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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_varieties'_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Standard varieties' names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_varieties'_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISO_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISO_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 ISO codes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISO_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Old Persian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Middle Persian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 New Persian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_New_Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_New_Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Early New Persian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_New_Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Classical Persian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_in_Asia_Minor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_Asia_Minor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2.1 Use in Asia Minor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_Asia_Minor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_the_Balkans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_the_Balkans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2.2 Use in the Balkans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_the_Balkans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2.3 Use in Indian subcontinent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Contemporary Persian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Qajar_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qajar_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3.1 Qajar dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qajar_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pahlavi_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pahlavi_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3.2 Pahlavi dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pahlavi_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Varieties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Morphology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Vocabulary </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vocabulary subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_word_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_word_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Native word formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_word_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Orthography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orthography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persian_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Persian alphabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Additions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Additions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Variations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Latin alphabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tajik_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tajik_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Tajik alphabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tajik_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Examples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 General references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Persian language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 225 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-225" aria-hidden="true" > 225 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Parisi" title="Bahsa Parisi – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Parisi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Парсыбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Парсыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Персыбзэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Персыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persies" title="Persies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Persies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persische_Sprache" title="Persische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Persische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8B%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%9B" title="ፋርስኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፋርስኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फारसी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फारसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Persisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Persisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9F%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аџьам бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аџьам бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الفارسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الفارسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_persa" title="Idioma persa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma persa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܦܪܣܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܦܪܣܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Պարսկերէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պարսկերէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ফাৰ্চী ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফাৰ্চী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_persa" title="Idioma persa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma persa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peysia%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Peysiañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Peysiañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Парс мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Парс мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirsa_aru" title="Pirsa aru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Pirsa aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_dili" title="Fars dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fars dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="فارس دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فارس دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Pars" title="Basa Pars – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Pars" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ফার্সি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফার্সি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pho-su-g%C3%AD" title="Pho-su-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pho-su-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Фарсы теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фарсы теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Персідская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Персідская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пэрсыдзкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэрсыдзкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फ़ारसी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फ़ारसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Persa" title="Tataramon na Persa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Persa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Персийски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Персийски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persisch" title="Persisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Persisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏ་ཟིག་གི་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏ་ཟིག་གི་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzijski_jezik" title="Perzijski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Perzijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseg" title="Perseg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Perseg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Перс хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Перс хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persa" title="Persa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Persa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Перс чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Перс чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Persiyano" title="Pinulongang Persiyano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Persiyano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C5%A1tina" title="Perština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Perština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_persiana" title="Lingua persiana – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua persiana" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseg" title="Perseg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Perseg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persisk_(sprog)" title="Persisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Persisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لفارسية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لفارسية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiagiella" title="Persiagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Persiagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persische_Sprache" title="Persische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Persische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A7%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%A9" title="ފާރިސީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފާރިސީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persi%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Persišćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Persišćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rsia_keel" title="Pärsia keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pärsia keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Περσική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περσική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsian" title="Parsian – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Parsian" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Персиянь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Персиянь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_persa" title="Idioma persa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma persa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persa_lingvo" title="Persa lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Persa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_Persa" title="Luenga Persa – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga Persa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiera" title="Persiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Persiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زبان فارسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان فارسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farsi_bhasa" title="Farsi bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Farsi bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Persiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Persiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persan" title="Persan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Persan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzysk" title="Perzysk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Perzysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Pheirsis" title="An Pheirsis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Pheirsis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pershish" title="Pershish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pershish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_dili" title="Fars dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Fars dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peirsis" title="Peirsis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Peirsis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_persa" title="Lingua persa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua persa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Фаьрсий мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Фаьрсий мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="波斯語 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="波斯語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%86" title="فارسي زوؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="فارسي زوؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="ફારસી ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફારસી ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%82-ng%C3%AE" title="Pô-sṳ̂-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pô-sṳ̂-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Пирсин келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Пирсин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="페르시아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페르시아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farisawa" title="Farisawa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Farisawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Dlelo_Pelekia" title="ʻōlelo Pelekia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻōlelo Pelekia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Պարսկերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարսկերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फ़ारसी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ारसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persi%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Persišćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Persišćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzijski_jezik" title="Perzijski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Perzijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiana_linguo" title="Persiana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Persiana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Persiano" title="Pagsasao a Persiano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Persiano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Persia" title="Bahasa Persia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Persia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persa" title="Persa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Persa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian" title="Persian – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Persian" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Персайнаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Персайнаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiPheresiya" title="IsiPheresiya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiPheresiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persneska" title="Persneska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Persneska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_persiana" title="Lingua persiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua persiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פרסית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_P%C3%A8rsi" title="Basa Pèrsi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Pèrsi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%9Br%C9%A9san%C9%A9_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಪಾರ್ಸಿ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಾರ್ಸಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სპარსული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპარსული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فارسی زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فارسی زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Persczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Persczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Парсы тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Парсы тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persek" title="Persek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Persek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinyaperisi" title="Kinyaperisi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kinyaperisi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiajemi" title="Kiajemi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiajemi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Фарси – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Фарси" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persava" title="Persava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Persava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_faris%C3%AE" title="Zimanê farisî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê farisî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Фарс тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фарс тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%B9%D3%B9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%B9" title="Перси йӹлмӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Перси йӹлмӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengaz_persian" title="Lengaz persian – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lengaz persian" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_persa" title="Lingua persa – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua persa" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Перс маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Перс маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%81" title="ພາສາແປກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາແປກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Persica" title="Lingua Persica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Persica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Persiešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Persiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persesch" title="Persesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Persesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Фарси – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Фарси" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pers%C5%B3_kalba" title="Persų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Persų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_farsi" title="Lengua farsi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua farsi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzisch" title="Perzisch – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Perzisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farsi_(lingua)" title="Farsi (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Farsi (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persien" title="Persien – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Persien" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangpers" title="Bangpers – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="Bangpers" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_persiana" title="Lengua persiana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua persiana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajperzsa_nyelv" title="Újperzsa nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Újperzsa nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फारसी भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="फारसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Персиски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Персиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_persana" title="Fiteny persana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny persana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="പേർഷ്യൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പേർഷ്യൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Persjana" title="Lingwa Persjana – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Persjana" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_P%C4%81hia" title="Reo Pāhia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Pāhia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फारसी भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फारसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სპარსული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სპარსული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89" title="فارسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فارسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="فارسی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فارسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Parsi" title="Bahasa Parsi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Parsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯄꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Persia" title="Bahaso Persia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Persia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8F%CC%A4-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Pŏ̤-sṳ̆-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pŏ̤-sṳ̆-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Персиянь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Персиянь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Перс хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Перс хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ပါရှားဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပါရှားဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiatlaht%C5%8Dlli" title="Persiatlahtōlli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Persiatlahtōlli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzisch" title="Perzisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perzisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फारसी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फारसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पारसी भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पारसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="ペルシア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペルシア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="ГӀажарийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀажарийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persisk_spriak" title="Persisk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Persisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persisk" title="Persisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Persisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persisk" title="Persisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Persisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persanum" title="Persanum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Persanum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persan" title="Persan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Persan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Фарси йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Фарси йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fors_tili" title="Fors tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fors tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="فارسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فارسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="پارسي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پارسي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Пирс кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Пирс кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F" title="ភាសាពែរ្ស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាពែរ្ស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persan" title="Persan – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Persan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Parsi" title="Lenga Parsi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Parsi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokples_Pesia" title="Tokples Pesia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tokples Pesia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persische_Spraak" title="Persische Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Persische Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_perski" title="Język perski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język perski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_persa" title="Língua persa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua persa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars%C4%B1_tili" title="Parsı tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Parsı tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_tili" title="Fars tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Fars tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_persan%C4%83" title="Limba persană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba persană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_persiana" title="Lingua persiana – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua persiana" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharsi_simi" title="Pharsi simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pharsi simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Перьскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Перьскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Персидский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Персидский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Перс тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Перс тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Peresia" title="Faʻa Peresia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Peresia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फारसीभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="फारसीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="فارسی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="فارسی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_persiana" title="Limba persiana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba persiana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persie_leid" title="Persie leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Persie leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persisk" title="Persisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Persisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepersian" title="Sepersian – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sepersian" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_perse" title="Gjuha perse – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha perse" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_persiana" title="Lingua persiana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua persiana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Persian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="فارسي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فارسي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADPersi" title="SíPersi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="SíPersi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Perzské jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Perzské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzij%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Perzijščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Perzijščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Perskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Perskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af-Faarisi" title="Af-Faarisi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af-Faarisi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زمانی فارسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی فارسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persitongo" title="Persitongo – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Persitongo" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Персијски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Персијски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzijski_jezik" title="Perzijski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Perzijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_P%C3%A9rsi" title="Basa Pérsi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Pérsi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_kieli" title="Persian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Persian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiska" title="Persiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Persiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Persa" title="Wikang Persa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Persa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="பாரசீக மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாரசீக மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_persiane" title="Lènga persiane – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga persiane" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Фарсы теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фарсы теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="పార్సీ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పార్సీ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาเปอร์เซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเปอร์เซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Забони форсӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони форсӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%8B%E1%8F%8F_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᏂᏋᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏋᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars%C3%A7a" title="Farsça – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Farsça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars_dili" title="Pars dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Pars dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Перс кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Перс кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Перська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فارسی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فارسی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="پارس تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پارس تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Bohsih" title="Vah Bohsih – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Bohsih" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_farsi" title="Łéngua farsi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua farsi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persijan_kel%27" title="Persijan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Persijan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ba_T%C6%B0" title="Tiếng Ba Tư – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Ba Tư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rs%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Pärsänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pärsänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rsi%C3%A4_kiil" title="Pärsiä kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pärsiä kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="波斯語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="波斯語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinersyano" title="Pinersyano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pinersyano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="波斯语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波斯语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A9" title="פערסיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פערסיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_P%E1%BA%B9%CC%81rs%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Èdè