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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Wireless networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underlying_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underlying_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Underlying technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underlying_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Wireless links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_wireless_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_wireless_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of wireless networks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_wireless_networks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of wireless networks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_wireless_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wireless_PAN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_PAN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Wireless PAN</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_PAN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_LAN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_LAN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wireless LAN</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_LAN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_ad_hoc_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_ad_hoc_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Wireless ad hoc network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_ad_hoc_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_MAN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_MAN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Wireless MAN</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_MAN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_WAN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_WAN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Wireless WAN</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_WAN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cellular_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cellular_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Cellular network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cellular_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Private_LTE/5G_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_LTE/5G_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Private LTE/5G networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_LTE/5G_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_Source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_Source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Open Source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_Source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_area_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_area_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Global area network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_area_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Space network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Home</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_network_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_network_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Wireless network elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_network_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difficulties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difficulties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Difficulties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difficulties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Interference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absorption_and_reflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absorption_and_reflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>Absorption and reflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absorption_and_reflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multipath_fading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multipath_fading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.3</span> <span>Multipath fading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multipath_fading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidden_node_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidden_node_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.4</span> <span>Hidden node problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidden_node_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exposed_terminal_node_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposed_terminal_node_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.5</span> <span>Exposed terminal node problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposed_terminal_node_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shared_resource_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shared_resource_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.6</span> <span>Shared resource problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shared_resource_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Channel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Channel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.1</span> <span>Channel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Channel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.2</span> <span>Network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wireless network</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شبكة لاسلكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شبكة لاسلكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simsiz_%C5%9F%C9%99b%C9%99k%C9%99" title="Simsiz şəbəkə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Simsiz şəbəkə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="ওয়্যারলেস নেটওয়ার্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়্যারলেস নেটওয়ার্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%BEi%C4%8Dno_umre%C5%BEavanje" title="Bežično umrežavanje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bežično umrežavanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarxa_sense_fil" title="Xarxa sense fil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xarxa sense fil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezdr%C3%A1tov%C3%A1_s%C3%AD%C5%A5" title="Bezdrátová síť – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bezdrátová síť" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionet" title="Radionet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Radionet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabellose_%C3%9Cbertragungsverfahren" title="Kabellose Übertragungsverfahren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kabellose Übertragungsverfahren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traadita_v%C3%B5rk" title="Traadita võrk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Traadita võrk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%85%CE%BF" title="Ασύρματο δίκτυο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασύρματο δίκτυο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_inal%C3%A1mbrica" title="Red inalámbrica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Red inalámbrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendrata_reto" title="Sendrata reto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sendrata reto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haririk_gabeko_sare" title="Haririk gabeko sare – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haririk gabeko sare" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87_%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85" title="شبکه بی‌سیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبکه بی‌سیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_sans_fil" title="Réseau sans fil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réseau sans fil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_sen_f%C3%ADos" title="Rede sen fíos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rede sen fíos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%84%A0%EB%A7%9D" title="무선망 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무선망" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan_nirkabel" title="Jaringan nirkabel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jaringan nirkabel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxhoxho_olungenantambo" title="Uxhoxho olungenantambo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Uxhoxho olungenantambo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%A1%C3%B0laust_net" title="Þráðlaust net – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þráðlaust net" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Безжична мрежа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Безжична мрежа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_sin_filo" title="Rede sin filo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Rede sin filo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B9_%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%8D" title="Утасгүй сүлжээ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Утасгүй сүлжээ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computer network not fully connected by cables</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For radio broadcast affiliations and two-way radio systems, see <a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">radio network</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wifi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wifi.svg/170px-Wifi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wifi.svg/255px-Wifi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wifi.svg/340px-Wifi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Wireless icon</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>wireless network</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> data connections between <a href="/wiki/Network_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Network node">network nodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wireless networking allows homes, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">telecommunications networks</a>, and business installations to avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admin telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using <a href="/wiki/Radio_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communication">radio communication</a>. This implementation takes place at the physical level (layer) of the OSI model network structure.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of wireless networks include <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone network">cell phone networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/WLAN" class="mw-redirect" title="WLAN">wireless local area networks (WLANs)</a>, wireless <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensor</a> networks, satellite communication networks, and terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Zander_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zander-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_networks">Wireless networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wireless networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first professional wireless network was developed under the brand <a href="/wiki/ALOHAnet" title="ALOHAnet">ALOHAnet</a> in 1969 at the University of Hawaii and became operational in June 1971. The first commercial wireless network was the <a href="/wiki/WaveLAN" title="WaveLAN">WaveLAN</a> product family, developed by <a href="/wiki/NCR_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR Corporation">NCR</a> in 1986. </p> <ul><li>1973 – Ethernet 802.3</li> <li>1991 – <a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> cell phone network</li> <li>June 1997 – <a href="/wiki/802.11" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11">802.11</a> "<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>" protocol first release</li> <li>1999 – 803.11 <a href="/wiki/VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP</a> integration</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underlying_technology">Underlying technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Underlying technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></div> <p>Advances in <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> (MOS transistor) wireless technology enabled the development of digital <a href="/wiki/Wireless_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless networks">wireless networks</a>. The wide adoption of <a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a>), <a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">power MOSFET</a> and <a href="/wiki/LDMOS" title="LDMOS">LDMOS</a> (lateral diffused MOS) devices led to the development and proliferation of digital wireless networks by the 1990s, with further advances in MOSFET technology leading to increasing <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> in the 2000s (<a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Baliga_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baliga-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Asif_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asif-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Neill_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Neill-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the essential elements of wireless networks are built from MOSFETs, including the mobile <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Base_station" title="Base station">base station</a> modules, <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>, <a href="/wiki/RF_power_amplifier" title="RF power amplifier">RF power amplifiers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Asif_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asif-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuits</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Colinge2016_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colinge2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/RF_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="RF circuit">RF circuits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radio_transceiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio transceiver">radio transceivers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-O'Neill_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Neill-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in networks such as <a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a>, <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Baliga_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baliga-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Asif_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asif-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wireless_links">Wireless links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wireless links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wireless_network.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wireless_network.jpg/220px-Wireless_network.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wireless_network.jpg/330px-Wireless_network.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Wireless_network.