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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horse_genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse_genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Horse genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse_genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sintashta culture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="حضارة سينتاشتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حضارة سينتاشتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinta%C5%9Fta_m%C9%99d%C9%99niyy%C9%99ti" title="Sintaşta mədəniyyəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sintaşta mədəniyyəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="সিনতাশতা সংস্কৃতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিনতাশতা সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintashta_b%C3%BBn-h%C3%B2a" title="Sintashta bûn-hòa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sintashta bûn-hòa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%99%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Һынташты мәҙәниәте – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һынташты мәҙәниәте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Синтащинска култура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синтащинска култура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Sintaixt%C3%A0" title="Cultura de Sintaixtà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura de Sintaixtà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Синташта культури – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Синташта культури" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_Sinta%C5%A1ta" title="Kultura Sintašta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kultura Sintašta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaschta-Kultur" title="Sintaschta-Kultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sintaschta-Kultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Sintashta" title="Cultura de Sintashta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura de Sintashta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="فرهنگ سینتاشتا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ سینتاشتا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_de_Sintachta" title="Culture de Sintachta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture de Sintachta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%ED%83%80%EC%8B%9C%ED%83%80_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="신타시타 문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신타시타 문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Sintashta" title="Kebudayaan Sintashta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebudayaan Sintashta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_di_Sintashta" title="Cultura di Sintashta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura di Sintashta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur_Sintaxta" title="Cultur Sintaxta – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cultur Sintaxta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szintasta-kult%C3%BAra" title="Szintasta-kultúra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szintasta-kultúra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintasjtacultuur" title="Sintasjtacultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sintasjtacultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BF%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="シンタシュタ文化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シンタシュタ文化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintasjtakulturen" title="Sintasjtakulturen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sintasjtakulturen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_Sintaszta-Pietrowka" title="Kultura Sintaszta-Pietrowka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura Sintaszta-Pietrowka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Sintashta" title="Cultura de Sintashta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura de Sintashta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Синташтинская культура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синташтинская культура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Синташтанска култура – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синташтанска култура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinta%C5%A1tan_kulttuuri" title="Sintaštan kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sintaštan kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="சிந்தசுதா பண்பாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிந்தசுதா பண்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Сынташты мәдәнияте – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сынташты мәдәнияте" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinta%C5%9Fta_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC" title="Sintaşta kültürü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sintaşta kültürü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Синташтинська культура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синташтинська культура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a_Sintashta" title="Văn hóa Sintashta – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn hóa Sintashta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E5%A1%94%E4%BB%80%E5%A1%94%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="辛塔什塔文化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="辛塔什塔文化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q656393#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bronze Age archaeological culture of the Southern Urals</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Sintashta culture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sintashta_culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sintashta_culture.jpg/220px-Sintashta_culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sintashta_culture.jpg/330px-Sintashta_culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sintashta_culture.jpg/440px-Sintashta_culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1069" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data">Late Middle <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">2200–1900 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">Type site</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major sites</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arkaim" title="Arkaim">Arkaim</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Characteristics</th><td class="infobox-data">Extensive copper and bronze metallurgy<br />Fortified settlements<br />Elaborate weapon burials<br />Earliest known chariots</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka culture</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Fatyanovo%E2%80%93Balanovo_culture" title="Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture">Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauromatians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauromatians">Sauromatians</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Extant</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Extinct</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Hypothetical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Grammar</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Other</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>) <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Historical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Practices</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Scholars</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Institutes</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Publications</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sintashta culture</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a Middle <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ural" title="Southern Ural">Southern Urals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindner2020p._362:_"The_publication_of_new_radiocarbon_data_series_from_selected_burial_sites_in_the_South-eastern_Urals_has_helped_to_establish_a_much_more_accurate_chronology_for_the_late_Middle_Bronze_Age_Sintashta-Petrovka_complex"_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindner2020p._362:_"The_publication_of_new_radiocarbon_data_series_from_selected_burial_sites_in_the_South-eastern_Urals_has_helped_to_establish_a_much_more_accurate_chronology_for_the_late_Middle_Bronze_Age_Sintashta-Petrovka_complex"-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dated to the period <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2200–1900 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETkachev202031"The_author_presents_the_results_of_radiocarbon_dating_of_burials_from_the_Sintashta_cemetery_near_Mount_Berezovaya_(Bulanovo)_and_Tanabergen_II_in_the_steppe_Cis-Urals._The_series_consists_of_10_calibrated_radiocarbon_dates,_three_of_which_were_obtained_using_AMS_accelerated_technology._As_a_result_of_the_implementation_of_statistical_procedures,_a_chronological_interval_for_the_functioning_of_necropolises_was_established_within_<abbr_title="circa">c.</abbr><span_style="white-space:nowrap;">&thinsp;2200</span>–1770_BCE."_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETkachev202031"The_author_presents_the_results_of_radiocarbon_dating_of_burials_from_the_Sintashta_cemetery_near_Mount_Berezovaya_(Bulanovo)_and_Tanabergen_II_in_the_steppe_Cis-Urals._The_series_consists_of_10_calibrated_radiocarbon_dates,_three_of_which_were_obtained_using_AMS_accelerated_technology._As_a_result_of_the_implementation_of_statistical_procedures,_a_chronological_interval_for_the_functioning_of_necropolises_was_established_within_<abbr_title="circa">c.</abbr><span_style="white-space:nowrap;">&thinsp;2200</span>–1770_BCE."