Pẹ́rsíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Pẹ́rsíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87" title="波斯文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波斯文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farski" title="Farski – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Farski" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Western Iranian language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Farsi" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Farsi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Farsi (disambiguation)">Farsi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Persian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">فارسی fārsī</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Farsi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/100px-Farsi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/150px-Farsi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/200px-Farsi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Fārsi written in <a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian calligraphy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[fɒːɾˈsiː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8e\/Farsi.ogg\/Farsi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Farsi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Farsi.ogg/Farsi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Farsi.ogg" title="File:Farsi.ogg">ⓘ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><a href="#cite_note-Samadi-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a><a href="#cite_note-Samadi-1">[1]</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a><a href="#cite_note-Samadi-1">[1]</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> (as Tajik)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Windfuhr417418-5">[5]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>; as Tat)<a href="#cite_note-Windfuhr417418-5">[5]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a><a href="#cite_note-unesco-6">[6]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 72 million (2017–2021)<a href="#cite_note-e27-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 38 million (2021–2022)<a href="#cite_note-e27-7">[7]</a> Total (L1+L2): 130 million<a href="#cite_note-Windfuhr418-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Iranian languages">Southwestern Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Persian</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/New_Persian#Early_New_Persian" title="New Persian">Early New Persian</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Afghan Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian/Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari/Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Persian_dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Persian dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavani_language" title="Pahlavani language">Pahlavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_dialect" title="Aimaq dialect">Aimaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a><a href="#cite_note-Windfuhr418-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Caucasian Tat</a><a href="#cite_note-Windfuhr418-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tat</a><a href="#cite_note-Windfuhr418-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madaklashti_dialect" title="Madaklashti dialect">Madaklashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Persian" title="Kuwaiti Persian">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistani_dialect" title="Sistani dialect">Sistani</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a> (525 BC – 330 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi scripts</a> (2nd century BC to 7th century AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><a href="#cite_note-Iran_Constitution-9">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>)</li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a>)<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literature" title="Academy of Persian Language and Literature">Academy of Persian Language and Literature</a> (Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Afghanistan" title="Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan">Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan</a> (Afghanistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki_Institute_of_Language_and_Literature" title="Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature">Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature</a> (Tajikistan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=fa">fa</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=357">per</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/B" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=357">fas</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fas" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:fas">fas</a></code> – inclusive code Individual codes: <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pes" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pes">pes</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/prs" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:prs">prs</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tgk" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tgk">tgk</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik language</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/aiq" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:aiq">aiq</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Aimaq_dialect" title="Aimaq dialect">Aimaq dialect</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bhh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bhh">bhh</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bukhori_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori dialect">Bukhori dialect</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/haz" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:haz">haz</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi dialect</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/jpr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:jpr">jpr</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/phv" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:phv">phv</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Pahlavani_language" title="Pahlavani language">Pahlavani</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/deh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:deh">deh</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/jdt" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:jdt">jdt</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ttt" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ttt">ttt</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Caucasian Tat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fars1254">fars1254</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">58-AAC (Wider Persian) > 58-AAC-c (Central Persian)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Language_Location_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Persian_Language_Location_Map.svg/320px-Persian_Language_Location_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Persian_Language_Location_Map.svg/480px-Persian_Language_Location_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Persian_Language_Location_Map.svg/640px-Persian_Language_Location_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="430" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Areas with significant numbers of people whose first language is Persian (including dialects)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Persian_speakers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_of_Persian_speakers.svg/320px-Map_of_Persian_speakers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_of_Persian_speakers.svg/480px-Map_of_Persian_speakers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_of_Persian_speakers.svg/640px-Map_of_Persian_speakers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Persian linguasphere Legend <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Official language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  More than 1,000,000 speakers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 speakers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Between 100,000 and 500,000 speakers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Between 25,000 and 100,000 speakers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Fewer than 25,000 speakers to none</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/40px-Farsi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/60px-Farsi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/80px-Farsi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian text</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> Persian (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpɜːrʒən, -ʃən/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">PUR-zhən, -⁠shən</a>), also known by its <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonym</a> Farsi (فارسی, Fārsī <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[fɒːɾˈsiː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8e\/Farsi.ogg\/Farsi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Farsi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Farsi.ogg/Farsi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Farsi.ogg" title="File:Farsi.ogg">ⓘ</a>), is a <a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western Iranian language</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian subdivision</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. Persian is a <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric language</a> predominantly spoken and used officially within <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> in three <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard varieties</a>, respectively <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a> (officially known as Persian),<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISO-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari Persian</a> (officially known as Dari since 1964),<a href="#cite_note-Olesen-14">[14]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajiki Persian</a> (officially known as Tajik since 1999).<a href="#cite_note-siddikzoda2002-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baker-16">[16]</a> It is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> as well as within other regions with a <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate</a> history in the cultural sphere of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a>. It is written officially within Iran and Afghanistan in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a>, a derivative of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>, and within Tajikistan in the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik alphabet</a>, a derivative of the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>. Modern Persian is a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>, an official language of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> (224–651 CE), itself a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>, which was used in the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (550–330 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-Lazard-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> It originated in the region of <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persia</a>) in southwestern Iran.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Its grammar is similar to that of many European languages.<a href="#cite_note-Richard_Davis_2006._pp._602-603-23">[23]</a> Throughout history, Persian was considered prestigious by various empires centered in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Persian_literature-24">[24]</a> Old Persian is attested in <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a> on inscriptions from between the 6th and 4th century BC. Middle Persian is attested in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a>-derived scripts (<a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a>) on <a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">inscriptions</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean</a> scriptures from between the third to the tenth centuries (see <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle Persian literature</a>). New Persian literature was first recorded in the ninth century, after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>, since then adopting the Perso-Arabic script.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Persian was the first language to break through the monopoly of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> on writing in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian poetry</a> becoming a tradition in many eastern courts.<a href="#cite_note-Persian_literature-24">[24]</a> It was used officially as a language of bureaucracy even by non-native speakers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> in South Asia, and the <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> in Afghanistan. It influenced languages spoken in neighboring regions and beyond, including other Iranian languages, the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>. It also exerted some influence on Arabic,<a href="#cite_note-Holes2001-27">[27]</a> while borrowing a lot of vocabulary from it in the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-Lazard-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richard_Davis_2006._pp._602-603-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lazard,_Gilbert_1971-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nushin_Namazi-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Classe_2000_1057-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-lambtonexcerpt-31">[31]</a> Some of the world's most famous pieces of literature from the Middle Ages, such as the <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>, the works of <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam" title="Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam">Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khamsa_of_Nizami" title="Khamsa of Nizami">Panj Ganj</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami Ganjavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Div%C4%81n_of_Hafez" title="The Divān of Hafez">The Divān of Hafez</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Conference_of_the_Birds" title="The Conference of the Birds">The Conference of the Birds</a> by <a href="/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur" title="Attar of Nishapur">Attar of Nishapur</a>, and the miscellanea of <a href="/wiki/Gulistan_(book)" title="Gulistan (book)">Gulistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bustan_(book)" title="Bustan (book)">Bustan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi Shirazi</a>, are written in Persian.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Some of the prominent modern Persian poets were <a href="/wiki/Nima_Yooshij" title="Nima Yooshij">Nima Yooshij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simin_Behbahani" title="Simin Behbahani">Simin Behbahani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Sepehri" title="Sohrab Sepehri">Sohrab Sepehri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rahi_Mo%27ayyeri" title="Rahi Mo'ayyeri">Rahi Mo'ayyeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Akhavan-Sales" title="Mehdi Akhavan-Sales">Mehdi Akhavan-Sales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forugh_Farrokhzad" title="Forugh Farrokhzad">Forugh Farrokhzad</a>. There are approximately 130 million Persian speakers worldwide, including <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azeris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Kurds">Iranian Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Balochs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Pashtuns" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Pashtuns">Afghan Pashtuns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a>. The term Persophone might also be used to refer to a speaker of Persian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry2005284-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> Persian is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western Iranian group</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>, which make up a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian subdivision</a>. The Western Iranian languages themselves are divided into two subgroups: Southwestern Iranian languages, of which Persian is the most widely spoken, and Northwestern Iranian languages, of which <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> are the most widely spoken.<a href="#cite_note-windfuhr1987-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> The term Persian is an English derivation of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> Persiānus, the adjectival form of Persia, itself deriving from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> Persís (Περσίς),<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> a Hellenized form of <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> Pārsa (𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿),<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> which means "<a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persia</a>" (a region in southwestern Iran, corresponding to modern-day <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a>). According to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, the term Persian as a language name is first attested in English in the mid-16th century.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Farsi, which is the Persian word for the Persian language, has also been used widely in English in recent decades, more often to refer to Iran's standard Persian. However, the name Persian is still more widely used. The <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literature" title="Academy of Persian Language and Literature">Academy of Persian Language and Literature</a> has maintained that the <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">endonym</a> Farsi is to be avoided in foreign languages, and that Persian is the appropriate designation of the language in English, as it has the longer tradition in western languages and better expresses the role of the language as a mark of cultural and national continuity.<a href="#cite_note-Farhangestan-39">[39]</a> Iranian historian and linguist <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Ehsan Yarshater</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>'s Center for Iranian Studies, mentions the same concern in an academic journal on <a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranology</a>, rejecting the use of Farsi in foreign languages.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Etymologically, the Persian term Farsi derives from its earlier form Pārsi (Pārsik in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>), which in turn comes from the same root as the English term Persian.<a href="#cite_note-Spooner-41">[41]</a> In the same process, the Middle Persian toponym Pārs ("Persia") evolved into the modern name Fars.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The phonemic shift from /p/ to /f/ is due to the <a href="/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages" title="Influence of Arabic on other languages">influence of Arabic</a> in the Middle Ages, and is because of the lack of the phoneme /p/ in Standard Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_varieties'_names">Standard varieties' names</h3></div> The standard Persian of Iran has been called, apart from Persian and Farsi, by names such as Iranian Persian and Western Persian, exclusively.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Officially, the official language of Iran is designated simply as Persian (فارسی, fārsi).<a href="#cite_note-Iran_Constitution-9">[9]</a> The standard Persian of Afghanistan has been officially named Dari (دری, dari) since 1958.<a href="#cite_note-Olesen-14">[14]</a> Also referred to as Afghan Persian in English, it is one of Afghanistan's two official languages, together with <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>. The term Dari, meaning "of the court", originally referred to the variety of Persian used in the court of the Sasanian Empire in capital <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>, which was spread to the northeast of the empire and gradually replaced the former Iranian dialects of <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Tajik Persian (форси́и тоҷикӣ́, forsi-i tojikī), the standard Persian of Tajikistan, has been officially designated as Tajik (тоҷикӣ, tojikī) since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-16">[16]</a> It is the name given to the varieties of Persian spoken in Central Asia in general.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISO_codes">ISO codes</h3></div> The international language-encoding standard <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a> uses the code <code>fa</code> for the Persian language, as its coding system is mostly based on the native-language designations. The more detailed standard <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> uses the code <code>fas</code> for the dialects spoken across Iran and Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> This consists of the individual languages Dari (<code>prs</code>) and Iranian Persian (<code>pes</code>). It uses <code>tgk</code> for Tajik, separately.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> In general, the Iranian languages are known from three periods: namely Old, Middle, and New (Modern). These correspond to three historical eras of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iranian history</a>; Old era being sometime around the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (i.e., 400–300 BC), Middle era being the next period most officially around the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, and New era being the period afterward down to present day.<a href="#cite_note-EI-IL-vi-54">[54]</a> According to available documents, the Persian language is "the only Iranian language"<a href="#cite_note-Lazard-20">[20]</a> for which close philological relationships between all of its three stages are established and so that Old, Middle, and New Persian represent<a href="#cite_note-Lazard-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI-IL-vi(2)-55">[55]</a> one and the same language of Persian; that is, New Persian is a direct descendant of Middle and Old Persian.<a href="#cite_note-EI-IL-vi(2)-55">[55]</a> Gernot Windfuhr considers new Persian as an evolution of the Old Persian language and the Middle Persian language<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> but also states that none of the known Middle Persian dialects is the direct predecessor of Modern Persian.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Ludwig Paul states: "The language of the Shahnameh should be seen as one instance of continuous historical development from Middle to New Persian."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The known history of the Persian language can be divided into the following three distinct periods: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Persian">Old Persian</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pers%C3%A9polis._Inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pers%C3%A9polis._Inscription.jpg/220px-Pers%C3%A9polis._Inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pers%C3%A9polis._Inscription.jpg/330px-Pers%C3%A9polis._Inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pers%C3%A9polis._Inscription.jpg/440px-Pers%C3%A9polis._Inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="1107" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> inscription written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, Iran</figcaption></figure> As a <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a>, Old Persian is attested in royal <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> inscriptions. The oldest known text written in Old Persian is from the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a>, dating to the time of King <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> (reigned 522–486 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt200880–1-60">[60]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation">citation not found</a>] Examples of Old Persian have been found in what is now <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, Romania (<a href="/wiki/Gherla" title="Gherla">Gherla</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhrt2013197-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1984103-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt200053-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, Turkey, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-OPGTL_6-65">[65]</a> Old Persian is one of the earliest attested Indo-European languages.<a href="#cite_note-EI-IL-vi-vi(2)-66">[66]</a> According to certain historical assumptions about the early history and origin of ancient Persians in <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Southwestern Iran</a> (where Achaemenids hailed from), Old Persian was originally spoken by a tribe called Parsuwash, who arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a> early in the 1st millennium BCE and finally migrated down into the area of present-day Fārs province. Their language, Old Persian, became the official language of the Achaemenid kings.<a href="#cite_note-EI-IL-vi-vi(2)-66">[66]</a> Assyrian records, which in fact appear to provide the earliest evidence for ancient Iranian (Persian and Median) presence on the Iranian Plateau, give a good chronology but only an approximate geographical indication of what seem to be ancient Persians. In these records of the 9th century BCE, Parsuwash (along with Matai, presumably Medians) are first mentioned in the area of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a> in the records of <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EI-IL-vi-vi(1)-67">[67]</a> The exact identity of the Parsuwash is not known for certain, but from a linguistic viewpoint the word matches Old Persian pārsa itself coming directly from the older word *pārćwa.<a href="#cite_note-EI-IL-vi-vi(1)-67">[67]</a> Also, as Old Persian contains many words from another extinct Iranian language, <a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Prods_Oktor_Skjaervo" title="Prods Oktor Skjaervo">P. O. Skjærvø</a> it is probable that Old Persian had already been spoken before the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> and was spoken during most of the first half of the first millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-EI-IL-vi-vi(2)-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BCE, which is when Old Persian was still spoken and extensively used. He relates that the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenian people</a> spoke a <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">language</a> that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Related to Old Persian, but from a different branch of the Iranian language family, was <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a>, the language of the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> liturgical texts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Persian">Middle Persian</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_block_with_Paikuli_inscription.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Stone_block_with_Paikuli_inscription.JPG/220px-Stone_block_with_Paikuli_inscription.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Stone_block_with_Paikuli_inscription.JPG/330px-Stone_block_with_Paikuli_inscription.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Stone_block_with_Paikuli_inscription.JPG/440px-Stone_block_with_Paikuli_inscription.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> text written in <a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional Pahlavi</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Paikuli_inscription" title="Paikuli inscription">Paikuli inscription</a> from between 293 and 297. <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Museum" title="Sulaymaniyah Museum">Slemani Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>.</figcaption></figure> The complex <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">grammatical conjugation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a> of Old Persian yielded to the structure of Middle Persian in which the dual number disappeared, leaving only singular and plural, as did gender. Middle Persian developed the <a href="/wiki/Ez%C4%81fe" title="Ezāfe">ezāfe</a> construction, expressed through ī (modern e/ye), to indicate some of the relations between words that have been lost with the simplification of the earlier grammatical system. Although the "middle period" of the Iranian languages formally begins with the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, the transition from Old to Middle Persian had probably already begun before the 4th century BC. However, Middle Persian is not actually attested until 600 years later when it appears in the Sassanid era (224–651 AD) inscriptions, so any form of the language before this date cannot be described with any degree of certainty. Moreover, as a literary language, Middle Persian is not attested until much later, in the 6th or 7th century. From the 8th century onward, Middle Persian gradually began yielding to New Persian, with the middle-period form only continuing in the texts of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>. Middle Persian is considered to be a later form of the same dialect as Old Persian.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">native name</a> of Middle Persian was Parsig or Parsik, after the name of the ethnic group of the southwest, that is, "of Pars", Old Persian Parsa, New Persian <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a>. This is the origin of the name Farsi as it is today used to signify New Persian. Following the collapse of the Sassanid state, Parsik came to be applied exclusively to (either Middle or New) Persian that was written in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>. From about the 9th century onward, as Middle Persian was on the threshold of becoming New Persian, the older form of the language came to be erroneously called <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Pahlavi</a>, which was actually but one of the writing systems used to render both Middle Persian as well as various other Middle Iranian languages. That writing system had previously been adopted by the Sassanids (who were Persians, i.e. from the southwest) from the preceding Arsacids (who were Parthians, i.e. from the northeast). While <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Muqaffa%27" title="Ibn al-Muqaffa'">Ibn al-Muqaffa'</a> (eighth century) still distinguished between Pahlavi (i.e. Parthian) and Persian (in Arabic text: al-Farisiyah) (i.e. Middle Persian), this distinction is not evident in Arab commentaries written after that date. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Persian">New Persian</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudaba.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rudaba.JPG/220px-Rudaba.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rudaba.JPG/330px-Rudaba.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rudaba.JPG/440px-Rudaba.JPG 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></figcaption></figure> "New Persian" (also referred to as Modern Persian) is conventionally divided into three stages: <ul><li>Early New Persian (8th/9th centuries)</li> <li>Classical Persian (10th–18th centuries)</li> <li>Contemporary Persian (19th century to present)</li></ul> Early New Persian remains largely intelligible to speakers of Contemporary Persian, as the morphology and, to a lesser extent, the lexicon of the language have remained relatively stable.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_New_Persian">Early New Persian</h4></div> New Persian texts written in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> first appear in the 9th-century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2000-71">[71]</a> The language is a direct descendant of Middle Persian, the official, religious, and literary language of the Sasanian Empire (224–651).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazard1975596-72">[72]</a> However, it is not descended from the literary form of Middle Persian (known as pārsīk, commonly called Pahlavi), which was spoken by the people of <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a> and used in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> religious writings. Instead, it is descended from the dialect spoken by the court of the Sasanian capital <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a> and the northeastern Iranian region of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, known as Dari.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2000-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry2011-73">[73]</a> The region, which comprised the present territories of northwestern Afghanistan as well as parts of Central Asia, played a leading role in the rise of New Persian. Khorasan, which was the homeland of the Parthians, was Persianized under the Sasanians. Dari Persian thus supplanted <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian language</a>, which by the end of the Sasanian era had fallen out of use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2000-71">[71]</a> New Persian has incorporated many foreign words, including from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">eastern</a> northern and northern Iranian languages such as <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> and especially Parthian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazard1975597-74">[74]</a> The transition to New Persian was already complete by the era of the three princely dynasties of Iranian origin, the <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a> (820–872), <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a> (860–903), and <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a> (874–999).<a href="#cite_note-Public_Domain-75">[75]</a> Abbas of <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> is mentioned as being the earliest minstrel to chant verse in the New Persian tongue and after him the poems of <a href="/wiki/Hanzala_Badghisi" title="Hanzala Badghisi">Hanzala Badghisi</a> were among the most famous between the Persian-speakers of the time.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The first poems of the Persian language, a language historically called Dari, emerged in present-day Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-Adamec-77">[77]</a> The first significant Persian poet was <a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a>. He flourished in the 10th century, when the Samanids were at the height of their power. His reputation as a court poet and as an accomplished musician and singer has survived, although little of his poetry has been preserved. Among his lost works are versified fables collected in the <a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%ABla_wa-Dimna" title="Kalīla wa-Dimna">Kalila wa Dimna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Persian_literature-24">[24]</a> The language spread geographically from the 11th century on and was the medium through which, among others, Central Asian Turks became familiar with Islam and urban culture. New Persian was widely used as a trans-regional <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, a task aided due to its relatively simple morphology, and this situation persisted until at least the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-turkiclanguages.com-78">[78]</a> In the late Middle Ages, new Islamic literary languages were created on the Persian model: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai Turkic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dobhashi" title="Dobhashi">Dobhashi Bengali</a>, and Urdu, which are regarded as "structural daughter languages" of Persian.<a href="#cite_note-turkiclanguages.com-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_Persian">Classical Persian</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Persian-language_poets_and_authors" title="List of Persian-language poets and authors">List of Persian-language poets and authors</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalila_wa_Dimna_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kalila_wa_Dimna_001.jpg/220px-Kalila_wa_Dimna_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kalila_wa_Dimna_001.jpg/330px-Kalila_wa_Dimna_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kalila_wa_Dimna_001.jpg/440px-Kalila_wa_Dimna_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Kalilah va Dimna</a>, an influential work in Persian literature</figcaption></figure> "Classical Persian" loosely refers to the standardized language of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Persia">medieval Persia</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">poetry</a>. This is the language of the 10th to 12th centuries, which continued to be used as literary language and <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> under the "<a href="/wiki/Persianized" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianized">Persianized</a>" Turko-Mongol dynasties during the 12th to 15th centuries, and under restored Persian rule during the 16th to 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Persian during this time served as lingua franca of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Persia">Greater Persia</a> and of much of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. It was also the official and cultural language of many Islamic dynasties, including the Samanids, <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Karakhanids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuqs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Turkmen beyliks of Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshahs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kokand" title="Khanate of Kokand">Khanate of Kokand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, and also many Mughal successors such as the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a>. Persian was the only non-European language known and used by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> at the Court of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> and in his journeys through China.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Use_in_Asia_Minor">Use in Asia Minor</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_miniature_painters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ottoman_miniature_painters.jpg/220px-Ottoman_miniature_painters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ottoman_miniature_painters.jpg/330px-Ottoman_miniature_painters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Ottoman_miniature_painters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>Persian on an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a></figcaption></figure> A branch of the Seljuks, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a>, took Persian language, art, and letters to Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-Sigfried_J_1994._p_734-82">[82]</a> They adopted the Persian language as the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, who can roughly be seen as their eventual successors, inherited this tradition. Persian was the official court language of the empire, and for some time, the official language of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The educated and noble class of the Ottoman Empire all spoke Persian, such as Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>, despite being Safavid Iran's archrival and a staunch opposer of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpuler200368-85">[85]</a> It was a major literary language in the empire.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Some of the noted earlier Persian works during the Ottoman rule are <a href="/wiki/Idris_Bitlisi" title="Idris Bitlisi">Idris Bidlisi</a>'s Hasht Bihisht, which began in 1502 and covered the reign of the first eight Ottoman rulers, and the Salim-Namah, a glorification of Selim I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpuler200368-85">[85]</a> After a period of several centuries, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> (which was highly Persianised itself) had developed toward a fully accepted language of literature, and which was even able to lexically satisfy the demands of a scientific presentation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpuler200369-87">[87]</a> However, the number of Persian and Arabic loanwords contained in those works increased at times up to 88%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpuler200369-87">[87]</a> In the Ottoman Empire, Persian was used at the royal court, for diplomacy, poetry, historiographical works, literary works, and was taught in state schools, and was also offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Use_in_the_Balkans">Use in the Balkans</h5></div> Persian learning was also widespread in the Ottoman-held <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a>), with a range of cities being famed for their long-standing traditions in the study of Persian and its classics, amongst them Saraybosna (modern <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina), <a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a> (also in Bosnia and Herzegovina), and Vardar Yenicesi (or Yenice-i Vardar, now <a href="/wiki/Giannitsa" title="Giannitsa">Giannitsa</a>, in the northern part of Greece).<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Vardar Yenicesi differed from other localities in the Balkans insofar as that it was a town where Persian was also widely spoken.<a href="#cite_note-Green-90">[90]</a> However, the Persian of Vardar Yenicesi and throughout the rest of the Ottoman-held Balkans was different from formal Persian both in accent and vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-Green-90">[90]</a> The difference was apparent to such a degree that the Ottomans referred to it as "Rumelian Persian" (Rumili Farsisi).<a href="#cite_note-Green-90">[90]</a> As learned people such as students, scholars and literati often frequented Vardar Yenicesi, it soon became the site of a flourishing <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate</a> linguistic and literary culture.<a href="#cite_note-Green-90">[90]</a> The 16th-century Ottoman <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1k_%C3%87elebi" title="Aşık Çelebi">Aşık Çelebi</a> (died 1572), who hailed from <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, was galvanized by the abundant Persian-speaking and Persian-writing communities of Vardar Yenicesi, and he referred to the city as a "hotbed of Persian".<a href="#cite_note-Green-90">[90]</a> Many Ottoman Persianists who established a career in the Ottoman capital of Constantinople (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) pursued early Persian training in Saraybosna, amongst them <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Sudi" title="Ahmed Sudi">Ahmed Sudi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Use_in_Indian_subcontinent">Use in Indian subcontinent</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian language in the Indian subcontinent</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persian_and_Urdu" title="Persian and Urdu">Persian and Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dobhashi" title="Dobhashi">Dobhashi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agra_India_persian_poem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Agra_India_persian_poem.jpg/220px-Agra_India_persian_poem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Agra_India_persian_poem.jpg/330px-Agra_India_persian_poem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Agra_India_persian_poem.jpg/440px-Agra_India_persian_poem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Persian poem, <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a>, India, 18th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agra_castle_India_persian_poem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Agra_castle_India_persian_poem.jpg/220px-Agra_castle_India_persian_poem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Agra_castle_India_persian_poem.jpg/330px-Agra_castle_India_persian_poem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Agra_castle_India_persian_poem.jpg/440px-Agra_castle_India_persian_poem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Persian poem, Takht-e Shah Jahan, <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a>, India</figcaption></figure> The Persian language influenced the formation of many modern languages in West Asia, Europe, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. Following the Turko-Persian <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Ghaznavid</a> conquest of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, Persian was firstly introduced in the region by Turkic Central Asians.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The basis in general for the introduction of Persian language into the subcontinent was set, from its earliest days, by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-Sigfried_J_1994._p_734-82">[82]</a> For five centuries prior to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonization</a>, Persian was widely used as a second language in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. It took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts on the subcontinent and became the sole "official language" under the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal emperors</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> witnessed an influx of Persian scholars, lawyers, teachers, and clerics. Thousands of Persian books and manuscripts were published in Bengal. The period of the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ghiyathuddin_Azam_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyathuddin Azam Shah">Ghiyathuddin Azam Shah</a> is described as the "golden age of Persian literature in Bengal". Its stature was illustrated by the Sultan's own correspondence and collaboration with the Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a>; a poem which can be found in the Divan of Hafez today.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> dialect emerged among the common <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim">Bengali Muslim</a> folk, based on a Persian model and known as <a href="/wiki/Dobhashi" title="Dobhashi">Dobhashi</a>; meaning mixed language. Dobhashi Bengali was patronised and given official status under the <a href="/wiki/Sultans_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultans of Bengal">Sultans of Bengal</a>, and was a popular literary form used by Bengalis during the pre-colonial period, irrespective of their religion.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Following the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Shahi">Hindu Shahi</a> dynasty, classical Persian was established as a courtly language in the region during the late 10th century under <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a> rule over the northwestern frontier of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-google2-95">[95]</a> Employed by <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a> in literature, Persian achieved prominence in the region during the following centuries.<a href="#cite_note-google2-95">[95]</a> Persian continued to act as a courtly language for various empires in <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> through the early 19th century serving finally as the official state language of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>, preceding <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">British conquest</a> and the decline of Persian in South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grewal112-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Beginning in 1843, though, English and <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> gradually replaced Persian in importance on the subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Evidence of Persian's historical influence there can be seen in the extent of its influence on certain languages of the Indian subcontinent. Words borrowed from Persian are still quite commonly used in certain Indo-Aryan languages, especially <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (also historically known as <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>), <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-google4-100">[100]</a> There is also a small population of Zoroastrian <a href="/wiki/Irani_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irani (India)">Iranis</a> in India, who migrated in the 19th century to escape religious execution in <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Iran</a> and speak a Dari dialect. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_Persian">Contemporary Persian</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Qajar_dynasty">Qajar dynasty</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persische_dialekte_Persian_dialects.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Persische_dialekte_Persian_dialects.png/220px-Persische_dialekte_Persian_dialects.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Persische_dialekte_Persian_dialects.png/330px-Persische_dialekte_Persian_dialects.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Persische_dialekte_Persian_dialects.png/440px-Persische_dialekte_Persian_dialects.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Persian dialects</figcaption></figure> In the 19th century, under the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a>, the dialect that is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> rose to prominence. There was still substantial Arabic vocabulary, but many of these words have been integrated into Persian phonology and grammar. In addition, under the Qajar rule, numerous <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and English terms entered the Persian language, especially vocabulary related to technology. The first official attentions to the necessity of protecting the Persian language against foreign words, and to the standardization of <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian orthography</a>, were under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser ed Din Shah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a> in 1871.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After Naser ed Din Shah, <a href="/wiki/Mozaffar_ad-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar">Mozaffar ed Din Shah</a> ordered the establishment of the first Persian association in 1903.<a href="#cite_note-Farhangestan-39">[39]</a> This association officially declared that it used Persian and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as acceptable sources for coining words. The ultimate goal was to prevent books from being printed with wrong use of words. According to the executive guarantee of this association, the government was responsible for wrongfully printed books. Words coined by this association, such as rāh-āhan (راه‌آهن) for "railway", were printed in Soltani Newspaper; but the association was eventually closed due to inattention.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A scientific association was founded in 1911, resulting in a dictionary called Words of Scientific Association (لغت انجمن علمی), which was completed in the future and renamed Katouzian Dictionary (فرهنگ کاتوزیان).<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pahlavi_dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</h5></div> The first academy for the Persian language was founded on 20 May 1935, under the name Academy of Iran. It was established by the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Shah Pahlavi">Reza Shah Pahlavi</a>, and mainly by <a href="/wiki/Hekmat_E_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekmat E Shirazi">Hekmat e Shirazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Foroughi" title="Mohammad Ali Foroughi">Mohammad Ali Foroughi</a>, all prominent names in the nationalist movement of the time. The academy was a key institution in the struggle to re-build Iran as a nation-state after the collapse of the Qajar dynasty. During the 1930s and 1940s, the academy led massive campaigns to replace the many <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> loanwords whose widespread use in Persian during the centuries preceding the foundation of the Pahlavi dynasty had created a literary language considerably different from the spoken Persian of the time. This became the basis of what is now known as "Contemporary Standard Persian". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2></div> There are three standard varieties of modern Persian: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a> (Persian, Western Persian, or Farsi) is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and by minorities in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> states.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Eastern Persian</a> (Dari Persian, Afghan Persian, or Dari) is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajiki</a> (Tajik Persian) is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. It is written in the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>.</li></ul> All these three varieties are based on the classic Persian literature and its literary tradition. There are also several local dialects from Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan which slightly differ from the standard Persian. The <a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi dialect</a> (in Central Afghanistan and Pakistan), <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herati</a> (in Western Afghanistan), Darwazi (in Afghanistan and Tajikistan), <a href="/wiki/Basseri_dialect" title="Basseri dialect">Basseri</a> (in Southern Iran), and the <a href="/wiki/Tehrani_accent" title="Tehrani accent">Tehrani accent</a> (in Iran, the basis of standard Iranian Persian) are examples of these dialects. Persian-speaking peoples of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan can understand one another with a relatively high degree of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a> notes that the Iranian, Afghan, and Tajiki varieties comprise distinct branches of the Persian language, and within each branch a wide variety of local dialects exist.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The following are some languages closely related to Persian, or in some cases are considered dialects: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a> (or Lori), spoken mainly in the southwestern Iranian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Lorestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorestan Province">Lorestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kohgiluyeh_and_Boyer-Ahmad_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province">Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaharmahal_and_Bakhtiari_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province">Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari</a> some western parts of <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars Province</a>, and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Achomi</a> (or Lari), spoken mainly in southern Iranian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hormozgan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormozgan Province">Hormozgan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a>, spoken in parts of Azerbaijan, Russia, and Transcaucasia. It is classified as a variety of Persian.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> (This dialect is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati language</a> of northwestern Iran, which is a member of a different branch of the Iranian languages.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a>. Part of the Tat-Persian continuum, spoken in Azerbaijan, Russia, as well as by immigrant communities in Israel and New York.</li></ul> More distantly related branches of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian language family</a> include Kurdish and <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> database proposes the following phylogenetic classification: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Farsic–Caucasian Tat <ul><li>Caucasian Tat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Muslim Tat</a> (including Armeno-Tat)</li></ul></li> <li>Farsic <ul><li>Eastern Farsic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_dialect" title="Aimaq dialect">Aimaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavani_language" title="Pahlavani language">Pahlavani</a></li> <li>Tajikic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Western Farsi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian phonology</a></div> Iranian Persian and Tajik have six vowels; Dari has 8. Iranian Persian has twenty-three consonants, but both Dari and Tajiki have twenty-four consonants. (due to the phonemic merger of /q/ and /ɣ/ in Iranian Persian).<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/WIKITONGUES-_Daniel_speaking_Farsi.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Daniel_speaking_Farsi.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="81" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Daniel_speaking_Farsi.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Daniel_speaking_Farsi.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/WIKITONGUES-_Daniel_speaking_Farsi.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Daniel_speaking_Farsi.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/WIKITONGUES-_Daniel_speaking_Farsi.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Daniel_speaking_Farsi.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/WIKITONGUES-_Daniel_speaking_Farsi.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/WIKITONGUES-_Daniel_speaking_Farsi.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Daniel_speaking_Farsi.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/WIKITONGUES-_Daniel_speaking_Farsi.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Daniel_speaking_Farsi.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/WIKITONGUES-_Daniel_speaking_Farsi.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Daniel_speaking_Farsi.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Daniel_speaking_Farsi.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Daniel_speaking_Farsi.webm&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /></video><figcaption>Persian spoken by an Iranian. Recorded in the United States.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Tehrani Persian vowel chart </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒː</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:25em;"> <caption> Dari vowel chart </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> ~ (<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:25em;"> <caption> Tajik vowel chart </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%C9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Ʉ">ʉ</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/%C6%9F%CC%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɵ̞">ɵ̞</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farsi_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Farsi_vowel_chart.svg/300px-Farsi_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Farsi_vowel_chart.svg/450px-Farsi_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Farsi_vowel_chart.svg/600px-Farsi_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The vowel phonemes of modern Tehran Persian</figcaption></figure> Historically, Persian distinguished length. Early New Persian had a series of five long vowels (/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/, and /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/) along with three short vowels /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/, and /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/. At some point prior to the 16th century in the general area now modern Iran, /eː/ and /iː/ merged into /iː/, and /oː/ and /uː/ merged into /uː/. Thus, older contrasts such as شیر shēr "lion" vs. شیر shīr "milk", and زود zūd "quick" vs زور zōr "strength" were lost. However, there are exceptions to this rule, and in some words, ē and ō are merged into the diphthongs [eɪ] and [oʊ] (which are descendants of the diphthongs [æɪ] and [æʊ] in Early New Persian), instead of merging into /iː/ and /uː/. Examples of the exception can be found in words such as روشن [roʊʃæn] (bright). Numerous other instances exist. However, in Dari, the archaic distinction of /eː/ and /iː/ (respectively known as یای مجهول Yā-ye majhūl and یای معروف Yā-ye ma'rūf) is still preserved as well as the distinction of /oː/ and /uː/ (known as واو مجهول Wāw-e majhūl and واو معروف Wāw-e ma'rūf). On the other hand, in standard Tajik, the length distinction has disappeared, and /iː/ merged with /i/ and /uː/ with /u/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry2005-110">[110]</a> Therefore, contemporary Afghan Dari dialects are the closest to the vowel inventory of Early New Persian. According to most studies on the subject (e.g. <a href="#CITEREFSamareh1977">Samareh 1977</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSamareh1977 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)[<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation">citation not found</a>], <a href="#CITEREFPisowicz1985">Pisowicz 1985</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPisowicz1985 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)[<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation">citation not found</a>], <a href="#CITEREFNajafi2001">Najafi 2001</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNajafi2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>))[<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation">citation not found</a>], the three vowels traditionally considered long (/i/, /u/, /ɒ/) are currently distinguished from their short counterparts (/e/, /o/, /æ/) by position of articulation rather than by length. However, there are studies (e.g. <a href="#CITEREFHayes1979">Hayes 1979</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHayes1979 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)[<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation">citation not found</a>], <a href="#CITEREFWindfuhr1979">Windfuhr 1979</a>) that consider vowel length to be the active feature of the system, with /ɒ/, /i/, and /u/ phonologically long or bimoraic and /æ/, /e/, and /o/ phonologically short or monomoraic. There are also some studies that consider quality and quantity to be both active in the Iranian system (such as Toosarvandani 2004). That offers a synthetic analysis including both quality and quantity, which often suggests that Modern Persian vowels are in a transition state between the quantitative system of Classical Persian and a hypothetical future Iranian language, which will eliminate all traces of quantity and retain quality as the only active feature. The length distinction is still strictly observed by careful reciters of classic-style poetry for all varieties (including Tajik). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-alv.</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a> </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_and_alveolar_flaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental and alveolar flaps">ɾ</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Notes: <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/ have merged into [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced uvular stop">ɢ</a>], as a voiced velar fricative [ɣ] when positioned <a href="/wiki/Intervocalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Intervocalic">intervocalically</a> and unstressed, and as a voiced uvular stop [ɢ] otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-ipa_handbook-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-jahani2005-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-thackston1993_phonology-113">[113]</a></li></ul> • /n/ is realized as [ŋ] when right before a velar consonant. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian grammar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3></div> Suffixes predominate Persian <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, though there are a small number of prefixes.<a href="#cite_note-megerdoomian2000-114">[114]</a> Verbs can express tense and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, and they agree with the subject in person and number.<a href="#cite_note-mahootian1997-115">[115]</a> There is no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a> in modern Persian, and pronouns are not marked for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender#Grammatical_vs._natural_gender" title="Grammatical gender">natural gender</a>. In other words, in Persian, pronouns are gender-neutral. When referring to a masculine or a feminine subject, the same pronoun <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:او">او</a> is used (pronounced "ou", ū).<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3></div> Persian adheres mainly to Subject-Object-Verb (<a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Subject–object–verb word order">SOV</a>) word order. However, case endings (e.g. for subject, object, etc.) expressed via suffixes may allow users to vary word order. Verbs agree with the subject in person and number. Normal declarative sentences are structured as (S) (PP) (O) V: sentences have optional <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subjects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional phrase">prepositional phrases</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">objects</a> followed by a compulsory <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>. If the object is specific, the object is followed by the word rā and precedes prepositional phrases: (S) (O + rā) (PP) V.<a href="#cite_note-mahootian1997-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_vocabulary" title="Persian vocabulary">Persian vocabulary</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_word_formation">Native word formation</h3></div> Persian makes extensive use of word building and combining affixes, stems, nouns, and adjectives. Persian frequently uses derivational <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutination</a> to <a href="/wiki/Word_formation" title="Word formation">form new words</a> from nouns, adjectives, and verbal stems. New words are extensively formed by <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounding</a> – two existing words combining into a new one. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Persian_origin" title="List of English words of Persian origin">List of English words of Persian origin</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_loanwords_in_Persian" title="List of French loanwords in Persian">List of French loanwords in Persian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#Comparison_table" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages § Comparison table</a></div> While having a lesser influence from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-Nushin_Namazi-29">[29]</a> and other languages of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and its core vocabulary being of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> origin,<a href="#cite_note-Richard_Davis_2006._pp._602-603-23">[23]</a> New Persian contains a considerable number of Arabic lexical items,<a href="#cite_note-Lazard-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lazard,_Gilbert_1971-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Classe_2000_1057-30">[30]</a> which were Persianized<a href="#cite_note-lambtonexcerpt-31">[31]</a> and often took a different meaning and usage than the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> original. Persian loanwords of Arabic origin especially include <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> terms. The Arabic vocabulary in other Iranian, Turkic, and Indic languages is generally understood to have been copied from New Persian, not from Arabic itself.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_R._Perry_(orientalist)" title="John R. Perry (orientalist)">John R. Perry</a>, in his article "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic", estimates that about 20 percent of everyday vocabulary in current Persian, and around 25 percent of the vocabulary of classical and modern Persian literature, are of Arabic origin. The text frequency of these loan words is generally lower and varies by style and topic area. It may approach 25 percent of a text in literature.<a href="#cite_note-Perry-118">[118]</a> According to another source, about 40% of everyday Persian literary vocabulary is of Arabic origin.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Among the Arabic loan words, relatively few (14 percent) are from the semantic domain of material culture, while a larger number are from domains of intellectual and spiritual life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry200599-120">[120]</a> Most of the Arabic words used in Persian are either synonyms of native terms or could be glossed in Persian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry200599-120">[120]</a> The inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> elements in the Persian language should also be mentioned,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> not only because of the political role a succession of Turkic dynasties played in Iranian history, but also because of the immense prestige Persian language and literature enjoyed in the wider (non-Arab) Islamic world, which was often ruled by sultans and emirs with a Turkic background. The Turkish and Mongolian vocabulary in Persian is minor in comparison to that of Arabic and these words were mainly confined to military, pastoral terms and political sector (titles, administration, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> New military and political titles were coined based partially on Middle Persian (e.g. ارتش arteš for "army", instead of the Uzbek قؤشین qoʻshin; سرلشکر sarlaškar; دریابان daryābān; etc.) in the 20th century. Persian has likewise influenced the vocabularies of other languages, especially other <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Urdu, Bengali, and Hindi; the latter three through conquests of Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan invaders;<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azeri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachay-Balkar</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Compendium_of_the_World_Languages-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lezgin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin language">Lezgin</a>;<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Afro-Asiatic languages like <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" title="List of loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">List of loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani Arabic</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Holes2001-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> indirectly especially <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a>; as well as <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a> <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>. Persian has also had a significant lexical influence, via Turkish, on <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>, particularly as spoken in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. Use of occasional foreign synonyms instead of Persian words can be a common practice in everyday communications as an alternative expression. In some instances in addition to the Persian vocabulary, the equivalent synonyms from multiple foreign languages can be used. For example, in Iranian colloquial Persian (not in Afghanistan or Tajikistan), the phrase "thank you" may be expressed using the French word مرسی merci (stressed, however, on the first syllable), the hybrid Persian-Arabic phrase متشکّرَم motešakkeram (متشکّر motešakker being "thankful" in Arabic, commonly pronounced moččakker in Persian, and the verb ـَم am meaning "I am" in Persian), or by the pure Persian phrase سپاسگزارم sepās-gozāram. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nastaliq-proportions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Nastaliq-proportions.jpg/220px-Nastaliq-proportions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Nastaliq-proportions.jpg/330px-Nastaliq-proportions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Nastaliq-proportions.jpg/440px-Nastaliq-proportions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>Example showing Nastaʿlīq's (Persian) proportion rules<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1989-131">[131]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation">citation not found</a>]</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dehkhoda_note.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dehkhoda_note.jpg/220px-Dehkhoda_note.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dehkhoda_note.jpg/330px-Dehkhoda_note.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dehkhoda_note.jpg/440px-Dehkhoda_note.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ali-Akbar_Dehkhoda" title="Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda">Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda</a>'s personal handwriting, a typical <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> Persian script</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_word_Persian_in_Pahlavi_script.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/The_word_Persian_in_Pahlavi_script.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="53" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="53" /></a><figcaption>The word "Persian" in the <a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book Pahlavi</a> script</figcaption></figure> The vast majority of modern Iranian Persian and Dari text is written with the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>. Tajiki, which is considered by some linguists to be a Persian dialect influenced by <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry2005-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-lazard1956-132">[132]</a> is written with the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik alphabet</a>). There also exist several <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanization systems for Persian</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_alphabet">Persian alphabet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a></div> Modern Iranian Persian and Afghan Persian are written using the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a> which is a modified variant of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>, which uses different pronunciation and additional letters not found in Arabic language. After the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Arab conquest of Persia</a>, it took approximately 200 years before Persians adopted the Arabic script in place of the older alphabet. Previously, two different scripts were used, <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a>, used for Middle Persian, and the <a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan alphabet</a> (in Persian, Dīndapirak, or Din Dabire—literally: religion script), used for religious purposes, primarily for the <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> but sometimes for Middle Persian. In the modern Persian script, <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">historically short vowels</a> are usually not written, only the historically long ones are represented in the text, so words distinguished from each other only by short vowels are ambiguous in writing: Iranian Persian kerm "worm", karam "generosity", kerem "cream", and krom "chrome" are all spelled krm (کرم) in Persian. The reader must determine the word from context. The Arabic system of vocalization marks known as <a href="/wiki/Harakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat">harakat</a> is also used in Persian, although some of the symbols have different pronunciations. For example, a <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8Cammah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḍammah">ḍammah</a> is pronounced [ʊ~u], while in Iranian Persian it is pronounced [o]. This system is not used in mainstream Persian literature; it is primarily used for teaching and in some (but not all) dictionaries. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_typewriter_keyboard_layout.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Persian_typewriter_keyboard_layout.svg/220px-Persian_typewriter_keyboard_layout.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Persian_typewriter_keyboard_layout.svg/330px-Persian_typewriter_keyboard_layout.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Persian_typewriter_keyboard_layout.svg/440px-Persian_typewriter_keyboard_layout.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Persian typewriter keyboard layout</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_keyboard_layout,_unshifted.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Persian_keyboard_layout%2C_unshifted.gif/220px-Persian_keyboard_layout%2C_unshifted.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Persian_keyboard_layout%2C_unshifted.gif/330px-Persian_keyboard_layout%2C_unshifted.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Persian_keyboard_layout%2C_unshifted.gif/440px-Persian_keyboard_layout%2C_unshifted.gif 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>A variant of the Iranian standard ISIRI 9147 keyboard layout for Persian</figcaption></figure> There are several letters generally only used in Arabic loanwords. These letters are pronounced the same as similar Persian letters. For example, there are four functionally identical letters for /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ (ز ذ ض ظ), three letters for /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ (س ص ث), two letters for /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/ (ط ت), two letters for /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/ (ح ه). On the other hand, there are four letters that do not exist in Arabic پ چ ژ گ. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Additions">Additions</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a> adds four letters to the Arabic alphabet: <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sound </th> <th>Isolated form </th> <th>Final form </th> <th>Medial form </th> <th>Initial form </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 1.25em;">/p/ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">پ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ـپ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ـپـ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">پـ </td> <td>pe </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 1.25em;">/tʃ/ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">چ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ـچ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ـچـ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">چـ </td> <td>če (che) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 1.25em;">/ʒ/ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ژ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ـژ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em; color: #aaa;">ـژ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em; color: #aaa;">ژ </td> <td>že (zhe or jhe) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 1.25em;">/ɡ/ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">گ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ـگ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ـگـ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">گـ </td> <td>ge (gāf) </td></tr></tbody></table> Historically, there was also a special letter for the sound /β/. This letter is no longer used, as the /β/-sound changed to /b/, e.g. archaic زڤان /zaβaːn/ > زبان /zæbɒn/ 'language'<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sound </th> <th>Isolated form </th> <th>Final form </th> <th>Medial form </th> <th>Initial form </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 1.25em;">/β/ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ڤ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ـڤ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ـڤـ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ڤـ </td> <td>βe </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variations">Variations</h4></div> The Persian alphabet also modifies some letters of the Arabic alphabet. For example, alef with hamza below ( إ ) changes to <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">alef</a> ( ا ); words using various <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamzas</a> get spelled with yet another kind of hamza (so that مسؤول becomes مسئول) even though the latter has been accepted in Arabic since the 1980s; and <a href="/wiki/Teh_marbuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Teh marbuta">teh marbuta</a> ( ة ) changes to <a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">heh</a> ( ه ) or <a href="/wiki/Taw_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taw (letter)">teh</a> ( ت ). The letters different in shape are: <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Arabic style letter </th> <th>Persian style letter </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 160%">ك </td> <td style="font-size: 160%">ک </td> <td>ke (kāf) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 160%">ي </td> <td style="font-size: 160%">ی </td> <td>ye </td></tr></tbody></table> However, ی in shape and form is the traditional Arabic style that continues in the Nile Valley, namely, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">South Sudan</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_alphabet">Latin alphabet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Romanization of Persian</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> has published a standard for simplified <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> of Persian into Latin, ISO 233-3, titled "Information and documentation – Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters – Part 3: Persian language – Simplified transliteration"<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> but the transliteration scheme is not in widespread use. Another Latin alphabet, based on the <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1alif" title="Yañalif">New Turkic Alphabet</a>, was used in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> in the 1920s and 1930s. The alphabet was phased out in favor of <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a> in the late 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry2005-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fingilish" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingilish">Fingilish</a> is Persian using <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a>. It is most commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">chat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">emails</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a> applications. The orthography is not standardized, and varies among writers and even media (for example, typing 'aa' for the [ɒ] phoneme is easier on computer keyboards than on cellphone keyboards, resulting in smaller usage of the combination on cellphones). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tajik_alphabet">Tajik alphabet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik alphabet</a></div>The Cyrillic script was introduced for writing the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik language</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic</a> in the late 1930s, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet#Transliteration_standards" title="Tajik alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> that had been used since the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> and the Persian script that had been used earlier. After 1939, materials published in Persian in the Persian script were banned in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry2005-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akademijai_ilmxhoi_jumxhurii_tojikiston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Akademijai_ilmxhoi_jumxhurii_tojikiston.jpg/220px-Akademijai_ilmxhoi_jumxhurii_tojikiston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Akademijai_ilmxhoi_jumxhurii_tojikiston.jpg/330px-Akademijai_ilmxhoi_jumxhurii_tojikiston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Akademijai_ilmxhoi_jumxhurii_tojikiston.jpg/440px-Akademijai_ilmxhoi_jumxhurii_tojikiston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Tajiki advertisement for an academy</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div> The following text is from Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Iranian Persian (<a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a>) </th> <td dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">همه‌ی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا می‌آیند و حیثیت و حقوق‌شان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Iranian Persian (<a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a>) </th> <td dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>همه‌ی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا می‌آیند و حیثیت و حقوق‌شان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Iranian Persian transliteration </th> <td>Hame-ye afrād-e bashar āzād be donyā mi āyand o heysiyat o hoquq-e shān bā ham barābar ast, hame andishe o vejdān dārand o bāyad dar barābare yekdigar bā ruh-e barādari raftār konand. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Iranian Persian <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <td>[hæmeje æfrɒde bæʃær ɒzɒd be donjɒ miɒjænd o hejsijæt o hoɢuɢe ʃɒn bɒ hæm bærɒbær æst hæme ʃɒn ændiʃe o vedʒdɒn dɒrænd o bɒjæd dær bærɒbære jekdiɡær bɒ ruhe bærɒdæri ræftɒr konænd] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tajiki </th> <td>Ҳамаи афроди башар озод ба дунё меоянд ва ҳайсияту ҳуқуқашон бо ҳам баробар аст, ҳамаашон андешаву виҷдон доранд ва бояд дар баробари якдигар бо рӯҳи бародарӣ рафтор кунанд. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tajiki transliteration </th> <td>Hamai afrodi bashar ozod ba dunjo meoyand va haysiyatu huquqashon bo ham barobar ast, hamaashon andeshavu vijdon dorand va boyad dar barobari yakdigar bo rūhi barodarī raftor kunand. </td></tr> <tr> <th>English translation </th> <td>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literature" title="Academy of Persian Language and Literature">Academy of Persian Language and Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_copula" title="Indo-European copula">Indo-European copula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a>, Western Persian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Persian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language">List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Persian_origin" title="List of English words of Persian origin">List of English words of Persian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_loanwords_in_Persian" title="List of French loanwords in Persian">List of French loanwords in Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_metres" title="Persian metres">Persian metres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Romanization of Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lingua_francas" title="List of lingua francas">List of link languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">Dialect continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolinguistics" title="Geolinguistics">Geolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_geography" title="Language geography">Language geography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Samadi-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samadi_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samadi_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samadi_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSamadiNick_Perkins2012" class="citation book cs1">Samadi, Habibeh; Nick Perkins (2012). Martin Ball; David Crystal; Paul Fletcher (eds.). Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars. Multilingual Matters. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84769-637-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84769-637-3"><bdi>978-1-84769-637-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assessing+Grammar%3A+The+Languages+of+Lars&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84769-637-3&rft.aulast=Samadi&rft.aufirst=Habibeh&rft.au=Nick+Perkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz1996" class="citation journal cs1">Foltz, Richard (1996). "The Tajiks of Uzbekistan". Central Asian Survey. 15 (2): 213–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02634939608400946">10.1080/02634939608400946</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-4937">0263-4937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Tajiks+of+Uzbekistan&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-216&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02634939608400946&rft.issn=0263-4937&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iraq">"IRAQ"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141117111515/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iraq">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAQ&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkiner1986" class="citation book cs1">Akiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union. London: Routledge. p. 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7103-0188-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7103-0188-X"><bdi>0-7103-0188-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Peoples+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=London&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-7103-0188-X&rft.aulast=Akiner&rft.aufirst=Shirin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Windfuhr417418-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Windfuhr417418_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Windfuhr417418_5-1">b</a> Windfuhr, Gernot: The Iranian Languages, Routledge 2009, p. 417–418. </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-6"><a href="#cite_ref-unesco_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/kuwaiti-persian">"Kuwaiti Persian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Kuwaiti+Persian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2Flanguages%2Fkuwaiti-persian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-e27-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_7-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fas">Persian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pes">Iranian Persian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/prs">Dari</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tgk">Tajik language</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/aiq">Aimaq dialect</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhh">Bukhori dialect</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> (Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box) </li> <li id="cite_note-Windfuhr418-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Windfuhr418_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Windfuhr418_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Windfuhr418_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Windfuhr418_8-3">d</a> Windfuhr, Gernot: The Iranian Languages, Routledge 2009, p. 418. </li> <li id="cite_note-Iran_Constitution-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iran_Constitution_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iran_Constitution_9-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>: Chapter II, Article 15: "The official language and script of Iran, the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of its people, is Persian. Official documents, correspondence, and texts, as well as text-books, must be in this language and script. However, the use of regional and tribal languages in the press and mass media, as well as for teaching of their literature in schools, is allowed in addition to Persian." </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Dagestan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan (page does not exist)">Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan</a>: Chapter I, Article 11: "The state languages of the Republic of Dagestan are Russian and the languages of the peoples of Dagestan." </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pes">"Persian, Iranian"</a>. Ethnologue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220105062922/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pes">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Persian%2C+Iranian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fpes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO-12"><a href="#cite_ref-ISO_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fas">"639 Identifier Documentation: fas"</a>. Sil.