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Computers are very often connected to networks using wireless links, e.g. WLANs</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Terrestrial microwave</i> – Terrestrial microwave communication uses Earth-based transmitters and receivers resembling satellite dishes. Terrestrial microwaves are in the low gigahertz range, which limits all communications to line-of-sight. Relay stations are spaced approximately 48 km (30 mi) apart.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications satellites">Communications satellites</a></i> – Satellites communicate via microwave radio waves, which are not deflected by the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. The satellites are stationed in space, typically in <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous orbit</a> 35,400 km (22,000 mi) above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV signals.</li> <li><i>Cellular and PCS systems</i> use several radio communications technologies. The systems divide the region covered into multiple geographic areas. Each area has a low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next area.</li> <li><i>Radio and <a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">spread spectrum</a> technologies</i> – Wireless local area networks use a high-frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology. Wireless LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area. <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a> defines a common flavor of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology known as <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></i> uses visible or invisible light for communications. In most cases, <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line-of-sight propagation</a> is used, which limits the physical positioning of communicating devices.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_wireless_networks">Types of wireless networks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types of wireless networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_PAN">Wireless PAN</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wireless PAN"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wireless <a href="/wiki/Personal_area_network" title="Personal area network">personal area networks</a> (WPANs) connect devices within a relatively small area, that is generally within a person's reach.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, both <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> radio and invisible <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> light provides a WPAN for interconnecting a headset to a laptop. <a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a> also supports WPAN applications.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wi-Fi PANs are becoming commonplace (2010) as equipment designers start to integrate Wi-Fi into a variety of consumer electronic devices. <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> "My WiFi" and <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> "virtual Wi-Fi" capabilities have made Wi-Fi PANs simpler and easier to set up and configure.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_LAN">Wireless LAN</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wireless LAN"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LAN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/LAN.png/200px-LAN.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/LAN.png/300px-LAN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/LAN.png/400px-LAN.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Wireless LANs are often used for connecting to local resources and to the Internet</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Wireless_local_area_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless local area network">wireless local area network</a> (WLAN) links two or more devices over a short distance using a wireless distribution method, usually providing a connection through an access point for internet access. The use of <a href="/wiki/Spread-spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread-spectrum">spread-spectrum</a> or <a href="/wiki/OFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFDM">OFDM</a> technologies may allow users to move around within a local coverage area, and still remain connected to the network. </p><p>Products using the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a> WLAN standards are marketed under the <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> brand name. <a href="/wiki/Fixed_wireless" title="Fixed wireless">Fixed wireless</a> technology implements <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)" title="Point-to-point (telecommunications)">point-to-point</a> links between computers or networks at two distant locations, often using dedicated <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> or modulated <a href="/wiki/Laser_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser light">laser light</a> beams over <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line of sight</a> paths. It is often used in cities to connect networks in two or more buildings without installing a wired link. To connect to <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> using a mobile device, one can use a device like a <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">wireless router</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotspot (Wi-Fi)">private hotspot</a> capability of another mobile device. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_ad_hoc_network">Wireless ad hoc network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wireless ad hoc network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wireless ad hoc network, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Wireless_mesh_network" title="Wireless mesh network">wireless mesh network</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mobile_ad_hoc_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile ad hoc network">mobile ad hoc network</a> (MANET), is a wireless network made up of radio nodes organized in a mesh topology. Each node forwards messages on behalf of the other nodes and each node performs routing.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ad hoc networks can "self-heal", automatically re-routing around a node that has lost power. Various network layer protocols are needed to realize ad hoc mobile networks, such as Distance Sequenced Distance Vector routing, <a href="/wiki/Associativity-Based_Routing" class="mw-redirect" title="Associativity-Based Routing">Associativity-Based Routing</a>, Ad hoc on-demand <a href="/wiki/Distance-vector_routing" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance-vector routing">distance-vector routing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Source_Routing" title="Dynamic Source Routing">Dynamic Source Routing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_MAN">Wireless MAN</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wireless MAN"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wireless <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area_network" title="Metropolitan area network">metropolitan area networks</a> are a type of wireless network that connects several wireless LANs. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> is a type of Wireless MAN and is described by the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">IEEE 802.16</a> standard.