-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpimakhovZazovskayaAlaeva2023p._6:_"The_earliest_values_in_the_series_refer_to_the_Sintashta_culture_(Sintashta_II_[the_early_phase],_Kamenny_Ambar-5_[Kurgan_2])—2200–2000_calBC"_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpimakhovZazovskayaAlaeva2023p._6:_"The_earliest_values_in_the_series_refer_to_the_Sintashta_culture_(Sintashta_II_[the_early_phase],_Kamenny_Ambar-5_[Kurgan_2])—2200–2000_calBC"-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the first phase of the <b>Sintashta–Petrovka complex</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindner2020p._362:_"[A]_much_more_accurate_chronology_for_the_late_Middle_Bronze_Age_Sintashta-Petrovka_complex"_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindner2020p._362:_"[A]_much_more_accurate_chronology_for_the_late_Middle_Bronze_Age_Sintashta-Petrovka_complex"-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2200</span>–1750 BCE. The culture is <a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">named after</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta archaeological site</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk Oblast</a>, Russia, and spreads through <a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast" title="Orenburg Oblast">Orenburg Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kazakhstan">Northern Kazakhstan</a>. Widely regarded as the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008261_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008261-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._408-411_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._408-411-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubotsky2023259"There_is_growing_consensus_among_both_archaeologists_and_linguists_that_the_Sintashta–Petrovka_culture_(2100–1900_BCE)_in_the_Southern_Trans-Urals_was_inhabited_by_the_speakers_of_Proto-Indo-Iranian"_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubotsky2023259"There_is_growing_consensus_among_both_archaeologists_and_linguists_that_the_Sintashta–Petrovka_culture_(2100–1900_BCE)_in_the_Southern_Trans-Urals_was_inhabited_by_the_speakers_of_Proto-Indo-Iranian"-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose speakers originally referred to themselves as the <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan"><i>Aryan</i>s</a><i>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Sintashta culture is thought to represent an eastward migration of peoples from the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015"The_close_affinity_we_observe_between_peoples_of_Corded_Ware_and_Sintashta_cultures_suggests_similar_genetic_sources_of_the_two._[...]_Although_we_cannot_formally_test_whether_the_Sintashta_derives_directly_from_an_eastward_migration_of_Corded_Ware_peoples_or_if_they_share_common_ancestry_with_an_earlier_steppe_population,_the_presence_of_European_Neolithic_farmer_ancestry_in_both_the_Corded_Ware_and_the_Sintashta,_combined_with_the_absence_of_Neolithic_farmer_ancestry_in_the_earlier_Yamnaya,_would_suggest_the_former_being_more_probable._[...]_The_enigmatic_Sintashta_culture_near_the_Urals_bears_genetic_resemblance_to_Corded_Ware_and_was_therefore_likely_to_be_an_eastward_migration_into_Asia._As_this_culture_spread_towards_Altai_it_evolved_into_the_Andronovo_culture"_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015"The_close_affinity_we_observe_between_peoples_of_Corded_Ware_and_Sintashta_cultures_suggests_similar_genetic_sources_of_the_two._[...]_Although_we_cannot_formally_test_whether_the_Sintashta_derives_directly_from_an_eastward_migration_of_Corded_Ware_peoples_or_if_they_share_common_ancestry_with_an_earlier_steppe_population,_the_presence_of_European_Neolithic_farmer_ancestry_in_both_the_Corded_Ware_and_the_Sintashta,_combined_with_the_absence_of_Neolithic_farmer_ancestry_in_the_earlier_Yamnaya,_would_suggest_the_former_being_more_probable._[...]_The_enigmatic_Sintashta_culture_near_the_Urals_bears_genetic_resemblance_to_Corded_Ware_and_was_therefore_likely_to_be_an_eastward_migration_into_Asia._As_this_culture_spread_towards_Altai_it_evolved_into_the_Andronovo_culture"-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathieson2015Supplementary_material:_"Sintashta_and_Andronovo_populations_had_an_affinity_to_more_western_populations_from_central_and_northern_Europe_like_the_Corded_Ware_and_associated_cultures._[...]_the_Srubnaya/Sintashta/Andronovo_group_resembled_Late_Neolithic/Bronze_Age_populations_from_mainland_Europe."_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathieson2015Supplementary_material:_"Sintashta_and_Andronovo_populations_had_an_affinity_to_more_western_populations_from_central_and_northern_Europe_like_the_Corded_Ware_and_associated_cultures._[...]_the_Srubnaya/Sintashta/Andronovo_group_resembled_Late_Neolithic/Bronze_Age_populations_from_mainland_Europe."-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials:_"We_observed_a_main_cluster_of_41_''Sintashta''_individuals_that_was_genetically_similar_to_''Srubnaya'',_''Potapovka'',_and_''Andronovo''_in_being_well_modeled_as_a_mixture_of_''Yamnaya''-related_and_''Anatolia_N''_(European_farmer-related)_ancestry"_(p.40)_[...]_"Additional_work_has_documented_genetic_similarity_of_people_of_the_Corded_Ware_Complex_to_those_of_both_the_Sintashta_and_Srubnaya_archaeological_cultures_of_the_western_Steppe"_(p.243)_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials:_"We_observed_a_main_cluster_of_41_''Sintashta''_individuals_that_was_genetically_similar_to_''Srubnaya'',_''Potapovka'',_and_''Andronovo''_in_being_well_modeled_as_a_mixture_of_''Yamnaya''-related_and_''Anatolia_N''_(European_farmer-related)_ancestry"_(p.40)_[...]_"Additional_work_has_documented_genetic_similarity_of_people_of_the_Corded_Ware_Complex_to_those_of_both_the_Sintashta_and_Srubnaya_archaeological_cultures_of_the_western_Steppe"_(p.243)-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChintalapatiPattersonMoorjani2022p._13:_"[T]he_CWC_expanded_to_the_east_to_form_the_archaeological_complexes_of_Sintashta,_Srubnaya,_Andronovo,_and_the_BA_cultures_of_Kazakhstan."_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChintalapatiPattersonMoorjani2022p._13:_"[T]he_CWC_expanded_to_the_east_to_form_the_archaeological_complexes_of_Sintashta,_Srubnaya,_Andronovo,_and_the_BA_cultures_of_Kazakhstan."-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a> have been found in Sintashta burials, and the culture is considered a strong candidate for the origin of the technology, which spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> and played an important role in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">ancient warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007402"Eight_radiocarbon_dates_have_been_obtained_from_five_Sintashta_culture_graves_containing_the_impressions_of_spoked_wheels,_including_three_at_Sintashta_(SM_cemetery,_gr._5,_19,_28),_one_at_Krivoe_Ozero_(k._9,_gr._1),_and_one_at_Kammeny_Ambar_5_(k._2,_gr._8)._Three_of_these_(3760_±_120_BP,_3740_±_50_BP,_and_3700_±_60_BP),_with_probability_distributions_that_fall_predominantly_before_2000_BCE,_suggest_that_the_earliest_chariots_probably_appeared_in_the_steppes_before_2000_BCE_(table_15.1_[p._376])."_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007402"Eight_radiocarbon_dates_have_been_obtained_from_five_Sintashta_culture_graves_containing_the_impressions_of_spoked_wheels,_including_three_at_Sintashta_(SM_cemetery,_gr._5,_19,_28),_one_at_Krivoe_Ozero_(k._9,_gr._1),_and_one_at_Kammeny_Ambar_5_(k._2,_gr._8)._Three_of_these_(3760_±_120_BP,_3740_±_50_BP,_and_3700_±_60_BP),_with_probability_distributions_that_fall_predominantly_before_2000_BCE,_suggest_that_the_earliest_chariots_probably_appeared_in_the_steppes_before_2000_BCE_(table_15.1_[p._376])."-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sintashta settlements are also remarkable for the intensity of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> mining and <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> carried out there, which is unusual for a <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanks_&_Linduff_2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanks_&_Linduff_2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the main features of the Sintashta culture are high levels of <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a> and extensive <a href="/wiki/Fortified" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified">fortified</a> settlements, of which 23 are known.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintashta_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg/261px-From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg/392px-From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg/522px-From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>According to Allentoft et al. (2015), the Sintashta culture probably derived at least partially from the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the difficulty of identifying the remains of Sintashta sites beneath those of later settlements, the culture was only distinguished in the 1990s from the <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koryakova_1998a_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koryakova_1998a-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was then recognised as a distinct entity, forming part of the "Andronovo horizon". Koryakova (1998) concluded from their archaeological findings that the Sintashta culture originated from the interaction of the two precursors <a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a>. Allentoft et al. (2015) concluded from their genetic results that the Sintashta culture should have emerged from an eastward migration of peoples from the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Narasimshan et al. (2019) cautiously cite that "morphological data has been interpreted as suggesting that both Fedorovka and Alakul’ skeletons are similar to Sintashta groups, which in turn may reflect admixture of Neolithic forest HGs and steppe pastoralists, descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a> and Poltavka cultures".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Information,_p._62:_"Morphological_data_has_been_interpreted_as_suggesting_that_both_Fedorovka_and_Alakul'_skeletons_are_similar_to_Sintashta_groups,_which_in_turn_may_reflect_admixture_of_Neolithic_forest_HGs_and_steppe_pastoralists,_descendants_of_the_Catacomb_and_Poltavka_cultures."_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Information,_p._62:_"Morphological_data_has_been_interpreted_as_suggesting_that_both_Fedorovka_and_Alakul'_skeletons_are_similar_to_Sintashta_groups,_which_in_turn_may_reflect_admixture_of_Neolithic_forest_HGs_and_steppe_pastoralists,_descendants_of_the_Catacomb_and_Poltavka_cultures."-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sintashta emerged during a period of climatic change that saw the already arid Kazakh steppe region become even colder and drier. The marshy lowlands around the <a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural</a> and upper <a href="/wiki/Tobol_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobol river">Tobol rivers</a>, previously favoured as winter refuges, became increasingly important for survival.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Under these pressures both Poltavka and Abashevo herders settled permanently in river valley strongholds, eschewing more defensible hill-top locations.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._391-393_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._391-393-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its immediate predecessor in the Ural-Tobol steppe was the <a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka culture</a>, an offshoot of the cattle-herding <a href="/wiki/Yamna_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamna culture">Yamnaya horizon</a> that moved east into the region between 2800 and 2600 BCE. Several Sintashta towns were built over older Poltavka settlements or close to Poltavka cemeteries, and Poltavka motifs are common on Sintashta pottery.