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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Towards_a_ceasefire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towards_a_ceasefire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Towards a ceasefire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towards_a_ceasefire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towards_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towards_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Towards negotiations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towards_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towards_another_ceasefire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towards_another_ceasefire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Towards another ceasefire</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consultative_Group_on_the_Past" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consultative_Group_on_the_Past"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Consultative Group on the Past</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consultative_Group_on_the_Past-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Ireland peace process</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1990s events that ended most of the violence of the Troubles</div> <p> The <b>Northern Ireland peace process</b> includes the events leading up to the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) ceasefire, the end of most of the violence of <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> of 1998, and subsequent political developments.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_peace_process&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towards_a_ceasefire">Towards a ceasefire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_peace_process&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Towards a ceasefire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration" title="Downing Street Declaration">Downing Street Declaration</a></div> <p>In 1994, talks between the leaders of the two main <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalist</a> parties in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a> (SDLP), and <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> (SF), continued. These talks led to a series of joint statements on how the violence might be brought to an end. The talks had been going on since the late 1980s and had secured the backing of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Irish government</a> through an intermediary, the priest <a href="/wiki/Alec_Reid" title="Alec Reid">Alec Reid</a>. </p><p>In November it was revealed that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> had also been in talks with the Provisional IRA, although they had long denied it. </p><p>On Wednesday 15 December 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration" title="Downing Street Declaration">Downing Street Declaration</a> was issued by <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Reynolds" title="Albert Reynolds">Albert Reynolds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a>, on behalf of the British and Irish governments. This included statements that: </p> <ul><li>The British government had no "selfish strategic or economic" interest in Northern Ireland. This statement would lead, eventually, to the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The British government would uphold the right of the people of Northern Ireland to decide between the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Union</a> with Great Britain or a <a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">united Ireland</a>.</li> <li>The people of the island of Ireland, North and South, had the exclusive right to solve the issues between North and South by mutual consent.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Irish government would try to address <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionist</a> fears of a united Ireland by amending the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Irish Constitution</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_consent" title="Principle of consent">principle of consent</a>. This would lead, eventually, to the modification of the <a href="/wiki/Articles_2_and_3_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland">Articles 2 and 3</a>.</li> <li>A united Ireland could only be brought about by peaceful means.</li> <li>Peace must involve a permanent end to the use of, or support for, <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> violence.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a> (DUP) opposed the Declaration, <a href="/wiki/James_Molyneaux,_Baron_Molyneaux_of_Killead" title="James Molyneaux, Baron Molyneaux of Killead">James Molyneaux</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> (UUP) argued that it was not a "sell-out" of unionists, and Gerry Adams of Sinn Féin requested dialogue with the governments and clarification of the Declaration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towards_negotiations">Towards negotiations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_peace_process&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Towards negotiations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 6 April 1994, the Provisional IRA announced a three-day "temporary cessation of hostilities" to run from Wednesday 6 April – Friday 8 April 1994. </p><p>Five months later, on Wednesday 31 August 1994, the Provisional IRA announced a "cessation of military operations" from midnight. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Reynolds" title="Albert Reynolds">Albert Reynolds</a>, the Irish <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a>, said that he accepted the IRA statement as implying a permanent ceasefire. Many unionists were sceptical. UUP leader <a href="/wiki/James_Molyneaux,_Baron_Molyneaux_of_Killead" title="James Molyneaux, Baron Molyneaux of Killead">James Molyneaux</a>, in a rare slip, declared "This (the ceasefire) is the worst thing that has ever happened to us."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following period, there were disputes about the permanence of the ceasefire, whether parties linked to paramilitaries should be included in talks, and the rate of "normalisation" in Northern Ireland. <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Loyalist</a> bombings and shootings, and punishment beatings from both sides, continued. </p><p>This is an abbreviated list of events of significance in the lead-up to all-party negotiations: </p> <ul><li>13 October 1994: The <a href="/wiki/Combined_Loyalist_Military_Command" title="Combined Loyalist Military Command">Combined Loyalist Military Command</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando" title="Red Hand Commando">Red Hand Commandos</a> announce a loyalist paramilitary ceasefire.</li> <li>Friday 15 December 1994: Albert Reynolds resigned as Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland following the collapse of his <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>/<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour</a> coalition. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/John_Bruton" title="John Bruton">John Bruton</a>, heading a "<a href="/wiki/24th_government_of_Ireland" title="24th government of Ireland">Rainbow Coalition</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_(Ireland)" title="Democratic Left (Ireland)">Democratic Left</a>.</li> <li>Wednesday 22 February 1995: Framework Documents published: <span class="anchor" id="Joint_Framework_Document"></span> <ul><li><i>A New Framework For Agreement</i>, which dealt with north–south institutions, and</li> <li><i>A Framework for Accountable Government in Northern Ireland</i>, which proposed a single-chamber 90-member Assembly, to be elected by <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> and which was put directly to the electorate in 1997 by Conservative Party candidates standing in Northern Ireland at the general election.<br />The proposals were not welcomed by unionists and the DUP described it as a "one-way street to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>" and a "joint government programme for <a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">Irish unity</a>".</li></ul></li> <li>Sunday 13 August 1995: <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a>, Sinn Féin President, addressed a demonstration at <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> City Hall. A member of the crowd called out to Adams to, "bring back the IRA". In reply Adams said: "They haven't gone away, you know".</li> <li>Friday 8 September 1995: <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a> was elected leader of the UUP, replacing <a href="/wiki/James_Molyneaux,_Baron_Molyneaux_of_Killead" title="James Molyneaux, Baron Molyneaux of Killead">James Molyneaux</a>.</li> <li>Friday 24 November 1995: a referendum in the Republic of Ireland to change the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">constitution</a> to allow divorce was narrowly approved, with 50.2% in favour. Divorce had long been available north of the border. The ban in the Republic was sometimes cited by (mainly Protestant) unionists as evidence of excessive influence by the Catholic Church in the Republic which would (in the event of a United Ireland) represent a threat to the religious liberty of non-Catholics.</li> <li>Tuesday 28 November 1995: a joint communiqué by the British and Irish Governments outlined a "'twin-track' process to make progress in parallel on the decommissioning issue and on all-party negotiations". Preparatory talks were to lead to all-party negotiations beginning by the end of February 1996. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">US Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">George Mitchell</a> was to lead an international body to provide an independent assessment of the decommissioning issue.</li> <li>Thursday 30 November 1995: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, then President of the United States, visited Northern Ireland, and spoke in favour of the "peace process" to a huge rally at Belfast's City Hall. He called terrorists "yesterday's men".</li> <li>Wednesday 20 December 1995: blaming the Provisional IRA for recent killings of drug dealers, the Irish government decided not to give permanent release to a further ten <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">republican</a> prisoners.</li> <li>Wednesday 24 January 1996: Dated 22 January, the report of the International Body on arms decommissioning (also known as the Mitchell Report) set out the six "<a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Principles" title="Mitchell Principles">Mitchell Principles</a>" under which parties could enter into all-party talks, and suggested a number of confidence-building measures, including an "elective process". The main conclusion was that decommissioning of paramilitary arms should take place during (rather than before or after) all-party talks, in a "twin-track" process. The report was welcomed by the Irish government and the main opposition parties in Britain and the Republic, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party</a>. It was accepted as a way forward by Sinn Féin and the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Democratic_Party" title="Ulster Democratic Party">Ulster Democratic Party</a> (UDP), who both had paramilitary links. The moderate <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionist</a> party, the UUP, expressed reservations, and the more hardline DUP rejected it outright.</li> <li>Monday 29 January 1996: "Twin-track" talks began with the SDLP, the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Unionist_Party" title="Progressive Unionist Party">Progressive Unionist Party</a>, and the UDP. The UUP declined the invitation.</li> <li>Friday 9 February 1996: one hour after a statement ending their ceasefire, the Provisional IRA <a href="/wiki/1996_Docklands_bombing" title="1996 Docklands bombing">detonated</a> a large lorry bomb near <a href="/wiki/South_Quay_DLR_station" title="South Quay DLR station">South Quay DLR station</a> in the <a href="/wiki/London_Docklands" title="London Docklands">London Docklands</a>, killing two people, injuring 40, and causing <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>150 million worth of damage. The IRA ceasefire had lasted 17 months and 9 days. The IRA statement said that the ceasefire was ended because "the British government acted in bad faith with Mr Major and the unionist leaders squandering this unprecedented opportunity to resolve the conflict" by refusing to allow <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> into the talks until the IRA decommissioned its arms. Albert Reynolds, while not supporting the bombing, concurred with the IRA analysis. As Major's Government had lost its majority in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> and was depending on unionist votes to stay in power, it was widely accused of pro-unionist bias as a result. On the other hand, on the day of the bombing, Major had been preparing to meet with Sinn Féin representatives at Downing Street for the first time.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towards_another_ceasefire">Towards another ceasefire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_peace_process&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Towards another ceasefire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Friday 16 February 1996: There was a large peace rally at City Hall, Belfast, and a number of smaller rallies at venues across Northern Ireland.</li> <li>Wednesday 28 February 1996: After a summit in London, the British and Irish prime ministers set a date (10 June 1996) for the start of all-party talks, and stated that participants would have to agree to abide by the six <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Principles" title="Mitchell Principles">Mitchell Principles</a> and that there would be preparatory 'proximity talks'.</li> <li>Monday 4 March 1996: Proximity talks were launched at <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)">Stormont</a>. The Ulster Unionist Party and the Democratic Unionist Party refused to join, and Sinn Féin were again refused entry, ostensibly because of IRA violence.</li> <li>Thursday 21 March 1996: Elections to determine who would take part in all-party negotiations were announced. The elections would be to a Forum of 110 delegates, with 90 elected directly and 20 'top-up' seats from the ten parties polling the most votes.</li> <li>Thursday 18 April 1996: The <i>Northern Ireland (Entry to Negotiations) Act</i> was passed at Westminster. 30 parties and individuals were to take part in the election.</li> <li>Monday 20 May 1996: <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a>, President of Sinn Féin, said that SF was prepared to accept the six <i><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Principles" title="Mitchell Principles">Mitchell Principles</a></i>, if the other parties agreed to them.</li> <li>Thursday 30 May 1996: In the Forum Elections, with a 65% turnout, the UUP won 30 seats, the SDLP 21, the DUP 24, Sinn Féin 17, the Alliance Party 7, the <a href="/wiki/UK_Unionist_Party" title="UK Unionist Party">UK Unionist Party</a> 3, the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Unionist_Party" title="Progressive Unionist Party">Progressive Unionist Party</a> 2, the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Democratic_Party" title="Ulster Democratic Party">Ulster Democratic Party</a> 2, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Women%27s_Coalition" title="Northern Ireland Women's Coalition">Northern Ireland Women's Coalition</a> 2, and Labour 2 seats.</li> <li>Tuesday 4 June 1996: The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Office" title="Northern Ireland Office">Northern Ireland Office</a> invited nine political parties to attend initial talks at <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)">Stormont</a>. Again, Sinn Féin were not invited to the talks. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a>, then <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of the Republic of Ireland</a>, began the first official state visit to Britain by an Irish head of state.</li> <li>Friday 7 June 1996: IRA members <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Jerry_McCabe" title="Killing of Jerry McCabe">killed Jerry McCabe</a>, a Detective in the <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> (the Irish police service), during a post office robbery in <a href="/wiki/Adare" title="Adare">Adare</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Limerick" title="County Limerick">County Limerick</a>, in the Republic.</li> <li>Monday 10 June 1996: All-party negotiations (the 'Stormont talks') began in Stormont. Sinn Féin were again refused entry.</li> <li>Friday 14 June 1996: The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Forum" title="Northern Ireland Forum">Northern Ireland Forum</a> met for the first time in Belfast. Sinn Féin declined to take part due to their policy of not taking seats in either the Westminster parliament or a regional "partitionist" Northern Ireland parliament (latter policy changed in 1998).