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_WAN">Wireless WAN</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wireless WAN"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wireless_wide_area_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless wide area network">Wireless wide area networks</a> are wireless networks that typically cover large areas, such as between neighboring towns and cities, or city and suburb. These networks can be used to connect branch offices of business or as a public Internet access system. The wireless connections between access points are usually <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)" title="Point-to-point (telecommunications)">point to point</a> <a href="/wiki/Microwave_transmission" title="Microwave transmission">microwave links</a> using <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_dish" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabolic dish">parabolic dishes</a> on the 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz band, rather than <a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_antenna" title="Omnidirectional antenna">omnidirectional antennas</a> used with smaller networks. A typical system contains base station gateways, access points and wireless bridging relays. Other configurations are mesh systems where each access point acts as a relay also. When combined with renewable energy systems such as photovoltaic solar panels or wind systems they can be stand-alone systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cellular_network">Cellular network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cellular network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular network</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frequency_reuse.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Frequency_reuse.svg/220px-Frequency_reuse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Frequency_reuse.svg/330px-Frequency_reuse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Frequency_reuse.svg/440px-Frequency_reuse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Example of frequency reuse factor or pattern, for four frequencies (F1-F4)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>cellular network</b> or <b>mobile network</b> is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceiver</a>, known as a <a href="/wiki/Cell_site" title="Cell site">cell site</a> or <a href="/wiki/Base_station" title="Base station">base station</a>. In a cellular network, each cell characteristically uses a different set of radio frequencies from all their immediate neighbouring cells to avoid any interference. </p><p>When joined these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones, <a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">pagers</a>, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission. </p><p>Although originally intended for cell phones, with the development of <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cellular_telephone_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular telephone network">cellular telephone networks</a> routinely carry data in addition to telephone conversations: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Global System for Mobile Communications">Global System for Mobile Communications</a> (GSM): The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the switching system, the base station system, and the operation and support system. The cell phone connects to the base system station which then connects to the operation and support station; it then connects to the switching station where the call is transferred to where it needs to go. GSM is the most common standard and is used for a majority of cell phones.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Communications_Service" title="Personal Communications Service">Personal Communications Service</a> (PCS): PCS is a radio band that can be used by mobile phones in North America and South Asia. Sprint happened to be the first service to set up a PCS.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-AMPS" class="mw-redirect" title="D-AMPS">D-AMPS</a>: Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service, an upgraded version of AMPS, is being phased out due to advancements in technology. The newer GSM networks are replacing the older system.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Private_LTE/5G_networks"><span id="Private_LTE.2F5G_networks"></span>Private LTE/5G networks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Private LTE/5G networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Private LTE/5G networks use licensed, shared or unlicensed wireless spectrum thanks to LTE or 5G cellular network base stations, small cells and other radio access network (RAN) infrastructure to transmit voice and data to edge devices (smartphones, embedded modules, routers and gateways. </p><p>3GPP defines 5G private networks as non-public networks that typically employ a smaller-scale deployment to meet an organization's needs for reliability, accessibility, and maintainability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Open_Source">Open Source</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Open Source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Open source private networks are based on a collaborative, community-driven software that relies on peer review and production to use, modify and share the source code. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_area_network">Global area network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Global area network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Global_area_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Global area network">global area network</a> (GAN) is a network used for supporting mobile across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile communications is handing off user communications from one local coverage area to the next. In IEEE Project 802, this involves a succession of terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">wireless LANs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_network">Space network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Space network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Space networks are networks used for communication between spacecraft, usually in the vicinity of the Earth. The example of this is NASA's <a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some examples of usage include cellular phones which are part of everyday wireless networks, allowing easy personal communications. Another example, Intercontinental network systems, use radio <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> to communicate across the world. <a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">Emergency services</a> such as the police utilize wireless networks to communicate effectively as well. Individuals and businesses use wireless networks to send and share data rapidly, whether it be in a small office building or across the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a general sense, wireless networks offer a vast variety of uses by both business and home users.<sup id="cite_ref-dean_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dean-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"Now, the industry accepts a handful of different wireless technologies. Each wireless technology is defined by a standard that describes unique functions at both the Physical and the Data Link layers of the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a>. These standards differ in their specified signaling methods, geographic ranges, and frequency usages, among other things. Such differences can make certain technologies better suited to home networks and others better suited to network larger organizations."<sup id="cite_ref-dean_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dean-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance">Performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each standard varies in geographical range, thus making one standard more ideal than the next depending on what it is one is trying to accomplish with a wireless network.