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._385-388_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._385-388-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sintashta <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a> also shows the influence of the late <a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a>, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Fatyanovo%E2%80%93Balanovo_culture" title="Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture">Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture</a>, a collection of <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Corded Ware">Corded Ware</a> settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Forest_steppe" title="Forest steppe">forest steppe</a> zone north of the Sintashta region that were also predominantly <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._385-388_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._385-388-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintashta_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> indicates that the Sintashta culture dates to between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2200 and 1750 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernykh2009136"[T]he_Sintashta_culture_provides_44_dates,_the_Abashevo_22_dates,_and_Petrovka_9,_[...]_the_range_of_probability_(68%),_[...]_the_Abashevo-Sintashta_chronological_range_[is]_between_the_twenty-second_and_the_eighteenth-seventeenth_centuries_BCE"_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernykh2009136"[T]he_Sintashta_culture_provides_44_dates,_the_Abashevo_22_dates,_and_Petrovka_9,_[...]_the_range_of_probability_(68%),_[...]_the_Abashevo-Sintashta_chronological_range_[is]_between_the_twenty-second_and_the_eighteenth-seventeenth_centuries_BCE"-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETkachev202031"The_author_presents_the_results_of_radiocarbon_dating_of_burials_from_the_Sintashta_cemetery_near_Mount_Berezovaya_(Bulanovo)_and_Tanabergen_II_in_the_steppe_Cis-Urals._The_series_consists_of_10_calibrated_radiocarbon_dates,_three_of_which_were_obtained_using_AMS_accelerated_technology._As_a_result_of_the_implementation_of_statistical_procedures,_a_chronological_interval_for_the_functioning_of_necropolises_was_established_within_<abbr_title="circa">c.</abbr><span_style="white-space:nowrap;">&thinsp;2200</span>–1770_BCE."_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETkachev202031"The_author_presents_the_results_of_radiocarbon_dating_of_burials_from_the_Sintashta_cemetery_near_Mount_Berezovaya_(Bulanovo)_and_Tanabergen_II_in_the_steppe_Cis-Urals._The_series_consists_of_10_calibrated_radiocarbon_dates,_three_of_which_were_obtained_using_AMS_accelerated_technology._As_a_result_of_the_implementation_of_statistical_procedures,_a_chronological_interval_for_the_functioning_of_necropolises_was_established_within_<abbr_title="circa">c.</abbr><span_style="white-space:nowrap;">&thinsp;2200</span>–1770_BCE."-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigoriev2021p._27:_"[I]f_the_entire_sampling_of_Sintashta_dates_falls_within_the_range_of_2200–1650_BC_(with_the_presence_of_clearly_unreliable_earlier_dates),_which,_in_general,_corresponds_to_the_Abashevo_dates_(Chernykh,_2007,_p._86),_when_using_mainly_AMS_dates,_we_get_a_more_correct_interval_of_2010–1770_BC_(Molodin_et_al.,_2014,_p._140)"_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigoriev2021p._27:_"[I]f_the_entire_sampling_of_Sintashta_dates_falls_within_the_range_of_2200–1650_BC_(with_the_presence_of_clearly_unreliable_earlier_dates),_which,_in_general,_corresponds_to_the_Abashevo_dates_(Chernykh,_2007,_p._86),_when_using_mainly_AMS_dates,_we_get_a_more_correct_interval_of_2010–1770_BC_(Molodin_et_al.,_2014,_p._140)"-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> roughly contemporary with the associated <a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo</a> and Petrovka cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernykh2009128–133_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernykh2009128–133-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigoriev2021_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigoriev2021-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDegtyarevaKuzminykh2022Abstract:_"Recently_introduced_in_the_scientific_discourse_27_AMS_14C_dates_(settlement_of_Stepnoe_and_burial_grounds_of_Stepnoe_1,_7_and_25)_established_an_earlier_interval_of_the_Petrovka_series_—_2133–1631_BCE_and_point_to_the_[synchronicity]_of_the_cultures_at_the_northern_periphery_of_the_Sintashta_area_in_the_local_microregion_of_the_Southern_Trans-Urals"_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDegtyarevaKuzminykh2022Abstract:_"Recently_introduced_in_the_scientific_discourse_27_AMS_14C_dates_(settlement_of_Stepnoe_and_burial_grounds_of_Stepnoe_1,_7_and_25)_established_an_earlier_interval_of_the_Petrovka_series_—_2133–1631_BCE_and_point_to_the_[synchronicity]_of_the_cultures_at_the_northern_periphery_of_the_Sintashta_area_in_the_local_microregion_of_the_Southern_Trans-Urals"-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors date the Petrovka culture slightly later, from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900 BCE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigoriev2021_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigoriev2021-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindner2020364"Indeed,_a_new_radiocarbon_series_has_confirmed_the_position_of_the_Petrovka_stage_in_the_nineteenth_to_eighteenth_centuries_BC_(Krause_et_al._2019)._Recent_research_at_the_enclosed_settlement_of_Kamennyj_Ambar_in_the_Karagajly_Ajat_River_valley_(Chelyabinsk_Oblast)_supports_this_stratigraphic_evidence,_based_on_the_existence_of_different_occupation_phases...."_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindner2020364"Indeed,_a_new_radiocarbon_series_has_confirmed_the_position_of_the_Petrovka_stage_in_the_nineteenth_to_eighteenth_centuries_BC_(Krause_et_al._2019)._Recent_research_at_the_enclosed_settlement_of_Kamennyj_Ambar_in_the_Karagajly_Ajat_River_valley_(Chelyabinsk_Oblast)_supports_this_stratigraphic_evidence,_based_on_the_existence_of_different_occupation_phases...."-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzminykhDegtyarevaOrlovskayaVinogradov2023p._53:_"Tools_and_weapons_made_of_copper_and_bronze_from_the_Petrovka_Culture_of_the_Northern_Kazakhstan_of_the_19th–18th_centuries_BC_are_presented,_originating_mainly_from_sites_complexes_explored_in_the_70–80s_20th_century_G.B._Zdanovich_and_S._I._Zdanovich"_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzminykhDegtyarevaOrlovskayaVinogradov2023p._53:_"Tools_and_weapons_made_of_copper_and_bronze_from_the_Petrovka_Culture_of_the_Northern_Kazakhstan_of_the_19th–18th_centuries_BC_are_presented,_originating_mainly_from_sites_complexes_explored_in_the_70–80s_20th_century_G.B._Zdanovich_and_S._I._Zdanovich"-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Cis-Urals, burial sites Berezovaya and Tanabergen II showed Sintashta culture established there <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2290–1750 BCE</span> (68.2% probability),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETkachev2020point_28:_"[A]_graph_was_constructed_with_a_wide_dating_range_of_2290–1750_BCE_[68.2%,_1-sigma],_2480–1430_BCE_[95.4%,_2-sigma]._It_is_noteworthy_that_the_early_trail_of_this_interval_is_formed_by_dates_from_the_burial_ground_at_Mount_Berezovaya_and_the_Tanabergen_II_burial:_7/23_(Le-8840)._The_late_group_is_formed_by_dates_from_Tanabergen_II_burials:_7/22,_30,_36_(Le-9675,_Le-8841,_Le-8842)"_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETkachev2020point_28:_"[A]_graph_was_constructed_with_a_wide_dating_range_of_2290–1750_BCE_[68.2%,_1-sigma],_2480–1430_BCE_[95.4%,_2-sigma]._It_is_noteworthy_that_the_early_trail_of_this_interval_is_formed_by_dates_from_the_burial_ground_at_Mount_Berezovaya_and_the_Tanabergen_II_burial:_7/23_(Le-8840)._The_late_group_is_formed_by_dates_from_Tanabergen_II_burials:_7/22,_30,_36_(Le-9675,_Le-8841,_Le-8842)"-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETkachev2020Fig._5_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETkachev2020Fig._5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the earliest values of this culture, in Trans-Urals, at the burial sites Sintashta II and Kamenny Ambar-5 (Kurgan 2) are <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2200–2000 BCE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpimakhovZazovskayaAlaeva2023p._6:_"The_earliest_values_in_the_series_refer_to_the_Sintashta_culture_(Sintashta_II_[the_early_phase],_Kamenny_Ambar-5_[Kurgan_2])—2200–2000_calBC"_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpimakhovZazovskayaAlaeva2023p._6:_"The_earliest_values_in_the_series_refer_to_the_Sintashta_culture_(Sintashta_II_[the_early_phase],_Kamenny_Ambar-5_[Kurgan_2])—2200–2000_calBC"-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chariots appear in southern Trans-Urals region in middle and late phases of the culture, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2050</span>-1750 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindner2020367_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindner2020367-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blöcher et al. (2023) consider Sintashta-Petrovka period came to an end in Trans-Urals <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900–1800 BCE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlöcherBramiFeinauerStolarczyk2023Supplementary_Information:_"Following_the_abandonment_of_the_fortified_settlements_of_the_Sintashta-Petrovka_period_(ca._1,900/1,800_BC),_so-called_'open_row_house'_or_'pit_house_settlements'_emerged_[at_the_Trans-Urals]_in_the_Late_Bronze_Age"_(p._3)_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlöcherBramiFeinauerStolarczyk2023Supplementary_Information:_"Following_the_abandonment_of_the_fortified_settlements_of_the_Sintashta-Petrovka_period_(ca._1,900/1,800_BC),_so-called_'open_row_house'_or_'pit_house_settlements'_emerged_[at_the_Trans-Urals]_in_the_Late_Bronze_Age"_(p._3)-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintashta_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC_2015.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC_2015.jpg/330px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC_2015.jpg/440px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Arkaim" title="Arkaim">Arkaim</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sintashta settlements are estimated to have a population of between 200 and 700 individuals<sup id="cite_ref-Ventresca_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ventresca-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with economies that "heavily exploited domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats alongside horses with occasional hunting of wild fauna".