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class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">John Major</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_Major" title="Electoral history of John Major">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Huntingdon (UK Parliament constituency)">MP for Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1990 United Kingdom budget">1990 budget</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_John_Major" title="Premiership of John Major">Premiership</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">First ministry and term</div> (November 1990 – April 1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">1990 leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Major_ministry" title="First Major ministry">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Charter" title="Citizen's Charter">Citizen's Charter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter Mark">Charter Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cones_Hotline" title="Cones Hotline">Cones Hotline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">Early 1990s recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">1992 general election</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Second ministry and term</div> (April 1992 – May 1997) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Major_ministry" title="Second Major ministry">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Lottery (United Kingdom)">National Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_and_Higher_Education_Act_1992" title="Further and Higher Education Act 1992">Further and Higher Education Act 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant-maintained_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant-maintained schools">Grant-maintained schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels" title="Maastricht Rebels">rebels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack" title="Downing Street mortar attack">Downing Street mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration" title="Downing Street Declaration">Downing Street Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_reviews_of_the_British_honours_system" title="1993 reviews of the British honours system">1993 reviews of the British honours system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_Tax" title="Council Tax">Council Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Support_Agency" title="Child Support Agency">Child Support Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_vote_of_confidence_in_the_Major_ministry" title="1993 vote of confidence in the Major ministry">1993 vote of confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_Basics_(campaign)" title="Back to Basics (campaign)">Back to Basics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Privatisation of British Rail">Privatisation of British Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994" title="Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994">Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1995 Conservative Party leadership election">1995 Conservative Party leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cullen_Reports" title="The Cullen Reports">The Cullen Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash-for-questions_affair" title="Cash-for-questions affair">Cash for Questions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Standards_in_Public_Life" title="Committee on Standards in Public Life">Committee on Standards in Public Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arms-to-Iraq affair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Report" title="Scott Report">Scott Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">United Kingdom BSE outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Wirral_South_by-election" title="1997 Wirral South by-election">Wirral South by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours" title="1997 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours">Resignation Honours</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Bibliography</div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Major:_The_Autobiography" title="John Major: The Autobiography">The Autobiography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/More_Than_a_Game:_The_Story_of_Cricket%27s_Early_Years" title="More Than a Game: The Story of Cricket's Early Years">More Than a Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Old_Man:_A_Personal_History_of_Music_Hall" title="My Old Man: A Personal History of Music Hall">My Old Man</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major's signature"><img alt="John Major's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Signature_of_John_Major.svg/110px-Signature_of_John_Major.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Signature_of_John_Major.svg/165px-Signature_of_John_Major.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Signature_of_John_Major.svg/220px-Signature_of_John_Major.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/50px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/75px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1256" /></span></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_coats_of_arms_of_Prime_Ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of coats of arms of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_John_Major.svg/30px-Arms_of_John_Major.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_John_Major.svg/45px-Arms_of_John_Major.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_John_Major.svg/60px-Arms_of_John_Major.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Major_sidebar" title="Template:John Major sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Major_sidebar" title="Template talk:John Major sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Major_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Major sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Arms-to-Iraq affair</b> concerned the uncovering of the government-endorsed sale of arms by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> companies to <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a>, then under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>. The scandal contributed to the growing dissatisfaction with the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> government of <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> and the atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political scandals in the United Kingdom">sleaze</a> that contributed to the electoral landslide for <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997 general election</a>. The whole affair also highlighted the weakness of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional convention</a> of individual ministerial accountability, leading to its codification as the <a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Code" title="Ministerial Code">Ministerial Code</a> by the <a href="/wiki/First_Blair_ministry" title="First Blair ministry">Blair Government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the first <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> of 