<sup id="cite_ref-dean_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dean-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The performance of wireless networks satisfies a variety of applications such as voice and video. The use of this technology also gives room for expansions, such as from <a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> to <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> and, <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> and <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> technologies, which stand for the fourth and fifth generation of cell phone mobile communications standards. As wireless networking has become commonplace, sophistication increases through configuration of network hardware and software, and greater capacity to send and receive larger amounts of data, faster, is achieved. Now the wireless network has been running on LTE, which is a 4G mobile communication standard. Users of an LTE network should have data speeds that are 10x faster than a 3G network.<sup id="cite_ref-daddy_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daddy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space">Space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Space is another characteristic of wireless networking. Wireless networks offer many advantages when it comes to difficult-to-wire areas trying to communicate such as across a street or river, a warehouse on the other side of the premises or buildings that are physically separated but operate as one.<sup id="cite_ref-daddy_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daddy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wireless networks allow for users to designate a certain space which the network will be able to communicate with other devices through that network. </p><p>Space is also created in homes as a result of eliminating clutters of wiring.<sup id="cite_ref-center_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-center-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technology allows for an alternative to installing physical network mediums such as <a href="/wiki/Twisted_pair" title="Twisted pair">TPs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-optics">fiber-optics</a>, which can also be expensive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home">Home</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Home"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For homeowners, wireless technology is an effective option compared to <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> for sharing printers, scanners, and high-speed Internet connections. WLANs help save the cost of installation of cable mediums, save time from physical installation, and also creates mobility for devices connected to the network.<sup id="cite_ref-center_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-center-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wireless networks are simple and require as few as one single <a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">wireless access point</a> connected directly to the Internet via a <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">router</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dean_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dean-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_network_elements">Wireless network elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Wireless network elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The telecommunications network at the physical layer also consists of many interconnected wireline <a href="/wiki/Network_element" title="Network element">network elements</a> (NEs). These NEs can be stand-alone systems or products that are either supplied by a single manufacturer or are assembled by the service provider (user) or system integrator with parts from several different manufacturers. </p><p>Wireless NEs are the products and devices used by a wireless carrier to provide support for the <a href="/wiki/Backhaul_(telecommunications)" title="Backhaul (telecommunications)">backhaul</a> network as well as a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_switching_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile switching center">mobile switching center</a> (MSC). </p><p>Reliable wireless service depends on the network elements at the physical layer to be protected against all operational environments and applications (see GR-3171, <i>Generic Requirements for Network Elements Used in Wireless Networks – Physical Layer Criteria</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-wireless_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wireless-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What are especially important are the NEs that are located on the cell tower to the <a href="/wiki/Base_station" title="Base station">base station</a> (BS) cabinet. The attachment hardware and the positioning of the antenna and associated closures and cables are required to have adequate strength, robustness, corrosion resistance, and resistance against wind, storms, icing, and other weather conditions. Requirements for individual components, such as hardware, cables, connectors, and closures, shall take into consideration the structure to which they are attached. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difficulties">Difficulties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Difficulties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interference">Interference</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Interference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to wired systems, wireless networks are frequently subject to <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">electromagnetic interference</a>. This can be caused by other networks or other types of equipment that generate radio waves that are within, or close, to the radio bands used for communication. Interference can degrade the signal or cause the system to fail.<sup id="cite_ref-Zander_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zander-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absorption_and_reflection">Absorption and reflection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Absorption and reflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some materials cause <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorption</a> of electromagnetic waves, preventing it from reaching the receiver, in other cases, particularly with metallic or conductive materials reflection occurs. This can cause dead zones where no reception is available. Aluminium foiled thermal isolation in modern homes can easily reduce indoor mobile signals by 10 dB frequently leading to complaints about the bad reception of long-distance rural cell signals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multipath_fading">Multipath fading</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Multipath fading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Multipath_fading" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipath fading">multipath fading</a> two or more different routes taken by the signal, due to reflections, can cause the signal to cancel out each other at certain locations, and to be stronger in other places (<a href="/wiki/Upfade" class="mw-redirect" title="Upfade">upfade</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hidden_node_problem">Hidden node problem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hidden node problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wifi_hidden_station_problem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wifi_hidden_station_problem.svg/200px-Wifi_hidden_station_problem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wifi_hidden_station_problem.svg/300px-Wifi_hidden_station_problem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wifi_hidden_station_problem.svg/400px-Wifi_hidden_station_problem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>In a hidden node problem Station A can communicate with Station B. Station C can also communicate with Station B. However, Stations A and C cannot communicate with each other, but their signals can interfere at B.