple damages of $12 million to the company drove AFTRA into <a href="/wiki/Chapter_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter 11">Chapter 11</a> bankruptcy in 1982. After a financial settlement by AFTRA and SAG (which is also party to the suit), AFTRA emerged from Chapter 11 in 1983 and began to rebuild. AFTRA paid no money to Tuesday Production due to declaring bankruptcy. </p><p>In 1986, a strike against network television was averted when companies backed off the demand for AFTRA news broadcasters to assume sweeping technical duties. </p><p>In 1992, as part of a coalition of recording artists, singers, musicians, and others, AFTRA members worked with Congress to enact the <a href="/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act" title="Audio Home Recording Act">Audio Home Recording Act</a> of 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Performance_Right_in_Sound_Recordings_Act" title="Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act">Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act</a> of 1995 and the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> of 1998. All three laws granted a performance right in sound recordings for a wide range of digital uses, including home recording and distribution by internet, cable, and satellite. AFTRA helped develop mechanisms to assure payments to recording artists from the collection and distribution of royalties established by the laws. </p><p>In 1993, AFTRA members negotiated the first Interactive Media Agreement to cover performances in <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a>. In 1996, Congress passed the Telecommunications Act, opening the door for massive ownership concentration in the broadcast sector. </p><p>In 2000, AFTRA and SAG members staged a six-month strike against advertisers to gain improvements in basic cable and internet commercials, preserving established residual formulas for new media outlets.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, in a referendum on the merger of AFTRA and SAG, AFTRA members supported consolidation by more than 75%, while SAG members rejected the merger with 58% voting for it. At least 60% was required to pass, leaving a deficiency of 640 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, with the digital distribution of programming by Apple iTunes and the video iPod announced in October, AFTRA joined other entertainment unions in calling for ongoing dialogue with employers to ensure fair and proper compensation for performers’ work. </p><p>In 2006, AFTRA led the campaign against relaxation of media ownership rules by the Federal Communications Commission. Through 2007, AFTRA elected leaders, members, and staff testified at numerous hearings held throughout the country and sent letters to the FCC opposing consolidation of media ownership. </p><p>AFTRA and SAG members agreed with the advertising industry to examine performer compensation models for commercials appearing on television, radio, and internet, as well as the growing array of existing and yet-to-be-developed media. The study was intended to help inform negotiations of the Commercials Contracts when the two-year extension agreement expired October 28, 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Merger_with_SAG">Merger with SAG</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Merger with SAG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SAG-AFTRA" title="SAG-AFTRA">SAG-AFTRA</a></div> <p>The merger between AFTRA and the <a href="/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild" title="Screen Actors Guild">Screen Actors Guild</a> (SAG) to form <a href="/wiki/SAG-AFTRA" title="SAG-AFTRA">SAG-AFTRA</a> was approved by the memberships of both unions with 86% and 82% support respectively on March 30, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-MERGER_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MERGER-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_leadership:_1937-2012">Historical leadership: 1937-2012</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical leadership: 1937-2012"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/SAG-AFTRA#Leadership_history" title="SAG-AFTRA">SAG-AFTRA § Leadership history</a></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Presidents of AFTRA<sup id="cite_ref-aftralist_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aftralist-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">President </th> <th scope="col">Term </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cantor" title="Eddie Cantor">Eddie Cantor</a> </th> <td>1937–1940 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Tibbett" title="Lawrence Tibbett">Lawrence Tibbett</a> </th> <td>1940–1946 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Carpenter_(announcer)" title="Ken Carpenter (announcer)">Ken Carpenter</a> </th> <td>1946–1948 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bud_Collyer" title="Bud Collyer">Bud Collyer</a> </th> <td>1948–1950 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Knox_Manning" title="Knox Manning">Knox Manning</a> </th> <td>1950–1952 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bunce" title="Alan Bunce">Alan Bunce</a> </th> <td>1952–1954 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Nelson_(actor)" title="Frank Nelson (actor)">Frank Nelson</a> </th> <td>1954–1957 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bud_Collyer" title="Bud Collyer">Bud Collyer</a> </th> <td>1957–1959 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Payne" title="Virginia Payne">Virginia Payne</a> </th> <td>1959–1961 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Art_Gilmore" title="Art Gilmore">Art Gilmore</a> </th> <td>1961–1963 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vicki_Vola" title="Vicki Vola">Vicki Vola</a> </th> <td>1963–1965 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tyler_McVey" title="Tyler McVey">Tyler McVey</a> </th> <td>1965–1967 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mel_Brandt" title="Mel Brandt">Mel Brandt</a> </th> <td>1967–1970 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Bill Baldwin </th> <td>1970–1973 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Ken Harvey </th> <td>1973–1976 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Joe Slattery </th> <td>1976–1979 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Bill Hillman </th> <td>1979–1984 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Maxwell" title="Frank Maxwell">Frank Maxwell</a> </th> <td>1984–1989 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Reed Farrell </th> <td>1989–1993 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Shelby_Scott" title="Shelby Scott">Shelby Scott</a> </th> <td>1993–2001 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">John Connolly </th> <td>2001–2007 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Roberta Reardon </th> <td>2007–2012 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OLMS_LM-2_2012-04-30-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OLMS_LM-2_2012-04-30_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">US Department of Labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Labor-Management_Standards" title="Office of Labor-Management Standards">Office of Labor-Management Standards</a>. File number 000-030. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olmsapps.dol.gov/query/orgReport.do?rptId=495994&rptForm=LM2Form">Report</a> submitted April 30, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFTRA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFTRA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFTRA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306194259/http://www.aftra.org/8B5287F230CD40458B2B226EAECFFD5C.htm">"The People Who Entertain and Inform America"</a>. <i>aftra.org/</i>. AFTRA. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftra.org/8B5287F230CD40458B2B226EAECFFD5C.htm">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Web page)</span> on 6 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aftra.org%2F&rft.atitle=The+People+Who+Entertain+and+Inform+America&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftra.org%2F8B5287F230CD40458B2B226EAECFFD5C.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Television+and+Radio+Artists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MERGER-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MERGER_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MERGER_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702013042/http://www.sagaftra.org/press-releases/march-30-2012/sag-aftra-members-approve-merger-form-sag-aftra/">"SAG, AFTRA Members Approve Merger to Form SAG-AFTRA"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SAG-AFTRA" title="SAG-AFTRA">SAG-AFTRA</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=backstage.com%2F&rft.atitle=SAG+and+AFTRA+Send+Merger+Ballots+to+Members&rft.date=2012-02-29&rft.au=Daniel+Lehman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backstage.com%2Fbso%2Fcontent_display%2Fnews-and-features%2Fe3i8a1a079e8558583eba6ba68999d20578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Television+and+Radio+Artists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TV_&_Radio_Artists_AFTRA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TV_&_Radio_Artists_AFTRA_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unionfacts.com/union/TV_%26_Radio_Artists">"TV & Radio Artists AFTRA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Web page)</span>. <i>unionfacts.com/</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Actors+Plan+Strike+On+TV+Commercials&rft.date=1978-12-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1978%2F12%2F08%2Farchives%2Factors-plan-strike-on-tv-commercials.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Television+and+Radio+Artists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2000/SHOWBIZ/TV/10/23/actors.strike.02.reut/index.html">"CNN.com - Entertainment - U.S. actors union ends longest-ever strike - October 23, 2000"</a>. <i>www.cnn.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cnn.com&rft.atitle=CNN.com+-+Entertainment+-+U.S.+actors+union+ends+longest-ever+strike+-+October+23%2C+2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2000%2FSHOWBIZ%2FTV%2F10%2F23%2Factors.strike.02.reut%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Television+and+Radio+Artists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Handel" title="Jonathan Handel">Jonathan Handel</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sag-aftra-merger-passes-sag-306398">"SAG/AFTRA Merger Passes: It's Now SAG-AFTRA"</a>, <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i>, March 30, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott Collins, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-channel1-2008dec01,0,448470.story">"A SAG strike won't cripple TV"</a>, <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, December 1, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aftralist-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aftralist_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sagaftra.org/about/our-history/aftra-presidents">"AFTRA Presidents"</a>. <i>SAG–AFTRA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAG%E2%80%93AFTRA&rft.atitle=AFTRA+Presidents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sagaftra.org%2Fabout%2Four-history%2Faftra-presidents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Federation+of+Television+and+Radio+Artists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baar, K. Kevyne. " 'What Has My Union Done For Me?' The Screen Actors Guild, the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, and Actors' Equity Association Respond to McCarthy-Era Blacklisting." <i>Film History</i> (2008): 437-455. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27670745">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:American Federation of Television and Radio Artists">American Federation of Television and Radio Artists</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sagaftra.org/about/our-history">AFTRA history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/wag_281">American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA)</a>, National Office, Tamiment Library and Robert F. 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SAG_Presidents" title="Template:SAG Presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SAG_Presidents" title="Template talk:SAG Presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SAG_Presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SAG Presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Screen_Actors_Guild,_American_Federation_of_Television_and_Radio_Artists_and_SAG-AFTRA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild" title="Screen Actors Guild">Screen Actors Guild</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Federation of Television and Radio Artists</a> and <a href="/wiki/SAG-AFTRA" title="SAG-AFTRA">SAG-AFTRA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild" title="Screen Actors Guild">SAG</a> Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Morgan" title="Ralph Morgan">Ralph Morgan</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cantor" title="Eddie Cantor">Eddie Cantor</a> (1933–35)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_(actor)" title="Robert Montgomery (actor)">Robert Montgomery</a> (1935–38)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Morgan" title="Ralph Morgan">Ralph Morgan</a> (1938–40)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Arnold_(actor)" title="Edward Arnold (actor)">Edward Arnold</a> (1940–42)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Cagney" title="James Cagney">James Cagney</a> (1942–44)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Murphy" title="George Murphy">George