</li> <li>Saturday 15 June 1996: The IRA exploded a <a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">bomb in Manchester</a>, which destroyed a large part of the city centre and injured 212 people. Niall Donovan (28), a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> man, was stabbed to death near <a href="/wiki/Dungannon" title="Dungannon">Dungannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">County Tyrone</a> by the loyalist <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force_(1966)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Volunteer Force (1966)">Ulster Volunteer Force</a> (UVF).</li> <li>Thursday 20 June 1996: An IRA bomb factory was found by <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Gardaí</a> in the Republic. In response the Irish government ended all contacts with Sinn Féin.</li> <li>Sunday 7 July 1996: As part of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Drumcree_conflict" title="Drumcree conflict">Drumcree conflict</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> (RUC) prevented a march by <a href="/wiki/Portadown" title="Portadown">Portadown</a> <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orangemen</a> from returning from <a href="/wiki/Drumcree_Church" title="Drumcree Church">Drumcree Church</a> via the mainly nationalist Garvaghy Road. This decision was followed by widespread protest in the unionist community, and by rioting in unionist areas.</li> <li>Thursday 11 July 1996: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Annesley_(police_officer)" title="Hugh Annesley (police officer)">Hugh Annesley</a>, then Chief Constable of the RUC, reversed his decision and ordered his officers to allow the Orange march to pass along the Garvaghy Road in <a href="/wiki/Portadown" title="Portadown">Portadown</a>. No music was played as the parade passed the disputed area. This was followed by nationalist protests, and riots in republican areas.</li> <li>Saturday 13 July 1996: A republican car-bomb attack on a hotel in <a href="/wiki/Enniskillen" title="Enniskillen">Enniskillen</a> injured 17. The <a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity Irish Republican Army</a> later claimed responsibility. The SDLP announced that it would withdraw from the Northern Ireland Forum.</li> <li>Monday 15 July 1996: A committee to review parades in Northern Ireland (the Independent Review of Parades and Marches) was announced.</li> <li>Thursday 30 January 1997: The Report of the Independent Review of Parades and Marches (The <i>North Report</i>) recommended setting up an <a href="/wiki/Parades_Commission" title="Parades Commission">independent commission</a> to review contentious parades. Most nationalists welcomed the review but unionists attacked it as an erosion of the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>. A period of "further consultation" was announced.</li> <li>Wednesday 5 March 1997: Stormont Talks adjourned until 3 June, to allow the parties to contest the forthcoming general election.</li> <li>Monday 7 April 1997: <i>The Belfast Telegraph</i> published the first of three articles over three days with results of an opinion survey it conducted in collaboration with Queens University. Survey questions were developed in cooperation with the 10 leading parties in Northern Ireland. Ninety-three per cent of Protestants and 97 per cent of Catholics said they "support the principle of a negotiated settlement for the political future of Northern Ireland," but only 25 per cent of Protestants and 28 per cent of Catholics believed the "Talks" would lead to a settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sunday 27 April 1997: In Portadown <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Robert_Hamill" title="Killing of Robert Hamill">Robert Hamill</a>, a Catholic, was severely beaten in a sectarian attack by a gang of loyalists. Hamill later died from his injuries.</li> <li>Thursday 1 May 1997: A general election was held across the UK. The <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> won a majority and formed a government for the first time since 1979. In Northern Ireland, Sinn Féin had increased its share of the vote to 16%, becoming the third largest party in the region, and winning two seats: <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a> were their new MPs. The Ulster Unionist Party won 10 seats, the Social Democratic and Labour Party 3, the Democratic Unionist Party 2, and the <a href="/wiki/UK_Unionist_Party" title="UK Unionist Party">UK Unionist Party</a> 1.</li> <li>Monday 12 May 1997: Sean Brown, a 61 year old father of six from Bellaghy, County Londonderry, was abducted and murdered on May 12 1997. An instructor at the Ballymena Training Centre, Mr Brown played an active role in the GAA.</li> <li>Friday 16 May 1997: <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, the new British Prime Minister, endorsed the Framework Documents, the Mitchell Report on decommissioning, and the criteria for inclusion in all-party talks. He stated that he valued Northern Ireland's place in the United Kingdom, and suggested that the Republic of Ireland should amend <a href="/wiki/Articles_2_and_3_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland">Articles 2 and 3</a> of its constitution, and indicated that officials would meet Sinn Féin to clarify certain issues.</li> <li>Wednesday 21 May 1997: In local government Elections the UUP remained the largest unionist party, and the SDLP the largest nationalist party, though they lost control of <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a> city councils respectively.</li> <li>Sunday 1 June 1997: Gregory Taylor, an off-duty RUC constable, died following a beating he received from a loyalist mob. It was later disclosed that Taylor had used his mobile phone to try to summon help from the local police station but no car was available to come to his aid.</li> <li>Tuesday 3 June 1997: The talks resumed at Stormont. The <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Loyalist Volunteer Force">Loyalist Volunteer Force</a> (LVF) and the <a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity Irish Republican Army</a> (CIRA) were both proscribed.</li> <li>Friday 6 June 1997: There was a general election in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>. The ruling coalition government of <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_(Ireland)" title="Democratic Left (Ireland)">Democratic Left</a> was defeated by a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Democrats" title="Progressive Democrats">Progressive Democrats</a>, and independent members. <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> won its first seat in the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>, since it had ended its policy of <a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">abstentionism</a> in 1986.</li> <li>16 June 1997 Two members of the RUC, Roland John Graham and David Johnston, murdered in Lurgan.</li> <li>Wednesday 25 June 1997: The British and Irish governments gave the IRA 5 weeks to call an unequivocal ceasefire. 6 weeks later Sinn Féin would be allowed into the talks (due to resume on 15 September).</li> <li>Sunday 6 July 1997: The Orange Order parade at Drumcree was again permitted to go ahead, after a large operation by the RUC and <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>. This was followed by <a href="/wiki/1997_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1997 Northern Ireland riots">violent protests in nationalist areas</a>.</li> <li>Saturday 12 July 1997: After an earlier decision by the Orange Order to reroute seven of their marches, <a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">the Twelfth</a> parades across Northern Ireland passed off peacefully.</li> <li>Wednesday 16 July 1997: The DUP and the UKUP left the Stormont talks in protest at what they claimed was a lack of clarification by the British government on <a href="/wiki/Decommissioning_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Decommissioning in Northern Ireland">decommissioning</a>.</li> <li>Friday 18 July 1997: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a> issued a joint statement. Gerry Adams and <a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a> called on the IRA to renew its ceasefire.</li> <li>Saturday 19 July 1997: The IRA announced the renewal of its 1994 ceasefire as of 12.00pm on 20 July 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towards_agreement">Towards agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_peace_process&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Towards agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tuesday 26 August 1997: The British and Irish governments jointly signed an agreement to set up an <a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_on_Decommissioning" title="Independent International Commission on Decommissioning">Independent International Commission on Decommissioning</a> (IICD). <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a> held a concert at Botanic Gardens, in Belfast, with an audience of around 40,000.</li> <li>Friday 29 August 1997: The <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Secretary of State for Northern Ireland">Secretary of State for Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mo_Mowlam" title="Mo Mowlam">Marjorie Mowlam</a>, accepted the IRA ceasefire as genuine and invited Sinn Féin into the multi-party talks at Stormont.</li> <li>Tuesday 9 September 1997: Representatives of Sinn Féin entered Stormont to sign a pledge that the party would abide by the <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Principles" title="Mitchell Principles">Mitchell Principles</a>.</li> <li>Thursday 11 September 1997: The IRA said that they "would have problems with sections of the Mitchell Principles", but that what Sinn Féin decided to do "was a matter for them".</li> <li>Thursday 11 September 1997: The Belfast Telegraph published the first of two articles over two days with results of a survey it conducted with Queens College. Survey questions were developed in cooperation with the leading parties in Northern Ireland. Ninety-two per cent of respondents (86 per cent of Protestants and 98 per cent of Catholics) said they wanted the party they support to stay in the Stormont talks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Monday 15 September 1997: Multi-Party Talks resumed. The Ulster Unionist Party, the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Unionist_Party" title="Progressive Unionist Party">Progressive Unionist Party</a>, and the Ulster Democratic Party instead attended a special meeting at the UUP headquarters, and re-entered the talks on Wednesday.</li> <li>Wednesday 24 September 1997: Procedures were agreed at the Multi-party Talks, decommissioning of paramilitary weapons was sidestepped, and the <a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_on_Decommissioning" title="Independent International Commission on Decommissioning">Independent International Commission on Decommissioning</a> was formally launched.</li> <li>Tuesday 7 October 1997: Substantive talks began at Stormont.</li> <li>Friday 17 October 1997: The <a href="/wiki/Parades_Commission" title="Parades Commission">Parades Commission</a> was announced. Its membership and powers attracted criticism from unionists.</li> <li>Thursday 6 November 1997: Around 12 members of Sinn Féin resigned in protest at the acceptance of the Mitchell Principles.</li> <li>Sunday 9 November 1997: During a radio interview on the tenth anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day_bombing" title="Remembrance Day bombing">Enniskillen bomb</a> which killed 11 people on 8 November 1987, Gerry Adams said he was "deeply sorry about what happened".</li> <li>Saturday 27 December 1997: Inside the Maze Prison, members of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a> shot and killed <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wright_(loyalist)" title="Billy Wright (loyalist)">Billy Wright</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Loyalist Volunteer Force">Loyalist Volunteer Force</a> leader.</li> <li>Saturday 10 January 1998: <i><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph" title="Belfast Telegraph">The Belfast Telegraph</a></i> published the first of four stories over four days with results of an opinion survey it had conducted with Queens University. Questions were developed in cooperation with the major parties in Northern Ireland. Seventy per cent of Protestants said the most important step to ensure lasting peace would be to disband paramilitary groups; 78 per cent of Catholics said the most important step towards a lasting peace would be a bill of right guaranteeing equality for all.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Friday 23 January 1998: The <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Freedom Fighters</a> (UFF), a cover name for the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a> (UDA), reinstated their ceasefire. This was taken as an admission that they had been responsible for the murders of several Catholics.</li> <li>Monday 26 January 1998: The talks moved to Lancaster House in London. The UDP were barred from the talks, following UFF/UDA involvement in three more murders. The governments stated that the UDP could re-enter the talks if the UFF maintained its renewed ceasefire.</li> <li>Thursday 29 January 1998: <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, the British Prime Minister, announced a new inquiry into "<a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)" title="Bloody Sunday (1972)">Bloody Sunday</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a> on 30 January 1972. This inquiry became known as the <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_Inquiry" title="Bloody Sunday Inquiry">Saville Inquiry</a>. The previous inquiry was widely regarded as a whitewash.</li> <li>Friday 20 February 1998: The British and Irish governments announced a 17-day exclusion of Sinn Féin from the talks because of IRA involvement in two killings in Belfast on 9 and 10 February 1998. Sinn Féin organised street protests over their exclusion.</li> <li>Monday 23 March 1998: Sinn Féin agreed to rejoin the talks, following the expiry of their exclusion a fortnight before, on 9 March.</li> <li>Tuesday 31 March 1998: <i>The Belfast Telegraph</i> published the first of four article over four days reporting results of a survey they conducted with Queens University. Survey questions were developed in cooperation with the leading parties in Northern Ireland. Seventy-seven per cent of respondents (74 per cent of Protestants and 81 per cent of Catholics) said they would vote 'yes' for an agreement supported by a majority of the political parties taking part in the talks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wednesday 25 March 1998: The chairman of the talks, <a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Senator George Mitchell</a>, set a two-week deadline for an agreement.</li> <li>Friday 3 April 1998: The <a href="/wiki/Saville_Inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Saville Inquiry">Bloody Sunday Inquiry</a>, chaired by Lord Saville, an English Law Lord, opened.</li> <li>Thursday 9 April 1998: Talks continued past the midnight deadline. <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Donaldson" title="Jeffrey Donaldson">Jeffrey Donaldson</a>, who had been a member of the Ulster Unionist Party talks team walked out, causing speculation about a split in the party.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, 10 April 1998: At 5.30pm (over 17 hours after the deadline) George Mitchell stated: "I am pleased to announce that the two governments and the political parties in Northern Ireland have reached agreement".