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hidden_node_problem" title="Hidden node problem">hidden node problem</a> occurs in some types of network when a <a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">node</a> is visible from a <a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">wireless access point</a> (AP), but not from other nodes communicating with that AP. This leads to difficulties in <a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">medium access control</a> (collisions). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exposed_terminal_node_problem">Exposed terminal node problem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Exposed terminal node problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exposed_terminal_problem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Exposed_terminal_problem.svg/200px-Exposed_terminal_problem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Exposed_terminal_problem.svg/300px-Exposed_terminal_problem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Exposed_terminal_problem.svg/400px-Exposed_terminal_problem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Exposed_terminal_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposed terminal problem">exposed terminal problem</a> is when a node on one network is unable to send because of <a href="/wiki/Co-channel_interference" title="Co-channel interference">co-channel interference</a> from a node that is on a different network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shared_resource_problem">Shared resource problem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Shared resource problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wireless spectrum is a limited resource and shared by all nodes in the range of its transmitters. <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_allocation" title="Bandwidth allocation">Bandwidth allocation</a> becomes complex with multiple participating users. Often users are not aware that advertised numbers (e.g., for <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a> equipment or <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> networks) are not their capacity, but shared with all other users and thus the individual user rate is far lower. With increasing demand, the <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_allocation#Data_crunch" title="Bandwidth allocation">capacity crunch</a> is more and more likely to happen. <a href="/wiki/User-in-the-loop" title="User-in-the-loop">User-in-the-loop</a> (UIL) may be an alternative solution to ever upgrading to newer technologies for <a href="/wiki/Over-provisioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-provisioning">over-provisioning</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capacity">Capacity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Channel">Channel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Channel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Channel_capacity#Channel_capacity_in_wireless_communications" title="Channel capacity">Channel capacity in wireless communications</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIMO_SIMO_MISO_SISO_explanation_without_confusion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MIMO_SIMO_MISO_SISO_explanation_without_confusion.svg/200px-MIMO_SIMO_MISO_SISO_explanation_without_confusion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MIMO_SIMO_MISO_SISO_explanation_without_confusion.svg/300px-MIMO_SIMO_MISO_SISO_explanation_without_confusion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MIMO_SIMO_MISO_SISO_explanation_without_confusion.svg/400px-MIMO_SIMO_MISO_SISO_explanation_without_confusion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Understanding of SISO, SIMO, MISO and <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a>. Using multiple antennas and transmitting in different frequency channels can reduce fading, and can greatly increase the system capacity.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Shannon%27s_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Shannon's theorem">Shannon's theorem</a> can describe the maximum data rate of any single wireless link, which relates to the bandwidth in hertz and to the noise on the channel. </p><p>One can greatly increase channel capacity by using <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a> techniques, where multiple aerials or multiple frequencies can exploit multiple paths to the receiver to achieve much higher throughput – by a factor of the product of the frequency and aerial diversity at each end. </p><p>Under Linux, the Central Regulatory Domain Agent (CRDA) controls the setting of channels.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Network">Network</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total network bandwidth depends on how dispersive the medium is (more dispersive medium generally has better total bandwidth because it minimises interference), how many frequencies are available, how noisy those frequencies are, how many aerials are used and whether a directional antenna is in use, whether nodes employ power control and so on. </p><p>Cellular wireless networks generally have good capacity, due to their use of directional aerials, and their ability to reuse radio channels in non-adjacent cells. Additionally, cells can be made very small using low power transmitters this is used in cities to give network capacity that scales linearly with population density.<sup id="cite_ref-Zander_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zander-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_electronic_devices_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless electronic devices and health">Wireless electronic devices and health</a></div> <p>Wireless access points are also often close to humans, but the drop off in power over distance is fast, following the <a href="/wiki/Inverse-square_law" title="Inverse-square law">inverse-square law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster2007_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_Agency" title="Health Protection Agency">Health Protection Agency</a> (HPA) is that “...radio frequency (RF) exposures from WiFi are likely to be lower than those from mobile phones". It also saw “...no reason why schools and others should not use WiFi equipment".<sup id="cite_ref-HPAWiFi_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPAWiFi-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2007, the HPA launched a new "systematic" study into the effects of WiFi networks on behalf of the UK government, in order to calm fears that had appeared in the media in a recent period up to that time".<sup id="cite_ref-HPAWiFiStudy_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPAWiFiStudy-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr Michael Clark, of the HPA, says published research on mobile phones and <a href="/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers" title="Radio masts and towers">masts</a> does not add up to an indictment of WiFi.