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(PDF) Western influences on Chinese educational testing
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{"work":{"id":58424291,"created_at":"2021-10-16T08:42:31.743-07:00","from_world_paper_id":179749195,"updated_at":"2024-11-23T16:22:08.907-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"China has one of the oldest educational testing systems in the world, yet its modern form was influenced by various western educational modes borrowed during the twentieth century. This essay reviews the history of the Chinese traditional educational testing system: its origin, features, and its past impact on Chinese people's lives as well as on modern education. It then examines the western influence on the Chinese educational testing system in the twentieth century, focusing on two historical periods, from 1905 to 1949 and post-1980, when western influences were most vigorous. It concludes with a discussion of the characteristics of Chinese assimilation to western educational models and the impact of such assimilation on Chinese people's lives.","publication_date":"2007,2,1","publication_name":"Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 03050060601162412","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"72841938"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Western influences on Chinese educational testing","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [71286600]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":72841938,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Western influences on Chinese educational testing”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/72841938/mini_magick20211016-2249-pifzs0.png?1634401284" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Western influences on Chinese educational testing</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="71286600" href="https://pace.academia.edu/WeihuaNiu"><img alt="Profile image of Weihua Niu" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/71286600/34591111/66173536/s65_weihua.niu.jpg" />Weihua Niu</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2007, Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 03050060601162412</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">21 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 58424291; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">China has one of the oldest educational testing systems in the world, yet its modern form was influenced by various western educational modes borrowed during the twentieth century. This essay reviews the history of the Chinese traditional educational testing system: its origin, features, and its past impact on Chinese people's lives as well as on modern education. It then examines the western influence on the Chinese educational testing system in the twentieth century, focusing on two historical periods, from 1905 to 1949 and post-1980, when western influences were most vigorous. It concludes with a discussion of the characteristics of Chinese assimilation to western educational models and the impact of such assimilation on Chinese people's lives.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":72841938,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/58424291/Western_influences_on_Chinese_educational_testing"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":72841938,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/58424291/Western_influences_on_Chinese_educational_testing"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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As much research has shown, this reverence for education is only partly due to rational considerations of offspring's' work opportunities. It also has its roots in a long historical trajectory of highly esteemed Confucian education and civil service exams. Since the time of the PRC, the education system has undergone a number of radical structural reforms and adaptations of content of education. Nevertheless, methods of teaching and means of socialization have proven remarkably persistent, causing intense debates about the pros and cons of the Chinese education system. The article first provides a brief overview of the structure of the education system as it has developed during the PRC, with an emphasis on the 21. century. This is followed by three sections focusing on "Knowledge and exams", "Socialization and discipline" and "Alternative paths" that places the Chinese current education system in the broader global web of educational institutions and ideologies. 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It shows [a] how far removed the conventional picture we have of a school examination can be from an examination as a systematic and thorough investigation; and [b] how the notion of marking became central to how we think of examinations. The paper then looks at self-examination, its rootedness in religious concerns and links that have been made between examination success and possessing moral virtues. A section on a range of problems with conventional examinations is followed by a final section that looks at a positive alternative. This brings examining in school closer to the notion of systematic and thorough investigation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reflections on the notions of examining, testing, marking and grading (in Chinese) (2017)","attachmentId":56459208,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35307895/Reflections_on_the_notions_of_examining_testing_marking_and_grading_in_Chinese_2017_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35307895/Reflections_on_the_notions_of_examining_testing_marking_and_grading_in_Chinese_2017_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="55819707" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55819707/The_last_15_Years_of_Wester_Studies_on_Chinese_Education_A_Reseach_Note">The last 15 Years of Wester Studies on Chinese Education - A Reseach Note</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="105563480" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MetteThun%C3%B8">Mette Thunø</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Last 15 Years of Western Studies on Chinese Education-A Research Note A new epoch in Western studies on Chinese education commenced, as it happened in many other fields of research on China, with the implementation of momentous reforms in 1978. The Chinese educational system which had deteriorated during the "Cultural Revolution" changed dramatically following important statements made by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s.' Structural reorganization of the entire educational system as well as revisions of curriculum and teachings methods were undertaken thereby also converting the focus of Western research to novel fields of Chinese education. Moreover, the openness that accompanied the reform era made new resource materials available enabling Western scholars to produce more sound scholarship and stimulating new research approaches2 The last 15 years of studies on Chinese education have thus included various new aspects of the educational system in China. However, large research fields are still uncovered, leaving us with only a partial impression and understanding of Chinese education and its importance for contemporary Chinese society. Western studies on Chinese education from the early years of the People's