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It emerged later that <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">President Clinton</a> of the USA had made a number of telephone calls to party leaders to encourage them to reach this agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Saturday 15 August 1998: <a href="/wiki/Omagh_bombing" title="Omagh bombing">Omagh bombing</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real IRA</a> resulted in 29 deaths and hundreds of injuries. It was the single worst incident in Northern Ireland during the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The agreement, known as the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>, included a devolved, inclusive government, prisoner release, troop reductions, targets for paramilitary decommissioning, provisions for polls on Irish reunification, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> measures and "<a href="/wiki/Parity_of_esteem" title="Parity of esteem">parity of esteem</a>" for the two communities in Northern Ireland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_referendum_campaign">The referendum campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_peace_process&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The referendum campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The agreement was to be approved by a <a href="/wiki/1998_Northern_Ireland_Good_Friday_Agreement_referendum" title="1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum">referendum</a> in Northern Ireland, and a separate <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">referendum</a> was to be held in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic</a> to approve the necessary <a href="/wiki/Articles_2_and_3_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland">change to Articles 2 and 3</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a>. The people of the Republic overwhelmingly endorsed the agreement, but the campaign in Northern Ireland was more controversial, and the result less predictable. The referendums were held on the same day, 22 May 1998. </p><p>The pro-agreement campaign framed the question as progress versus stalemate, as a struggle between intolerant <a href="/wiki/Bigotry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bigotry">bigots</a> with no solutions on the one hand, and moderates with a constructive way forward on the other. The agreement was promoted to the nationalist community as delivering <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, inclusive government, recognition of their Irishness, and a peaceful route to Irish reunification. To the unionist community, it was presented as bringing an end to the troubles, a guaranteed end to paramilitaries and their weapons, and a guarantee of the Union for the foreseeable future. There was a massive government-funded campaign for the "Yes" vote, with large posters posted across Northern Ireland. One such poster featured five handwritten "pledges" by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> in an attempt to obtain the unionist "Yes" vote – this is despite the fact that none of the wording from these "pledges" was actually contained within the agreement that was being put to the electorate. These "pledges" were: </p> <ul><li>No change to the status of Northern Ireland without the express consent of the people</li> <li>The power to take decisions to be returned from London to Northern Ireland, with accountable north–south co-operation</li> <li>Fairness and equality for all</li> <li>Those who use or threaten violence to be excluded from the government of Northern Ireland</li> <li>Prisoners to be kept in prison unless violence is given up for good</li></ul> <p>On the republican side, the "No" campaign seemed to concentrate on the purity of the republican ideal of complete and absolute independence from Britain. In this view, any compromise, however temporary, on the goal of <a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">Irish unity</a> (or the right to pursue the armed struggle) was depicted as a betrayal of those who had fought and died for Ireland. Decommissioning of weapons and an end to paramilitary activity was portrayed as surrender to the British. The principle of consent was represented as a unionist veto, as it meant political progress would be almost impossible without unionist participation. It was pointed out that the agreement accepted <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition</a>. The state and its institutions would remain hostile to the republican community, claimed the critics. Despite these misgivings, the vast majority of republicans voted yes, with only some tiny unrepresentative parties (such as <a href="/wiki/Republican_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Republican Sinn Féin">Republican Sinn Féin</a>) on the nationalist side advocating a No vote. </p><p>On the unionist side, the "No" campaign was much stronger and stressed what were represented as concessions to <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">republicanism</a> and terrorism, particularly the release of convicted paramilitaries from prison (often those who had killed friends and relatives of unionist politicians and were serving "life" sentences), the presence of "terrorists" (by which they meant Sinn Féin) in government, the lack of guarantees on decommissioning, the perceived one-way nature of the process in moving towards a united Ireland, the lack of trust in all those who would be implementing the agreement, the erosion of British identity, the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a>, the vague language of the agreement, and the rushed nature in which the agreement was written. </p><p>It was widely expected that the nationalist community would endorse the agreement. As the vote approached, unionist opinion appeared divided into those who supported the agreement, those who opposed the agreement on principle, and those who welcomed agreement, but still had major misgivings about aspects like prisoner release and the role of paramilitaries and parties associated with them (particularly Sinn Féin). The fear among the Agreement's supporters was that there would not be a majority (or only a slim majority) of the unionist community in favour of the agreement, and that its credibility would be thereby undermined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_votes">The votes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_peace_process&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The votes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, the results of the vote to change the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">constitution</a> in line with the agreement were: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 1em; background: #f9f9f9;"> <caption style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em">Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland referendum<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 210px">Choice </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 70px">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 50px">% </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Referendum passed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/14px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/21px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/28px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="577" /></a></span> <b>Yes</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>1,442,583</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>94.39</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>No </td> <td style="text-align:right;">85,748 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.61 </td></tr> <tr class="tfoot" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,528,331 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">98.90 </td></tr> <tr class="tfoot" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Invalid or blank votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,064 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.10 </td></tr> <tr class="tfoot" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>Total votes</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>1,545,395</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100.00</b> </td></tr> <tr class="tfoot" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Registered voters/turnout </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,747,088 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">56.26 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In Northern Ireland, the results of the vote on the agreement were: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 1em; background: #f9f9f9;"> <caption style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em">Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum, 1998 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 210px">Choice </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 70px">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 50px">% </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Referendum passed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/14px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/21px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/28px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="577" /></a></span> <b>Yes</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>676,966</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>71.1</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>No </td> <td style="text-align:right;">274,979 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28.9 </td></tr> <tr class="tfoot" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Invalid or blank votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,738 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.18 </td></tr> <tr class="tfoot" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>Total votes</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>953,683</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100.00</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>There is no official breakdown of how the <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionist</a> communities voted, but CAIN, the Conflict Archive on the Internet, estimated that the overwhelming majority (up to 97%) of members of the largely <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> nationalist community in Northern Ireland voted 'Yes'. Their estimate of the largely <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> unionist community's support for the agreement was between 51 and 53 per cent. </p><p>Complicating matters for the calculation was the turnout, with a substantial increase over elections in many traditionally unionist areas, whilst the turnout was close to that for elections in staunch nationalist areas. Approximately 147,000 more people voted in the referendum than in the subsequent Assembly elections, though it is estimated that there was also some deliberate abstentions by hardline republican voters. </p><p>The referendum was calculated centrally so it is not clear what the geographic spread of voting was, but an exit poll found that out of all eighteen constituencies, only <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/North_Antrim_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Antrim (UK Parliament constituency)">North Antrim</a> stronghold voted against the Agreement. </p><p>The pro-agreement result was greeted at the time with relief by supporters of the agreement. However, the scale of sceptical and anti-agreement sentiment in the unionist community, their continued misgivings over aspects of the agreement, and differing expectations from the Agreement on the part of the two communities were to cause difficulties in the following years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tensions_and_dissident_threats">Tensions and dissident threats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_peace_process&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tensions and dissident threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the peace process initially progressed mostly trouble-free, tensions escalated in 2001 with increasing sectarian conflicts, rioting, political disagreements and the decommissioning process. <a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real IRA</a> bombs at <a href="/wiki/2001_BBC_bombing" title="2001 BBC bombing">the BBC</a> and a <a href="/wiki/2001_Ealing_bombing" title="2001 Ealing bombing">commercial district</a> in London threatened to derail the peace process.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_dispute" title="Holy Cross dispute">Holy Cross dispute</a> in north Belfast starting in June 2001 would become a major episode of sectarian conflict. Widespread rioting occurred <a href="/wiki/July_2001_Belfast_riots" title="July 2001 Belfast riots">in July</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that same month the loyalist <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Freedom Fighters</a> (UFF) pulled out of the Good Friday Agreement whilst the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Unionist_Party" title="Progressive Unionist Party">Progressive Unionist Party</a> (PUP) withdrew from the "current phase" of the peace process.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 July two hardline <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> (UUP) MPs, <a href="/wiki/David_Burnside" title="David Burnside">David Burnside</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Donaldson" title="Jeffrey Donaldson">Jeffrey Donaldson</a>, both called for their party's withdrawal of supporting the new power-sharing Stormont assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the disturbances are thought to have been caused by the alienation of loyalists in the years following the Good Friday Agreement, who increasingly feared that the Agreement was largely in the Catholics' favour and that Irish unity was inevitable. Northern Ireland Secretary <a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">John Reid</a> told unionists in a speech that they are "wrong" to think so, and that the Agreement would be a failure if Protestants no longer felt at home.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of loyalist paramilitary shootings increased from 33 at the time of the Agreement to a peak of 124 in 2001/02.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 September 2001 a gang of 15 <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional IRA</a> members kidnapped, tortured and shot two youths.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major loyalist rioting and violence broke out amid the Holy Cross dispute on 27 September. The next day, journalist <a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Hagan" title="Martin O'Hagan">Martin O'Hagan</a> was killed by <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Loyalist Volunteer Force">Loyalist Volunteer Force</a> (LVF) members.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 October 2001, Reid declared the ceasefires of two loyalist paramilitary groups, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a> (UDA) and the LVF, to be over due to their violent shooting and rioting incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams urged the Provisional IRA to disarm amid Stormont's near-collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2001, two army watchtowers <a href="/wiki/2001_South_Armagh_attacks" title="2001 South Armagh attacks">were attacked in South Armagh</a> by republicans that caused many injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout 2002 rioting and sectarian clashes continued, the most tense incident being the <a href="/wiki/2002_Short_Strand_clashes" title="2002 Short Strand clashes">clashes in Short Strand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 May 2002 Progressive Unionist Party politician <a href="/wiki/David_Ervine" title="David Ervine">David Ervine</a> said that continuing violence, doubts among loyalists and uncertainty about the IRA has left the peace process in a "substantial and serious crisis".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 October 2002, the Northern Ireland Assembly was suspended and <a href="/wiki/Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">direct rule</a> from Westminster imposed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementation">Implementation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_peace_process&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Northern Ireland Assembly made a good start. However, it was suspended several times mainly because of unionist anger at the IRA's refusal to decommission their weapons "transparently". Elections carried on nonetheless and voting polarised towards the more radical parties – the DUP and Sinn Féin. In 2004, negotiations were held to attempt to re-establish the Assembly and the Executive. These negotiations failed but the governments believed they were very close to a deal and published their proposed deal as the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Agreement">Comprehensive Agreement</a>.</li> <li>Although the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> was renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Police Service of Northern Ireland</a> on 4 November 2001, Sinn Féin, the second-largest party, did not declare its acceptance of the Police Service of Northern Ireland until 28 January 2007 as part of the <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Agreement" title="St Andrews Agreement">St Andrews Agreement</a>. A 2005 survey <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051027233045/http://www.nio.gov.uk/media-detail.htm?newsID=11759">[1]</a> indicates that 83% of the Northern Ireland population have "some", "a lot", or "total" confidence in the police's ability to provide a day-to-day policing service.</li> <li>No IRA weapons were decommissioned until October 2001, and the final consignment to be "put beyond use" was announced on 26 September 2005. There has also been allegations of IRA involvement in espionage at the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)">Stormont</a> Assembly (which prompted the UUP to collapse the Assembly), in training the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia</a> (FARC) guerillas, in several high-profile murders, and allegations of major robberies such as that of approximately £1 million of goods from a wholesaler and in excess of £26 million in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Bank_robbery" title="Northern Bank robbery">Northern Bank robbery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endgame">Endgame</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_peace_process&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Endgame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2005, <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Robert_McCartney" title="Murder of Robert McCartney">Robert McCartney</a> was murdered after a pub brawl by IRA members. After a high-profile campaign by his sisters and fiancée, the IRA admitted its members were responsible and offered to meet them. The McCartney sisters turned down their offer, but the episode badly damaged the standing of the IRA in Belfast.