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Internet Archive</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hachette_v._Internet_Archive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Open Library</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="المكتبة المفتوحة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المكتبة المفتوحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="ওপেন লাইব্রেরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওপেন লাইব্রেরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="کتابخانه باز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتابخانه باز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%94%88_%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C%EB%9F%AC%EB%A6%AC" title="오픈 라이브러리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오픈 라이브러리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="ഓപ്പൺ ലൈബ്രറി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓപ്പൺ ലൈബ്രറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திற நூலகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திற நூலகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Open Library" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86" title="开放图书馆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="开放图书馆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1201876#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Online project for book data of the Internet Archive</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Open Library</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Library_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Open_Library_logo.svg/220px-Open_Library_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Open_Library_logo.svg/330px-Open_Library_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Open_Library_logo.svg/440px-Open_Library_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:gainsboro;text-align:center">Screenshot</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenLibrarypage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/OpenLibrarypage.jpg/200px-OpenLibrarypage.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/OpenLibrarypage.jpg/300px-OpenLibrarypage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/OpenLibrarypage.jpg/400px-OpenLibrarypage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="1810" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Open Library homepage in September 2011</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Type of site</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Digital library index</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Organizational_founder" title="Organizational founder">Founder(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brewster_Kahle" title="Brewster Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a>, Alexis Rossi, Anand Chitipothu, and <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Hargrave_Malamud" title="Rebecca Hargrave Malamud">Rebecca Hargrave Malamud</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">Revenue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Donation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/">openlibrary<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commercial</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration</th><td class="infobox-data">Free</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">2006<span class="noprint">; 18 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2006</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Content license</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Data: public domain<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Source code: <a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">AGPLv3</a><sup id="cite_ref-gitlic_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gitlic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Open Library</b> is an online project intended to create "one <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a> for every book ever published". Created by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brewster_Kahle" title="Brewster Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexis Rossi,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anand Chitipothu,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Hargrave_Malamud" title="Rebecca Hargrave Malamud">Rebecca Hargrave Malamud</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open Library is a project of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a>. It has been funded in part by grants from the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Library" title="California State Library">California State Library</a> and the Kahle/Austin Foundation. Open Library provides <a href="/wiki/Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Online">online</a> digital copies in multiple formats, created from images of many <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, out-of-print, and in-print books. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book_database_and_digital_lending_library">Book database and digital lending library</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Library&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Book database and digital lending library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its book information is collected from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, other libraries, and <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>, as well as from user contributions through a <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a>-like interface.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian2009_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If books are available in digital form, a button labeled "Read" appears next to its catalog listing. Digital copies of the contents of each scanned book are distributed as encrypted e-books (created from images of scanned pages), audiobooks and streaming audio (created from the page images using OCR and text-to-speech software), unencrypted images of full pages from OpenLibrary.org and Archive.org, and APIs for automated downloading of page images.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Writers_Union_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Writers_Union-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Links to where books can be purchased or borrowed are also provided. </p><p>There are different entities in the database: </p> <ul><li>authors</li> <li>works (which are the aggregate of all books with the same title and text)</li> <li>editions (which are different publications of the corresponding works)</li></ul> <p>Open Library claims to have over 20 million records in its database.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copies of the contents of tens of thousands of modern books have been made available from 150 libraries and publishers for <a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">ebook</a> <a href="/wiki/Controlled_digital_lending" title="Controlled digital lending">controlled digital lending</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other books including in-print and in-copyright books have been scanned from copies in library collections, library discards, and donations, and are also available for lending in digital form.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, the Open Library offers copies of over 1.4 million books for what it calls "digital lending", but critics have called distribution of digital copies a violation of copyright law. <sup id="cite_ref-Lee2020_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Library&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Open Library began in 2006 with <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a> as the original engineer and leader of the Open Library's technical team.