Republic until the mid-1970s all relied heavily on official policy documents as their main source. In this period the Chinese political situation prohibited the presence of European or American researchers, making it impossible to observe the educational process from the inside or to supplement official sources with participants' contributions. The dogmatic nature of the available source material evidently restricted research to a basic theoretical understanding of the intended socialist educational policy and school structure. Not unexpectedly, Western publications in this period are characterized</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The last 15 Years of Wester Studies on Chinese Education - A Reseach Note","attachmentId":71509388,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/55819707/The_last_15_Years_of_Wester_Studies_on_Chinese_Education_A_Reseach_Note","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/55819707/The_last_15_Years_of_Wester_Studies_on_Chinese_Education_A_Reseach_Note"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="116378217" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/116378217/Struggling_with_exactitude_in_a_fragmented_state_Intelligence_testing_in_early_twentieth_century_China">Struggling with exactitude in a fragmented state: Intelligence testing in early twentieth-century China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2206121" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/PangYenChang">Pang-Yen Chang</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">History of Science, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article examines the rise and decline of the enthusiasm for intelligence testing in early twentieth-century China, focusing on the appeal, the challenges, and the critiques revolving around this psychological instrument. The introduction of intelligence testing reflected not only China’s urgent needs in modernizing its merit system, but also Chinese psychologists’ aspirations for pursuing exactitude and redefining the racial characteristics of their compatriots against foreign interpretations. But despite psychologists’ endeavors, the political and geographical fragmentation of Republican China troubled the epistemic imperative of uniformity demanded by Euro-American psychometrics and therefore undermined the validity of measurement. Subsequently, the legitimacy of intelligence testing began to be questioned by several influential Chinese psychologists in the late 1920s and 30s. The difficulties in standardization and the hostility within the psychology community formed a vicious cycle, impeding the progress of nationwide testing. Through this history, the article demonstrates not only the elevation of measurement to epistemic authority in modern China, but also how its promise was challenged by a diverse and rapidly changing society.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Struggling with exactitude in a fragmented state: Intelligence testing in early twentieth-century China","attachmentId":112525205,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116378217/Struggling_with_exactitude_in_a_fragmented_state_Intelligence_testing_in_early_twentieth_century_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/116378217/Struggling_with_exactitude_in_a_fragmented_state_Intelligence_testing_in_early_twentieth_century_China"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="35677274" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35677274/AN_ANALYSIS_OF_NATIONAL_EDUCATIONAL_ASSESSMENT_POLICY_IN_THE_PEOPLES_REPUBLIC_OF_CHINA_AND_THE_UNITED_STATES">AN ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT POLICY IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE UNITED STATES</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="74499009" href="https://independent.academia.edu/%E9%9B%AF%E9%9D%99%E5%A7%9A">雯静 姚</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"AN ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT POLICY IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE UNITED STATES","attachmentId":55547882,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35677274/AN_ANALYSIS_OF_NATIONAL_EDUCATIONAL_ASSESSMENT_POLICY_IN_THE_PEOPLES_REPUBLIC_OF_CHINA_AND_THE_UNITED_STATES","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35677274/AN_ANALYSIS_OF_NATIONAL_EDUCATIONAL_ASSESSMENT_POLICY_IN_THE_PEOPLES_REPUBLIC_OF_CHINA_AND_THE_UNITED_STATES"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="12108745" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12108745/ENGE_3270_Final_Paper_Question_One_From_Five_Literature_Works_to_See_Chinese_and_Western_Educational_Views">ENGE 3270: Final Paper Question One From Five Literature Works to See Chinese and Western Educational Views</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30298433" href="https://cuhk.academia.edu/RitchieWong">Ritchie Wong</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"ENGE 3270: Final Paper Question One From Five Literature Works to See Chinese and Western Educational Views","attachmentId":37423723,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12108745/ENGE_3270_Final_Paper_Question_One_From_Five_Literature_Works_to_See_Chinese_and_Western_Educational_Views","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12108745/ENGE_3270_Final_Paper_Question_One_From_Five_Literature_Works_to_See_Chinese_and_Western_Educational_Views"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="34712794" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34712794/Social_consequences_and_impact_of_language_testing_The_case_of_the_National_Matriculation_English_Test_in_China">Social consequences and impact of language testing:The case of the National Matriculation English Test in China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44059860" href="https://uq.academia.edu/JenniferTan">Jennifer Tan (nee Harvey)</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Throughout history, tests have been used as powerful tools to change people’s lives; they open up certain options and to close off others (Spolsky, 1997) and evidence of this can be seen when we consider the consequences that tests have. For example, a language test may decide if you are able to work in a country, or able to move on to the next level of education. Test takers often have bad memories of their testing experiences and the thought of a test can cause anxiety and stress for many. However, the consequences do not stop at the test taker, tests have an effect on all stakeholders involved, and even the society as a whole can be impacted by tests.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social consequences and impact of language testing:The case of the National Matriculation English Test in China","attachmentId":54570155,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34712794/Social_consequences_and_impact_of_language_testing_The_case_of_the_National_Matriculation_English_Test_in_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34712794/Social_consequences_and_impact_of_language_testing_The_case_of_the_National_Matriculation_English_Test_in_China"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":72841938,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":72841938,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_72841938" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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