Murphy</a> (1944–46)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_(actor)" title="Robert Montgomery (actor)">Robert Montgomery</a> (1946–47)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1947–52)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pidgeon" title="Walter Pidgeon">Walter Pidgeon</a> (1952–57)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Ames" title="Leon Ames">Leon Ames</a> (1957–58)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Keel" title="Howard Keel">Howard Keel</a> (1958–59)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1959–60)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Chandler" title="George Chandler">George Chandler</a> (1960–63)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dana_Andrews" title="Dana Andrews">Dana Andrews</a> (1963–65)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> (1965–71)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Gavin" title="John Gavin">John Gavin</a> (1971–73)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Weaver" title="Dennis Weaver">Dennis Weaver</a> (1973–75)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Nolan" title="Kathleen Nolan">Kathleen Nolan</a> (1975–79)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Schallert" title="William Schallert">William Schallert</a> (1979–81)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Asner" title="Ed Asner">Ed Asner</a> (1981–85)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patty_Duke" title="Patty Duke">Patty Duke</a> (1985–88)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Gordon" title="Barry Gordon">Barry Gordon</a> (1988–95)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Masur" title="Richard Masur">Richard Masur</a> (1995–99)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Daniels" title="William Daniels">William Daniels</a> (1999–01)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Gilbert" title="Melissa Gilbert">Melissa Gilbert</a> (2001–05)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Rosenberg" title="Alan Rosenberg">Alan Rosenberg</a> (2005–09)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Howard" title="Ken Howard">Ken Howard</a> (2009–12)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AFTRA</a> Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cantor" title="Eddie Cantor">Eddie Cantor</a> (1937–40)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Tibbett" title="Lawrence Tibbett">Lawrence Tibbett</a> (1940–46)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Carpenter_(announcer)" title="Ken Carpenter (announcer)">Ken Carpenter</a> (1946–48)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bud_Collyer" title="Bud Collyer">Bud Collyer</a> (1948–50)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knox_Manning" title="Knox Manning">Knox Manning</a> (1950–52)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bunce" title="Alan Bunce">Alan Bunce</a> (1952–54)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Nelson_(actor)" title="Frank Nelson (actor)">Frank Nelson</a> (1954–57)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bud_Collyer" title="Bud Collyer">Bud Collyer</a> (1957–59)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Payne" title="Virginia Payne">Virginia Payne</a> (1959–61)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_Gilmore" title="Art Gilmore">Art Gilmore</a> (1961–63)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vicki_Vola" title="Vicki Vola">Vicki Vola</a> (1963–65)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tyler_McVey" title="Tyler McVey">Tyler McVey</a> (1965–67)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mel_Brandt" title="Mel Brandt">Mel Brandt</a> (1967–70)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Bill Baldwin (1970–73)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ken Harvey (1973–76)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Joe Slattery (1976–79)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Bill Hillman (1979–84)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Maxwell" title="Frank Maxwell">Frank Maxwell</a> (1984–89)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Reed Farrell (1989–93)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shelby_Scott" title="Shelby Scott">Shelby Scott</a> (1993–01)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">John Connolly (2001–07)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Roberta Reardon (2007–12)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SAG-AFTRA" title="SAG-AFTRA">SAG-AFTRA</a> Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Howard" title="Ken Howard">Ken Howard</a> (2012–16)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Carteris" title="Gabrielle Carteris">Gabrielle Carteris</a> (2016–21)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran_Drescher" title="Fran Drescher">Fran Drescher</a> (2021–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="AFL-CIO" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AFL-CIO" title="Template:AFL-CIO"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AFL-CIO" title="Template talk:AFL-CIO"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AFL-CIO" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AFL-CIO"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="AFL-CIO" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/AFL-CIO" title="AFL-CIO">AFL-CIO </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Meany" title="George Meany">George Meany</a> (1955–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Kirkland" title="Lane Kirkland">Lane Kirkland</a> (1979–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Donahue" title="Thomas R. Donahue">Thomas R. Donahue</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)" title="John Sweeney (labor leader)">John J. Sweeney</a> (1995–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trumka" title="Richard Trumka">Richard Trumka</a> (2009–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Shuler" title="Liz Shuler">Liz Shuler</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_America%27s_Building_Trades_Unions" title="North America's Building Trades Unions">Building Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Trades_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Maritime Trades Department, AFL–CIO">Maritime Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_Trades_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Metal Trades Department, AFL–CIO">Metal Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Professional_Employees,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Department for Professional Employees, AFL–CIO">Professional Employees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Trades_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Transportation Trades Department, AFL–CIO">Transportation Trades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Label_Department,_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Union Label Department, AFL–CIO">Union