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2005, <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a> called for the IRA to lay down its weapons. It agreed on 28 July 2005 calling for its volunteers to use "exclusively peaceful means".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would not disband, but simply use peaceful means to achieve its aims. </p> <ul><li>Apart from some worn pistols from the <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Loyalist Volunteer Force">Loyalist Volunteer Force</a>, no other loyalist paramilitary group has decommissioned any of their weapons, and all have been involved in several murders, including major feuds, both internal and with other loyalist groups. Most Unionists maintain that the loyalist refusal is less of a stumbling block to the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">assembly</a> because, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a>, parties with formal links to loyalist paramilitary groups do not have significant elected representation within the Assembly, despite their high levels of support. Throughout their existence, loyalist paramilitaries have been described by some (including <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Reynolds" title="Albert Reynolds">Albert Reynolds</a>) as "reactionary", i.e., that they respond to the attacks of republican groups, and some commentators claim that if there were no violent republican activity, loyalist violence would cease to exist. Others contend that these claims of solely "reactionary" loyalist attacks are hard to square with the emergence of militant loyalism in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_civil_rights_movement" title="Northern Ireland civil rights movement">civil rights era</a> (i.e., when the IRA was dormant), and their preference for attacks on Catholics with no paramilitary connections, rather than attacking the more dangerous members of republican organisations. In the event that full transparent decommissioning by republican paramilitaries is completed, then it is widely expected by political commentators that loyalist paramilitary organisations would be put under heavy pressure to follow suit.</li> <li>While killings and bombings have been <i>almost</i> eliminated, "lower level" violence and crime, including "punishment" beatings, extortion and drug dealing continue, particularly in loyalist areas. Paramilitary organisations are still perceived to have considerable control in some areas, particularly the less affluent. Details of the perceived current level of activity by paramilitary organisations were published in a 2005 report by the Independent Monitoring Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>On <b>28 July 2005</b>, the IRA announced the end of its armed campaign, and committed to the complete decommissioning of all its weapons, which was to be witnessed by both Catholic and Protestant clergymen. The statement was first read by veteran IRA militant <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9anna_Walsh" title="Séanna Walsh">Séanna Walsh</a> in a video released to the public and contained the following text:<sup id="cite_ref-vid_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vid-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>The leadership of <a href="/wiki/%C3%93glaigh_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Óglaigh na hÉireann">Óglaigh na hÉireann</a> has formally ordered an end to the armed campaign. This will take effect from 4pm this afternoon.<br /> All IRA units have been ordered to dump arms. All Volunteers have been instructed to assist the development of purely political and democratic programmes through exclusively peaceful means. Volunteers must not engage in any other activities whatsoever.<br /> The IRA leadership has also authorised our representative to engage with the IICD to complete the process to verifiably put its arms beyond use in a way which will further enhance public confidence and to conclude this as quickly as possible.<br /> We have invited two independent witnesses, from the Protestant and Catholic churches, to testify to this.<br /> The <a href="/wiki/IRA_Army_Council" title="IRA Army Council">Army Council</a> took these decisions following an unprecedented internal discussion and consultation process with IRA units and Volunteers.<br /> We appreciate the honest and forthright way in which the consultation process was carried out and the depth and content of the submissions. We are proud of the comradely way in which this truly historic discussion was conducted.<br /> The outcome of our consultations show very strong support among IRA Volunteers for the Sinn Féin peace strategy.<br /> There is also widespread concern about the failure of the two governments and the unionists to fully engage in the peace process. This has created real difficulties.<br /> The overwhelming majority of people in Ireland fully support this process.<br /> They and friends of Irish unity throughout the world want to see the full implementation of the Good Friday Agreement.<br /> Notwithstanding these difficulties our decisions have been taken to advance our republican and democratic objectives, including our goal of a united Ireland. We believe there is now an alternative way to achieve this and to end British rule in our country.<br /> It is the responsibility of all Volunteers to show leadership, determination and courage. We are very mindful of the sacrifices of our patriot dead, those who went to jail, Volunteers, their families and the wider republican base. We reiterate our view that the armed struggle was entirely legitimate.<br /> We are conscious that many people suffered in the conflict. There is a compelling imperative on all sides to build a just and lasting peace.<br /> The issue of the defence of nationalist and republican communities has been raised with us. There is a responsibility on society to ensure that there is no re-occurrence of the <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> of 1969 and the early 1970s.<br /> There is also a universal responsibility to tackle sectarianism in all its forms.<br /> The IRA is fully committed to the goals of Irish unity and independence and to building the Republic outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Proclamation of the Irish Republic">1916 Proclamation</a>.<br /> We call for maximum unity and effort by Irish republicans everywhere.<br /> We are confident that by working together Irish republicans can achieve our objectives.<br /> Every Volunteer is aware of the import of the decisions we have taken and all Óglaigh are compelled to fully comply with these orders.<br /> There is now an unprecedented opportunity to utilise the considerable energy and goodwill which there is for the peace process. This comprehensive series of unparalleled initiatives is our contribution to this and to the continued endeavours to bring about independence and unity for the people of Ireland. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_on_Decommissioning" title="Independent International Commission on Decommissioning">IICD</a> confirmed in its final report of September 2005 that the IRA had decommissioned all of its weapons. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W._Bush_and_Martin_McGuinness.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/W._Bush_and_Martin_McGuinness.jpg/300px-W._Bush_and_Martin_McGuinness.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/W._Bush_and_Martin_McGuinness.jpg/450px-W._Bush_and_Martin_McGuinness.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/W._Bush_and_Martin_McGuinness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a> in December 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>The definitive end of <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> and thus of the Peace Process came in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Agreement" title="St Andrews Agreement">St Andrews Agreement</a> of October 2006, and <a href="/wiki/2007_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2007 Northern Ireland Assembly election">March 2007 elections</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a> and Sinn Féin formed a government in May 2007. In July 2007, the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> formally ended <a href="/wiki/Operation_Banner" title="Operation Banner">Operation Banner</a>, their mission in Northern Ireland which began 38 years earlier, in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 December 2007, while visiting President Bush in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> with the Northern Ireland First Minister Ian Paisley, Martin McGuinness, the Deputy First Minister, said to the press "Up until the 26 March this year, Ian Paisley and I never had a conversation about anything – not even about the weather – and now we have worked very closely together over the last seven months and there's been no angry words between us. ... This shows we are set for a new course."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consultative_Group_on_the_Past">Consultative Group on the Past</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_peace_process&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Consultative Group on the Past"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Consultative Group on the Past was an independent group established to consult across the community in Northern Ireland on the best way to deal with the legacy of the Troubles. </p><p>The Group stated its terms of reference as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To consult across the community on how Northern Ireland society can best approach the legacy of the events of the past 40 years; and to make recommendations, as appropriate, on any steps that might be taken to support Northern Ireland society in building a shared future that is not overshadowed by the events of the past.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Consultative Group on the Past <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgpni.org/about-us/">About Us, 28 January 2000</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Group was co-chaired by the Most Rev. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Robin_Eames" title="Robin Eames">Robin Eames</a> (Lord Eames), the former <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Armagh_(Church_of_Ireland)" title="Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)">Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Bradley" title="Denis Bradley">Denis Bradley</a>, and published its report in January 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC7847479_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC7847479-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst the group met <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">UVF</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional IRA</a> refused to meet with the group.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC7263688_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC7263688-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Group published its recommendations on 28 January 2009 in a 190-page report, containing more than 30 recommendations, expected to cost in total £300m.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC7855035_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC7855035-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report recommended setting up a 5-year Legacy Commission, a Reconciliation Forum to aid the existing commission for victims and survivors, and a new historical case review body. The report concluded the Legacy Commission should make proposals on how "a line might be drawn", but omitted proposals for an amnesty. Additionally, it was proposed that no new Public Inquiries be held, and an annual Day of Reflection and Reconciliation and a shared memorial to the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC7855035_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC7855035-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A controversial proposal to pay the relatives of all victims killed in the Troubles, including the families of paramilitary members, £12,000, as a "recognition payment", caused disruption to the report's launch by protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC7855035_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC7855035-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This estimated cost of this part of the proposal was £40m.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC7847479_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC7847479-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_peace_process&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_theology_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Reconciliation theology in Northern Ireland">Reconciliation theology in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Troubles" title="Timeline of the Troubles">Timeline of the Troubles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_peace_process&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Irwin, <i>The people’s peace process in Northern Ireland</i> (Springer, 2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/sum.htm">"CAIN: Irish Peace Process - Summary"</a>. 2 February 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206085738/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/sum.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAIN%3A+Irish+Peace+Process+-+Summary&rft.date=2006-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fpeace%2Fsum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/10-11/67/contents">"Government of Ireland Act 1920 (repealed 2.12.1999)"</a>. Government of Ireland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019214524/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/10-11/67/contents">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+of+Ireland+Act+1920+%28repealed+2.12.1999%29&rft.pub=Government+of+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FGeo5%2F10-11%2F67%2Fcontents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Peatling, Gary (2004). <i>The failure of the Northern Ireland peace process</i>. Irish Academic Press, p. 58. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7165-3336-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7165-3336-7">0-7165-3336-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, Michael, Guelke, Adrian and Stephen, Fiona (2006). <i>A farewell to arms?: beyond the Good Friday Agreement</i>. Manchester University Press, p. 486. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-7115-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-7115-1">0-7190-7115-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199394/cmhansrd/1993-12-15/Debate-1.html">"The British government agree that it is for the people of the island of Ireland alone, by agreement between the two parts respectively, to exercise their right of self- determination on the basis of consent, freely and concurrently given, North and South, to bring about a united Ireland, if that is their wish"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101010094440/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199394/cmhansrd/1993-12-15/Debate-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+British+government+agree+that+it+is+for+the+people+of+the+island+of+Ireland+alone%2C+by+agreement+between+the+two+parts+respectively%2C+to+exercise+their+right+of+self-+determination+on+the+basis+of+consent%2C+freely+and+concurrently+given%2C+North+and+South%2C+to+bring+about+a+united+Ireland%2C+if+that+is+their+wish.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm199394%2Fcmhansrd%2F1993-12-15%2FDebate-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne-Marie Logue, "The acid test for unionist democrats is on the councils" <i>Irish News Online</i> 3 October 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peacepolls.org/cgi-bin/generic?instanceID=10">"Peace Polls, Northern Ireland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214225005/http://www.peacepolls.org/cgi-bin/generic?instanceID=10">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peace+Polls%2C+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peacepolls.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgeneric%3FinstanceID%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/19/newsid_2450000/2450845.stm">"1997: IRA declares ceasefire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 19 July 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307132814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/19/newsid_2450000/2450845.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1997%3A+IRA+declares+ceasefire&rft.date=1997-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjuly%2F19%2Fnewsid_2450000%2F2450845.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/14118775">"What was the Good Friday Agreement?"