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2007_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian2009_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was led by <a href="/wiki/George_Oates" title="George Oates">George Oates</a> from April 2009 to December 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oates was responsible for a complete site redesign during her tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the project was continued by Giovanni Damiola<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then Brenton Cheng<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mek Karpeles<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2016. </p><p>The site was redesigned and relaunched in May 2010. Its codebase is on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site uses Infobase, its own database framework based on <a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a>, and Infogami, its own <a href="/wiki/Wiki_software" title="Wiki software">Wiki engine</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The source code to the site is published under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU Affero General Public License</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gitlic_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gitlic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book_sponsorship_program">Book sponsorship program</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Library&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Book sponsorship program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the week of October 21, 2019, the Open Library website introduced a Book Sponsorship program,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which according to <a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a>, "lets you direct a cash donation to pay for the purchase and scanning of any books. In return, you are first in line to check that book out when it is available, and then anyone who holds an Open Library library card can check it out.".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feature was developed by Mek Karpeles, Tabish Shaikh,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other members of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books_for_the_blind_and_dyslexic">Books for the blind and dyslexic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Library&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Books for the blind and dyslexic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The website was relaunched adding <a href="/wiki/ADA_compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="ADA compliance">ADA compliance</a> and offering over one million modern and older books to the <a href="/wiki/Print_disability" title="Print disability">print disabled</a> in May 2010<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using the <a href="/wiki/DAISY_Digital_Talking_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="DAISY Digital Talking Book">DAISY Digital Talking Book</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under certain provisions of United States copyright law, libraries are sometimes able to reproduce copyrighted works in formats accessible to users with disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_violation_accusations">Copyright violation accusations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Library&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Copyright violation accusations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Open Library has justified its ability to offer full contents of books in digital formats as part of the <a href="/wiki/First-sale_doctrine" title="First-sale doctrine">first-sale doctrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> law.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vox_open_library_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vox_open_library-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Open Library owns a physical copy of each book that they have made available, and thus argue that the lending out of one digital scan of the book in a controlled manner falls within the first-sale doctrine, a practice known as <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Digital_Lending" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled Digital Lending">controlled digital lending</a> and in use by multiple public and academic libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-vox_open_library_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vox_open_library-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since its launch, the Open Library has been accused of mass copyright violation by numerous groups,<sup id="cite_ref-vox_open_library_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vox_open_library-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the American <a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild" title="Authors Guild">Authors Guild</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-jotformeu-usa_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jotformeu-usa-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the British <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Authors" title="Society of Authors">Society of Authors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-jotformeu-uk_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jotformeu-uk-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Society_of_Authors" title="Australian Society of Authors">Australian Society of Authors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America">Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the US <a href="/wiki/National_Writers_Union" title="National Writers Union">National Writers Union</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a coalition of 37 national and international organizations of "writers, translators, photographers, and graphic artists; unions, organizations, and federations representing the creators of works included in published books; book publishers; and reproduction rights and public lending rights organizations".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Authors" title="Society of Authors">Society of Authors</a> threatened legal action in 2019 unless the Open Library agreed to cease distribution of copyrighted works.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hachette_v._Internet_Archive"><i>Hachette v. Internet Archive</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Library&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hachette v. Internet Archive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hachette_v._Internet_Archive" title="Hachette v. Internet Archive">Hachette v. Internet Archive</a></div> <p>The Open Library further came under criticism from several authors and publishers groups when it created the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#National_Emergency_Library" title="Internet Archive">National Emergency Library</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in March 2020. Under these circumstances, the National Emergency Library removed the waitlists of all books in its Open Library collection and allowed any number of digital copies of a book to be downloaded as an encrypted file that would be unusable after two weeks, asserting that this unlimited borrowing was a reasonable exception under the national emergency to allow educational functions to continue since physical libraries and bookstores were forced to be shuttered.<sup id="cite_ref-vox_open_library_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vox_open_library-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Authors Guild, the Association of American Publishers, the National Writers Union, and others argued that this allowed unlimited copyright infringement and denied revenues from distribution of authorized digital copies of books to authors who also needed relief during the COVID-19 national emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-vox_open_library_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vox_open_library-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the Open Library asserted that the copies of entire books in e-book format were still encrypted and the unlimited borrowing was for educational purposes, the National Writers Union asserted that images of each page of each book could still be accessed on the Web without encryption or other controls.