Label</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituency groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph_Institute" title="A. Philip Randolph Institute">A. Philip Randolph Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Retired_Americans" title="Alliance for Retired Americans">Alliance for Retired Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Pacific_American_Labor_Alliance" title="Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance">Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Black_Trade_Unionists" title="Coalition of Black Trade Unionists">Coalition of Black Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Labor_Union_Women" title="Coalition of Labor Union Women">Coalition of Labor Union Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Council_for_Latin_American_Advancement" title="Labor Council for Latin American Advancement">Labor Council for Latin American Advancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_at_Work" title="Pride at Work">Pride at Work</a></li> <li>Union Veterans Council</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allied organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Labor_Communications_Association" title="International Labor Communications Association">International Labor Communications Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Center" title="Solidarity Center">Solidarity Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_for_America_Institute" title="Working for America Institute">Working for America Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allied groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Rights_at_Work" title="American Rights at Work">American Rights at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee" title="International Rescue Committee">International Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labor_Committee" title="Jewish Labor Committee">Jewish Labor Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_and_Working-Class_History_Association" title="Labor and Working-Class History Association">Labor and Working-Class History Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_America" title="Working America">Working America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO_Employees_Federal_Credit_Union" title="AFL–CIO Employees Federal Credit Union">AFL–CIO Employees Federal Credit Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_College" title="National Labor College">National Labor College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unions_affiliated_with_the_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="List of unions affiliated with the AFL–CIO">Affiliated unions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Actors_and_Artistes_of_America" title="Associated Actors and Artistes of America">AAAA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Guild_of_Musical_Artists" title="American Guild of Musical Artists">AGMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Guild_of_Variety_Artists" title="American Guild of Variety Artists">AGVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Italian_American_Actors" title="Guild of Italian American Actors">GIAA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Actors' Equity Association">AEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Government_Employees" title="American Federation of Government Employees">AFGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">AFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_School_Administrators" title="American Federation of School Administrators">AFSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_State,_County_and_Municipal_Employees" title="American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees">AFSCME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers" title="American Federation of Teachers">AFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Line_Pilots_Association,_International" title="Air Line Pilots Association, International">ALPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Postal_Workers_Union" title="American Postal Workers Union">APWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Association" title="American Radio Association">ARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Train_Dispatchers_Association" title="American Train Dispatchers Association">ATDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Transit_Union" title="Amalgamated Transit Union">ATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Heat_and_Frost_Insulators_and_Allied_Workers" title="International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Allied Workers">AWIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Bricklayers_and_Allied_Craftworkers" title="International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers">BAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakery,_Confectionery,_Tobacco_Workers_and_Grain_Millers_International_Union" title="Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers International Union">BCTGM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Railroad_Signalmen" title="Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen">BRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_School_Employees_Association" title="California School Employees Association">CSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Workers_of_America" title="Communications Workers of America">CWA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Flight_Attendants" title="Association of Flight Attendants">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Union of Electrical Workers">IUE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcast_Employees_and_Technicians" title="National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians">NABET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing,_Publishing_and_Media_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing, Publishing and Media Workers">PPMW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsGuild-CWA" title="NewsGuild-CWA">TNG</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NewsGuild-CWA_Locals" title="List of NewsGuild-CWA Locals">Locals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Labor_Organizing_Committee" title="Farm Labor Organizing Committee">FLOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass,_Molders,_Pottery,_Plastics_and_Allied_Workers_International_Union" title="Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics and Allied Workers International Union">GMPIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Fire_Fighters" title="International Association of Fire Fighters">IAFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Machinists_and_Aerospace_Workers" title="International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers">IAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Federal_Employees" title="National Federation of Federal Employees">NFFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Communications_International_Union" title="Transportation