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+was+the+Good+Friday+Agreement%3F&rft.date=2018-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnewsround%2F14118775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-43660970">"Good Friday Agreement was 'work of genius'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. 10 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203160314/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-43660970">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Good+Friday+Agreement+was+%27work+of+genius%27&rft.date=2018-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-43660970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/omagh_bomb">"Omagh bomb"</a>. BBC News. 15 August 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226141532/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/omagh_bomb">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Omagh+bomb&rft.date=1998-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fevents%2Fomagh_bomb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224084849/http://www.environ.ie/en/LocalGovernment/Voting/Referenda/PublicationsDocuments/FileDownLoad%2C1894%2Cen.pdf">"Referendum Results 1937–2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment,_Community_and_Local_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government">Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+the+Environment%2C+Community+and+Local+Government&rft.atitle=Referendum+Results+1937%E2%80%932011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environ.ie%2Fen%2FLocalGovernment%2FVoting%2FReferenda%2FPublicationsDocuments%2FFileDownLoad%2C1894%2Cen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_Peter2001" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Peter (6 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/mar/06/northernireland.comment">"Comment: The grim message of the BBC bomb"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315224714/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/mar/06/northernireland.comment">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Comment%3A+The+grim+message+of+the+BBC+bomb&rft.date=2001-03-06&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2001%2Fmar%2F06%2Fnorthernireland.comment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk/1471284.stm">"Car bombers rock west London"</a>. BBC News. 3 August 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022160209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk/1471284.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Car+bombers+rock+west+London&rft.date=2001-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F1471284.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan,_Rosie2001" class="citation news cs1">Cowan, Rosie (13 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/13/northernireland.rosiecowan">"Rioting turns screw on Ulster talks"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414152646/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/13/northernireland.rosiecowan">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rioting+turns+screw+on+Ulster+talks&rft.date=2001-07-13&rft.au=Cowan%2C+Rosie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2001%2Fjul%2F13%2Fnorthernireland.rosiecowan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver,_Mark2001" class="citation news cs1">Oliver, Mark (10 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/10/northernireland.northernireland3">"UFF pulls out of Good Friday agreement"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414163700/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/10/northernireland.northernireland3">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UFF+pulls+out+of+Good+Friday+agreement&rft.date=2001-07-10&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2001%2Fjul%2F10%2Fnorthernireland.northernireland3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/26/northernireland.northernireland">"Loyalists deal fresh blow to Good Friday agreement"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 26 July 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414181350/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jul/26/northernireland.northernireland">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Loyalists+deal+fresh+blow+to+Good+Friday+agreement&rft.date=2001-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2001%2Fjul%2F26%2Fnorthernireland.northernireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar,_Frank2001" class="citation news cs1">Millar, Frank (22 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/unionists-wrong-to-think-unity-inevitable-1.338458">"Unionists 'wrong' to think unity inevitable"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922131057/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/unionists-wrong-to-think-unity-inevitable-1.338458">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Unionists+%27wrong%27+to+think+unity+inevitable&rft.date=2001-11-22&rft.au=Millar%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Funionists-wrong-to-think-unity-inevitable-1.338458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon,_Paul2008" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Paul (2008) [2001]. <i>Northern Ireland: The Politics of War and Peace</i> (2nd ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Loyalist+mob+opens+fire+on+police&rft.date=2001-09-28&rft.au=Cowan%2C+Rosie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2001%2Fsep%2F28%2Fnorthernireland.northernireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1359316/UDA-ceasefire-declared-over.html">"UDA ceasefire declared over"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 12 October 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426045745/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1359316/UDA-ceasefire-declared-over.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=UDA+ceasefire+declared+over&rft.date=2001-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1359316%2FUDA-ceasefire-declared-over.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempest,_Matthew2001" class="citation news cs1">Tempest, Matthew (22 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/oct/22/northernireland.northernireland">"Sinn Fein urges IRA to disarm"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414153404/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/oct/22/northernireland.northernireland">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cnn.com&rft.atitle=NI+riots+leave+25+injured+-+December+10%2C+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2001%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F12%2F10%2Fnireland.violence%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddley,_Esther2002" class="citation news cs1">Addley, Esther (10 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/11/northernireland.estheraddley">"Esther Addley investigates a new kind of violence in Belfast"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116110151/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/11/northernireland.estheraddley">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+chronology%3A+2002&rft.date=2003-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F2933949.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeft,_Sarah2002" class="citation news cs1">Left, Sarah (14 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/oct/14/qanda.northernireland">"Suspension of the Northern Ireland assembly"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414193434/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/oct/14/qanda.northernireland">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Suspension+of+the+Northern+Ireland+assembly&rft.date=2002-10-14&rft.au=Left%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Foct%2F14%2Fqanda.northernireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlendinning,_Lee2008" class="citation news cs1">Glendinning, Lee (9 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/oct/09/northernbankrobbery.background">"Northern Bank robbery: The crime that nearly ended the peace process"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930220248/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/oct/09/northernbankrobbery.background">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Timeline+of+Northern+Ireland+Troubles%3A+from+conflict+to+peace+process&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft.au=Rowley%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fnorthernireland%2F11610345%2FTimeline-of-Northern-Ireland-Troubles-from-conflict-to-peace-process.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver,_MatthewSturcke,_James2007" class="citation news cs1">Weaver, Matthew; Sturcke, James (31 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jul/31/northernireland.military">"British army ends Northern Ireland operation"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826085642/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jul/31/northernireland.military">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=British+army+ends+Northern+Ireland+operation&rft.date=2007-07-31&rft.au=Weaver%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Sturcke%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2007%2Fjul%2F31%2Fnorthernireland.military&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7123939.stm">"Paisley and McGuinness in US trip"</a>. BBC News. 3 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Charming%27+ministers+woo+president&rft.date=2007-12-08&rft.au=Purdy%2C+Martina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F7134094.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC7847479-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC7847479_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC7847479_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearney,_Vincent2009" class="citation news cs1">Kearney, Vincent (23 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/northern_ireland/7847479.stm">"Troubles victims' payment planned"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022161253/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/northern_ireland/7847479.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Troubles+victims%27+payment+planned&rft.date=2009-01-23&rft.au=Kearney%2C+Vincent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F7847479.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC7263688-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC7263688_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7263688.stm">"IRA rules out meeting with group"</a>. BBC News. 25 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229021642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7263688.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IRA+rules+out+meeting+with+group&rft.date=2008-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F7263688.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC7855035-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC7855035_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC7855035_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC7855035_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7855035.stm">"NI Troubles legacy to cost £300m"</a>. BBC News. 28 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215055843/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7855035.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NI+Troubles+legacy+to+cost+%C2%A3300m&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F7855035.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Ireland+peace+process" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_peace_process&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brewer, John D., Gareth I. Higgins, and Francis Teeney, eds. <i>Religion, civil society, and peace in Northern Ireland</i> (Oxford UP, 2011).</li> <li>Cochrane, Feargal. "The Ulster Unionist Party during the peace process." <i>Études irlandaises</i> 22.2 (1997): 99-116 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/irlan_0183-973x_1997_num_22_2_1406">online</a>.</li> <li>Curran, Daniel, and James Sebenius. "The mediator as coalition builder: George Mitchell in Northern Ireland." <i>International Negotiation</i> 8.1 (2003): 111-147 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c891/03288e6ca529c9c29a4e5c2f5614f4139f5d.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Curran, Daniel, James K. Sebenius, and Michael Watkins. "Two Paths to Peace: Contrasting George Mitchell in Northern Ireland with Richard Holbrooke in Bosnia–Herzegovina." <i>Negotiation Journal</i> 20.4 (2004): 513-537 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.420.4675&rep=rep1&type=pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Gilligan, Chris, and Jonathan Tonge, ess. <i>Peace or war?: understanding the peace process in Northern Ireland</i> (Routledge, 2019).</li> <li>Hennessey, Thomas. <i>The Northern Ireland Peace Process: Ending the Troubles</i> (2001)</li> <li>Irwin, Colin. <i>The people’s peace process in Northern Ireland</i> (Springer, 2002).</li> <li>McLaughlin, Greg, and Stephen Baker, eds. <i>The propaganda of peace: The role of media and culture in the Northern Ireland peace process</i> (Intellect Books, 2010).</li> <li>Sanders, Andrew. <i>The Long Peace Process: The United States of America and Northern Ireland, 1960-2008</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Long-Peace-Process-Northern-1960-2008/dp/1786940442/">excerpt</a></li> <li>White, Timothy J. and Martin Mansergh, eds. <i>Lessons from the Northern Ireland Peace Process</i> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Lessons-Northern-Ireland-Process-Diaspora/dp/0299297047/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_peace_process&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717003156/http://www.thehist.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=41&Itemid=388&limit=5&limitstart=0&order=date&dir=ASC">Recordings</a> of <a href="/wiki/College_Historical_Society" title="College Historical Society">College Historical Society</a> debate on the Peace Process featuring <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Donaldson" title="Jeffrey Donaldson">Jeffrey Donaldson</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Burnside" title="David Burnside">David Burnside</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Maginnis" title="Ken Maginnis">Ken Maginnis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/index.html">http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/index.html</a> – the Conflict Archive on the Internet</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/northernireland/index.html">https://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/northernireland/index.html</a> - CBC News InDepth: Northern Ireland</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602193801/http://www.ecmi.de/emap/noirl.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20100602193801/http://www.ecmi.de/emap/noirl.html</a> – The current situation and international response</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712170545/http://www.usip.org/fellows/reports/2006/0706_farry.html">Inside Out: An Integrative Critique of the Northern Ireland Peace Process</a> <a href="/wiki/US_Institute_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="US Institute of Peace">US Institute of Peace</a> June 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peacepolls.org/cgi-bin/generic?instanceID=10">Peace Polls, Northern Ireland - Polls and Public Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peacepolls.org/cgi-bin/generic?instanceID=31">Peace Polls, Northern Ireland - Peace Building</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NIPP" title="Template:NIPP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NIPP" title="Template talk:NIPP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NIPP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NIPP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Steps_in_the_Northern_Ireland_peace_process" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Steps in the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern Ireland peace process</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunningdale_Agreement" title="Sunningdale Agreement">Sunningdale Agreement</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Constitutional_Convention" title="Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention">Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atkins_Talks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atkins Talks (page does not exist)">Atkins Talks</a> (Constitutional Conference) (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly_(1982)" title="Northern Ireland Assembly (1982)">Northern Ireland Assembly (1982)</a> ("rolling devolution")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Agreement" title="Anglo-Irish Agreement">Anglo-Irish Agreement</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooke/Mayhew_inter-party_talks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brooke/Mayhew inter-party talks (page does not exist)">Brooke/Mayhew inter-party talks</a> (1991–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration" title="Downing Street Declaration">Downing Street Declaration</a> (1993)</li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_on_Decommissioning" title="Independent International Commission on Decommissioning">IICD</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Amendment of Articles 2 