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Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. 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There were also offices in [[New York City]], [[Chicago]], and several other American cities. The federation as a whole had 804 employees and total [[asset]]s worth $30,403,661.<ref name="TV & Radio Artists AFTRA">{{cite web|title=TV & Radio Artists AFTRA|url=http://www.unionfacts.com/union/TV_%26_Radio_Artists|work=unionfacts.com/|publisher=Center for Union Facts|access-date=19 March 2012|format=Web page|date=20 March 2011}}</ref> AFTRA worked in the interests of its members, primarily in the areas of [[contract]] negotiation and enforcement, [[advocacy]] (including [[lobbying]], legislation and public policy issues) and member benefits such as employer-paid health plans.<ref name="AFTRA"/> AFTRA was affiliated with the [[AFL–CIO]], the [[International Federation of Journalists]] and the [[International Federation of Actors]]. AFTRA also shared jurisdiction of radio, television, Internet and other new media with its sister union SAG, while the latter was the body solely responsible for motion picture performances.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Top: Arts: Performing Arts: Acting: Unions|url=http://open-site.org/Arts/Performing_Arts/Acting/Unions|encyclopedia=Open-Site: Free Internet Encyclopedia|publisher=Open Site|access-date=19 March 2012|author=mjflick|format=Web page|date=12 August 2007}}</ref> ==History== {{thumb|width=300|content= {{center|'''Membership (US records)'''<ref name="OLMS">{{Cite OLMS|filenum=000-030}}</ref>}}{{Graph:Chart | height = 160 | xAxisTitle = Year | xAxisAngle = -40 | x = 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012  | yAxisTitle = Members | yAxisMin = 0 | yAxisFormat = | yGrid = | y = 62084, 63212, 64980, 59431, 57452, 70103, 59788, 70716, 61552, 65182, 68113, 74449 }} ---- {{center|'''Finances (US records; ×$1000)'''<ref name="OLMS"/>}}{{Graph:Chart | height = 160 | yAxisTitle = Value | yAxisFormat = | yGrid = | colors = red, blue, green, orange | xAxisTitle = Year | xAxisAngle = -40 | x = 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012   | y1 = 6372, 7269, 9109, 11301, 10621, 20893, 28014, 26454, 24456, 30404, 33147, 42042  | y2 = 3472, 5468, 4968, 5191, 3702, 11900, 14986, 15022, 15164, 17710, 18748, 13211  | y3 = 24158, 30326, 33985, 34566, 31690, 39752, 39070, 46284, 41589, 49292, 52399, 63513  | y4 = 23035, 29557, 34627, 32112, 32575, 34571, 33440, 49786, 42089, 45609, 51295, 56213  }}|caption={{legend0|red|Assets}} {{legend0|blue|Liabilities}} {{legend0|green|Receipts}} {{legend0|orange|Disbursements}}}} ===Radio years=== Emboldened by the [[National Labor Relations Act]] passed by Congress in 1935, radio artists from Los Angeles banded together to form the Radio Actors Guild. About the same time, Broadway actor George Heller began lobbying [[Actors' Equity Association]] in New York for a contract protecting radio artists. This led to the creation of Radio Equity, existing under the umbrella of Actors' Equity. On August 16, 1937, the American Federation of Radio Artists was formed,<ref name="Harvey">Harvey, Rita Morley, ''Those Wonderful, Terrible Years: George Heller and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists''. Carbondale, Illinois: [[Southern Illinois University Press]], 1999. {{ISBN|0-8093-2022-3}}</ref>{{Rp|21}} succeeding Radio Equity and the Radio Actors Guild. The Four As—the [[Associated Actors and Artistes of America]]—granted a charter to the new union, with 400 members in two locations. Chicago, the center for “soap opera” production, quickly followed New York and Los Angeles, with performers forming their own local chapter. By December 1937, AFRA had more than 2,000 members. On July 12, 1938, with the support of radio stars [[Eddie Cantor]], [[Edgar Bergen]], [[Jack Benny]], [[Bing Crosby]], and others, AFRA members negotiated the first [[collectively bargained]] agreement on a national scale—with NBC and CBS—resulting in a wage increase of 125%. In 1939, after only two years in existence, AFRA covered 70% of live radio broadcasting through collective bargaining agreements. In 1941, AFRA members negotiated the Transcription Code, providing for programs recorded for later broadcast, and building cost-of-living increases into contracts. ===Television years=== On 16 April 1950, due to a jurisdiction dispute over television performers, several unions in the entertainment industry including [[Chorus Equity Association|Chorus Equity]], the [[American Guild of Variety Artists]], the [[Associated Actors and Artistes of America]], the [[American Guild of Musical Artists]], and [[Actors' Equity Association]] formed the Television Authority (TVA), which negotiated the first network television contract in December. By April 23, 1951, six Los Angeles TV stations signed contracts certifying ''Television Authority'' as their performers' sole union representative.