Communications International Union">TCIU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Theatrical_Stage_Employees" title="International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees">IATSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Boilermakers,_Iron_Ship_Builders,_Blacksmiths,_Forgers_and_Helpers" title="International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers">IBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers">IBEW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Professional_and_Technical_Engineers" title="International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers">IFPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Longshoremen%27s_Association" title="International Longshoremen's Association">ILA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Bridge,_Structural,_Ornamental_and_Reinforcing_Iron_Workers" title="International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers">Ironworkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Allied_Novelty_and_Production_Workers" title="International Union of Allied Novelty and Production Workers">IUANPW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Elevator_Constructors" title="International Union of Elevator Constructors">IUEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Operating_Engineers" title="International Union of Operating Engineers">IUOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Police_Associations" title="International Union of Police Associations">IUPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Painters_and_Allied_Trades" title="International Union of Painters and Allied Trades">IUPAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laborers%27_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Laborers' International Union of North America">LIUNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Postal_Mail_Handlers_Union" title="National Postal Mail Handlers Union">NPMHU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Engineers%27_Beneficial_Association" title="Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association">MEBA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Aviation_Safety_Specialists" title="Professional Aviation Safety Specialists">PASS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Letter_Carriers" title="National Association of Letter Carriers">NALC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Air_Traffic_Controllers_Association" title="National Air Traffic Controllers Association">NATCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_Players_Association" title="National Football League Players Association">NFLPA/FPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nurses_United" title="National Nurses United">NNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxi_Workers%27_Alliance" title="National Taxi Workers' Alliance">NTWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League_Players_Association" title="National Women's Soccer League Players Association">NWSLPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operative_Plasterers%27_and_Cement_Masons%27_International_Association" title="Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association">OPCMIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_and_Professional_Employees_International_Union" title="Office and Professional Employees International Union">OPEIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plate_Printers,_Die_Stampers_and_Engravers_Union_of_North_America" title="International Plate Printers, Die Stampers and Engravers Union of North America">Printers & Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAG-AFTRA" title="SAG-AFTRA">SAG-AFTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafarers_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Seafarers International Union of North America">SIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Sheet_Metal,_Air,_Rail_and_Transportation_Workers" title="International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers">SMART</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Workers_Union_of_America" title="Transport Workers Union of America">TWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Association" title="United Association">UA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">UAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Food_and_Commercial_Workers" title="United Food and Commercial Workers">UFCW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distillery,_Wine_and_Allied_Workers%27_International_Union" title="Distillery, Wine and Allied Workers' International Union">DWAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail,_Wholesale_and_Department_Store_Union" title="Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union">RWDSU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Workers">UMWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNITE_HERE" title="UNITE HERE">UNITE HERE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Steelworkers" title="United Steelworkers">USW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Union_of_Roofers,_Waterproofers_and_Allied_Workers" title="United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers and Allied Workers">UURWAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_Workers_Union_of_America" title="Utility Workers Union of America">UWUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America,_East" title="Writers Guild of America, East">WGAE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State federations and <br />central labor councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>California (<a href="/wiki/South_Bay_Labor_Council" title="South Bay Labor Council">South Bay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Florida AFL–CIO">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Indiana AFL–CIO">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Maine AFL–CIO">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Massachusetts AFL–CIO">Massachusetts</a></li> <li>New York (<a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Central_Labor_Council" title="New York City Central Labor Council">New York City</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Oregon AFL–CIO">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Pennsylvania AFL–CIO">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="Rhode Island AFL–CIO">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Labor_Council" title="Washington State Labor Council">Washington State</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_County_Labor_Council" title="King County Labor Council">King</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_AFL%E2%80%93CIO" title="West Virginia AFL–CIO">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directly_affiliated_local_union" title="Directly affiliated local union">Directly 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