<sup id="cite_ref-Ventresca_Miller_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ventresca_Miller-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_identity">Linguistic identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintashta_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Linguistic identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranic">Proto-Indo-Iranic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Iranic peoples">Indo-Iranic peoples</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Iranic languages">Indo-Iranic languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5_-_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%D0%92_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5_-_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg/220px-%D0%92_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5_-_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%D0%92_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5_-_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg/330px-%D0%92_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5_-_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%D0%92_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5_-_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg/440px-%D0%92_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5_-_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Chariot model, Arkaim museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Anthony (2007) assumes that probably the people of the Sintashta culture spoke "Common-Indo-Iranian". This identification is based primarily on similarities between sections of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a></i>, a religious text which includes ancient Indo-Iranian hymns recorded in <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a>, and the funerary rituals of the Sintashta culture as revealed by archaeology.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._408-411_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._408-411-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cultural similarities with Sintashta have also been found to be common with the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015Supplementary_Information,_p._5:_"There_are_many_similarities_between_Sintasthta/Androvono_rituals_and_those_described_in_the_Rig_Veda_and_such_similarities_even_extend_as_far_as_to_the_Nordic_Bronze_Age."_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015Supplementary_Information,_p._5:_"There_are_many_similarities_between_Sintasthta/Androvono_rituals_and_those_described_in_the_Rig_Veda_and_such_similarities_even_extend_as_far_as_to_the_Nordic_Bronze_Age."-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is linguistic evidence of interaction between <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric" class="mw-redirect" title="Finno-Ugric">Finno-Ugric</a> and Indo-Iranian languages, showing influences from the Indo-Iranians into the Finno-Ugric culture.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007222_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007222-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the Sintashta culture the Indo-Iranian followed the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration theory">migrations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a> to Anatolia, the Iranian plateau and the Indian subcontintinent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 9th century BCE onward, Iranian languages also migrated westward with the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> back to the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic steppe</a> where the proto-Indo-Europeans came from.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warfare">Warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintashta_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sintashta_culture,_Arkaim_and_Sintashta_settlement_ground_plans.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sintashta_culture%2C_Arkaim_and_Sintashta_settlement_ground_plans.png/220px-Sintashta_culture%2C_Arkaim_and_Sintashta_settlement_ground_plans.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sintashta_culture%2C_Arkaim_and_Sintashta_settlement_ground_plans.png/330px-Sintashta_culture%2C_Arkaim_and_Sintashta_settlement_ground_plans.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sintashta_culture%2C_Arkaim_and_Sintashta_settlement_ground_plans.png/440px-Sintashta_culture%2C_Arkaim_and_Sintashta_settlement_ground_plans.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arkaim" title="Arkaim">Arkaim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a> settlement ground plans</figcaption></figure> <p>The preceding Abashevo culture was already marked by endemic intertribal warfare;<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._383-384_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._383-384-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intensified by ecological stress and competition for resources in the Sintashta period. This drove the construction of fortifications on an unprecedented scale and innovations in military technique such as the invention of the war chariot. Increased competition between tribal groups may also explain the extravagant sacrifices seen in Sintashta burials, as rivals sought to outdo one another in acts of <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">conspicuous consumption</a> analogous to the North American <a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">potlatch</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._391-393_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._391-393-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sintashta artefact types such as spearheads, trilobed arrowheads, chisels, and large shaft-hole axes were taken east.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Sintashta graves are furnished with weapons, although the <a href="/wiki/Composite_bow" title="Composite bow">composite bow</a> associated later with chariotry does not appear. Higher-status grave goods include chariots, as well as axes, mace-heads, spearheads, and cheek-pieces. Sintashta sites have produced finds of horn and bone, interpreted as furniture (grips, arrow rests, bow ends, string loops) of bows; there is no indication that the bending parts of these bows included anything other than wood.<sup id="cite_ref-EAA2011_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAA2011-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arrowheads are also found, made of stone or bone rather than metal. These arrows are short, 50–70 cm long, and the bows themselves may have been correspondingly short.<sup id="cite_ref-EAA2011_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAA2011-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sintashta culture, and the chariot, are also strongly associated with the ancestors of modern domestic horses, the DOM2 population. DOM2 horses originated from the Western Eurasia steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don, but not in Anatolia, during the late fourth and early third millennia BCE. Their genes may show selection for easier domestication and stronger backs.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_production">Metal production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintashta_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Metal production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=atmxYSFOO68">The Sintashta culture - earliest chariots, fortified settlements and bronze metallurgy. Ivan Semyan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Sintashta economy came to revolve around copper metallurgy. Copper ores from nearby mines (such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vorovskaya_Yama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vorovskaya Yama (page does not exist)">Vorovskaya Yama</a>) were taken to Sintashta settlements to be processed into copper and <a href="/wiki/Arsenical_bronze" title="Arsenical bronze">arsenical bronze</a>. This occurred on an industrial scale: all the excavated buildings at the Sintashta sites of <a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkaim" title="Arkaim">Arkaim</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ustye,_Chelyabinsk_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ustye, Chelyabinsk Oblast (page does not exist)">Ustye</a> contained the remains of <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> ovens and <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._391-393_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._391-393-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 10% of graves, mostly adult male, contained artifacts related to bronze metallurgy (molds, ceramic nozzles, ore and slag remains, metal bars and drops). However, these metal-production related grave goods rarely co-occur with higher-status grave goods. This likely means that those who engaged in metal production were not at the top of the social-hierarchy, even though being buried at a cemetery evidences some sort of higher status.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of Sintashta metal was destined for export to the cities of the <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a> (BMAC) in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. The metal trade between Sintashta and the BMAC for the first time connected the steppe region to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">urban civilisations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>: the empires and city-states of modern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> provided a large market for metals. These trade routes later became the vehicle through which horses, chariots and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian">Indo-Iranian-speaking people</a> entered the Near East from the steppe.