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220216202338/https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fas">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=639+Identifier+Documentation%3A+fas&rft.pub=Sil.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiso639-3.sil.org%2Fcode%2Ffas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027004409/https://en.parliran.ir/eng/en/Constitution">"The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran"</a>. Islamic Parliament of Iran. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.parliran.ir/eng/en/Constitution">the original</a> on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Parliament+of+Iran&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.parliran.ir%2Feng%2Fen%2FConstitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olesen-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olesen_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olesen_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlesen1995" class="citation book cs1">Olesen, Asta (1995). Islam and Politics in Afghanistan. Vol. 3. Psychology Press. p. 205. <q>There began a general promotion of the Pashto language at the expense of Farsi – previously dominant in the educational and administrative system (...) — and the term 'Dari' for the Afghan version of Farsi came into common use, being officially adopted in 1958.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Politics+in+Afghanistan&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Olesen&rft.aufirst=Asta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-siddikzoda2002-15"><a href="#cite_ref-siddikzoda2002_15-0">^</a> Siddikzoda, S. "Tajik Language: Farsi or not Farsi?" in Media Insight Central Asia #27, August 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2001" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Mona (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ewBfSBo8rRsC">Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies</a>. Psychology Press. p. 518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25517-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25517-2"><bdi>978-0-415-25517-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002103438/https://books.google.com/books?id=ewBfSBo8rRsC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2015. <q>All this affected translation activities in Persian, seriously undermining the international character of the language. The problem was compounded in modern times by several factors, among them the realignment of Central Asian Persian, renamed Tajiki by the Soviet Union, with Uzbek and Russian languages, as well as the emergence of a language reform movement in Iran which paid no attention to the consequences of its pronouncements and actions for the language as a whole.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Translation+Studies&rft.pages=518&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25517-2&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DewBfSBo8rRsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz1996" class="citation journal cs1">Foltz, Richard (1996). "The Tajiks of Uzbekistan". Central Asian Survey. 15 (2): 213–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02634939608400946">10.1080/02634939608400946</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-4937">0263-4937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Tajiks+of+Uzbekistan&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-216&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02634939608400946&rft.issn=0263-4937&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonson2006" class="citation book cs1">Jonson, Lena (2006). Tajikistan in the new Central Asia. p. 108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tajikistan+in+the+new+Central+Asia&rft.pages=108&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Jonson&rft.aufirst=Lena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordell1998" class="citation book cs1">Cordell, Karl (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicitydemocra0000unse_y7f7">Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe</a>. Routledge. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415173124" title="Special:BookSources/0415173124"><bdi>0415173124</bdi></a>. <q>Consequently the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajiks within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academics and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30 per cent of the republic's twenty-two million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7 per cent (Foltz 1996:213; Carlisle 1995:88).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+Democratisation+in+the+New+Europe&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0415173124&rft.aulast=Cordell&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethnicitydemocra0000unse_y7f7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazard-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lazard_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazard_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazard_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazard_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazard_20-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazard1975">Lazard 1975</a>: "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle Persian, and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran." </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmonDittmarMattheierTrudgill2006" class="citation book cs1">Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1912. <q>The Pahlavi language (also known as Middle Persian) was the official language of Iran during the Sassanid dynasty (from 3rd to 7th century A. D.). Pahlavi is the direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country. However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian (Moshref 2001).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistics%3A+An+International+Handbook+of+the+Science+of+Language+and+Society&rft.pages=1912&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ammon&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=Dittmar%2C+Norbert&rft.au=Mattheier%2C+Klaus+J.&rft.au=Trudgill%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjærvø2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi-iranian-languages-and-scripts">"Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII. pp. 344–377. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423163002/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi-iranian-languages-and-scripts">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2019. <q>(...) Persian, the language originally spoken in the province of Fārs, which is descended from Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid empire (6th–4th centuries B.C.E.), and Middle Persian, the language of the Sasanian empire (3rd–7th centuries C.E.).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran%2C+vi.+Iranian+languages+and+scripts&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=344-377&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Skj%C3%A6rv%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Prods+Oktor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-vi-iranian-languages-and-scripts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard_Davis_2006._pp._602-603-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_Davis_2006._pp._602-603_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_Davis_2006._pp._602-603_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_Davis_2006._pp._602-603_23-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Davis, Richard (2006). "Persian". In Meri, Josef W.; Bacharach, Jere L. (eds.). Medieval Islamic Civilization. Taylor & Francis. pp. 602–603. <q>Similarly, the core vocabulary of Persian continued to be derived from Pahlavi, but Arabic lexical items predominated for more abstract or abstruse subjects and often replaced their Persian equivalents in polite discourse. (...) The grammar of New Persian is similar to that of many contemporary European languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization&rft.pages=602-603&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Persian_literature-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Persian_literature_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persian_literature_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persian_literature_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Bruijn2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">de Bruijn, J.T.P. (14 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Persian-literature">"Persian literature"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610213004/https://www.britannica.com/art/Persian-literature">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian+literature&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2015-12-14&rft.aulast=de+Bruijn&rft.aufirst=J.T.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FPersian-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjærvø" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi2-documentation">"Iran vi. Iranian languages and scripts (2) Documentation"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII. pp. 348–366. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117083610/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi2-documentation">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran+vi.+Iranian+languages+and+scripts+%282%29+Documentation&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=348-366&rft.aulast=Skj%C3%A6rv%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Prods+Oktor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-vi2-documentation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgger2016" class="citation book cs1">Egger, Vernon O. (16 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0dEYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT146">A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315511078" title="Special:BookSources/9781315511078"><bdi>9781315511078</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002103438/https://books.google.com/books?id=0dEYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT146">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Muslim+World+since+1260%3A+The+Making+of+a+Global+Community&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft.isbn=9781315511078&rft.aulast=Egger&rft.aufirst=Vernon+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0dEYDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holes2001-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holes2001_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holes2001_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoles2001" class="citation book cs1">Holes, Clive (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJLjAKH7-rIC&pg=PR30">Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary</a>. BRILL. p. XXX. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10763-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10763-0"><bdi>90-04-10763-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117170320/https://books.google.com/books?id=bJLjAKH7-rIC&pg=PR30">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialect%2C+Culture%2C+and+Society+in+Eastern+Arabia%3A+Glossary&rft.pages=XXX&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-04-10763-0&rft.aulast=Holes&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJLjAKH7-rIC%26pg%3DPR30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazard,_Gilbert_1971-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lazard,_Gilbert_1971_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazard,_Gilbert_1971_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazard1971" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lazard, Gilbert (1971). "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa". In Frye, R.N. (ed.). Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky. Edinburgh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pahlavi%2C+P%C3%A2rsi%2C+dari%3A+Les+langues+d%27Iran+d%27ap%C3%A8s+Ibn+al-Muqaffa&rft.btitle=Iran+and+Islam.+In+Memory+of+the+late+Vladimir+Minorsky&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Lazard&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nushin_Namazi-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nushin_Namazi_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nushin_Namazi_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamazi2008" class="citation web cs1">Namazi, Nushin (24 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520151330/http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=24327">"Persian Loan Words in Arabic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=24327">the original</a> on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persian+Loan+Words+in+Arabic&rft.date=2008-11-24&rft.aulast=Namazi&rft.aufirst=Nushin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgi.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fwais%2Fcgi-bin%2F%3Fp%3D24327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Classe_2000_1057-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Classe_2000_1057_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Classe_2000_1057_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClasse2000" class="citation book cs1">Classe, Olive (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C1uXah12nHgC&pg=PA1057">Encyclopedia of literary translation into English</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 1057. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-36-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-36-2"><bdi>1-884964-36-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310173122/https://books.google.com/books?id=C1uXah12nHgC&pg=PA1057">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2020. <q>Since the Arab conquest of the country in 7th century AD, many loan words have entered the language (which from this time has been written with a slightly modified version of the Arabic script) and the literature has been heavily influenced by the conventions of Arabic literature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+literary+translation+into+English&rft.pages=1057&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-884964-36-2&rft.aulast=Classe&rft.aufirst=Olive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC1uXah12nHgC%26pg%3DPA1057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lambtonexcerpt-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lambtonexcerpt_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lambtonexcerpt_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambton1953" class="citation book cs1">Lambton, Ann K. S. (1953). Persian grammar. Cambridge University Press. <q>The Arabic words incorporated into the Persian language have become Persianized.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+grammar&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Lambton&rft.aufirst=Ann+K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVafaAbedinifardAzadibougar2021" class="citation book cs1">Vafa, A; Abedinifard, M; Azadibougar, O (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oNIxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">Persian Literature as World Literature</a>. US: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 2–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-501-35420-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-501-35420-5"><bdi>978-1-501-35420-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Literature+as+World+Literature&rft.place=US&rft.pages=2-14&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-501-35420-5&rft.aulast=Vafa&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Abedinifard%2C+M&rft.au=Azadibougar%2C+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoNIxEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry2005284-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry2005284_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerry2005">Perry 2005</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2012" class="citation book cs1">Green, Nile (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-PQtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT12">Making Space: Sufis and Settlers in Early Modern India</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199088751" title="Special:BookSources/9780199088751"><bdi>9780199088751</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213125057/https://books.google.com/books?id=-PQtDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Space%3A+Sufis+and+Settlers+in+Early+Modern+India&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199088751&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Nile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-PQtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-windfuhr1987-35"><a href="#cite_ref-windfuhr1987_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindfuhr1987" class="citation book cs1">Windfuhr, Gernot (1987). Comrie, Berard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu0000unse/page/523">The World's Major Languages</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu0000unse/page/523">523–546</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506511-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506511-4"><bdi>978-0-19-506511-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=523-546&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506511-4&rft.aulast=Windfuhr&rft.aufirst=Gernot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldsmajorlangu0000unse%2Fpage%2F523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*persi/s">Περσίς</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=Persia">"Persia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Persia&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3DPersia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> online, s.v. "Persian", draft revision June 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Farhangestan-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farhangestan_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farhangestan_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJazayeri1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jazayeri, M. A. (15 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/farhangestan">"Farhangestān"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425200631/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/farhangestan">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Farhangest%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=1999-12-15&rft.aulast=Jazayeri&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ffarhangestan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Zaban-i Nozohur". Iran-Shenasi: A Journal of Iranian Studies. IV (I): 27–30. 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran-Shenasi%3A+A+Journal+of+Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Zaban-i+Nozohur&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=I&rft.pages=27-30&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spooner-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Spooner_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoonerHanaway2012" class="citation book cs1">Spooner, Brian; Hanaway, William L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CjibFs9JlgoC">Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 6, 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1934536568" title="Special:BookSources/978-1934536568"><bdi>978-1934536568</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213212710/https://books.google.com/books?id=CjibFs9JlgoC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literacy+in+the+Persianate+World%3A+Writing+and+the+Social+Order&rft.pages=6%2C+81&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1934536568&rft.aulast=Spooner&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Hanaway%2C+William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCjibFs9JlgoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpooner2012" class="citation book cs1">Spooner, Brian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA94">"Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki"</a>. In Schiffman, Harold (ed.). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice. Leiden: Brill. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004201453" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004201453"><bdi>978-9004201453</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310173125/https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA94">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dari%2C+Farsi%2C+and+Tojiki&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+and+Language+Conflict+in+Afghanistan+and+Its+Neighbors%3A+The+Changing+Politics+of+Language+Choice&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9004201453&rft.aulast=Spooner&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D52aicl9l7rwC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellKing2013" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWAqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1339">"Persian"</a>. Compendium of the World's Languages (3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 1339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136258466" title="Special:BookSources/9781136258466"><bdi>9781136258466</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310173227/https://books.google.com/books?id=DWAqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1339">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.pages=1339&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136258466&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWAqAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Perry, John R. "Persian morphology." Morphologies of Asia and Africa 2 (2007): 975–1019. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Seraji, Mojgan, Beáta Megyesi, and Joakim Nivre. "A basic language resource kit for Persian." Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012), 23–25 May 2012, Istanbul, Turkey. European Language Resources Association, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Sahranavard, Neda, and Jerry Won Lee. "The Persianization of English in multilingual Tehran." World Englishes (2020). </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1892" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Charles Francis (1892). The International Cyclopedia: A Compendium of Human Knowledge. Dodd, Mead. p. 541.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Cyclopedia%3A+A+Compendium+of+Human+Knowledge&rft.pages=541&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrazny2013" class="citation book cs1">Strazny, Philipp (2013). Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Routledge. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45522-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45522-4"><bdi>978-1-135-45522-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-45522-4&rft.aulast=Strazny&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazard2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lazard, Gilbert (17 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dari">"Darī"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VII. pp. 34–35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124025639/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dari">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2019. <q>It is derived from the word for dar (court, lit., "gate"). Darī was thus the language of the court and of the capital, Ctesiphon. On the other hand, it is equally clear from this passage that darī was also in use in the eastern part of the empire, in Khorasan, where it is known that in the course of the Sasanian period Persian gradually supplanted Parthian and where no dialect that was not Persian survived. The passage thus suggests that darī was actually a form of Persian, the common language of Persia. (...) Both were called pārsī (Persian), but it is very likely that the language of the north, that is, the Persian used on former Parthian territory and also in the Sasanian capital, was distinguished from its congener by a new name, darī ([language] of the court).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dar%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=34-35&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft.aulast=Lazard&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paul, Ludwig (19 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-language-1-early-new-persian">"Persian Language: i: Early New Persian"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190317184538/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-language-1-early-new-persian">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019. <q>Northeast. Khorasan, the homeland of the Parthians (called abaršahr "the upper lands" in MP), had been partly Persianized already in late Sasanian times. Following Ebn al-Moqaffaʿ, the variant of Persian spoken there was called Darī and was based upon the one used in the Sasanian capital Seleucia-Ctesiphon (Ar. al-Madāʾen). (...) Under the specific historical conditions that have been sketched above, the Dari (Middle) Persian of the 7th century was developed, within two centuries, to the Dari (New) Persian that is attested in the earliest specimens of NP poetry in the late 9th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian+Language%3A+i%3A+Early+New+Persian&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fpersian-language-1-early-new-persian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Perry, John (20 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/tajik-ii-tajiki-persian">"Tajik ii. Tajik Persian"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201053157/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tajik-ii-tajiki-persian">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tajik+ii.+Tajik+Persian&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ftajik-ii-tajiki-persian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fas">"639 Identifier Documentation: fas"</a>. Sil.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220216202338/https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fas">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=639+Identifier+Documentation%3A+fas&rft.pub=Sil.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiso639-3.sil.org%2Fcode%2Ffas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tgk">"639 Identifier Documentation: tgk"</a>. Sil.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302020106/https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tgk">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=639+Identifier+Documentation%3A+tgk&rft.pub=Sil.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiso639-3.sil.org%2Fcode%2Ftgk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-IL-vi-54"><a href="#cite_ref-EI-IL-vi_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkjærvø2006">Skjærvø 2006</a> vi(2). Documentation. </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-IL-vi(2)-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI-IL-vi(2)_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI-IL-vi(2)_55-1">b</a> cf. <a href="#CITEREFSkjærvø2006">Skjærvø 2006</a> vi(2). Documentation. Excerpt 1: "Only the official languages Old, Middle, and New Persian represent three stages of one and the same language, whereas close genetic relationships are difficult to establish between other Middle and Modern Iranian languages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese. Excerpt 2: New Persian, the descendant of Middle Persian and official language of Iranian states for centuries." </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComrie2003" class="citation book cs1">Comrie, Bernard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5IXJ1RbE8-8C">The Major Languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-93257-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-93257-3"><bdi>978-1-134-93257-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Major+Languages+of+South+Asia%2C+the+Middle+East+and+Africa&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-93257-3&rft.aulast=Comrie&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5IXJ1RbE8-8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988">, p. 82. "The evolution of Persian as the culturally dominant language of major parts of the Near East, from Anatolia and Iran, to Central Asia, to northwest India until recent centuries, began with the political domination of these areas by dynasties originating in southwestern province of Iran, Pars, later Arabicised to Fars: first the Achaemenids (599–331 BC) whose official language was Old Persian; then the Sassanids (c. AD 225–651) whose official language was Middle Persian. Hence, the entire country used to be called Perse by the ancient Greeks, a practice continued to this day. The more general designation 'Iran(-shahr)" derives from Old Iranian aryanam (Khshathra)' (the realm) of Aryans'. The dominance of these two dynasties resulted in Old and Middle-Persian colonies throughout the empire, most importantly for the course of the development of Persian, in the north-east i.e., what is now Khorasan, northern Afghanistan, and Central Asia, as documented by the Middle Persian texts of the Manichean found in the oasis city of Turfan in Chinese Turkistan (<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Sinkiang</a>). This led to certain degree of regionalisation". </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Comrie, Bernard (1990) The major languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa, Taylor & Francis, p. 82 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Barbara M. Horvath, Paul Vaughan, Community languages, 1991, p. 276 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> L. Paul (2005), "The Language of the Shahnameh in historical and dialectical perspective", p. 150: "The language of the Shahnameh should be seen as one instance of continuous historical development from Middle to New Persian.", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeberMacKenzie2005" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Dieter; MacKenzie, D. N. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4sz3YuyMJ5gC">Languages of Iran: Past and Present: Iranian Studies in Memoriam David Neil MacKenzie</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05299-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05299-3"><bdi>978-3-447-05299-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117165501/https://books.google.com/books?id=4sz3YuyMJ5gC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+Iran%3A+Past+and+Present%3A+Iranian+Studies+in+Memoriam+David+Neil+MacKenzie&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05299-3&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+D.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4sz3YuyMJ5gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt200880–1-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt200880–1_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2008">Schmitt 2008</a>, pp. 80–1. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchmitt2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhrt2013197-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhrt2013197_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuhrt2013">Kuhrt 2013</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1984103-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984103_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrye1984">Frye 1984</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt200053-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt200053_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2000">Schmitt 2000</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/op/op.htm">"Roland G. Kent, Old Persian, 1953"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719155757/http://avesta.org/op/op.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roland+G.+Kent%2C+Old+Persian%2C+1953&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avesta.org%2Fop%2Fop.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OPGTL_6-65"><a href="#cite_ref-OPGTL_6_65-0">^</a> Kent, R. G.: "Old Persian: Grammar Texts Lexicon", page 6. American Oriental Society, 1950. </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-IL-vi-vi(2)-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI-IL-vi-vi(2)_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI-IL-vi-vi(2)_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI-IL-vi-vi(2)_66-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkjærvø2006">Skjærvø 2006</a>, vi(2). Documentation. Old Persian. </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-IL-vi-vi(1)-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI-IL-vi-vi(1)_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI-IL-vi-vi(1)_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkjærvø2006">Skjærvø 2006</a>, vi(1). Earliest Evidence </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXenophon" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anabasis_(Xenophon)" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)">Anabasis</a>. pp. IV.v.2–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anabasis&rft.pages=IV.v.2-9&rft.au=Xenophon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Nicholas Sims-Williams, "The Iranian Languages", in Steever, Sanford (ed.) (1993), The Indo-European Languages, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremias2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jeremias, Eva M. (2004). "Iran, iii. (f). New Persian". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 12 (New Edition, Supplement ed.). p. 432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13974-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13974-5"><bdi>90-04-13974-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran%2C+iii.+%28f%29.+New+Persian&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=432&rft.edition=New+Edition%2C+Supplement&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13974-5&rft.aulast=Jeremias&rft.aufirst=Eva+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2000-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul2000_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul2000_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul2000_71-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaul2000">Paul 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazard1975596-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazard1975596_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazard1975">Lazard 1975</a>, p. 596. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry2011-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry2011_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerry2011">Perry 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazard1975597-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazard1975597_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazard1975">Lazard 1975</a>, p. 597. </li> <li id="cite_note-Public_Domain-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Public_Domain_75-0">^</a> Jackson, A. V. Williams. 1920. Early Persian poetry, from the beginnings down to the time of Firdausi. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp.17–19. (in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/earlypersianpoet00jackuoft/earlypersianpoet00jackuoft_djvu.txt">Public Domain</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Jackson, A. V. Williams.pp.17–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-Adamec-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Adamec_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamec2011" class="citation book cs1">Adamec, Ludwig W. (2011). Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan (4th Revised ed.). Scarecrow. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7815-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7815-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-7815-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Afghanistan&rft.pages=105&rft.edition=4th+Revised&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7815-0&rft.aulast=Adamec&rft.aufirst=Ludwig+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-turkiclanguages.com-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turkiclanguages.com_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-turkiclanguages.com_78-1">b</a> Johanson, Lars, and Christiane Bulut. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/Johanson2006Cont.pdf">Turkic-Iranian contact areas: historical and linguistic aspects</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002000524/http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/Johanson2006Cont.pdf">Archived</a> 2 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/persian_language.php">iranchamber.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180629102420/http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/persian_language.php">Archived</a> 29 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "the language (ninth to thirteenth centuries), preserved in the literature of the Empire, is known as Classical Persian, due to the eminence and distinction of poets such as Roudaki, Ferdowsi, and Khayyam. During this period, Persian was adopted as the lingua franca of the eastern Islamic nations. Extensive contact with Arabic led to a large influx of Arab vocabulary. In fact, a writer of Classical Persian had at one's disposal the entire Arabic lexicon and could use Arab terms freely either for literary effect or to display erudition. Classical Persian remained essentially unchanged until the nineteenth century, when the dialect of Teheran rose in prominence, having been chosen as the capital of Persia by the Qajar Dynasty in 1787. This Modern Persian dialect became the basis of what is now called Contemporary Standard Persian. Although it still contains a large number of Arab terms, most borrowings have been nativized, with a much lower percentage of Arabic words in colloquial forms of the language." </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYazıcı2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yazıcı, Tahsin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-authors-1">"Persian authors of Asia Minor part 1"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117165233/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-authors-1">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2021. <q>Persian language and culture were actually so popular and dominant in this period that in the late 14th century, Moḥammad (Meḥmed) Bey, the founder and the governing head of the Qaramanids, published an official edict to end this supremacy, saying that: "The Turkish language should be spoken in courts, palaces, and at official institutions from now on!"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian+authors+of+Asia+Minor+part+1&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Yaz%C4%B1c%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Tahsin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fpersian-authors-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> John Andrew Boyle, Some thoughts on the sources for the Il-Khanid period of Persian history, in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, British Institute of Persian Studies, vol. 12 (1974), p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sigfried_J_1994._p_734-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sigfried_J_1994._p_734_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sigfried_J_1994._p_734_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Laet1994" class="citation book cs1">de Laet, Sigfried J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA734">History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century</a>. UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102813-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102813-7"><bdi>978-92-3-102813-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727115400/https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA734">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Humanity%3A+From+the+seventh+to+the+sixteenth+century&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102813-7&rft.aulast=de+Laet&rft.aufirst=Sigfried+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvlthkbFU1UC%26pg%3DPA734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988">, p 734 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁgostonMasters2010" class="citation book cs1">Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA322">Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1025-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801124343/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA322">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7&rft.aulast=%C3%81goston&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Masters%2C+Bruce+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWastl-Walter2011" class="citation book cs1">Wastl-Walter, Doris (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6gsm72h9u_IC&pg=PA409">The Ashgate Research Companion to Border Studies</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 409. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7406-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7406-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-7406-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801123640/https://books.google.com/books?id=6gsm72h9u_IC&pg=PA409">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ashgate+Research+Companion+to+Border+Studies&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7406-1&rft.aulast=Wastl-Walter&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6gsm72h9u_IC%26pg%3DPA409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpuler200368-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpuler200368_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpuler200368_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpuler2003">Spuler 2003</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2014" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Franklin D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFsQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT340">Rumi – Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings, and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi</a>. Oneworld Publications. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-737-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-737-8"><bdi>978-1-78074-737-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226000058/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFsQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT340">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rumi+%E2%80%93+Past+and+Present%2C+East+and+West%3A+The+Life%2C+Teachings%2C+and+Poetry+of+Jal%C3%A2l+al-Din+Rumi&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-737-8&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPFsQBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpuler200369-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpuler200369_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpuler200369_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpuler2003">Spuler 2003</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <ul><li>Chapter "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World" by Inan, Murat Umut. In Green, Nile (ed.), 2019, The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press. pp. 88–89. "As the Ottoman Turks learned Persian, the language and the culture it carried seeped not only into their court and imperial institutions but also into their vernacular language and culture. The appropriation of Persian, both as a second language and as a language to be steeped together with Turkish, was encouraged notably by the sultans, the ruling class, and leading members of the mystical communities."</li> <li>Chapter "Ottoman Historical Writing" by Tezcan, Baki. In Rabasa, José (ed.), 2012, The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400-1800 The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400-1800. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–211. "Persian served as a 'minority' prestige language of culture at the largely Turcophone Ottoman court."</li> <li>Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic, B. Fortna, page 50;"Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools...."</li> <li>Persian Historiography and Geography, Bertold Spuler, page 68, "On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization.[..]..where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy...However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian. Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery "Hasht Bihist", or Seven Paradises, begun in 1502 by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers.."</li> <li>Picturing History at the Ottoman Court, Emine Fetvacı, page 31, "Persian literature, and belles-lettres in particular, were part of the curriculum: a Persian dictionary, a manual on prose composition; and Sa'dis "Gulistan", one of the classics of Persian poetry, were borrowed. All these title would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the newly converted young men.</li> <li>Persian Historiography: History of Persian Literature A, Volume 10, edited by Ehsan Yarshater, Charles Melville, page 437;"...Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters. Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.</li> <li>Chapter Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World, Murat Umut Inan, page 92 (note 27), edited by <a href="/wiki/Nile_Green" title="Nile Green">Nile Green</a>, (title: The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca); "Though Persian, unlike Arabic, was not included in the typical curriculum of an Ottoman madrasa, the language was offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some madrasas. For those Ottoman madrasa curricula featuring Persian, see Cevat İzgi, Osmanlı Medreselerinde İlim, 2 vols. (Istanbul: İz, 1997),1: 167–69."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInan2019" class="citation book cs1">Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In <a href="/wiki/Nile_Green" title="Nile Green">Green, Nile</a> (ed.). The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press. pp. 85–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperial+Ambitions%2C+Mystical+Aspirations%3A+Persian+learning+in+the+Ottoman+World&rft.btitle=The+Persianate+World+The+Frontiers+of+a+Eurasian+Lingua+Franca&rft.pages=85-86&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Inan&rft.aufirst=Murat+Umut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_90-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_90-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInan2019" class="citation book cs1">Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In <a href="/wiki/Nile_Green" title="Nile Green">Green, Nile</a> (ed.). The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperial+Ambitions%2C+Mystical+Aspirations%3A+Persian+learning+in+the+Ottoman+World&rft.btitle=The+Persianate+World+The+Frontiers+of+a+Eurasian+Lingua+Franca&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Inan&rft.aufirst=Murat+Umut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInan2019" class="citation book cs1">Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In <a href="/wiki/Nile_Green" title="Nile Green">Green, Nile</a> (ed.). The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperial+Ambitions%2C+Mystical+Aspirations%3A+Persian+learning+in+the+Ottoman+World&rft.btitle=The+Persianate+World+The+Frontiers+of+a+Eurasian+Lingua+Franca&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Inan&rft.aufirst=Murat+Umut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettRamsey2012" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Clinton; Ramsey, Charles M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny</a>. A&C Black. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5127-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5127-8"><bdi>978-1-4411-5127-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211194610/https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Sufis%3A+Devotion%2C+Deviation%2C+and+Destiny&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-5127-8&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEQJHAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Musa_Mohammad_Arif_Billah2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Billah (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian">"Persian"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a>. Retrieved 24 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Abu+Musa+Mohammad+Arif+Billah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPersian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Anjum_Bari2019" class="citation news cs1">Sarah Anjum Bari (12 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/longform/news/tale-two-languages-how-the-persian-language-seeped-bengali-1728421">"A Tale of Two Languages: How the Persian language seeped into Bengali"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star (Bangladesh)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621164456/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/longform/news/tale-two-languages-how-the-persian-language-seeped-bengali-1728421">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star+%28Bangladesh%29&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Languages%3A+How+the+Persian+language+seeped+into+Bengali&rft.date=2019-04-12&rft.au=Sarah+Anjum+Bari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fstar-weekend%2Flongform%2Fnews%2Ftale-two-languages-how-the-persian-language-seeped-bengali-1728421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google2_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-google2_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMir,_F.2010" class="citation book cs1">Mir, F. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35">The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab</a>. University of California Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520262690" title="Special:BookSources/9780520262690"><bdi>9780520262690</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Space+of+Language%3A+Vernacular+Culture+in+British+Colonial+Punjab&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780520262690&rft.au=Mir%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUPc5pDWKikC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ranjit_Singh">"Ranjit Singh" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 892.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ranjit+Singh&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=892&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grewal112-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Grewal112_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal1990" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J. S. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC">The Sikhs of the Punjab, Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)</a>. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3"><bdi>0-521-63764-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504204555/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2020. <q>The continuance of Persian as the language of administration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab%2C+Chapter+6%3A+The+Sikh+empire+%281799%E2%80%931849%29&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-63764-3&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_nryFANsoYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenech2013" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aUUfAQAAQBAJ&q=principal+language">The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire</a>. Oxford University Press (USA). p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199931453" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199931453"><bdi>978-0199931453</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142730/https://books.google.com/books?id=aUUfAQAAQBAJ&q=principal+language">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020. <q>We see such acquaintance clearly within the Sikh court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, for example, the principal language of which was Persian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Zafar-namah+of+Guru+Gobind+Singh%3A+A+Discursive+Blade+in+the+Heart+of+the+Mughal+Empire&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28USA%29&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199931453&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaUUfAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dprincipal%2Blanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClawson2004" class="citation book cs1">Clawson, Patrick (2004). Eternal Iran. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6276-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6276-6"><bdi>1-4039-6276-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eternal+Iran&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4039-6276-6&rft.aulast=Clawson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google4-100"><a href="#cite_ref-google4_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon,_A.S.Kusuman,_K.K.1990" class="citation book cs1">Menon, A.S.; Kusuman, K.K. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA87">A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume</a>. Mittal Publications. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170992141" title="Special:BookSources/9788170992141"><bdi>9788170992141</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA87">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Panorama+of+Indian+Culture%3A+Professor+A.+Sreedhara+Menon+Felicitation+Volume&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9788170992141&rft.au=Menon%2C+A.S.&rft.au=Kusuman%2C+K.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4JqgSUSXDsC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFنگار_داوری_اردکانی1389" class="citation book cs1">نگار داوری اردکانی (1389). برنامه‌ریزی زبان فارسی. روایت فتح. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-600-6128-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-600-6128-05-4"><bdi>978-600-6128-05-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C+%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA+%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD&rft.date=1389&rft.isbn=978-600-6128-05-4&rft.au=%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeman" class="citation web cs1">Beeman, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_817_17g_Beeman.pdf">"Persian, Dari and Tajik"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025210857/http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_817_17g_Beeman.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brown+University&rft.atitle=Persian%2C+Dari+and+Tajik&rft.aulast=Beeman&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucis.pitt.edu%2Fnceeer%2F2005_817_17g_Beeman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlievOkawa2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Aliev, Bahriddin; Okawa, Aya (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/tajik-iii-colloquial">"TAJIK iii. COLLOQUIAL TAJIKI IN COMPARISON WITH PERSIAN OF IRAN"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225005554/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/tajik-iii-colloquial">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=TAJIK+iii.+COLLOQUIAL+TAJIKI+IN+COMPARISON+WITH+PERSIAN+OF+IRAN&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Aliev&rft.aufirst=Bahriddin&rft.au=Okawa%2C+Aya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ftajik-iii-colloquial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWindfuhr1979">Windfuhr 1979</a>, p. 4: "Tat-Persian spoken in the East Caucasus" </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 4 vols. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. Brill and London: Luzac, 1913–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 4 vols. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. Brill and London: Luzac, 1913–38. Excerpt: "Like most Persian dialects, Tati is not very regular in its characteristic features" </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> C Kerslake, Journal of Islamic Studies (2010) 21 (1): 147–151. excerpt: "It is a comparison of the verbal systems of three varieties of Persian—standard Persian, Tat, and Tajik—in terms of the 'innovations' that the latter two have developed for expressing finer differentiations of tense, aspect, and modality..." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=+It+is+a+comparison+of+the+verbal+systems+of+three+varieties+of+Persian%E2%80%94standard+Persian%2C+tat%2C+tajik&as_sdt=80000000000000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917055925/http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=+It+is+a+comparison+of+the+verbal+systems+of+three+varieties+of+Persian%E2%80%94standard+Persian%2C+tat%2C+tajik&as_sdt=80000000000000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0">Archived</a> 17 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorjian2006" class="citation journal cs1">Borjian, Habib (2006). "Tabari Language Materials from Il'ya Berezin's Recherches sur les dialectes persans". Iran & the Caucasus. 10 (2): 243–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338406780346005">10.1163/157338406780346005</a>. <q>It embraces Gilani, Talysh, Tabari, Kurdish, Gabri, and the Tati Persian of the Caucasus, all but the last belonging to the north-western group of Iranian language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+%26+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=Tabari+Language+Materials+from+Il%27ya+Berezin%27s+Recherches+sur+les+dialectes+persans&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-258&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157338406780346005&rft.aulast=Borjian&rft.aufirst=Habib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2012" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Corey (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Vowel-system-of-Contemporary-Iranian-Persian_fig1_260510742">"Vowel system of Contemporary Iranian Persian"</a>. Variation in Persian Vowel Systems. Retrieved 7 May 2022 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variation+in+Persian+Vowel+Systems&rft.atitle=Vowel+system+of+Contemporary+Iranian+Persian&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FVowel-system-of-Contemporary-Iranian-Persian_fig1_260510742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry2005-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry2005_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry2005_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry2005_110-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry2005_110-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerry2005">Perry 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ipa_handbook-111"><a href="#cite_ref-ipa_handbook_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Phonetic_Association1999" class="citation book cs1">International Phonetic Association (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=33BSkFV_8PEC&pg=PA125">Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63751-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63751-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63751-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=124-125&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63751-0&rft.au=International+Phonetic+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D33BSkFV_8PEC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jahani2005-112"><a href="#cite_ref-jahani2005_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahani2005" class="citation book cs1">Jahani, Carina (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qdA1K3E66UgC&pg=PA79">"The Glottal Plosive: A Phoneme in Spoken Modern Persian or Not?"</a>. In Éva Ágnes Csató; Bo Isaksson; Carina Jahani (eds.). Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 79–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30804-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30804-6"><bdi>0-415-30804-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Glottal+Plosive%3A+A+Phoneme+in+Spoken+Modern+Persian+or+Not%3F&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Convergence+and+Areal+Diffusion%3A+Case+studies+from+Iranian%2C+Semitic+and+Turkic&rft.place=London&rft.pages=79-96&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-30804-6&rft.aulast=Jahani&rft.aufirst=Carina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqdA1K3E66UgC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thackston1993_phonology-113"><a href="#cite_ref-thackston1993_phonology_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackston1993" class="citation book cs1">Thackston, W. M. (1 May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontope00thac">"The Phonology of Persian"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontope00thac">An Introduction to Persian</a> (3rd Rev ed.). Ibex Publishers. p. xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936347-29-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-936347-29-5"><bdi>0-936347-29-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Phonology+of+Persian&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Persian&rft.pages=xvii&rft.edition=3rd+Rev&rft.pub=Ibex+Publishers&rft.date=1993-05-01&rft.isbn=0-936347-29-5&rft.aulast=Thackston&rft.aufirst=W.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontope00thac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-megerdoomian2000-114"><a href="#cite_ref-megerdoomian2000_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegerdoomian2000" class="citation conference cs1">Megerdoomian, Karine (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130902025912/http://www.zoorna.org/papers/MCCS320.pdf">"Persian computational morphology: A unification-based approach"</a> (PDF). Memoranda in Computer and Cognitive Science: MCCS-00-320. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Persian+computational+morphology%3A+A+unification-based+approach&rft.btitle=Memoranda+in+Computer+and+Cognitive+Science%3A+MCCS-00-320&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Megerdoomian&rft.aufirst=Karine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoorna.org%2Fpapers%2FMCCS320.