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_delay" title="Rendezvous delay">Rendezvous delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">Wireless access point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_community_network" title="Wireless community network">Wireless community network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_grid" title="Wireless grid">Wireless grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN_client_comparison" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless LAN client comparison">Wireless LAN client comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_site_survey" title="Wireless site survey">Wireless site survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_simulation" title="Network simulation">Network simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mesh_network" title="Optical mesh network">Optical mesh network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_mesh_network" title="Wireless mesh network">Wireless mesh network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_mobility_management" title="Wireless mobility management">Wireless mobility management</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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Boston: Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4239-0245-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4239-0245-4"><bdi>978-1-4239-0245-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Network%2B+Guide+to+Networks&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4239-0245-4&rft.au=Dean+Tamara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daddy-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daddy_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-daddy_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourcedaddy.com/networking/wireless-lan-applications.html">"Wireless LAN Technologies"</a>. <i>Source Daddy website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Source+Daddy+website&rft.atitle=Wireless+LAN+Technologies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsourcedaddy.com%2Fnetworking%2Fwireless-lan-applications.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-center-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-center_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-center_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902135346/http://www.wireless-center.net/Cisco-Wireless-Networking/726.html">"WLAN Benefits"</a>. <i>Wireless Center commercial web site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wireless-center.net/Cisco-Wireless-Networking/726.html">the original</a> on 2 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wireless+Center+commercial+web+site&rft.atitle=WLAN+Benefits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wireless-center.net%2FCisco-Wireless-Networking%2F726.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wireless-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wireless_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-3171&">"Generic Requirements for Network Elements Used in Wireless Networks – Physical Layer Criteria"</a>. <i>Ericsson</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ericsson&rft.atitle=Generic+Requirements+for+Network+Elements+Used+in+Wireless+Networks+%E2%80%93+Physical+Layer+Criteria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net%2Fsite-cgi%2Fido%2Fdocs.cgi%3FID%3DSEARCH%26DOCUMENT%3DGR-3171%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnadiotis,_Angelos-Christos2010" class="citation conference cs1">Anadiotis, Angelos-Christos; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yLOWkHIhr6UC">"Towards Maximising Wireless Testbed Utilization Using Spectrum Slicing"</a>. In Thomas Magedanz; Athanasius Gavras; Huu Thanh Nguyen; Jeffrey S. Chase (eds.). <i>Testbeds and Research Infrastructures, Development of Networks and Communities: 6th International ICST Conference, TridentCom 2010, Berlin, Germany, May 18–20, 2010, Revised Selected Papers</i>. 6th International ICST Conference, TridentCom 2010, Berlin, Germany, May 18–20, 2010. Vol. 46. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642178504" title="Special:BookSources/9783642178504"><bdi>9783642178504</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2015</span>. <q>[…] Central Regulatory Domain Agent (CRDA) […] controls the channels to be set on the system, based on the regulations of each country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Towards+Maximising+Wireless+Testbed+Utilization+Using+Spectrum+Slicing&rft.btitle=Testbeds+and+Research+Infrastructures%2C+Development+of+Networks+and+Communities%3A+6th+International+ICST+Conference%2C+TridentCom+2010%2C+Berlin%2C+Germany%2C+May+18%E2%80%9320%2C+2010%2C+Revised+Selected+Papers&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783642178504&rft.au=Anadiotis%2C+Angelos-Christos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyLOWkHIhr6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foster2007-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foster2007_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2007" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, Kenneth R (March 2007). "Radiofrequency exposure from wireless LANs utilizing Wi-Fi technology". <i>Health Physics</i>. <b>92</b> (3): 280–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.HP.0000248117.74843.34">10.1097/01.HP.0000248117.74843.34</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17293700">17293700</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22839684">22839684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Physics&rft.atitle=Radiofrequency+exposure+from+wireless+LANs+utilizing+Wi-Fi+technology&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=280-289&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22839684%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17293700&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.HP.0000248117.74843.34&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HPAWiFi-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HPAWiFi_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091224051807/http://www.hpa.org.uk/HPA/Topics/Radiation/UnderstandingRadiation/1199451940308/">"WiFi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_Agency" title="Health Protection Agency">Health Protection Agency</a>. 26 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpa.org.uk/HPA/Topics/Radiation/UnderstandingRadiation/1199451940308/">the original</a> on 24 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WiFi&rft.pub=Health+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2009-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpa.org.uk%2FHPA%2FTopics%2FRadiation%2FUnderstandingRadiation%2F1199451940308%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HPAWiFiStudy-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HPAWiFiStudy_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617172507/http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb%26HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733726123?p=1171991026241">"Health Protection Agency announces further research into use of WiFi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_Agency" title="Health Protection Agency">Health Protection Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb%26HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733726123?p=1171991026241">the original</a> on 17 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+Protection+Agency+announces+further+research+into+use+of+WiFi&rft.pub=Health+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpa.org.uk%2Fwebw%2FHPAweb%2526HPAwebStandard%2FHPAweb_C%2F1195733726123%3Fp%3D1171991026241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2006" class="citation news cs1">Daniels, Nicki (11 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/features/article665419.ece">"Wi-fi: should we be worried?"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2007</span>. <q>All the expert reviews done here and abroad indicate that there is unlikely to be a health risk from wireless networks. … When we have conducted measurements in schools, typical exposures from WiFi are around 20 millionths of the international guideline levels of exposure to radiation. As a comparison, a child on a mobile phone receives up to 50 percent of guideline levels. So a year sitting in a classroom near a wireless network is roughly equivalent to 20 minutes on a mobile. If WiFi should be taken out of schools, then the mobile phone network should be shut down, too—and FM radio and TV, as the strength of their signals is similar to that from WiFi in classrooms....