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_2007_p._391_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_2007_p._391-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._435-418_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._435-418-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintashta_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1218px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC._%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Excavation and partial building reconstruction at Arkaim"><img alt="Excavation and partial building reconstruction at Arkaim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC._%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%85.jpg/160px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC._%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC._%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%85.jpg/240px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC._%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC._%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%85.jpg/320px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC._%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="1963" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Excavation and partial building reconstruction at Arkaim</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the Arkaim site and surrounding landscape"><img alt="View of the Arkaim site and surrounding landscape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg/160px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg/240px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg/320px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the Arkaim site and surrounding landscape</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sintashta1_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sintashta ceramics and horse bridle cheekpieces"><img alt="Sintashta ceramics and horse bridle cheekpieces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sintashta1_copy.jpg/102px-Sintashta1_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sintashta1_copy.jpg/153px-Sintashta1_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sintashta1_copy.jpg/205px-Sintashta1_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1583" data-file-height="2166" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sintashta ceramics and horse bridle cheekpieces</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sintashta_culture_artefacts_1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sintashta culture artefacts"><img alt="Sintashta culture artefacts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sintashta_culture_artefacts_1.png/160px-Sintashta_culture_artefacts_1.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sintashta_culture_artefacts_1.png/240px-Sintashta_culture_artefacts_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sintashta_culture_artefacts_1.png/320px-Sintashta_culture_artefacts_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="703" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sintashta culture artefacts</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sintashta_culture_artefacts_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sintashta culture artefacts"><img alt="Sintashta culture artefacts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sintashta_culture_artefacts_2.png/160px-Sintashta_culture_artefacts_2.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sintashta_culture_artefacts_2.png/240px-Sintashta_culture_artefacts_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sintashta_culture_artefacts_2.png/320px-Sintashta_culture_artefacts_2.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="812" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sintashta culture artefacts</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_horses_in_Rostovsky_nature_reserve.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Horses were domesticated on the Pontic-Caspian steppe[50]"><img alt="Horses were domesticated on the Pontic-Caspian steppe[50]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wild_horses_in_Rostovsky_nature_reserve.jpg/160px-Wild_horses_in_Rostovsky_nature_reserve.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wild_horses_in_Rostovsky_nature_reserve.jpg/240px-Wild_horses_in_Rostovsky_nature_reserve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wild_horses_in_Rostovsky_nature_reserve.jpg/320px-Wild_horses_in_Rostovsky_nature_reserve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Horses were domesticated on the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic-Caspian steppe</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintashta_culture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture#Genetics" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatyanovo%E2%80%93Balanovo_culture#Genetics" title="Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture">Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture#Genetics" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture § Genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture#Genetics" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture § Genetics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/330px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/495px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/660px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Early <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppes">Pontic steppes</a> spread <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Steppe pastoralist</a> ancestry and Indo-European languages across large parts of Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admixture_proportions_of_Sintashta_populations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Admixture_proportions_of_Sintashta_populations.png/330px-Admixture_proportions_of_Sintashta_populations.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Admixture_proportions_of_Sintashta_populations.png/495px-Admixture_proportions_of_Sintashta_populations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Admixture_proportions_of_Sintashta_populations.png/660px-Admixture_proportions_of_Sintashta_populations.png 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Admixture proportions of Sintashta populations. They combined <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter_Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter Gatherer">Eastern Hunter Gatherer</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#00bfff"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#00BFFF;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small> EHG), <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer">Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#228b22"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#228B22;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small> CHG), <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Neolithic">Anatolian Neolithic</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#ffa500"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#FFA500;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>) and <a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter_Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter Gatherer">Western Hunter Gatherer</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#0000ff"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#0000FF;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small> WHG) ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="#CITEREFAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015">Allentoft et al. 2015</a> analyzed the remains of four individuals ascribed to the Sintastha culture. One male carried Y-<a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">haplogroup R1a</a> and mt-<a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">J1c1b1a</a>, while the other carried Y-<a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a#R-M417_(R1a1a1)" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a1a1b</a> and mt-<a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">J2b1a2a</a>. The two females carried <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U2" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U2e1e</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U2" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U2e1h</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathieson2015_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathieson2015-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study found a close <a href="/wiki/AuDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="AuDNA">autosomal</a> genetic relationship between peoples of Corded Ware culture and Sintashta culture, which "suggests similar genetic sources of the two," and may imply that "the Sintashta derives directly from an eastward migration of Corded Ware peoples."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sintashta individuals and Corded Ware individuals both had a relatively higher ancestry proportion derived from Central Europe, and both differed markedly in such ancestry from the population of the Yamnaya Culture and most individuals of the Poltavka Culture that preceded Sintashta in the same geographic region.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals from the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a> and contemporary <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> cultures were also found to be closely genetically related to Corded Ware.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015p._168–169:_"European_Late_Neolithic_and_Bronze_Age_cultures_such_as_Corded_Ware,_Bell_Beakers,_Unetice,_and_the_Scandinavian_cultures_are_genetically_very_similar_to_each_other_[...]_The_close_affinity_we_observe_between_peoples_of_Corded_Ware_and_Sintashta_cultures_suggests_similar_genetic_sources_of_the_two..."_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015p._168–169:_"European_Late_Neolithic_and_Bronze_Age_cultures_such_as_Corded_Ware,_Bell_Beakers,_Unetice,_and_the_Scandinavian_cultures_are_genetically_very_similar_to_each_other_[...]_The_close_affinity_we_observe_between_peoples_of_Corded_Ware_and_Sintashta_cultures_suggests_similar_genetic_sources_of_the_two..."-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A particularly high <a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerance" title="Lactose intolerance">lactose tolerance</a> was found among Corded Ware and the closely related <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015p._171:_"Among_Bronze_Age_Europeans,_the_highest_tolerance_frequency_was_found_in_Corded_Ware_and_the_closely-related_Scandinavian_Bronze_Age_cultures."_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015p._171:_"Among_Bronze_Age_Europeans,_the_highest_tolerance_frequency_was_found_in_Corded_Ware_and_the_closely-related_Scandinavian_Bronze_Age_cultures."-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the study found samples from the Sintashta culture to be closely genetically related to the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015p._169:_"The_Andronovo_culture,_which_arose_in_Central_Asia_during_the_later_Bronze_Age,_is_genetically_closely_related_to_the_Sintashta_peoples,_and_clearly_distinct_from_both_Yamnaya_and_Afanasievo._Therefore,_Andronovo_represents_a_temporal_and_geographical_extension_of_the_Sintashta_gene_pool."_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015p._169:_"The_Andronovo_culture,_which_arose_in_Central_Asia_during_the_later_Bronze_Age,_is_genetically_closely_related_to_the_Sintashta_peoples,_and_clearly_distinct_from_both_Yamnaya_and_Afanasievo._Therefore,_Andronovo_represents_a_temporal_and_geographical_extension_of_the_Sintashta_gene_pool."-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Mongolia_(Early_Iron_Age).