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">cite conference</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-mahootian1997-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mahootian1997_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahootian1997_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahootian1997" class="citation book cs1">Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DHqUjnN2_YwC&q=Mahootian+Shahrzad+1997&pg=PR1">Persian</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-02311-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-02311-4"><bdi>0-415-02311-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172349/https://books.google.com/books?id=DHqUjnN2_YwC&q=Mahootian%20Shahrzad%201997&pg=PR1">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-02311-4&rft.aulast=Mahootian&rft.aufirst=Shahrzad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDHqUjnN2_YwC%26q%3DMahootian%2BShahrzad%2B1997%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYousefTorabi2013" class="citation book cs1">Yousef, Saeed; Torabi, Hayedeh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ssrb18kDwcMC&pg=PP1">Basic Persian: A Grammar and Workbook</a>. New York: Routledge. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136283888" title="Special:BookSources/9781136283888"><bdi>9781136283888</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172943/https://books.google.com/books?id=ssrb18kDwcMC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Persian%3A+A+Grammar+and+Workbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136283888&rft.aulast=Yousef&rft.aufirst=Saeed&rft.au=Torabi%2C+Hayedeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dssrb18kDwcMC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Éva Ágnes Csató, Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani, Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic, Routledge, 2005. pg 97: "It is generally understood that the bulk of the Arabic vocabulary in the central, contiguous Iranian, Turkic, and Indic languages was originally borrowed into literary Persian between the ninth and thirteenth centuries" </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Perry_118-0">^</a> John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Éva Ágnes Csató, Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani, Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic, Routledge, 2005. p.97 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens2013" class="citation book cs1">Owens, Jonathan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idoVAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA352">The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics</a>. OUP USA. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976413-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976413-6"><bdi>978-0-19-976413-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Arabic+Linguistics&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976413-6&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DidoVAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry200599-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry200599_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry200599_120-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerry2005">Perry 2005</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> e.g. The role of Azeri–Turkish in Iranian Persian, on which see John Perry, "The Historical Role of Turkish in Relation to Persian of Iran", Iran & the Caucasus, Vol. 5 (2001), pp. 193–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Xavier Planhol, "Land of Iran", Encyclopedia Iranica. "The Turks, on the other hand, posed a formidable threat: their penetration into Iranian lands was considerable, to such an extent that vast regions adapted their language. This process was all the more remarkable since, in spite of their almost uninterrupted political domination for nearly 1,500 years, the cultural influence of these rough nomads on Iran's refined civilization remained extremely tenuous. This is demonstrated by the mediocre linguistic contribution, for which exhaustive statistical studies have been made (Doerfer). The number of Turkish or Mongol words that entered Persian, though not negligible, remained limited to 2,135, i.e., 3 percent of the vocabulary at the most. These new words are confined on the one hand to the military and political sector (titles, administration, etc.) and, on the other hand, to technical pastoral terms. The contrast with Arab influence is striking. While cultural pressure of the Arabs on Iran had been intense, they in no way infringed upon the entire Iranian territory, whereas with the Turks, whose contributions to Iranian civilization were modest, vast regions of Iranian lands were assimilated, notwithstanding the fact that resistance by the latter was ultimately victorious. Several reasons may be offered." </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-iv">"ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117011150/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-iv">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARMENIA+AND+IRAN+iv.+Iranian+influences+in+Armenian+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farmenia-iv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettRamsey2012" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Clinton; Ramsey, Charles M. (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&q=ghaznavids+brought+persian+to+south+asia&pg=PA18">South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441151278" title="Special:BookSources/9781441151278"><bdi>9781441151278</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172351/https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&q=ghaznavids+brought+persian+to+south+asia&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Sufis%3A+Devotion%2C+Deviation%2C+and+Destiny&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2012-03&rft.isbn=9781441151278&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEQJHAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dghaznavids%2Bbrought%2Bpersian%2Bto%2Bsouth%2Basia%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/Persian/persianloanwordsistanbulturkish.pdf">Andreas Tietze, Persian loanwords in Anatolian Turkish, Oriens, 20 (1967) pp- 125–168.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911213846/http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/Persian/persianloanwordsistanbulturkish.pdf">Archived</a> 11 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed August 2016) </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> L. Johanson, "Azerbaijan: Iranian Elements in Azeri Turkish" in <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Iranica">Encyclopedia Iranica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090412050047/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v3f2/v3f2a088.html">Iranica.com</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Compendium_of_the_World_Languages-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Compendium_of_the_World_Languages_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_L._CampbellGareth_King2013" class="citation book cs1">George L. Campbell; Gareth King (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWAqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA832">Compendium of the World Languages</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-25846-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-25846-6"><bdi>978-1-136-25846-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927194246/https://books.google.com/books?id=DWAqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA832">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+the+World+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-25846-6&rft.au=George+L.+Campbell&rft.au=Gareth+King&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWAqAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-v-">"Georgia v. Linguistic Contacts With Iranian Languages"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318211801/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-v-">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia+v.+Linguistic+Contacts+With+Iranian+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgeorgia-v-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dagestan">"DAGESTAN"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429175746/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dagestan">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DAGESTAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdagestan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasad" class="citation web cs1">Pasad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723023057/http://www.bashgah.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=23845">"Bashgah.net"</a>. Bashgah.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bashgah.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=23845">the original</a> on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bashgah.net&rft.pub=Bashgah.net&rft.au=Pasad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bashgah.net%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D23845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1989-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1989_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1989">Smith 1989</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSmith1989 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-lazard1956-132"><a href="#cite_ref-lazard1956_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazard1956" class="citation journal cs1">Lazard, Gilbert (1956). "Charactères distinctifs de la langue Tadjik". Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de Paris. 52: 117–186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Linguistique+de+Paris&rft.atitle=Charact%C3%A8res+distinctifs+de+la+langue+Tadjik&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=117-186&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Lazard&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-language-1-early-new-persian">"PERSIAN LANGUAGE i. Early New Persian"</a>. Iranica Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190317184538/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-language-1-early-new-persian">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iranica+Online&rft.atitle=PERSIAN+LANGUAGE+i.+Early+New+Persian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fpersian-language-1-early-new-persian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/2398.html">"ISO 233-3:1999"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. 14 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606144437/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=2398">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+233-3%3A1999&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=2010-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F2398.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100122154531/http://www.smallwars.quantico.usmc.mil/search/LessonsLearned/afghanistan/groundcombat.asp">"Smallwars.quantico.usmc.mil"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smallwars.quantico.usmc.mil/search/LessonsLearned/afghanistan/groundcombat.asp">the original</a> on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smallwars.quantico.usmc.mil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smallwars.quantico.usmc.mil%2Fsearch%2FLessonsLearned%2Fafghanistan%2Fgroundcombat.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1984" class="citation book cs1">Frye, Richard Nelson (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye">Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft: Alter Orient-Griechische Geschichte-Römische Geschichte. Band III,7: The History of Ancient Iran</a>. C.H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-09397-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-09397-5"><bdi>978-3-406-09397-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+Altertumswissenschaft%3A+Alter+Orient-Griechische+Geschichte-R%C3%B6mische+Geschichte.+Band+III%2C7%3A+The+History+of+Ancient+Iran&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-3-406-09397-5&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofancient0000frye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhrt2013" class="citation book cs1">Kuhrt, A. (2013). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-01694-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-01694-3"><bdi>978-1-136-01694-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Empire%3A+A+Corpus+of+Sources+from+the+Achaemenid+Period&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-01694-3&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazard1975" class="citation book cs1">Lazard, G. (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language". In <a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Frye" title="Richard N. Frye">Frye, Richard N.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC">The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 595–633. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20093-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20093-8"><bdi>0-521-20093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+New+Persian+Language&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+4%3A+From+the+Arab+Invasion+to+the+Saljuqs&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=595-633&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-521-20093-8&rft.aulast=Lazard&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhvx9jq_2L3EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paul, Ludwig (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-language-1-early-new-persian">"Persian Language i. Early New Persian"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian+Language+i.+Early+New+Persian&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fpersian-language-1-early-new-persian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2005" class="citation book cs1">Perry, John R. (2005). A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar: Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 2. Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14323-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14323-8"><bdi>90-04-14323-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tajik+Persian+Reference+Grammar%3A+Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-04-14323-8&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Perry, John R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/persian-EALL_COM_vol3_0253">"Persian"</a>. In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Brill Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics%2Fpersian-EALL_COM_vol3_0253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2000" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt, Rüdiger (2000). The Old Persian Inscriptions of Naqsh-i Rustam and Persepolis. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum by School of Oriental and African Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7286-0314-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7286-0314-1"><bdi>978-0-7286-0314-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Persian+Inscriptions+of+Naqsh-i+Rustam+and+Persepolis&rft.pub=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Iranicarum+by+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7286-0314-1&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. XIII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran%2C+vi.+Iranian+languages+and+scripts&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Skj%C3%A6rv%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Prods+Oktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpuler2003" class="citation book cs1">Spuler, Bertold (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rD1vvympVtsC">Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India, and Early Ottoman Turkey</a>. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971774882" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971774882"><bdi>978-9971774882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Historiography+and+Geography%3A+Bertold+Spuler+on+Major+Works+Produced+in+Iran%2C+the+Caucasus%2C+Central+Asia%2C+India%2C+and+Early+Ottoman+Turkey&rft.pub=Pustaka+Nasional+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-9971774882&rft.aulast=Spuler&rft.aufirst=Bertold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrD1vvympVtsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindfuhr1979" class="citation book cs1">Windfuhr, Gernot (1979). Persian Grammar: history and state of its study. Walter de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Grammar%3A+history+and+state+of+its+study&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Windfuhr&rft.aufirst=Gernot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworthCrowe1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C. E. & Crowe, Yolande (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/samanids-COM_0995">"Sāmānids"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> & <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Lecomte" title="Gérard Lecomte">Lecomte, G.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3"><bdi>978-90-04-09834-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C4%81m%C4%81nids&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+VIII%3A+Ned%E2%80%93Sam&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09834-3&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft.au=Crowe%2C+Yolande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fsamanids-COM_0995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C. E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/esmail-b-ahmad-b-asad-samani">"Esmāʿīl, b. Aḥmad b. Asad Sāmānī, Abū Ebrāhīm"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VIII/6: Eršād al-zerāʿa–Eʿteżād-al-Salṭana. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 636–637. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-055-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-055-4"><bdi>978-1-56859-055-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esm%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%ABl%2C+b.+A%E1%B8%A5mad+b.+Asad+S%C4%81m%C4%81n%C4%AB%2C+Ab%C5%AB+Ebr%C4%81h%C4%ABm&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+VIII%2F6%3A+Er%C5%A1%C4%81d+al-zer%C4%81%CA%BFa%E2%80%93E%CA%BFte%C5%BC%C4%81d-al-Sal%E1%B9%ADana&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=636-637&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56859-055-4&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fesmail-b-ahmad-b-asad-samani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2012" class="citation book cs1">Crone, Patricia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7k0hAwAAQBAJ&q=false">The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107642386" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107642386"><bdi>978-1107642386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nativist+Prophets+of+Early+Islamic+Iran%3A+Rural+Revolt+and+Local+Zoroastrianism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1107642386&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7k0hAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Blois2004" class="citation book cs1">de Blois, Francois (2004). Persian Literature - A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period (Volume V). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0947593476" title="Special:BookSources/978-0947593476"><bdi>978-0947593476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Literature+-+A+Bio-Bibliographical+Survey%3A+Poetry+of+the+Pre-Mongol+Period+%28Volume+V%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0947593476&rft.aulast=de+Blois&rft.aufirst=Francois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Bruijn1978" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">de Bruijn, J.T.P. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/iran-COM_0377">"Iran, vii.—Literature"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 52–75. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758278456">758278456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran%2C+vii.%E2%80%94Literature&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+IV%3A+Iran%E2%80%93Kha&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=52-75&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758278456&rft.aulast=de+Bruijn&rft.aufirst=J.T.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Firan-COM_0377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Frye, R. N. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey">"Iran v. Peoples of Iran (1) A General Survey"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/3: Iran II. Iranian history–Iran V. Peoples of Iran. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 321–326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-89-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-89-4"><bdi>978-0-933273-89-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran+v.+Peoples+of+Iran+%281%29+A+General+Survey&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+XIII%2F3%3A+Iran+II.+Iranian+history%E2%80%93Iran+V.+Peoples+of+Iran&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=321-326&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-933273-89-4&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=R.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-v1-peoples-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremiás2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jeremiás, Éva (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/iran-EALL_COM_vol2_0055">"Iran"</a>. In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Brill Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Jeremi%C3%A1s&rft.aufirst=%C3%89va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics%2Firan-EALL_COM_vol2_0055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazard1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lazard, G. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dari">"Darī"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/1: Dārā(b)–Dastūr al-Afāżel. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-019-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-019-6"><bdi>978-1-56859-019-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dar%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+VII%2F1%3A+D%C4%81r%C4%81%28b%29%E2%80%93Dast%C5%ABr+al-Af%C4%81%C5%BCel&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56859-019-6&rft.aulast=Lazard&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvinsky1996" class="citation book cs1">Litvinsky, B. A., ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&q=Divashtich">History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750</a>. UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231032110" title="Special:BookSources/9789231032110"><bdi>9789231032110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+crossroads+of+civilizations%2C+A.D.+250+to+750&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9789231032110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D883OZBe2sMYC%26q%3DDivashtich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRypka1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Rypka" title="Jan Rypka">Rypka, Jan</a> (1968). History of Iranian Literature. Springer Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9401034814" title="Special:BookSources/978-9401034814"><bdi>978-9401034814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Iranian+Literature&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-9401034814&rft.aulast=Rypka&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsatrian2010" class="citation book cs1">Asatrian, Garnik (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227154324/http://brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=227">Etymological Dictionary of Persian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 12</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18341-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18341-4"><bdi>978-90-04-18341-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=227&pid=23589">the original</a> on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Persian&rft.series=Leiden+Indo-European+Etymological+Dictionary+Series%2C+12&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18341-4&rft.aulast=Asatrian&rft.aufirst=Garnik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brill.nl%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fpartid%3D227%26pid%3D23589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleeck1857" class="citation book cs1">Bleeck, Arthur Henry (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vroOAAAAQAAJ">A concise grammar of the Persian language</a> (Oxford University ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172906/https://books.google.com/books?id=vroOAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+grammar+of+the+Persian+language&rft.edition=Oxford+University&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Bleeck&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvroOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlén2014" class="citation book cs1">Dahlén, Ashk (April 2014) [1st edition October 2010]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011020855/http://www.ashkdahlen.com/index.php?id=152">Modern persisk grammatik</a> (2nd ed.). Ferdosi International Publication. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789197988674" title="Special:BookSources/9789197988674"><bdi>9789197988674</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashkdahlen.com/index.php?id=152">the original</a> on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+persisk+grammatik&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ferdosi+International+Publication&rft.date=2014-04&rft.isbn=9789197988674&rft.aulast=Dahl%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Ashk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashkdahlen.com%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelshad2007" class="citation book cs1">Delshad, Farshid (September 2007). Anthologia Persica. Logos Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8325-1620-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8325-1620-8"><bdi>978-3-8325-1620-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthologia+Persica&rft.pub=Logos+Verlag&rft.date=2007-09&rft.isbn=978-3-8325-1620-8&rft.aulast=Delshad&rft.aufirst=Farshid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoctor1880" class="citation book cs1">Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I0MOAAAAQAAJ">The student's Persian and English dictionary, pronouncing, etymological, & explanatory</a>. Irish Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 558. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160723202830/https://books.google.com/books?id=i0MOAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+student%27s+Persian+and+English+dictionary%2C+pronouncing%2C+etymological%2C+%26+explanatory&rft.pages=558&rft.pub=Irish+Presbyterian+Mission+Press&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Doctor&rft.aufirst=Sorabshaw+Byramji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI0MOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoctorSaʻdī1880" class="citation book cs1">Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji; Saʻdī (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xUUOAAAAQAAJ">Second book of Persian, to which are added the Pandnámah of Shaikh Saádi and the Gulistán, chapter 1, together with vocabulary and short notes</a> (2 ed.). Irish Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 120. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310173200/https://books.google.com/books?id=xUUOAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Second+book+of+Persian%2C+to+which+are+added+the+Pandn%C3%A1mah+of+Shaikh+Sa%C3%A1di+and+the+Gulist%C3%A1n%2C+chapter+1%2C+together+with+vocabulary+and+short+notes&rft.pages=120&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Irish+Presbyterian+Mission+Press&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Doctor&rft.aufirst=Sorabshaw+Byramji&rft.au=Sa%CA%BBd%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxUUOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoctor1879" class="citation book cs1">Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NEMOAAAAQAAJ">The Persian primer, being an elementary treatise on grammar, with exercises</a>. Irish Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 94. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310171629/https://books.google.com/books?id=NEMOAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+primer%2C+being+an+elementary+treatise+on+grammar%2C+with+exercises&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Irish+Presbyterian+Mission+Press&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Doctor&rft.aufirst=Sorabshaw+Byramji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNEMOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoctor1875" class="citation book cs1">Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anewgrammarpers00doctgoog">A new grammar of the Persian tongue for the use of schools and colleges</a>. Irish Presbyterian Mission Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anewgrammarpers00doctgoog/page/n94">84</a>. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+grammar+of+the+Persian+tongue+for+the+use+of+schools+and+colleges&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Irish+Presbyterian+Mission+Press&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Doctor&rft.aufirst=Sorabshaw+Byramji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanewgrammarpers00doctgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1844" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Duncan (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/agrammarpersian00lagoog">A grammar of the Persian language: To which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a copious vocabulary</a> (2nd ed.). Printed for the author, sold by Allen & co. p. 114 & 158. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Persian+language%3A+To+which+is+added%2C+a+selection+of+easy+extracts+for+reading%2C+together+with+a+copious+vocabulary&rft.pages=114+%26+158&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+author%2C+sold+by+Allen+%26+co.&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fagrammarpersian00lagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1869" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Duncan (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BDoMAAAAYAAJ">A grammar of the Persian language: to which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a vocabulary, and translations</a> (4th ed.). Wm. H. Allen & Co. p. 238. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310171635/https://books.google.com/books?id=BDoMAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Persian+language%3A+to+which+is+added%2C+a+selection+of+easy+extracts+for+reading%2C+together+with+a+vocabulary%2C+and+translations&rft.pages=238&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wm.+H.+Allen+%26+Co.&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBDoMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1876" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Duncan (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoRQAAAAYAAJ">A grammar of the Persian language: to which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a vocabulary, and translations</a>. W.H. Allen. p. 238. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310173105/https://books.google.com/books?id=DoRQAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Persian+language%3A+to+which+is+added%2C+a+selection+of+easy+extracts+for+reading%2C+together+with+a+vocabulary%2C+and+translations&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=W.H.