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Writers_Union_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Writers_Union-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four major publishers—<a href="/wiki/Hachette_Book_Group" title="Hachette Book Group">Hachette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">John Wiley & Sons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, all members of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishers" title="Association of American Publishers">Association of American Publishers</a>—filed a lawsuit in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">Southern New York Federal District Court</a> against the Internet Archive in June 2020, asserting the Open Library project violated numerous copyrights.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their suit, the publishers claimed "Without any license or any payment to authors or publishers, [the Internet Archive] scans print books, uploads these illegally scanned books to its servers, and distributes verbatim digital copies of the books in whole via public-facing websites. With just a few clicks, any Internet-connected user can download complete digital copies of in-copyright books from [the] defendant."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publishers were represented by the law firms <a href="/wiki/Davis_Wright_Tremaine" title="Davis Wright Tremaine">Davis Wright Tremaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oppenheim_%2B_Zebrak" title="Oppenheim + Zebrak">Oppenheim + Zebrak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Internet Archive ended the National Emergency Library on June 16, 2020, instead of the intended June 30 date, and requested the publishers to "call off their costly assault".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2022, both parties filed requests for <a href="/wiki/Summary_judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Summary judgement">summary judgement</a>. A first hearing was held on March 20, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A summary judgement was issued March 24, 2023, in favor of the plaintiffs. In its ruling the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">United States District Court for the Southern District of New York</a> determined that the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> committed <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> by scanning and distributing copies of books online. Stemming from the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Emergency_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Emergency Library">National Emergency Library</a> (NEL) during the onset of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, publishing company <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Book_Group" title="Hachette Book Group">Hachette Book Group</a> alleged that the Open Library and the National Emergency Library facilitated copyright infringement. </p><p>On March 25, 2023, the court ruled against Internet Archive, who appealed the decision.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This appeal was later denied by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Library&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" 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AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_library_projects" title="List of digital library projects">List of digital library projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_public_access_catalog" title="Online public access catalog">Online public access catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Library&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Library&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/60px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/80px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> has the properties: <ul><li><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/4px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/6px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> <b><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P648" class="extiw" title="d:Property talk:P648">Open Library ID (P648)</a></i></b> (see <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP648%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P648%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a></span>)</li><li><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/4px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/6px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> <b><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P3847" class="extiw" title="d:Property talk:P3847">Open Library subject ID (P3847)</a></i></b> (see <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP3847%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P3847%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a></span>)</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Open+Library&author=Kahle&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Open Library</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (Text of the speech given by Brewster Kahle, founder of the Internet Archive, at the launch of the Open Library in October 2005)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_Archive" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Universal access to all knowledge</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PetaBox" title="PetaBox">PetaBox</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Open Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#NASA_Images" title="Internet Archive">NASA Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Content_Alliance" title="Open Content Alliance">Open Content Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Archive-It" title="Internet Archive">Archive-It</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFlan" class="mw-redirect" title="SFlan">SFlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive_Scholar" title="Internet Archive Scholar">Internet Archive Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_Archive_logo_and_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Internet_Archive_logo_and_wordmark.svg/100px-Internet_Archive_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Internet_Archive_logo_and_wordmark.svg/150px-Internet_Archive_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Internet_Archive_logo_and_wordmark.svg/200px-Internet_Archive_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners and<br />Collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina" title="Bibliotheca Alexandrina">Bibliotheca Alexandrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Libraries_(collection)" title="American Libraries (collection)">American Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Libraries_(collection)" title="Canadian Libraries (collection)">Canadian Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Sloan_Foundation" title="Alfred P. Sloan Foundation">Sloan Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive%27s_images_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Archive's images collection">Image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#NASA_Images" title="Internet Archive">NASA Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libre_Map_Project" title="Libre Map Project">Libre Map Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Text_collection" title="Internet Archive">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Libraries_(collection)" title="American