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Wi-fi%3A+should+we+be+worried%3F&rft.date=2006-12-11&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Nicki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Flife_and_style%2Fhealth%2Ffeatures%2Farticle665419.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wndw.net/pdf/wndw2-en/wndw2-ebook.pdf"><i>Wireless Networking in the Developing World: A practical guide to planning and building low-cost telecommunications infrastructure</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2nd ed.). Hacker Friendly LLC. 2007. p. 425.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless+Networking+in+the+Developing+World%3A+A+practical+guide+to+planning+and+building+low-cost+telecommunications+infrastructure&rft.pages=425&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Hacker+Friendly+LLC&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwndw.net%2Fpdf%2Fwndw2-en%2Fwndw2-ebook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPahlavanLevesque1995" class="citation book cs1">Pahlavan, Kaveh; Levesque, Allen H (1995). <i>Wireless Information Networks</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-10607-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-10607-0"><bdi>0-471-10607-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless+Information+Networks&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-471-10607-0&rft.aulast=Pahlavan&rft.aufirst=Kaveh&rft.au=Levesque%2C+Allen+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeier2001" class="citation book cs1">Geier, Jim (2001). <i>Wireless LANs</i>. Sams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-32058-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-672-32058-4"><bdi>0-672-32058-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless+LANs&rft.pub=Sams&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-672-32058-4&rft.aulast=Geier&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Goldsmith, Andrea (2005). <i>Wireless Communications</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83716-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83716-2"><bdi>0-521-83716-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless+Communications&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-83716-2&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenziniLuiseReggiannini2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lenzini, L.; Luise, M.; Reggiannini, R. (June 2001). "CRDA: A Collision Resolution and Dynamic Allocation MAC Protocol to Integrate Date and Voice in Wireless Networks". <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Journal_on_Selected_Areas_in_Communications" title="IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications">IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications</a></i>. <b>19</b> (6). <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Communications_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Communications Society">IEEE Communications Society</a>: 1153–1163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F49.926371">10.1109/49.926371</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0733-8716">0733-8716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Journal+on+Selected+Areas+in+Communications&rft.atitle=CRDA%3A+A+Collision+Resolution+and+Dynamic+Allocation+MAC+Protocol+to+Integrate+Date+and+Voice+in+Wireless+Networks&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1153-1163&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F49.926371&rft.issn=0733-8716&rft.aulast=Lenzini&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Luise%2C+M.&rft.au=Reggiannini%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolisch2005" class="citation book cs1">Molisch, Andreas (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wirelesscommunic0000moli"><i>Wireless Communications</i></a></span>. Wiley-IEEE Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-84888-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-84888-X"><bdi>0-470-84888-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless+Communications&rft.pub=Wiley-IEEE+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-470-84888-X&rft.aulast=Molisch&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwirelesscommunic0000moli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPahlavanKrishnamurthy2002" class="citation book cs1">Pahlavan, Kaveh; Krishnamurthy, Prashant (2002). <i>Principles of Wireless Networks – a Unified Approach</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-093003-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-093003-2"><bdi>0-13-093003-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Wireless+Networks+%E2%80%93+a+Unified+Approach&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-13-093003-2&rft.aulast=Pahlavan&rft.aufirst=Kaveh&rft.au=Krishnamurthy%2C+Prashant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappaport2002" class="citation book cs1">Rappaport, Theodore (2002). <i>Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-042232-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-042232-0"><bdi>0-13-042232-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless+Communications%3A+Principles+and+Practice&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-13-042232-0&rft.aulast=Rappaport&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhoton2001" class="citation book cs1">Rhoton, John (2001). <i>The Wireless Internet Explained</i>. Digital Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55558-257-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55558-257-5"><bdi>1-55558-257-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wireless+Internet+Explained&rft.pub=Digital+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-55558-257-5&rft.aulast=Rhoton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTseViswanath2005" class="citation book cs1">Tse, David; Viswanath, Pramod (2005). <i>Fundamentals of Wireless Communication</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84527-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84527-0"><bdi>0-521-84527-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Wireless+Communication&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-84527-0&rft.aulast=Tse&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Viswanath%2C+Pramod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostas_Pentikousis2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kostas Pentikousis (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/archived_issues/ipj_8-1/wireless_networks.html">"Wireless Data Networks"</a>. <i>Internet Protocol Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Protocol+Journal&rft.atitle=Wireless+Data+Networks&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2005-03&rft.au=Kostas+Pentikousis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisco.com%2Fweb%2Fabout%2Fac123%2Fac147%2Farchived_issues%2Fipj_8-1%2Fwireless_networks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPahlavanKrishnamurthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Pahlavan, Kaveh; Krishnamurthy, Prashant (2009). <i>Networking Fundamentals – Wide, Local and Personal Area Communications</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99290-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99290-6"><bdi>978-0-470-99290-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networking+Fundamentals+%E2%80%93+Wide%2C+Local+and+Personal+Area+Communications&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-470-99290-6&rft.aulast=Pahlavan&rft.aufirst=Kaveh&rft.au=Krishnamurthy%2C+Prashant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWireless+network" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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