1991 there was interest in the extent to which British companies had been supplying Saddam Hussein's administration with the materials to prosecute the war. Four directors of the British machine tools manufacturer Matrix Churchill were put on trial for supplying equipment and knowledge to Iraq, but in 1992 the trial collapsed, when it was revealed that the company had been advised by the government on how to sell arms to Iraq. Several of the directors were eventually paid compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matrix_Churchill">Matrix Churchill</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arms-to-Iraq_affair&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Matrix Churchill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:25em;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Classified documents released at the trial indicate that Britain violated the embargo in an effort to keep the country's machine-tool industry, including Matrix Churchill, whose managing director Paul Henderson had been working unpaid for British intelligence for 15 years, in business. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">—<i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-fan_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Matrix Churchill was an engineering company based in <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, with expertise in both the design and manufacture of precision machine tools. Established in 1913 by Walter Tattler and his brother in law Sir Harry Harley, the company had its origins in gauge and tool manufacture, the original company being known as Walter Tattler Ltd. </p><p>In 1989, as the result of a debt settlement, it was acquired by "Iraqi interests" for nothing. New directors were appointed including two who worked for the Iraqi security services and the company began shipping components for <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Saddam Hussein's secret weapons programme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="International Atomic Energy Authority">International Atomic Energy Authority</a>, its products found in Iraq were among the highest quality of their kind in the world. They were "<a href="/wiki/Dual-use_technology" title="Dual-use technology">dual use</a>" machines that could be used to manufacture weapons including artillery shells and parts for medium range missiles. </p><p>As one of the other directors claimed to have been working for the British intelligence services, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> advised Matrix Churchill on how to apply for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Export_licence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Export licence (page does not exist)">export licences</a> of materials that could be used to make munitions in such a way that would not attract attention. When <a href="/wiki/Alan_Clark" title="Alan Clark">Alan Clark</a> admitted under oath that he had been "economical with the <i>actualité</i>" in answering questions regarding what he knew about the policy on arms exports to Iraq, the trial collapsed and triggered the <a href="/wiki/Scott_Report" title="Scott Report">Scott Inquiry</a>, which reported in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This case also raised the issue of <a href="/wiki/Public_interest_immunity" title="Public interest immunity">public interest immunity</a>, the process by which information believed to be highly sensitive is kept outside the public domain. In order to prevent information being public the relevant government minister must issue a public interest immunity certificate.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arms-to-Iraq_affair&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_war" class="mw-redirect" title="British support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war">British support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Arms_Trade" title="Campaign Against Arms Trade">Campaign Against Arms Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_aid_to_combatants_in_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="International aid to combatants in the Iran–Iraq War">International aid to combatants in the Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Yemeni_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign involvement in the Yemeni Civil War">Foreign involvement in the Yemeni Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Babylon" title="Project Babylon">Project Babylon</a>, a project with unknown objectives commissioned by Iraqi president Saddam Hussein to build a series of "<a href="/wiki/Supergun_affair" title="Supergun affair">superguns</a>"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arms-to-Iraq_affair&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJowellOliver2011" class="citation book cs1">Jowell, Jeffrey; Oliver, Dawn, eds. (14 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingconstitu0000unse/page/172"><i>The Changing Constitution</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingconstitu0000unse/page/172">172</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957905-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957905-1"><bdi>978-0-19-957905-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Constitution&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011-07-14&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957905-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchangingconstitu0000unse%2Fpage%2F172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArms-to-Iraq+affair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1646860.stm">"Arms-to-Iraq pair welcome payout"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 9 November 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Arms-to-Iraq+pair+welcome+payout&rft.date=2001-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F1646860.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArms-to-Iraq+affair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fan-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fan_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Arms for Iraq: scandal hits fan". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. Vol. 325. 1 January 1992. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Arms+for+Iraq%3A+scandal+hits+fan&rft.volume=325&rft.pages=64&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.issn=0013-0613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArms-to-Iraq+affair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hidden assets", <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>; March 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds2015" class="citation news cs1">Edmonds, David (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-34912959">"The difference between lying and misleading"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+difference+between+lying+and+misleading&rft.date=2015-12&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-34912959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArms-to-Iraq+affair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1994" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Paul (1 January 1994). "Long trail of deceit". <i>New Statesman & Society</i>. <b>7</b>: 18–20. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-2361">0954-2361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Long+trail+of+deceit&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=18-20&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.issn=0954-2361&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArms-to-Iraq+affair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arms-to-Iraq_affair&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowley,_ChrisBlake,_Robin" class="citation book cs1">Cowley, Chris; Blake, Robin. <i>Supergun: A Political Scandal</i>. Arrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-918781-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-918781-7"><bdi>0-09-918781-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supergun%3A+A+Political+Scandal&rft.pub=Arrow&rft.isbn=0-09-918781-7&rft.au=Cowley%2C+Chris&rft.au=Blake%2C+Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArms-to-Iraq+affair" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames,_Gerald1995" class="citation book cs1">James, Gerald (1995). <i>In the Public Interest: A Devastating Account of the Thatcher Government's Involvement in the Covert Arms Trade, by the Man Who Turned Astra Fireworks into a £100m Arms Manufacturer</i>. Little, Brown & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316877190" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316877190"><bdi>978-0316877190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Public+Interest%3A+A+Devastating+Account+of+the+Thatcher+Government%27s+Involvement+in+the+Covert+Arms+Trade%2C+by+the+Man+Who+Turned+Astra+Fireworks+into+a+%C2%A3100m+Arms+Manufacturer&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0316877190&rft.au=James%2C+Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArms-to-Iraq+affair" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeigh,_David1993" class="citation book cs1">Leigh, David (1993). <i>Betrayed: Trial of Matrix Churchill</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7475-1552-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7475-1552-2"><bdi>0-7475-1552-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Betrayed%3A+Trial+of+Matrix+Churchill&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+PLC&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7475-1552-2&rft.au=Leigh%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArms-to-Iraq+affair" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Davina1997" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Davina (1997). <i>Export or Die: Britain's Defence Trade with Iran and Iraq (Global Issues)</i>. Northeastern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55553-285-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55553-285-3"><bdi>1-55553-285-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Export+or+Die%3A+Britain%27s+Defence+Trade+with+Iran+and+Iraq+%28Global+Issues%29&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-55553-285-3&rft.au=Miller%2C+Davina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArms-to-Iraq+affair" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton-TaylorRichard_LloydMark_Cook,_Stephen1996" class="citation book cs1">Norton-Taylor; Richard Lloyd; Mark Cook, Stephen (1996). <i>Knee Deep in Dishonour: Scott Report and Its Aftermath</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-575-06385-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-575-06385-8"><bdi>0-575-06385-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knee+Deep+in+Dishonour%3A+Scott+Report+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-575-06385-8&rft.au=Norton-Taylor&rft.au=Richard+Lloyd&rft.au=Mark+Cook%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArms-to-Iraq+affair" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhythian,_Mark1996" class="citation book cs1">Phythian, Mark (1996). <i>Arming Iraq (Northeastern Series in Transnational Crime)</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-33852-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-33852-4"><bdi>0-304-33852-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arming+Iraq+%28Northeastern+Series+in+Transnational+Crime%29&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group+Ltd.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-304-33852-4&rft.au=Phythian%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArms-to-Iraq+affair" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arms-to-Iraq_affair&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/15/newsid_2544000/2544355.stm">BBC <i>On This Day</i>: 15 February - 1996: Arms-to-Iraq report published</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930023726/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=matrix_churchill_corp.">Co-Operative Research - Companies selling arms to Iraq 1981 - 1993</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/ethical/article/0,,407973,00.html">The Guardian: Arms to Iraq inquiry affects control on exports</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051119/http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article4276.htm">ICH: Congressional Record Arms Sales to Iraq</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910005255/http://www.exportcontrols.org/matrixchurchill.html">ISIS: Matrix Churchill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW1If1K-kLE">Video of Robin Cook's Commons Address in 3 parts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140503152418/http://news.infoshop.org/article.php?story=02%2F08%2F27%2F0249342"><i>Iraq: The Lying Game</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Pilger" title="John Pilger">John Pilger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a>)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arms-to-Iraq_affair&oldid=1235051943">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arms-to-Iraq_affair&oldid=1235051943</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_relations_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Category:Foreign relations during the Iran–Iraq War">Foreign relations during the Iran–Iraq War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Weapons_trade" title="Category:Weapons trade">Weapons trade</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_military_relations" title="Category:Iraq–United Kingdom military relations">Iraq–United Kingdom military relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Superguns" title="Category:Superguns">Superguns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aftermath_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Category:Aftermath of the Gulf War">Aftermath of the Gulf War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Premiership_of_John_Major" title="Category:Premiership of John Major">Premiership of John Major</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2014">Use dmy dates from October 2014</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 July 2024, at 13:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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