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Map_of_Mongolia_%28Early_Iron_Age%29.png/330px-Map_of_Mongolia_%28Early_Iron_Age%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Map_of_Mongolia_%28Early_Iron_Age%29.png/495px-Map_of_Mongolia_%28Early_Iron_Age%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Map_of_Mongolia_%28Early_Iron_Age%29.png/660px-Map_of_Mongolia_%28Early_Iron_Age%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2011" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>Sintashta ancestry (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#ffa500"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#FFA500;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>) in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Siberia">Southern Siberia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–200 BCE. <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> populations combined West Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a> and East Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Baikal_EBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikal EBA">Baikal EBA</a> ancestry.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="#CITEREFNarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019">Narasimhan et al. 2019</a> analyzed the remains of several individuals associated with the Sintashta culture. <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> was extracted from two females buried at the <a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a>. They were found to be carrying subclades of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U2" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U5" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U5</a>. The remains of fifty individuals from the fortified Sintastha settlement cemetery of Kamennyi Ambar-5 was analyzed. This was the largest sample of ancient DNA ever sampled from a single site. The <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> from thirty males was extracted. Eighteen carried R1a and various subclades of it (particularly subclades of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a#R-M417_(R1a1a1)" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a-Z417</a>): R1a-Z645 (4 individuals), R1a-Z93 (1), R1a-Z94 (1), R1a-Z2124 (4), R1a-Z2125 (1), R1a-FT287785 (1), R1a-Z2123 (1), and R1a-Y874* (1);<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> five carried subclades of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a> (particularly subclades of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b#R1b1a1_(R-P297)" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b1a1a</a>), two carried <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242" title="Haplogroup Q-M242">Q1a</a> and a subclade of it, one carried <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438" title="Haplogroup I-M438">I2a1a1a</a>, and four carried unspecified <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1" title="Haplogroup R1">R1</a> clades. The majority of <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> samples belonged to various subclades of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_W_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup W (mtDNA)">W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup K (mtDNA)">K</a> also occurred. A Sintashta male buried at <a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a> was found to be carrying <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">R1b1a1a2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">J1c1b1a</a>. The authors of the study found the majority of Sintashta people (ca. 80%) to be closely genetically related to the people of the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Potapovka_culture" title="Potapovka culture">Potapovka culture</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a>. These were found to harbor mixed ancestry from the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> and peoples of the Central European <a href="/wiki/Middle_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Neolithic">Middle Neolithic</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials,_p._40:_"We_observed_a_main_cluster_of_41_''Sintashta''_individuals_that_was_genetically_similar_to_''Srubnaya'',_''Potapovka'',_and_''Andronovo''_in_being_well_modeled_as_a_mixture_of_''Yamnaya''-related_and_''Anatolia_N''_(European_farmer-related)_ancestry"_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials,_p._40:_"We_observed_a_main_cluster_of_41_''Sintashta''_individuals_that_was_genetically_similar_to_''Srubnaya'',_''Potapovka'',_and_''Andronovo''_in_being_well_modeled_as_a_mixture_of_''Yamnaya''-related_and_''Anatolia_N''_(European_farmer-related)_ancestry"-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials._p._62:_"Genetic_analysis_indicates_that_the_individuals_in_our_study_classified_as_falling_within_the_Andronovo_complex_are_genetically_similar_to_the_main_clusters_of_''Potapovka'',_''Sintashta'',_and_''Srubnaya''_in_being_well_modeled_as_a_mixture_of_Yamnaya-[...]related_and_early_European_agriculturalist-related_or_Anatolian_agriculturalist-related_ancestry."_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials._p._62:_"Genetic_analysis_indicates_that_the_individuals_in_our_study_classified_as_falling_within_the_Andronovo_complex_are_genetically_similar_to_the_main_clusters_of_''Potapovka'',_''Sintashta'',_and_''Srubnaya''_in_being_well_modeled_as_a_mixture_of_Yamnaya-[...]related_and_early_European_agriculturalist-related_or_Anatolian_agriculturalist-related_ancestry."-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining sampled Sintashta individuals belonged to various ancestral types different from the majority population, with affinities to earlier populations such as Eneolithic samples collected at <a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk#Archaeogenetics" title="Khvalynsk">Khvalynsk</a> and hunter-gatherers from <a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen Oblast</a> in western Siberia. This indicates that the Sintashta settlement of Kamennyi Ambar was a cosmopolitan site that united a genetically heterogenous population in a single social group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019p._7:_"Our_analysis_of_50_individuals_from_the_Sintashta_culture_cemetery_of_Kamennyi_Ambar_5_reveals_multiple_groups_of_outliers_that_we_directly_radiocarbon_dated_to_be_contemporaries_of_the_main_cluster_but_that_were_also_genetically_distinctive,_indicating_that_this_was_a_cosmopolitan_site"_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019p._7:_"Our_analysis_of_50_individuals_from_the_Sintashta_culture_cemetery_of_Kamennyi_Ambar_5_reveals_multiple_groups_of_outliers_that_we_directly_radiocarbon_dated_to_be_contemporaries_of_the_main_cluster_but_that_were_also_genetically_distinctive,_indicating_that_this_was_a_cosmopolitan_site"-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials,_p._41:_"The_fact_that_these_genetic_outliers_were_interred_simultaneously_in_the_same_grave_pits_with_individuals_from_the_main_cluster_of_Sintashta_individuals_highlights_the_genetic_heterogeneity_of_Sintashta_communities_that_were_nevertheless_organized_as_single_social_groups"_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials,_p._41:_"The_fact_that_these_genetic_outliers_were_interred_simultaneously_in_the_same_grave_pits_with_individuals_from_the_main_cluster_of_Sintashta_individuals_highlights_the_genetic_heterogeneity_of_Sintashta_communities_that_were_nevertheless_organized_as_single_social_groups"-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimates based on DATES (Distribution of Ancestry Tracts of Evolutionary Signals) suggest that genetic characteristics typical of the Sintashta culture formed by <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3200 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChintalapatiPattersonMoorjani2022_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChintalapatiPattersonMoorjani2022-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Horse_genetics">Horse genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintashta_culture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Horse genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dispersal of the DOM2 genetic lineage, believed to be the ancestor of all modern <a href="/wiki/Domestic_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic horse">domesticated horses</a>, is linked with the populations which preceded the Sintashta culture and their expansions. A genetic study published in 2021 suggests that these horses were selectively bred for desired traits including docility, stress tolerance, endurance running, and higher weight-carrying thresholds.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintashta_culture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sintashta culture is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Sintashta culture is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_270x03" style="position:absolute; 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left:240px; top:100px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shijiahe_culture" title="Shijiahe culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Shijiahe</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_50x20" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:20px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Abashevo<br />Culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_25x40" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Catacomb<br />Culture</b></i></span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Sintashta culture, with contemporary cultures <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkaim" title="Arkaim">Arkaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_of_Towns" title="Country of Towns">Country of Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintashta_culture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Синташтинская культура</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Sintashtínskaya kultúra</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[sʲɪntɐʂˈtʲinskəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>kʊlʲˈturə]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allentoft et al. (2015) analysed <a href="/wiki/Ancient_DNA" title="Ancient DNA">ancient DNA</a> recovered from remains at four Sintashta sites. The five samples analysed included the <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">mitochondrial DNA haplogroups</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U2" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U2e</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">J1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">J2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup N (mtDNA)">N1a</a>. The two male individuals both belonged to <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-chromosome haplogroup</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintashta_culture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindner2020p._362:_"The_publication_of_new_radiocarbon_data_series_from_selected_burial_sites_in_the_South-eastern_Urals_has_helped_to_establish_a_much_more_accurate_chronology_for_the_late_Middle_Bronze_Age_Sintashta-Petrovka_complex"-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindner2020p._362:_"The_publication_of_new_radiocarbon_data_series_from_selected_burial_sites_in_the_South-eastern_Urals_has_helped_to_establish_a_much_more_accurate_chronology_for_the_late_Middle_Bronze_Age_Sintashta-Petrovka_complex"_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindner2020">Lindner 2020</a>, p. 362: "The publication of new radiocarbon data series from selected burial sites in the South-eastern Urals has helped to establish a much more accurate chronology for the late Middle Bronze Age Sintashta-Petrovka complex".