<ref name="time/0,9171,821563,00">{{cite news |title=Radio: Victory for TvA |url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821563,00.html |access-date=10 September 2023 |work=Time.com magazine |date=23 April 1951}}</ref> In 1951, the goal of a resolution from the 1947 National Convention was finally realized as AFRA negotiated the first Phonograph Recording Code for singers with the major recording labels. On September 17, 1952, the Television Authority and AFRA merged to create a new union: the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. George Heller was the first head of AFTRA, which had nearly 10,000 members. In 1954, AFTRA negotiated the AFTRA Pension and Welfare Plan (later became the AFTRA Health and Retirement Funds) which stood as the industry's first benefit package and was negotiated into other agreements. In 1956, early television agreements had been based on live performances, but by the mid-1950s, videotape improved to the point where programs could be broadcast repeatedly. AFTRA members negotiated the first-ever formula for payments for replay of performances, which became the basis for residuals and syndication throughout the television industry. In 1960, AFTRA and Screen Actors Guild members conducted first joint negotiations on television commercials. In 1967, AFTRA members called the union’s first national strike on March 29, 1967, after negotiations broke down over staff announcer contracts at owned-and-operated stations in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles and over first-time contracts for “Newsmen” at networks and owned-and-operated stations. Since AFTRA adhered to a bargaining principle that no general agreement exists until all Codes and Contracts are acceptable, the 13-day strike involved all 18,000 members in more than 100 locations across the country. Agreement was reached on the outstanding issues at 8:05 p.m., EST, on Monday, April 10, 1967—just in time to allow broadcast of the annual Academy Awards program live from the Santa Monica Auditorium. In 1974, a challenge by [[William F. Buckley]] to AFTRA's union shop agreements for news broadcasters failed as the US Supreme Court declined to review the case. AFTRA and SAG members jointly negotiated the contract covering primetime dramatic programming on the major television networks for the first time. In 1978, in only the second national strike in AFTRA’s history, AFTRA and SAG members struck the advertising agencies and national advertisers over the jointly negotiated Commercials Contracts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1978-12-08 |title=Actors Plan Strike On TV Commercials |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/08/archives/actors-plan-strike-on-tv-commercials.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ===Cable, home video, digital years=== In 1980, AFTRA and SAG members [[1980 actors strike|held a strike]] against prime time television, wanting a formula for performer participation in profits from sale of videocassettes and [[Pay television|pay TV]]. In 1981, a merger of AFTRA and SAG jointly entered their "Phase 1 Agreement," calling for a number of jointly negotiated, ratified, and administered contracts. AFTRA became the target of a lawsuit by Tuesday Productions, a [[San Diego, California|San Diego]]–based non-union jingle house, which brought anti-trust charges against the union for attempting to organize performers. A jury award for triple damages of $12 million to the company drove AFTRA into [[Chapter 11]] bankruptcy in 1982. After a financial settlement by AFTRA and SAG (which is also party to the suit), AFTRA emerged from Chapter 11 in 1983 and began to rebuild. AFTRA paid no money to Tuesday Production due to declaring bankruptcy. In 1986, a strike against network television was averted when companies backed off the demand for AFTRA news broadcasters to assume sweeping technical duties. In 1992, as part of a coalition of recording artists, singers, musicians, and others, AFTRA members worked with Congress to enact the [[Audio Home Recording Act]] of 1992, the [[Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act]] of 1995 and the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] of 1998. All three laws granted a performance right in sound recordings for a wide range of digital uses, including home recording and distribution by internet, cable, and satellite. AFTRA helped develop mechanisms to assure payments to recording artists from the collection and distribution of royalties established by the laws. In 1993, AFTRA members negotiated the first Interactive Media Agreement to cover performances in [[video games]]. In 1996, Congress passed the Telecommunications Act, opening the door for massive ownership concentration in the broadcast sector. In 2000, AFTRA and SAG members staged a six-month strike against advertisers to gain improvements in basic cable and internet commercials, preserving established residual formulas for new media outlets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN.com - Entertainment - U.S. actors union ends longest-ever strike - October 23, 2000 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2000/SHOWBIZ/TV/10/23/actors.strike.02.reut/index.