and 3</a> (1999)</li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Commission" title="Independent Monitoring Commission">Independent Monitoring Commission</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army#End_of_the_armed_campaign" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">IRA Ceasefire & Decommissioning</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Agreement" title="St Andrews Agreement">St Andrews Agreement</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Castle_Agreement" title="Hillsborough Castle Agreement">Hillsborough Castle Agreement</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormont_House_Agreement" title="Stormont House Agreement">Stormont House Agreement</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northern_Ireland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_Ireland_topics" title="Template:Northern Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northern_Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Northern Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northern_Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northern Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northern_Ireland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster" title="Annals of Ulster">Annals of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belfast" title="History of Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Derry" title="History of Derry">History of Derry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty#Northern_Ireland" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Counties of Northern Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography and climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Trust_properties_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of National Trust properties in Northern Ireland">National Trust properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of places in Northern Ireland">Places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourne_Mountains" title="Mourne Mountains">Mourne Mountains</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union 1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland">Acts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Secretary of State for Northern Ireland">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Act_1998" title="Northern Ireland Act 1998">Northern Ireland Act 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="List of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly">Acts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Flags issue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Northern Ireland">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Banking_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Category:Banking in Northern Ireland">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland" title="Bank of Ireland">Bank of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danske_Bank_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Danske Bank (Northern Ireland)">Danske Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIB_(NI)" title="AIB (NI)">AIB (NI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Bank" title="Ulster Bank">Ulster Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invest_Northern_Ireland" title="Invest Northern Ireland">Invest Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Category:Society of Northern Ireland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated education">integrated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Media of Northern Ireland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parades_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Parades in Northern Ireland">Parades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Folk_and_Transport_Museums" title="Ulster Folk and Transport Museums">Ulster Folk and Transport Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Museum" title="Ulster Museum">Ulster Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Sport" title="Northern Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football (soccer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Ireland" title="Cricket in Ireland">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Rugby" title="Ulster Rugby">Rugby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Corruption in Northern Ireland">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">Prostitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Languages of Northern Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">Irish language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ireland" title="Christianity in Ireland">Christianity in Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Baptist_Churches_in_Ireland" title="Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_communities_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Immigrant communities in Northern Ireland">Immigrant communities</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Northern_Ireland" title="List of people from Northern Ireland">Northern Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="National symbols of Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Northern_Ireland" title="National anthem of Northern Ireland">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Northern Ireland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Chulainn" title="Cú Chulainn">Cú Chulainn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Flag of Northern Ireland">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_used_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of flags used in Northern Ireland">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster" title="Coat of arms of Ulster">Coat of arms of Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Outline of Northern Ireland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Ireland" title="Category:Northern Ireland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Northern_Ireland" title="Portal:Northern Ireland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ireland_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ireland_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_people" title="Yola people">Yola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of castles in Ireland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of historic houses in the Republic of Ireland">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ireland" title="Homelessness in Ireland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Mass media in the Republic of Ireland">Mass media (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland" title="List of monastic houses in Ireland">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_place_names_in_other_countries" title="List of Irish place names in other countries">outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Prostitution (Republic)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Public houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ireland" title="Squatting in Ireland">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PIRA" title="Template:PIRA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PIRA" title="Template talk:PIRA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PIRA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PIRA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">Anti-Treaty IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_News" title="Republican News">Republican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Phoblacht" title="An Phoblacht">An Phoblacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(IRA)" title="The Green Book (IRA)">The Green Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Troubles" title="Timeline of the Troubles">Timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Crisis" title="Arms Crisis">Haughey arms crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign">IRA campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_IRA_actions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronology of Provisional IRA actions">Chronology of Provisional IRA actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_arms_importation" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army arms importation">Arms importation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_used_by_the_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="List of weapons used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army">Weaponry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrack_buster" title="Barrack buster">Barrack buster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_tactical_vehicles_of_the_Provisional_IRA" title="Improvised tactical vehicles of the Provisional IRA">Improvised tactical vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountjoy_Prison_helicopter_escape" title="Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape">Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_protest" title="Blanket protest">Blanket protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_protest" title="Dirty protest">Dirty protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Maze" title="HM Prison Maze">HM Prison Maze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_H-Block" title="Anti H-Block">Anti H-Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike" title="1981 Irish hunger strike">1981 Irish hunger strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maze_Prison_escape" title="Maze Prison escape">Maze Prison escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalite_and_ballot_box_strategy" title="Armalite and ballot box strategy">Armalite and ballot box strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_punishment_attacks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland">Punishment attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappeared_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Disappeared (Northern Ireland)">Disappeared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithwick_Tribunal" title="Smithwick Tribunal">Smithwick Tribunal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern Ireland peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army">Chief of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRA_Army_Council" title="IRA Army Council">IRA Army Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRA_Northern_Command" title="IRA Northern Command">IRA Northern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRA_Southern_Command" title="IRA Southern Command">IRA Southern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Unit" title="Internal Security Unit">Internal Security Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_service_unit" title="Active service unit">Active service unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Belfast_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade">Belfast Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Derry_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA Derry Brigade">Derry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_South_Armagh_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade">South Armagh Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_East_Tyrone_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA East Tyrone Brigade">East Tyrone Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcombe_Street_Gang" title="Balcombe Street Gang">Balcombe Street Gang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chronologies_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions" title="List of chronologies of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions">Actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1970%E2%80%931979)" title="Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (1970–1979)">1970–1979</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Matthew%27s" title="Battle of St Matthew's">Battle of St Matthew's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_Curfew" title="Falls Curfew">Falls Curfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Crossmaglen_bombing" title="1970 Crossmaglen bombing">1970 Crossmaglen bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Scottish_soldiers%27_killings" title="1971 Scottish soldiers' killings">Scottish soldiers' killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Pub_bombing" title="Red Lion Pub bombing">Red Lion bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Balmoral_Furniture_Company_bombing" title="1971 Balmoral Furniture Company bombing">Balmoral showroom bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abercorn_Restaurant_bombing" title="Abercorn Restaurant bombing">Abercorn bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegall_Street_bombing" title="Donegall Street bombing">Donegall Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Springmartin" title="Battle at Springmartin">Battle at Springmartin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lenadoon" title="Battle of Lenadoon">Battle of Lenadoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Friday_(1972)" title="Bloody Friday (1972)">Bloody Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudy_bombing" title="Claudy bombing">Claudy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry_customs_bombing" title="Newry customs bombing">Newry customs bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Old_Bailey_bombing" title="1973 Old Bailey bombing">Old Bailey bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Honey_Trap_killings" title="Provisional IRA Honey Trap killings">Honey Trap killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_King%27s_Cross_and_Euston_stations" title="Bombings of King's Cross and Euston stations">King's Cross & Euston bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Coleraine_bombings" title="1973 Coleraine bombings">Coleraine bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Westminster_bombing" title="1973 Westminster bombing">1973 Westminster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M62_coach_bombing" title="M62 coach bombing">M62 bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_UDR_Clogher_barracks" title="Attack on UDR Clogher barracks">Clogher attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Houses_of_Parliament_bombing" title="1974 Houses of Parliament bombing">Houses of Parliament bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Tower_of_London_bombing" title="1974 Tower of London bombing">Tower of London bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildford_pub_bombings" title="Guildford pub bombings">Guildford pub bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrow_School_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrow School bombing">Harrow School bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%27s_Club_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooks's Club bombing">Brooks's Club bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolwich_pub_bombing" title="Woolwich pub bombing">Woolwich pub bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_British_Airways_bombing_attempt" title="1974 British Airways bombing attempt">British Airways bombing attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings" title="Birmingham pub bombings">Birmingham pub bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_London_pillar_box_bombings" title="1974 London pillar box bombings">London pillar box bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbot_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Talbot Arms pub bombing">Talbot Arms bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Bristol_bombing" title="1974 Bristol bombing">Bristol bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone exchange bombings">Telephone exchange bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Oxford_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1974 Oxford Street bombing">1974 Oxford Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Tower_and_Portman_Hotel_shootings" title="Carlton Tower and Portman Hotel shootings">Carlton Tower & Portman Hotel shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountainview_Tavern_attack" title="Mountainview Tavern attack">Mountainview attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayardo_Bar_attack" title="Bayardo Bar attack">Bayardo Bar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forkhill_land_mine_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Forkhill land mine attack">Forkhill attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caterham_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Caterham Arms pub bombing">Caterham Arms bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullyvallen_massacre" title="Tullyvallen massacre">Tullyvallen massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Hilton_bombing" title="London Hilton bombing">London Hilton bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Piccadilly_bombing" title="1975 Piccadilly bombing">Piccadilly bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trattoria_Fiore_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Trattoria Fiore bombing">Trattoria Fiore bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott%27s_Oyster_Bar_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott's Oyster Bar bombing">Scott's Oyster Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton%27s_Restaurant_bombing" title="Walton's Restaurant bombing">Walton's Restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drummuckavall_ambush" title="Drummuckavall ambush">Drummuckavall ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcombe_Street_siege" title="Balcombe Street siege">Balcombe Street siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsmill_massacre" title="Kingsmill massacre">Kingsmill massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ham_station_attack" title="West Ham station attack">West Ham station attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Olympia_bombing" title="1976 Olympia bombing">Olympia bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Store_Bar_shooting" title="The Store Bar shooting">Store bar shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_Inn_attack" title="Stag Inn attack">Stag Inn attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garryhinch_ambush" title="Garryhinch ambush">Garryhinch ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_British_Army_Gazelle_downing" title="1978 British Army Gazelle downing">Jonesborough <i>Gazelle</i> downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mon_restaurant_bombing" title="La Mon restaurant bombing">La Mon restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Crossmaglen_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 Crossmaglen ambush">Crossmaglen ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrenpoint_ambush" title="Warrenpoint ambush">Warrenpoint ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Brussels_bombing" title="1979 Brussels bombing">Brussels bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungannon_land_mine_attack" title="Dungannon land mine attack">Dungannon attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1980%E2%80%931989)" title="Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (1980–1989)">1980–1989</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunmurry_train_bombing" title="Dunmurry train bombing">Dunmurry train bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_shipping_in_Lough_Foyle_(1981%E2%80%9382)" title="Attacks on shipping in Lough Foyle (1981–82)">Lough Foyle attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasdrumman_ambush" title="Glasdrumman ambush">Glasdrumman ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessbrook_landmine_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessbrook landmine attack">1981 Bessbrook attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Barracks_bombing" title="Chelsea Barracks bombing">Chelsea Barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings" title="Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings">Hyde Park & Regent's Park bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrods_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrods bombing">Harrods bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Royal_Artillery_Barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 Royal Artillery Barracks bombing">Royal Artillery Barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">Brighton hotel bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygawley_land_mine_attack" title="Ballygawley land mine attack">Ballygawley land mine attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Newry_mortar_attack" title="1985 Newry mortar attack">Newry mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Ballygawley_barracks" title="Attack on Ballygawley barracks">Ballygawley attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_attack_on_Enniskillen_barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortar attack on Enniskillen barracks">Enniskillen mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_RUC_Birches_barracks" title="Attack on RUC Birches barracks">RUC Birches barracks attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Rheindahlen_bombing" title="1987 Rheindahlen bombing">Rheindahlen bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughgall_ambush" title="Loughgall ambush">Loughgall ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Operation Flavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporals_killings" title="Corporals killings">Corporals killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn_van_bombing" title="Lisburn van bombing">Lisburn bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1988 British Army Lynx shootdown">Aughanduff <i>Lynx</i> shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_IRA_attacks_in_the_Netherlands" title="1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands">1988 Netherlands attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_barracks_bombing" title="Glamorgan barracks bombing">Glamorgan barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglis_Barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Inglis Barracks bombing">Inglis Barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygawley_bus_bombing" title="Ballygawley bus bombing">Ballygawley bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Jonesborough_ambush" title="1989 Jonesborough ambush">Jonesborough ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Clive Barracks bombing">Clive Barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deal_barracks_bombing" title="Deal barracks bombing">Deal barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayobridge_landmine_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayobridge landmine attack">Mayobridge attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Derryard_checkpoint" title="Attack on Derryard checkpoint">Derryard attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1990%E2%80%931991)" title="Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (1990–1991)">1990–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_British_Army_Gazelle_shootdown" title="1990 British Army Gazelle shootdown">Derrygorry <i>Gazelle</i> downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)" title="South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)">South Armagh sniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Downpatrick_roadside_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Downpatrick roadside bomb">Downpatrick roadside bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Conservation" title="Operation Conservation">Operation Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Wembley_bombing" title="1990 Wembley bombing">1990 Wembley bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_bombing" title="Carlton Club bombing">Carlton Club bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange_bombing" title="London Stock Exchange bombing">London Stock Exchange bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honourable_Artillery_Company_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Honourable Artillery Company bombing">Honourable Artillery Company bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield_gun_attack" title="Lichfield gun attack">Lichfield gun attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFA_Fort_Victoria_bombing" title="RFA Fort Victoria bombing">RFA Fort Victoria bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack" title="Downing Street mortar attack">Downing Street mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Paddington_and_Victoria_stations" title="Bombings of Paddington and Victoria stations">Paddington & Victoria station bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullacreevie_ambush" title="Mullacreevie ambush">Mullacreevie ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenanne_barracks_bombing" title="Glenanne barracks bombing">Glenanne barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagh_ambush" title="Coagh ambush">Coagh ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musgrave_Park_Hospital_bombing" title="Musgrave Park Hospital bombing">Musgrave Park Hospital bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumlin_Road_Prison_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Crumlin Road Prison bombing">Crumlin Road Prison bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1992%E2%80%931999)" title="Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (1992–1999)">1992–1997</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teebane_bombing" title="Teebane bombing">Teebane bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonoe_ambush" title="Clonoe ambush">Clonoe ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_London_Bridge_bombing" title="1992 London Bridge bombing">London Bridge bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Staples_Corner_bombing" title="1992 Staples Corner bombing">Staples Cnr bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange_bombing" title="Baltic Exchange bombing">Baltic Exchange bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Sussex Arms pub bombing">Sussex Arms bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Cloghoge_checkpoint" title="Attack on Cloghoge checkpoint">Cloghoge attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Coalisland_riots" title="1992 Coalisland riots">Coalisland riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_Science_Laboratory_bombing" title="Forensic Science Laboratory bombing">Forensic Science Laboratory bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Newington_Road_lorry_bomb" title="Stoke Newington Road lorry bomb">Stoke Newington Road bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Manchester_bombing" title="1992 Manchester bombing">1992 Manchester bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives_(1992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Night of the Long Knives (1992)">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Harrods_bombing" title="1993 Harrods bombing">1993 Harrods bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_bombings" title="Warrington bombings">Warrington bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Cullaville" title="Occupation of Cullaville">Cullaville occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Camden_Town_bombing" title="1993 Camden Town bombing">Camden bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Bishopsgate_bombing" title="1993 Bishopsgate bombing">Bishopsgate bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Finchley_Road_bombings" title="1993 Finchley Road bombings">Finchley Road bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newry_Road" title="Battle of Newry Road">Battle of Newry Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road_bombing" title="Shankill Road bombing">Shankill Road bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Fivemiletown_ambush" title="1993 Fivemiletown ambush">1993 Fivemiletown ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_mortar_attacks" title="Heathrow mortar attacks">Heathrow attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1994 British Army Lynx shootdown">Crossmaglen <i>Lynx</i> downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumcree_conflict" title="Drumcree conflict">Drumcree conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Docklands_bombing" title="1996 Docklands bombing">Docklands bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldwych_bus_bombing" title="Aldwych bus bombing">Aldwych bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">1996 Manchester bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Hammersmith_Bridge_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Hammersmith Bridge bombing">Hammersmith Bridge bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_mortar_attack" title="Osnabrück mortar attack">Osnabrück mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiepval_barracks_bombing" title="Thiepval barracks bombing">Thiepval barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Coalisland_attack" title="1997 Coalisland attack">Coalisland attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1997 Northern Ireland riots">1997 Northern Ireland riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Irish_Republican_Army" title="List of members of the Irish Republican Army">Personalities</a> <br /><small><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_(Irish_republican)" title="Volunteer (Irish republican)">(Volunteers)</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Agnew_(Irish_republican)" title="Paddy Agnew (Irish republican)">Paddy Agnew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martina_Anderson" title="Martina Anderson">Martina Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declan_Arthurs" title="Declan Arthurs">Declan Arthurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Begley" title="Thomas Begley">Thomas Begley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Bell" title="Ivor Bell">Ivor Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Black_(Irish_republican)" title="Patricia Black (Irish republican)">Patricia Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Breslin" title="Charles Breslin">Charles Breslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Butler_(Irish_republican)" title="Edward Butler (Irish republican)">Edward Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(politician)" title="Paul Butler (politician)">Paul Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Cahill" title="Joe Cahill">Joe Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Campbell" title="Liam Campbell">Liam Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergal_Caraher" title="Fergal Caraher">Fergal Caraher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachy_Carey" title="Malachy Carey">Malachy Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Carron" title="Owen Carron">Owen Carron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Casey_(Irish_republican)" title="Gerard Casey (Irish republican)">Gerard Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car%C3%A1l_N%C3%AD_Chuil%C3%ADn" title="Carál Ní Chuilín">Carál Ní Chuilín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Cleary" title="Gabriel Cleary">Gabriel Cleary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cleary" title="Peter Cleary">Peter Cleary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Coen" title="Kevin Coen">Kevin Coen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Collins" title="Eamon Collins">Eamon Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Copeland" title="Eddie Copeland">Eddie Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Coyle" title="Marion Coyle">Marion Coyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Davison" title="Gerard Davison">Gerard Davison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Devlin_(Irish_republican)" title="Matt Devlin (Irish republican)">Matt Devlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Doherty_(Irish_republican)" title="Hugh Doherty (Irish republican)">Hugh Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Doherty" title="Joe Doherty">Joe Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieran_Doherty_(hunger_striker)" title="Kieran Doherty (hunger striker)">Kieran Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Doherty_(Irish_republican)" title="Martin Doherty (Irish republican)">Martin Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Doherty_(Northern_Ireland_politician)" title="Pat Doherty (Northern Ireland politician)">Pat Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Duffy" title="Colin Duffy">Colin Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Dugdale" title="Rose Dugdale">Rose Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessie_Ellis" title="Dessie Ellis">Dessie Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mair%C3%A9ad_Farrell" title="Mairéad Farrell">Mairéad Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fleming_(Irish_republican)" title="William Fleming (Irish republican)">William Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieran_Fleming" title="Kieran Fleming">Kieran Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Fox_(Irish_republican)" title="Bernard Fox (Irish republican)">Bernard Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Fusco" title="Angelo Fusco">Angelo Fusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gaughan_(Irish_republican)" title="Michael Gaughan (Irish republican)">Michael Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Green" title="John Francis Green">John Francis Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessie_Grew" title="Dessie Grew">Dessie Grew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison_(Irish_republican)" title="George Harrison (Irish republican)">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Hughes" title="Brendan Hughes">Brendan Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hughes" title="Francis Hughes">Francis Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hurson" title="Martin Hurson">Martin Hurson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearse_Jordan" title="Pearse Jordan">Pearse Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Keenan_(Irish_republican)" title="Brian Keenan (Irish republican)">Brian Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Kelly" title="Gerry Kelly">Gerry Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kelly_(Sinn_F%C3%A9in_politician)" title="John Kelly (Sinn Féin politician)">John Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Joseph_Kelly" title="Patrick Joseph Kelly">Patrick Joseph Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Kelly_(Irish_republican)" title="Sean Kelly (Irish republican)">Sean Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lynagh" title="Jim Lynagh">Jim Lynagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proinsias_Mac_Airt" title="Proinsias Mac Airt">Proinsias Mac Airt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breand%C3%A1n_Mac_Cionnaith" title="Breandán Mac Cionnaith">Breandán Mac Cionnaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Mac_Giolla_Bhrighde" title="Antoine Mac Giolla Bhrighde">Antoine Mac Giolla Bhrighde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_MacManus" title="Joseph MacManus">Joseph MacManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_St%C3%ADof%C3%A1in" title="Seán Mac Stíofáin">Seán Mac Stíofáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Magee_(Irish_republican)" title="Patrick Magee (Irish republican)">Patrick Magee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Magee" title="Paul Magee">Paul Magee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Maguire" title="Donna Maguire">Donna Maguire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Marley" title="Larry Marley">Larry Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marlowe_(Irish_republican)" title="Paul Marlowe (Irish republican)">Paul Marlowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Martin_(Irish_republican)" title="Leo Martin (Irish republican)">Leo Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Maskey" title="Alex Maskey">Alex Maskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearse_McAuley" title="Pearse McAuley">Pearse McAuley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McCann" title="Daniel McCann">Daniel McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fra_McCann" title="Fra McCann">Fra McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_McCann" title="Jennifer McCann">Jennifer McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_McCartney" title="Raymond McCartney">Raymond McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McCaughey" title="Martin McCaughey">Martin McCaughey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_McCreesh" title="Raymond McCreesh">Raymond McCreesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_McDonnell_(hunger_striker)" title="Joe McDonnell (hunger striker)">Joe McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_McElwaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Séamus McElwaine">Séamus McElwaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McElwee" title="Thomas McElwee">Thomas McElwee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_McFarlane" title="Brendan McFarlane">Brendan McFarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McFeely" title="Tom McFeely">Tom McFeely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_McGeough" title="Gerry McGeough">Gerry McGeough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_McGeown" title="Pat McGeown">Pat McGeown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joe_McGirl" title="John Joe McGirl">John Joe McGirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_McKearney" title="Pádraig McKearney">Pádraig McKearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_McKearney" title="Tommy McKearney">Tommy McKearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_McKee" title="Billy McKee">Billy McKee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McKenna_(Irish_republican)" title="Kevin McKenna (Irish republican)">Kevin McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_McKeown" title="Laurence McKeown">Laurence McKeown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McKevitt" title="Michael McKevitt">Michael McKevitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McMahon_(Irish_republican)" title="Thomas McMahon (Irish republican)">Thomas McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_McMullan" title="Jackie McMullan">Jackie McMullan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Meehan_(Irish_republican)" title="Martin Meehan (Irish republican)">Martin Meehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Milne" title="Ian Milne">Ian Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Morgan_(Irish_politician)" title="Arthur Morgan (Irish politician)">Arthur Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Morrison_(Irish_republican)" title="Danny Morrison (Irish republican)">Danny Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conor_Murphy" title="Conor Murphy">Conor Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Murphy_(Irish_republican)" title="Thomas Murphy (Irish republican)">Thomas "Slab" Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieran_Nugent" title="Kieran Nugent">Kieran Nugent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh" title="Ruairí Ó Brádaigh">Ruairí Ó Brádaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_O%27Brien_(Irish_republican)" title="Edward O'Brien (Irish republican)">Ed O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_%C3%93_Conaill" title="Dáithí Ó Conaill">Dáithí Ó Conaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_O%27Doherty_(Irish_republican)" title="Éamonn O'Doherty (Irish republican)">Éamonn O'Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_B._O%27Hagan" title="Joe B. O'Hagan">Joe B. O'Hagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobh%C3%A1n_O%27Hanlon" title="Siobhán O'Hanlon">Siobhán O'Hanlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_O%27Hare" title="Rita O'Hare">Rita O'Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmuid_O%27Neill" title="Diarmuid O'Neill">Diarmuid O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolours_Price" title="Dolours Price">Dolours Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Price" title="Marian Price">Marian Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Quinn" title="Liam Quinn">Liam Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Quinn_(Irish_republican)" title="Paddy Quinn (Irish republican)">Paddy Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Reid_(Irish_republican)" title="Billy Reid (Irish republican)">Billy Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Sands" title="Bobby Sands">Bobby Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Savage" title="Seán Savage">Seán Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Sheehan_(Irish_republican)" title="Pat Sheehan (Irish republican)">Pat Sheehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stagg_(Irish_republican)" title="Frank Stagg (Irish republican)">Frank Stagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Steele_(Irish_republican)" title="Jimmy Steele (Irish republican)">Jimmy Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Storey" title="Bobby Storey">Bobby Storey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Tuite" title="Gerard Tuite">Gerard Tuite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Twomey" title="Seamus Twomey">Seamus Twomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Walsh" title="Roy Walsh">Roy Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9anna_Walsh" title="Séanna Walsh">Séanna Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Espionage and<br /><a href="/wiki/Supergrass_(informant)" title="Supergrass (informant)">Supergrasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Collins" title="Eamon Collins">Eamon Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Donaldson" title="Denis Donaldson">Denis Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fenton" title="Joseph Fenton">Joseph Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Fulton" title="Kevin Fulton">Kevin Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gilmour" title="Raymond Gilmour">Raymond Gilmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McGartland" title="Martin McGartland">Martin McGartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Callaghan" title="Sean O'Callaghan">Sean O'Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Scappaticci" title="Freddie Scappaticci">Freddie Scappaticci</a> <small>(allegedly "<a href="/wiki/Stakeknife" class="mw-redirect" title="Stakeknife">Stakeknife</a>")</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Republican_Action_Force" title="South Armagh Republican Action Force">South Armagh Republican Action Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Against_Drugs" title="Direct Action Against Drugs">Direct Action Against Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAID" title="NORAID">NORAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troops_Out_Movement" title="Troops Out Movement">Troops Out Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity Irish Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real Irish Republican Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent<br />killings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Agate" title="Jeffery Agate">Jeffery Stanford Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tim_Parry_Johnathan_Ball_Foundation_for_Peace" title="The Tim Parry Johnathan Ball Foundation for Peace">Johnathan Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Berry" title="Anthony Berry">Anthony Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bradford_(Northern_Irish_politician)" title="Robert Bradford (Northern Irish politician)">Robert Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bratty" title="Joe Bratty">Joe Bratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Matthew_Burns" title="Murder of Matthew Burns">Matthew Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cahill" title="Martin Cahill">Martin Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Collins" title="Eamon Collins">Eamon Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Elder" title="Raymond Elder">Raymond Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Evans" title="Gerard Evans">Gerard Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ewart-Biggs" title="Christopher Ewart-Biggs">Christopher Ewart-Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fenton" title="Joseph Fenton">Joseph Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Fox_(politician)" title="Billy Fox (politician)">Billy Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gibson" title="Maurice Gibson">Maurice Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gow" title="Ian Gow">Ian Gow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Heidi_Hazell" title="Killing of Heidi Hazell">Heidi Hazell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kaberry,_Baron_Kaberry_of_Adel" title="Donald Kaberry, Baron Kaberry of Adel">Donald Kaberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Andrew_Kearney" title="Murder of Andrew Kearney">Andrew Kearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Knatchbull,_Baroness_Brabourne" title="Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne">Baroness Brabourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marchant_(loyalist)" title="William Marchant (loyalist)">William "Frenchie" Marchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McBirney" title="Martin McBirney">Martin McBirney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Jerry_McCabe" title="Killing of Jerry McCabe">Jerry McCabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McConnell_(loyalist)" title="Robert McConnell (loyalist)">Robert McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jean_McConville" title="Murder of Jean McConville">Jean McConville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_McVeigh" title="Columba McVeigh">Columba McVeigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_McWhirter" title="Ross McWhirter">Ross McWhirter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killings_of_Nick_Spanos_and_Stephen_Melrose" title="Killings of Nick Spanos and Stephen Melrose">Stephen Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Lord Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenny_Murphy" title="Lenny Murphy">Lenny Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nairac" title="Robert Nairac">Robert Nairac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Thomas_Oliver" title="Murder of Thomas Oliver">Thomas Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tim_Parry_Johnathan_Ball_Foundation_for_Peace" title="The Tim Parry Johnathan Ball Foundation for Peace">Tim Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Paul_Quinn" title="Murder of Paul Quinn">Paul Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Seymour_(loyalist)" title="Robert Seymour (loyalist)">Robert Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Robert_McCartney" title="Murder of Robert McCartney">Robert McCartney</a> <small>(allegedly)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Joseph_Rafferty" title="Murder of Joseph Rafferty">Joseph Rafferty</a> <small>(allegedly)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Smallwoods" title="Ray Smallwoods">Ray Smallwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Smyth_(loyalist)" title="Sammy Smyth (loyalist)">Sammy Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killings_of_Nick_Spanos_and_Stephen_Melrose" title="Killings of Nick Spanos and Stephen Melrose">Nick Spanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stronge_(Mid-Armagh_MP)" title="James Stronge (Mid-Armagh MP)">James Stronge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stronge" title="Norman Stronge">Norman Stronge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sykes_(diplomat)" title="Richard Sykes (diplomat)">Richard Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Stephen_Tibble" title="Murder of Stephen Tibble">Stephen Tibble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Ward" title="Sammy Ward">Sammy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Willetts" title="Michael Willetts">Michael Willetts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peace" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peace" title="Template:Peace"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Peace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Peace (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/Peace_congress" title="Peace congress">Peace congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_enforcement" title="Peace enforcement">Peace enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking" title="Peacemaking">Peacemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_process" title="Peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">Peace symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_peace" title="Separate peace">Separate peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_termination" title="War termination">War termination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">World peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_peace" title="Capitalist peace">Capitalist peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_system_approach_to_peace_and_armed_conflict" title="Complex system approach to peace and armed conflict">Complex system approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_continuum" title="Conflict continuum">Conflict continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_peacebuilding" title="Environmental peacebuilding">Environmental peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_for_Peace" title="Infrastructure for Peace">Infrastructure for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_peace_theory" title="Territorial peace theory">Territorial peace theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional peacebuilding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_normalization" title="Arab–Israeli normalization">Arab–Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_peace_process" title="Cyprus peace process">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israel–Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%932004_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_peace_initiatives" title="1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives">Kurdish/Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_East_peace_proposals" title="List of Middle East peace proposals">Middle East</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_negotiations_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_peace_process" title="Yemeni peace process">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_periods_of_regional_peace" title="List of periods of regional peace">List of periods of regional peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace mechanisms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="post-WWII_Europe" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">post-WWII Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a> (1975)</li> <li>human rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Mechanism" title="Moscow Mechanism">Vienna + Moscow Mechanisms</a> (1989/1991)</li></ul></li> <li>military <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE)</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Document" title="Vienna Document">Vienna Document</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Open_Skies" title="Treaty on Open Skies">Treaty on Open Skies</a> (1992)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_treaties" title="Category:Peace treaties">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_treaties_by_country" title="Category:Peace treaties by country">Index by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peaceworker" title="Peaceworker">Peaceworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace" title="Category:Peace">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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