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETkachev202031"The_author_presents_the_results_of_radiocarbon_dating_of_burials_from_the_Sintashta_cemetery_near_Mount_Berezovaya_(Bulanovo)_and_Tanabergen_II_in_the_steppe_Cis-Urals._The_series_consists_of_10_calibrated_radiocarbon_dates,_three_of_which_were_obtained_using_AMS_accelerated_technology._As_a_result_of_the_implementation_of_statistical_procedures,_a_chronological_interval_for_the_functioning_of_necropolises_was_established_within_<abbr_title="circa">c.</abbr><span_style="white-space:nowrap;">&thinsp;2200</span>–1770_BCE."-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETkachev202031"The_author_presents_the_results_of_radiocarbon_dating_of_burials_from_the_Sintashta_cemetery_near_Mount_Berezovaya_(Bulanovo)_and_Tanabergen_II_in_the_steppe_Cis-Urals._The_series_consists_of_10_calibrated_radiocarbon_dates,_three_of_which_were_obtained_using_AMS_accelerated_technology._As_a_result_of_the_implementation_of_statistical_procedures,_a_chronological_interval_for_the_functioning_of_necropolises_was_established_within_<abbr_title="circa">c.</abbr><span_style="white-space:nowrap;">&thinsp;2200</span>–1770_BCE."_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETkachev202031"The_author_presents_the_results_of_radiocarbon_dating_of_burials_from_the_Sintashta_cemetery_near_Mount_Berezovaya_(Bulanovo)_and_Tanabergen_II_in_the_steppe_Cis-Urals._The_series_consists_of_10_calibrated_radiocarbon_dates,_three_of_which_were_obtained_using_AMS_accelerated_technology._As_a_result_of_the_implementation_of_statistical_procedures,_a_chronological_interval_for_the_functioning_of_necropolises_was_established_within_<abbr_title="circa">c.</abbr><span_style="white-space:nowrap;">&thinsp;2200</span>–1770_BCE."_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTkachev2020">Tkachev 2020</a>, p. 31, "The author presents the results of radiocarbon dating of burials from the Sintashta cemetery near Mount Berezovaya (Bulanovo) and Tanabergen II in the steppe Cis-Urals. The series consists of 10 calibrated radiocarbon dates, three of which were obtained using AMS accelerated technology. As a result of the implementation of statistical procedures, a chronological interval for the functioning of necropolises was established within <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2200</span>–1770 BCE.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpimakhovZazovskayaAlaeva2023p._6:_"The_earliest_values_in_the_series_refer_to_the_Sintashta_culture_(Sintashta_II_[the_early_phase],_Kamenny_Ambar-5_[Kurgan_2])—2200–2000_calBC"-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpimakhovZazovskayaAlaeva2023p._6:_"The_earliest_values_in_the_series_refer_to_the_Sintashta_culture_(Sintashta_II_[the_early_phase],_Kamenny_Ambar-5_[Kurgan_2])—2200–2000_calBC"_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpimakhovZazovskayaAlaeva2023p._6:_"The_earliest_values_in_the_series_refer_to_the_Sintashta_culture_(Sintashta_II_[the_early_phase],_Kamenny_Ambar-5_[Kurgan_2])—2200–2000_calBC"_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEpimakhovZazovskayaAlaeva2023">Epimakhov, Zazovskaya & Alaeva 2023</a>, p. 6: "The earliest values in the series refer to the Sintashta culture (Sintashta II [the early phase], Kamenny Ambar-5 [Kurgan 2])—2200–2000 calBC".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindner2020p._362:_"[A]_much_more_accurate_chronology_for_the_late_Middle_Bronze_Age_Sintashta-Petrovka_complex"-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindner2020p._362:_"[A]_much_more_accurate_chronology_for_the_late_Middle_Bronze_Age_Sintashta-Petrovka_complex"_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindner2020">Lindner 2020</a>, p. 362: "[A] much more accurate chronology for the late Middle Bronze Age Sintashta-Petrovka complex".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008261-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008261_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2008">Mallory & Mair 2008</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._408-411-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._408-411_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._408-411_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, pp. 408–411</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELubotsky2023259"There_is_growing_consensus_among_both_archaeologists_and_linguists_that_the_Sintashta–Petrovka_culture_(2100–1900_BCE)_in_the_Southern_Trans-Urals_was_inhabited_by_the_speakers_of_Proto-Indo-Iranian"-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubotsky2023259"There_is_growing_consensus_among_both_archaeologists_and_linguists_that_the_Sintashta–Petrovka_culture_(2100–1900_BCE)_in_the_Southern_Trans-Urals_was_inhabited_by_the_speakers_of_Proto-Indo-Iranian"_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLubotsky2023">Lubotsky 2023</a>, p. 259, "There is growing consensus among both archaeologists and linguists that the Sintashta–Petrovka culture (2100–1900 BCE) in the Southern Trans-Urals was inhabited by the speakers of Proto-Indo-Iranian".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1987">Schmitt 1987</a>: "The name <i>Aryan</i> is the self designation of the peoples of Ancient India and Ancient Iran who spoke Aryan languages, in contrast to the 'non-Aryan' peoples of those 'Aryan' countries."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015"The_close_affinity_we_observe_between_peoples_of_Corded_Ware_and_Sintashta_cultures_suggests_similar_genetic_sources_of_the_two._[...]_Although_we_cannot_formally_test_whether_the_Sintashta_derives_directly_from_an_eastward_migration_of_Corded_Ware_peoples_or_if_they_share_common_ancestry_with_an_earlier_steppe_population,_the_presence_of_European_Neolithic_farmer_ancestry_in_both_the_Corded_Ware_and_the_Sintashta,_combined_with_the_absence_of_Neolithic_farmer_ancestry_in_the_earlier_Yamnaya,_would_suggest_the_former_being_more_probable._[...]_The_enigmatic_Sintashta_culture_near_the_Urals_bears_genetic_resemblance_to_Corded_Ware_and_was_therefore_likely_to_be_an_eastward_migration_into_Asia._As_this_culture_spread_towards_Altai_it_evolved_into_the_Andronovo_culture"-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015"The_close_affinity_we_observe_between_peoples_of_Corded_Ware_and_Sintashta_cultures_suggests_similar_genetic_sources_of_the_two._[...]_Although_we_cannot_formally_test_whether_the_Sintashta_derives_directly_from_an_eastward_migration_of_Corded_Ware_peoples_or_if_they_share_common_ancestry_with_an_earlier_steppe_population,_the_presence_of_European_Neolithic_farmer_ancestry_in_both_the_Corded_Ware_and_the_Sintashta,_combined_with_the_absence_of_Neolithic_farmer_ancestry_in_the_earlier_Yamnaya,_would_suggest_the_former_being_more_probable._[...]_The_enigmatic_Sintashta_culture_near_the_Urals_bears_genetic_resemblance_to_Corded_Ware_and_was_therefore_likely_to_be_an_eastward_migration_into_Asia._As_this_culture_spread_towards_Altai_it_evolved_into_the_Andronovo_culture"_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015">Allentoft et al. 2015</a>, "The close affinity we observe between peoples of Corded Ware and Sintashta cultures suggests similar genetic sources of the two. [...] Although we cannot formally test whether the Sintashta derives directly from an eastward migration of Corded Ware peoples or if they share common ancestry with an earlier steppe population, the presence of European Neolithic farmer ancestry in both the Corded Ware and the Sintashta, combined with the absence of Neolithic farmer ancestry in the earlier Yamnaya, would suggest the former being more probable. [...] The enigmatic Sintashta culture near the Urals bears genetic resemblance to Corded Ware and was therefore likely to be an eastward migration into Asia. As this culture spread towards Altai it evolved into the Andronovo culture".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathieson2015Supplementary_material:_"Sintashta_and_Andronovo_populations_had_an_affinity_to_more_western_populations_from_central_and_northern_Europe_like_the_Corded_Ware_and_associated_cultures._[...]_the_Srubnaya/Sintashta/Andronovo_group_resembled_Late_Neolithic/Bronze_Age_populations_from_mainland_Europe."-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathieson2015Supplementary_material:_"Sintashta_and_Andronovo_populations_had_an_affinity_to_more_western_populations_from_central_and_northern_Europe_like_the_Corded_Ware_and_associated_cultures._[...]_the_Srubnaya/Sintashta/Andronovo_group_resembled_Late_Neolithic/Bronze_Age_populations_from_mainland_Europe."_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathieson2015">Mathieson 2015</a>, Supplementary material: "Sintashta and Andronovo populations had an affinity to more western populations from central and northern Europe like the Corded Ware and associated cultures. [...] the Srubnaya/Sintashta/Andronovo group resembled Late Neolithic/Bronze Age populations from mainland Europe.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials:_"We_observed_a_main_cluster_of_41_''Sintashta''_individuals_that_was_genetically_similar_to_''Srubnaya'',_''Potapovka'',_and_''Andronovo''_in_being_well_modeled_as_a_mixture_of_''Yamnaya''-related_and_''Anatolia_N''_(European_farmer-related)_ancestry"_(p.40)_[...]_"Additional_work_has_documented_genetic_similarity_of_people_of_the_Corded_Ware_Complex_to_those_of_both_the_Sintashta_and_Srubnaya_archaeological_cultures_of_the_western_Steppe"_(p.243)-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials:_"We_observed_a_main_cluster_of_41_''Sintashta''_individuals_that_was_genetically_similar_to_''Srubnaya'',_''Potapovka'',_and_''Andronovo''_in_being_well_modeled_as_a_mixture_of_''Yamnaya''-related_and_''Anatolia_N''_(European_farmer-related)_ancestry"_(p.40)_[...]_"Additional_work_has_documented_genetic_similarity_of_people_of_the_Corded_Ware_Complex_to_those_of_both_the_Sintashta_and_Srubnaya_archaeological_cultures_of_the_western_Steppe"_(p.243)_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019">Narasimhan et al. 2019</a>, Supplementary Materials: "We observed a main cluster of 41 <i>Sintashta</i> individuals that was genetically similar to <i>Srubnaya</i>, <i>Potapovka</i>, and <i>Andronovo</i> in being well modeled as a mixture of <i>Yamnaya</i>-related and <i>Anatolia_N</i> (European farmer-related) ancestry" (p.40) [...] "Additional work has documented genetic similarity of people of the Corded Ware Complex to those of both the Sintashta and Srubnaya archaeological cultures of the western Steppe" (p.243).