Libraries (collection)">American Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Libraries_(collection)" title="Canadian Libraries (collection)">Canadian Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive%27s_Children%27s_Library" title="Internet Archive's Children's Library">Children's Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RECAP_US_Federal_Court_Documents_(collection)" class="mw-redirect" title="RECAP US Federal Court Documents (collection)">RECAP US Federal Court Documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfilm_(collection)" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfilm (collection)">Microfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Government_Documents" title="US Government Documents">US Government Documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schwartzman#Collected_texts_of_Simon_Schwartzman" title="Simon Schwartzman">Collected texts of Simon Schwartzman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Audio_collection" title="Internet Archive">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Live_Music_Archive" title="Live Music Archive">Live Music Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Moving_image_collection" title="Internet Archive">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#NASA_Images" title="Internet Archive">NASA Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public.Resource.Org#FedFlix" title="Public.Resource.Org">FedFlix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!#Democracy_Now!_collection_at_the_Internet_Archive" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Stokes" title="Marion Stokes">Marion Stokes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Software" title="Internet Archive">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Open_Educational_Resources" title="Internet Archive">Open Educational Resources</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Kahle" title="Brewster Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Prelinger" title="Rick Prelinger">Rick Prelinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rumsey" title="David Rumsey">David Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Scott" title="Jason Scott">Jason Scott</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritrix" title="Heritrix">Heritrix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Panorama_Ephemera" title="Panorama Ephemera">Panorama Ephemera</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Recorder:_The_Marion_Stokes_Project" title="Recorder: The Marion Stokes Project">Recorder: The Marion Stokes Project</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hachette_v._Internet_Archive" title="Hachette v. Internet Archive">Hachette v. Internet Archive</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books" title="Template:Books"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books" title="Template talk:Books"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Covers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">dust jackets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_illustration" title="Book illustration">Illustration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edition_(book)" title="Edition (book)">edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_book" title="Instant book">instant book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited-edition_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited-edition book">limited edition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance_copy" title="Advance copy">advance copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_size" title="Book size">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">Volume (bibliography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(publishing)" title="Collection (publishing)">Collection (publishing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_series" title="Book series">Book series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consumption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_award" title="Literary award">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestseller" title="Bestseller">Bestsellers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books" title="List of best-selling books">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliomania" title="Bibliomania">Bibliomania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tsundoku" title="Tsundoku">tsundoku</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliophilia" title="Bibliophilia">Bibliophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotherapy" title="Bibliotherapy">Bibliotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark" title="Bookmark">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">Bookselling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blurb" title="Blurb">blurbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_town" title="Book town">book towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bookselling" title="History of bookselling">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_book" title="Used book">used</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_discussion_club" title="Book discussion club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_collecting" title="Book collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_scanning" title="Book scanning">Digitizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookworm_(insect)" title="Bookworm (insect)">Bookworm (insect)</a></li> <li>Furniture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookcase" title="Bookcase">bookcases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookend" title="Bookend">bookends</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_review" title="Book review">Reviews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Brazil" title="Books in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_France" title="Books in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Germany" title="Books in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Italy" title="Books in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_Netherlands" title="Books in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_and_publishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Books and publishing in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Spain" title="Books in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Books in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_States" title="Books in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Genres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_book" title="Fictional book">fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_book" title="Miniature book">miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">pop-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li>Formats <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folio" title="Folio">Folio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_table_book" title="Coffee table book">Coffee table book</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_banned_books" title="Lists of banned books">Banned books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_curse" title="Book curse">Book curses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_packaging" title="Book packaging">Book packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_swapping" title="Book swapping">Book swapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_tour" title="Book tour">Book tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_ears" title="Dog ears">Dog ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philobiblon" title="The Philobiblon">The Philobiblon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Day" title="World Book Day">World Book Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, 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