+Allen&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoRQAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrâhîm1841" class="citation book cs1">Ibrâhîm, Muḥammad (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/agrammarpersian00ibrgoog">A grammar of the Persian language</a>. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Persian+language&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Ibr%C3%A2h%C3%AEm&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fagrammarpersian00ibrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1783" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)" title="William Jones (philologist)">Jones, Sir William</a> (1783). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YkBbAAAAQAAJ">A grammar of the Persian language</a> (3 ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172942/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkBbAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Persian+language&rft.edition=3&rft.date=1783&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Sir+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYkBbAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1797" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Sir William (1797). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3T9bAAAAQAAJ">A grammar of the Persian language</a> (4 ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172907/https://books.google.com/books?id=3T9bAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Persian+language&rft.edition=4&rft.date=1797&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Sir+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3T9bAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1801" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Sir William (1801). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEhFAQAAIAAJ">A grammar of the Persian language</a> (5 ed.). Murray and Highley, J. Sewell. p. 194. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310173228/https://books.google.com/books?id=IEhFAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Persian+language&rft.pages=194&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Murray+and+Highley%2C+J.+Sewell&rft.date=1801&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Sir+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIEhFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1823" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Sir William (1823). Samuel Lee (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p4dBAAAAYAAJ">A grammar of the Persian language</a> (8 ed.). Printed by W. Nicol, for Parbury, Allen, and co. p. 230. 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Institut Français de Recherche en Iran. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2909961378" title="Special:BookSources/978-2909961378"><bdi>978-2909961378</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=8392">the original</a> on 3 May 2012. 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Watley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172641/https://books.google.com/books?id=a7dIAAAAcAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Persian+language%3B+comprising+a+portion+of+the+elements+of+Arabic+inflexion+%5Betc.%5D&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=T.+Watley&rft.date=1810&rft.aulast=Lumsden&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da7dIAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMace2002" class="citation book cs1">Mace, John (18 October 2002). Persian Grammar: For Reference and Revision (illustrated ed.). RoutledgeCurzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1695-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1695-5"><bdi>0-7007-1695-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Grammar%3A+For+Reference+and+Revision&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2002-10-18&rft.isbn=0-7007-1695-5&rft.aulast=Mace&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoises1792" class="citation book cs1">Moises, Edward (1792). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O3lHAAAAYAAJ">The Persian interpreter: in three parts: A grammar of the Persian language. Persian extracts, in prose and verse. A vocabulary: Persian and English</a>. Printed by L. Hodgson. p. 143. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172353/https://books.google.com/books?id=O3lHAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+interpreter%3A+in+three+parts%3A+A+grammar+of+the+Persian+language.+Persian+extracts%2C+in+prose+and+verse.+A+vocabulary%3A+Persian+and+English&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Printed+by+L.+Hodgson&rft.date=1792&rft.aulast=Moises&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO3lHAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1883" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Henry_Palmer" title="Edward Henry Palmer">Palmer, Edward Henry</a> (1883). 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London & Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172644/https://books.google.com/books?id=pxKkZZgJxcwC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. 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Luzac & C.̊. p. 400. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172355/https://books.google.com/books?id=Exb_NBfBuZkC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Persian+colloquial+grammar%3A+containing+a+short+grammar%2C+dialogues+and+extracts+from+Nasir-Eddin+shah%27s+diaries%2C+tales%2C+etc.%2C+and+a+vocabulary&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=Luzac+%26+C.%CC%8A&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft.au=N%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ir+al-D%C4%ABn+Sh%C4%81h+%28Shah+of+Iran%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DExb_NBfBuZkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1989" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt, Rüdiger (1989). 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Sen)</a> (2 ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403163033/http://books.google.com/books?id=3T1bAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+in+Persian+and+English%2C+with+pronunciation+%28ed.+by+M.C.+Sen%29.&rft.edition=2&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Ramdhun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3T1bAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1829" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Ramdhun (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJAvAAAAYAAJ">A dictionary in Persian and English</a>. Printed for the author at the Baptist Mission Press. p. 226. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310173126/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJAvAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+in+Persian+and+English&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+author+at+the+Baptist+Mission+Press&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Ramdhun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJAvAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1833" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Ramdhun (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sk4OAAAAQAAJ">A dictionary in English and Persian</a>. Printed at the Baptist Mission Press. p. 276. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203005729/https://books.google.com/books?id=sk4OAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+in+English+and+Persian&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Printed+at+the+Baptist+Mission+Press&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Ramdhun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsk4OAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1833" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Ramdhun (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6j1bAAAAQAAJ">A dictionary in English and Persian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172352/https://books.google.com/books?id=6j1bAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+in+English+and+Persian&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Ramdhun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6j1bAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackston1993" class="citation book cs1">Thackston, W. M. (1 May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontope00thac">An Introduction to Persian</a> (3rd Rev ed.). Ibex Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936347-29-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-936347-29-5"><bdi>0-936347-29-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Persian&rft.edition=3rd+Rev&rft.pub=Ibex+Publishers&rft.date=1993-05-01&rft.isbn=0-936347-29-5&rft.aulast=Thackston&rft.aufirst=W.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontope00thac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1801" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, William Thornhill (1801). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wT5bAAAAQAAJ">A pocket dictionary of English and Persian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403200810/http://books.google.com/books?id=wT5bAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+pocket+dictionary+of+English+and+Persian&rft.date=1801&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=William+Thornhill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwT5bAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1850" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, William Thornhill (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.19273">A pocket dictionary of English and Persian</a>. J. Madden. p. 145. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+pocket+dictionary+of+English+and+Persian&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=J.+Madden&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=William+Thornhill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.19273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1850" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, William Thornhill (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.19273">A pocket dictionary of English and Persian</a>. J. Madden. p. 145. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+pocket+dictionary+of+English+and+Persian&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=J.+Madden&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=William+Thornhill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.19273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindfuhr2009" class="citation book cs1">Windfuhr, Gernot L. (15 January 2009). "Persian". In Bernard Comrie (ed.). The World's Major Languages (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35339-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35339-7"><bdi>978-0-415-35339-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35339-7&rft.aulast=Windfuhr&rft.aufirst=Gernot+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWollaston1882" class="citation book cs1">Wollaston, (Sir) Arthur Naylor (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anenglishpersia00wollgoog">An English-Persian dictionary</a>. W. H. Allen. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+English-Persian+dictionary&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Wollaston&rft.aufirst=%28Sir%29+Arthur+Naylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanenglishpersia00wollgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Persian at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Persian_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Persian language">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Persian_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Persian language">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Persian_language" class="extiw" title="q:Persian language">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Persian" class="extiw" title="b:Persian">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Persian_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Persian phrasebook">Phrasebook</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="fa:">Persian edition</a> of Wikipedia</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090830061043/http://www.persianacademy.ir/">Academy of Persian Language and Literature official website</a> (in Persian) (archived 30 August 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persian-language.com/">Assembly for the Expansion of the Persian Language official website</a> (in Persian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121209222040/http://persianlanguage.ir/">Persian language Resources</a> (in Persian) (archived 9 December 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parstimes.com/language/">Persian Language Resources</a>, parstimes.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alefbaye2om.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Ma_farsi_balad_im_EN.pdf">Persian language tutorial books for beginners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soleiman_Haim" class="mw-redirect" title="Soleiman Haim">Haim, Soleiman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/hayyim/">New Persian–English dictionary</a>. Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Beroukhim, 1934–1936. uchicago.edu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steingass,_Francis_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Steingass, Francis Joseph">Steingass, Francis Joseph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/steingass/">A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary</a>. London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1892. uchicago.edu</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720065425/http://www.pavelicpapers.com/documents/odpor/index.html">UCLA Language Materials Project:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923082042/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=63&menu=004">Persian</a>, ucla.edu (archived 20 July 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kolahstudio.com/?p=620">How Persian Alphabet Transits into Graffiti</a>, Persian Graffiti</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mike_worldmentoringacademy_03b">Basic Persian language course (book + audio files)</a> – USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persian_language" title="Template:Persian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persian_language" title="Template talk:Persian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> (c. 3000 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (c. 2000 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a> (c. 1500 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> (c. 525 – 300 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> (c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> (from 800)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Varieties">Dialects and varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Persian" title="Standard Persian">Standard Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_dialect" title="Aimaq dialect">Aimaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Persian" title="Kuwaiti Persian">Kuwaiti Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat (Juhuri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhori_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori dialect">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistani_dialect" title="Sistani dialect">Sistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_vocabulary" title="Persian vocabulary">Vocabulary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_nouns" title="Persian nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_verbs" title="Persian verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Phonology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ez%C4%81fe" title="Ezāfe">Ezāfe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian calligraphy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Romanized Persian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle Persian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_literature" title="Tajik literature">Tajik literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literature" title="Academy of Persian Language and Literature">Academy of Persian Language and Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Afghanistan" title="Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan">Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki_Institute_of_Language_and_Literature" title="Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature">Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Persian_origin" title="List of English words of Persian origin">List of English words of Persian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_loanwords_in_Persian" title="List of French loanwords in Persian">List of French loanwords in Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Persian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language">List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian language in South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_languages" title="Template:Iranian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_languages" title="Template talk:Iranian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#Old_Iranian" title="Iranian languages">Old Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#Middle_Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Middle Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#New_Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">New Iranian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishkashimi_language" title="Ishkashimi language">Ishkashimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushani_language" title="Rushani language">Rushani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanglechi_language" title="Sanglechi language">Sanglechi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartangi_language" title="Bartangi language">Bartangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroshori_dialect" title="Oroshori dialect">Oroshori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanji_language" title="Vanji language">Vanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazghulami_language" title="Yazghulami language">Yazghulami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachi_language" title="Parachi language">Parachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pashto" title="Central Pashto">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pashto" title="Northern Pashto">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pashto" title="Southern Pashto">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarghulami" title="Sarghulami">Sarghulami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a> <ul><li>Alanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_Ossetian" title="Digor Ossetian">Digor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Ossetian" title="Iron Ossetian">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jassic_dialect" title="Jassic dialect">Jassic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtiani_language" title="Ashtiani language">Ashtiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makrani_dialect" title="Makrani dialect">Makrani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylami_language" title="Daylami language">Daylami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Fars" title="Dialects of Fars">Fars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgani_language" title="Gorgani language">Gorgani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karingani_language" title="Karingani language">Karingani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordali_language" title="Kordali language">Kordali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazanderani</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabaroid_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabaroid dialects (page does not exist)">Tabaroid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Azeri" title="Old Azeri">Old Azeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_languages" title="Semnani languages">Semnani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lasgerdi_language" title="Lasgerdi language">Lasgerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangsari_language" title="Sangsari language">Sangsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_language" title="Semnani language">Semnani proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorkhei_language" title="Sorkhei language">Sorkhei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatoid_dialects" title="Tatoid dialects">Tatoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Dari_language" title="Zoroastrian Dari language">Zoroastrian Dari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Achomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkardi_language" title="Bashkardi language">Bashkardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmsiri_language" title="Garmsiri language">Garmsiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhmareyi_language" title="Kuhmareyi language">Kuhmareyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumzari_language" title="Kumzari language">Kumzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_dialect" title="Bakhtiari dialect">Bakhtiari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavani_language" title="Pahlavani language">Pahlavani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Caucasian Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct</a> or <a href="/wiki/Historical_language" title="Historical language">historical languages</a>.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Iran" title="Template:Languages of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Languages of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages of Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Achomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazanderani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_language" title="Semnani language">Semnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_Romani" title="Zargari Romani">Zargari Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Persian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahveh_Khaneh_Sign_Language" title="Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language">Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Bahrain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Bahrain" title="Template:Languages of Bahrain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Bahrain" title="Template talk:Languages of Bahrain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Bahrain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Bahrain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Bahrain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bahrain">Languages of Bahrain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semiofficial language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Achomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo Aryan languages">Indo Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Sign Language">Arabic Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Main foreign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Languages_of_Iraq" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Iraq" title="Template:Languages of Iraq"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Iraq" title="Template talk:Languages of Iraq"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Iraq" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Iraq"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Languages_of_Iraq" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages of Iraq</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Standard</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a> (Main)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Kurdish" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Kurdish">Sorani</a> (Main)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani (Hawrami)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Southern Kurdish (Xwarin)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mandaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Mandaic language">Neo-Mandaic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaki_language" title="Shabaki language">Shabaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Sign_Language" title="Iraqi Sign Language">Iraqi Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Sign_Language" title="Kurdish Sign Language">Kurdish Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Turkmenistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Turkmenistan" title="Template:Languages of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Turkmenistan" title="Template talk:Languages of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Turkmenistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Turkmenistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Turkmenistan">Languages of Turkmenistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluchi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluchi language">Baluchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Template:Languages of the United Arab Emirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Template talk:Languages of the United Arab Emirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the United Arab Emirates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the United Arab Emirates">Languages of the United Arab Emirates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official and national language (Dialects)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semiofficial language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Larestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Languages of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus#Families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a> (areal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">South</a> (Kartvelian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a> (Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlikh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata-Tukita_language" title="Karata-Tukita language">Karata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapshima_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gapshima language (page does not exist)">Gapshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muira_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muira language (page does not exist)">Muira</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Муиринский язык">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usisha%E2%80%93Butri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usisha–Butri language (page does not exist)">Usisha–Butri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Dargwa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Dargwa language (page does not exist)">Northern Dargwa</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Севернодаргинский язык">ru</a>] <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqusha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqusha dialect (page does not exist)">Aqusha</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Акушинское наречие">ru</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murego%E2%80%93Gubden_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murego–Gubden dialect (page does not exist)">Murego–Gubden</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мюрего-Губденська мова">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugi dialect (page does not exist)">Mugi</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Мугинское наречие">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Mulebki_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Mulebki dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Mulebki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashti_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashti language (page does not exist)">Ashti</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Аштинский язык">ru</a>]–<a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzhi language (page does not exist)">Sanzhi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuzgi%E2%80%93Shiri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuzgi–Shiri language (page does not exist)">Amuzgi–Shiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanakari%E2%80%93Chakhrizhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanakari–Chakhrizhi language (page does not exist)">Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirhwa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirhwa dialect (page does not exist)">Sirhwa</a> [<a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="extiw" title="lez:Сирхи чӀал">lez</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Сірхінська мова">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanti_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanti dialect (page does not exist)">Tanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Vurqni_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Vurqni dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Vurqni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shari_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shari language (page does not exist)">Shari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li> <li>Samur <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jek_language" title="Jek language">Jek</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a> (Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo- European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilit_dialect" title="Kilit dialect">Kilit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern Neo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret" class="mw-redirect" title="Suret">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Languages of Georgia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9168#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4065403-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persian_language&oldid=1257432108#Varieties">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persian_language&oldid=1257432108#Varieties</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Category:Languages of the Caucasus">Languages of the Caucasus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persian_language" title="Category:Persian language">Persian language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Iran" title="Category:Culture of Iran">Culture of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_attested_from_the_6th_century_BC" title="Category:Languages attested from the 6th century BC">Languages attested from the 6th century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:Languages of Afghanistan">Languages of Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Category:Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Bahrain" title="Category:Languages of Bahrain">Languages of Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Iran" title="Category:Languages of Iran">Languages of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Iraq" title="Category:Languages of Iraq">Languages of Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Kuwait" title="Category:Languages of Kuwait">Languages of Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Russia" title="Category:Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li><li><a 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