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> In 2003, in a referendum on the merger of AFTRA and SAG, AFTRA members supported consolidation by more than 75%, while SAG members rejected the merger with 58% voting for it. At least 60% was required to pass, leaving a deficiency of 640 votes.<ref>[[Jonathan Handel]], [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sag-aftra-merger-passes-sag-306398 "SAG/AFTRA Merger Passes: It's Now SAG-AFTRA"], ''The Hollywood Reporter'', March 30, 2012</ref> In 2005, with the digital distribution of programming by Apple iTunes and the video iPod announced in October, AFTRA joined other entertainment unions in calling for ongoing dialogue with employers to ensure fair and proper compensation for performers’ work. In 2006, AFTRA led the campaign against relaxation of media ownership rules by the Federal Communications Commission. Through 2007, AFTRA elected leaders, members, and staff testified at numerous hearings held throughout the country and sent letters to the FCC opposing consolidation of media ownership. AFTRA and SAG members agreed with the advertising industry to examine performer compensation models for commercials appearing on television, radio, and internet, as well as the growing array of existing and yet-to-be-developed media. The study was intended to help inform negotiations of the Commercials Contracts when the two-year extension agreement expired October 28, 2008.<ref>Scott Collins, [http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-channel1-2008dec01,0,448470.story "A SAG strike won't cripple TV"], ''Los Angeles Times'', December 1, 2008</ref> ==== Merger with SAG ==== {{Main|SAG-AFTRA}} The merger between AFTRA and the [[Screen Actors Guild]] (SAG) to form [[SAG-AFTRA]] was approved by the memberships of both unions with 86% and 82% support respectively on March 30, 2012.<ref name="MERGER"/> ==Historical leadership: 1937-2012== {{see also|SAG-AFTRA#Leadership history}} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ Presidents of AFTRA<ref name=aftralist>{{cite web |title=AFTRA Presidents |url=https://www.sagaftra.org/about/our-history/aftra-presidents |website=SAG–AFTRA |access-date=20 July 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" | President ! scope="col" | Term |- ! scope="row" |[[Eddie Cantor]] | 1937–1940 |- ! scope="row" | [[Lawrence Tibbett]] | 1940–1946 |- ! scope="row" | [[Ken Carpenter (announcer)|Ken Carpenter]] | 1946–1948 |- ! scope="row" |[[Bud Collyer]] | 1948–1950 |- ! scope="row" | [[Knox Manning]] | 1950–1952 |- ! scope="row" |[[Alan Bunce]] |1952–1954 |- ! scope="row" | [[Frank Nelson (actor)|Frank Nelson]] | 1954–1957 |- ! scope="row" |[[Bud Collyer]] | 1957–1959 |- ! scope="row" | [[Virginia Payne]] | 1959–1961 |- ! scope="row" | [[Art Gilmore]] | 1961–1963 |- ! scope="row" | [[Vicki Vola]] |1963–1965 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tyler McVey]] | 1965–1967 |- ! scope="row" | [[Mel Brandt]] | 1967–1970 |- ! scope="row" | Bill Baldwin | 1970–1973 |- ! scope="row" | Ken Harvey | 1973–1976 |- ! scope="row" | Joe Slattery | 1976–1979 |- ! scope="row" | Bill Hillman | 1979–1984 |- ! scope="row" | [[Frank Maxwell]] | 1984–1989 |- ! scope="row" | Reed Farrell | 1989–1993 |- ! scope="row" | [[Shelby Scott]] | 1993–2001 |- ! scope="row" | John Connolly | 2001–2007 |- ! scope="row" | Roberta Reardon | 2007–2012 |} ==References== {{Reflist}} == Further reading== *Baar, K. Kevyne. " 'What Has My Union Done For Me?' The Screen Actors Guild, the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, and Actors' Equity Association Respond to McCarthy-Era Blacklisting." ''Film History'' (2008): 437-455. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27670745 online] ==External links== {{Commons category|American Federation of Television and Radio Artists}} *[https://www.sagaftra.org/about/our-history AFTRA history] * [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/wag_281 American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA)], National Office, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University. {{SAG Presidents}} {{AFL-CIO}} {{Portal bar|Organized labour}} [[Category:AFL–CIO]] [[Category:Entertainment industry unions]] [[Category:International Federation of Journalists]] [[Category:Trade unions established in 1937]] [[Category:Trade unions disestablished in 2012]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:AFL-CIO" title="Template:AFL-CIO">Template:AFL-CIO</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:AFL-CIO&action=edit" title="Template:AFL-CIO">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:About" title="Template:About">Template:About</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:About&action=edit" title="Template:About">view source</a>) (template editor 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