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Exposed node problem - Wikipedia
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decoding="async" width="400" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Exposed_terminal_problem.svg/600px-Exposed_terminal_problem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Exposed_terminal_problem.svg/800px-Exposed_terminal_problem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Wireless_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless networks">wireless networks</a>, the <b>exposed node problem</b> occurs when a node is prevented from sending packets to other nodes because of <a href="/wiki/Co-channel_interference" title="Co-channel interference">co-channel interference</a> with a neighboring transmitter. Consider an example of four nodes labeled R1, S1, S2, and R2, where the two receivers (R1, R2) are out of range of each other, yet the two transmitters (S1, S2) in the middle are in range of each other. Here, if a transmission between S1 and R1 is taking place, node S2 is prevented from transmitting to R2 as it concludes after <a href="/wiki/Carrier_sense" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier sense">carrier sense</a> that it will interfere with the transmission by its neighbor S1. However note that R2 could still receive the transmission of S2 without interference because it is out of range of S1.<sup id="cite_ref-macaw_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macaw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11_RTS/CTS" title="IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS">IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS</a> mechanism helps to solve this problem only if the nodes are synchronized and packet sizes and data rates are the same for both the transmitting nodes. When a node hears an RTS from a neighboring node, but not the corresponding CTS, that node can deduce that it is an exposed node and is permitted to transmit to other neighboring nodes.<sup id="cite_ref-macaw_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macaw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the nodes are not synchronised (or if the packet sizes are different or the data rates are different) the problem may occur that the sender will not hear the CTS or the ACK during the transmission of data of the second sender. </p><p>The exposed node problem is not an issue in <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular networks</a> as the power and distance between cells is controlled to avoid it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposed_node_problem&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_node_problem" title="Hidden node problem">Hidden node problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11_RTS/CTS" title="IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS">IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Access_with_Collision_Avoidance_for_Wireless" title="Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance for Wireless">Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance for Wireless</a> (MACAW)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposed_node_problem&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-macaw-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macaw_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macaw_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBharghavan1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bharghavan; et al. (1994-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=190334">"MACAW: A Media Access Protocol for Wireless LAN's"</a>. <i>ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review</i>. In the Proc. ACM SIGCOMM Conference (SIGCOMM '94), August 1994, pages 212-225. <b>24</b> (4): 212–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F190809.190334">10.1145/190809.190334</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243278854">243278854</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGCOMM+Computer+Communication+Review&rft.atitle=MACAW%3A+A+Media+Access+Protocol+for+Wireless+LAN%27s&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=212-225&rft.date=1994-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F190809.190334&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243278854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Bharghavan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D190334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExposed+node+problem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposed_node_problem&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayasuriya" class="citation web cs1">Jayasuriya; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sandilands.info/sgordon/doc/jayasuriya2004-hidden.pdf">"Hidden vs. Exposed Terminal Problem in Ad hoc Networks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hidden+vs.+Exposed+Terminal+Problem+in+Ad+hoc+Networks&rft.au=Jayasuriya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsandilands.info%2Fsgordon%2Fdoc%2Fjayasuriya2004-hidden.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExposed+node+problem" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6f77cfc96b‐z2f95 Cached time: 20241118213924 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.096 seconds Real time usage: 0.122 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 105/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3762/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6463/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.065/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3006200/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 97.436 1 -total 92.45% 90.076 1 Template:Cite_journal 6.07% 5.915 1 Template:Cite_web --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:1553015-0!canonical and timestamp 20241118213924 and revision id 1172245914. 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