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChintalapatiPattersonMoorjani2022p._13:_"[T]he_CWC_expanded_to_the_east_to_form_the_archaeological_complexes_of_Sintashta,_Srubnaya,_Andronovo,_and_the_BA_cultures_of_Kazakhstan."-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChintalapatiPattersonMoorjani2022p._13:_"[T]he_CWC_expanded_to_the_east_to_form_the_archaeological_complexes_of_Sintashta,_Srubnaya,_Andronovo,_and_the_BA_cultures_of_Kazakhstan."_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChintalapatiPattersonMoorjani2022">Chintalapati, Patterson & Moorjani 2022</a>, p. 13: "[T]he CWC expanded to the east to form the archaeological complexes of Sintashta, Srubnaya, Andronovo, and the BA cultures of Kazakhstan.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChechushkovEpimakhov2018" class="citation journal cs1">Chechushkov, I.V.; Epimakhov, A.V. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0">"Eurasian Steppe Chariots and Social Complexity During the Bronze Age"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_World_Prehistory" title="Journal of World Prehistory">Journal of World Prehistory</a></i>. <b>31</b> (4): 435–483. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0">10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254743380">254743380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=Eurasian+Steppe+Chariots+and+Social+Complexity+During+the+Bronze+Age&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=435-483&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254743380%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chechushkov&rft.aufirst=I.V.&rft.au=Epimakhov%2C+A.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASintashta+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaulwing2000" class="citation book cs1">Raulwing, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cP9qQgAACAAJ"><i>Horses, Chariots and Indo-Europeans – Foundations and Methods of Chariotry Research from the Viewpoint of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics</i></a>. Archaeolingua Alapítvány, Budapest. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789638046260" title="Special:BookSources/9789638046260"><bdi>9789638046260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horses%2C+Chariots+and+Indo-Europeans+%E2%80%93+Foundations+and+Methods+of+Chariotry+Research+from+the+Viewpoint+of+Comparative+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pub=Archaeolingua+Alap%C3%ADtv%C3%A1ny%2C+Budapest&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789638046260&rft.aulast=Raulwing&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcP9qQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASintashta+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007402"Eight_radiocarbon_dates_have_been_obtained_from_five_Sintashta_culture_graves_containing_the_impressions_of_spoked_wheels,_including_three_at_Sintashta_(SM_cemetery,_gr._5,_19,_28),_one_at_Krivoe_Ozero_(k._9,_gr._1),_and_one_at_Kammeny_Ambar_5_(k._2,_gr._8)._Three_of_these_(3760_±_120_BP,_3740_±_50_BP,_and_3700_±_60_BP),_with_probability_distributions_that_fall_predominantly_before_2000_BCE,_suggest_that_the_earliest_chariots_probably_appeared_in_the_steppes_before_2000_BCE_(table_15.1_[p._376])."-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007402"Eight_radiocarbon_dates_have_been_obtained_from_five_Sintashta_culture_graves_containing_the_impressions_of_spoked_wheels,_including_three_at_Sintashta_(SM_cemetery,_gr._5,_19,_28),_one_at_Krivoe_Ozero_(k._9,_gr._1),_and_one_at_Kammeny_Ambar_5_(k._2,_gr._8)._Three_of_these_(3760_±_120_BP,_3740_±_50_BP,_and_3700_±_60_BP),_with_probability_distributions_that_fall_predominantly_before_2000_BCE,_suggest_that_the_earliest_chariots_probably_appeared_in_the_steppes_before_2000_BCE_(table_15.1_[p._376])."_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 402, "Eight radiocarbon dates have been obtained from five Sintashta culture graves containing the impressions of spoked wheels, including three at Sintashta (SM cemetery, gr. 5, 19, 28), one at Krivoe Ozero (k. 9, gr. 1), and one at Kammeny Ambar 5 (k. 2, gr. 8). Three of these (3760 ± 120 BP, 3740 ± 50 BP, and 3700 ± 60 BP), with probability distributions that fall predominantly before 2000 BCE, suggest that the earliest chariots probably appeared in the steppes before 2000 BCE (table 15.1 [p. 376]).".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holm, Hans J. J. G. (2019): The Earliest Wheel Finds, their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Series Minor 43. Budapest: ARCHAEOLINGUA ALAPÍTVÁNY. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-5766-30-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-5766-30-5">978-615-5766-30-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanks_&_Linduff_2009-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanks_&_Linduff_2009_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanksLinduff2009">Hanks & Linduff 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Semyan, Ivan, and Spyros Bakas, (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exarc.net/issue-2021-2/ea/reconstruction-compound-bow-sintashta">"Archaeological Experiment on Reconstruction of the 'Compound' Bow of the Sintashta Bronze Age Culture from the Stepnoe Cemetery"</a>, in <i>EXARC Journal Issue 2021/2</i>, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koryakova_1998a-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koryakova_1998a_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoryakova1998a">Koryakova 1998a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015">Allentoft et al. 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Information,_p._62:_"Morphological_data_has_been_interpreted_as_suggesting_that_both_Fedorovka_and_Alakul'_skeletons_are_similar_to_Sintashta_groups,_which_in_turn_may_reflect_admixture_of_Neolithic_forest_HGs_and_steppe_pastoralists,_descendants_of_the_Catacomb_and_Poltavka_cultures."-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Information,_p._62:_"Morphological_data_has_been_interpreted_as_suggesting_that_both_Fedorovka_and_Alakul'_skeletons_are_similar_to_Sintashta_groups,_which_in_turn_may_reflect_admixture_of_Neolithic_forest_HGs_and_steppe_pastoralists,_descendants_of_the_Catacomb_and_Poltavka_cultures."_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019">Narasimhan et al. 2019</a>, Supplementary Information, p. 62: "Morphological data has been interpreted as suggesting that both Fedorovka and Alakul' skeletons are similar to Sintashta groups, which in turn may reflect admixture of Neolithic forest HGs and steppe pastoralists, descendants of the Catacomb and Poltavka cultures.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._391-393-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._391-393_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._391-393_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._391-393_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, pp. 390–391</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._385-388-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._385-388_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._385-388_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, pp. 386–388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernykh2009136"[T]he_Sintashta_culture_provides_44_dates,_the_Abashevo_22_dates,_and_Petrovka_9,_[...]_the_range_of_probability_(68%),_[...]_the_Abashevo-Sintashta_chronological_range_[is]_between_the_twenty-second_and_the_eighteenth-seventeenth_centuries_BCE"-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernykh2009136"[T]he_Sintashta_culture_provides_44_dates,_the_Abashevo_22_dates,_and_Petrovka_9,_[...]_the_range_of_probability_(68%),_[...]_the_Abashevo-Sintashta_chronological_range_[is]_between_the_twenty-second_and_the_eighteenth-seventeenth_centuries_BCE"_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChernykh2009">Chernykh 2009</a>, p. 136, "[T]he Sintashta culture provides 44 dates, the Abashevo 22 dates, and Petrovka 9, [...] the range of probability (68%), [...] the Abashevo-Sintashta chronological range [is] between the twenty-second and the eighteenth-seventeenth centuries BCE".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigoriev2021p._27:_"[I]f_the_entire_sampling_of_Sintashta_dates_falls_within_the_range_of_2200–1650_BC_(with_the_presence_of_clearly_unreliable_earlier_dates),_which,_in_general,_corresponds_to_the_Abashevo_dates_(Chernykh,_2007,_p._86),_when_using_mainly_AMS_dates,_we_get_a_more_correct_interval_of_2010–1770_BC_(Molodin_et_al.,_2014,_p._140)"-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigoriev2021p._27:_"[I]f_the_entire_sampling_of_Sintashta_dates_falls_within_the_range_of_2200–1650_BC_(with_the_presence_of_clearly_unreliable_earlier_dates),_which,_in_general,_corresponds_to_the_Abashevo_dates_(Chernykh,_2007,_p._86),_when_using_mainly_AMS_dates,_we_get_a_more_correct_interval_of_2010–1770_BC_(Molodin_et_al.,_2014,_p._140)"_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrigoriev2021">Grigoriev 2021</a>, p. 27: "[I]f the entire sampling of Sintashta dates falls within the range of 2200–1650 BC (with the presence of clearly unreliable earlier dates), which, in general, corresponds to the Abashevo dates (Chernykh, 2007, p. 86), when using mainly AMS dates, we get a more correct interval of 2010–1770 BC (Molodin et al., 2014, p. 140)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernykh2009128–133-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernykh2009128–133_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChernykh2009">Chernykh 2009</a>, pp. 128–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigoriev2021-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigoriev2021_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigoriev2021_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrigoriev2021">Grigoriev 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDegtyarevaKuzminykh2022Abstract:_"Recently_introduced_in_the_scientific_discourse_27_AMS_14C_dates_(settlement_of_Stepnoe_and_burial_grounds_of_Stepnoe_1,_7_and_25)_established_an_earlier_interval_of_the_Petrovka_series_—_2133–1631_BCE_and_point_to_the_[synchronicity]_of_the_cultures_at_the_northern_periphery_of_the_Sintashta_area_in_the_local_microregion_of_the_Southern_Trans-Urals"-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDegtyarevaKuzminykh2022Abstract:_"Recently_introduced_in_the_scientific_discourse_27_AMS_14C_dates_(settlement_of_Stepnoe_and_burial_grounds_of_Stepnoe_1,_7_and_25)_established_an_earlier_interval_of_the_Petrovka_series_—_2133–1631_BCE_and_point_to_the_[synchronicity]_of_the_cultures_at_the_northern_periphery_of_the_Sintashta_area_in_the_local_microregion_of_the_Southern_Trans-Urals"_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDegtyarevaKuzminykh2022">Degtyareva & Kuzminykh 2022</a>, Abstract: "Recently introduced in the scientific discourse 27 AMS 14C dates (settlement of Stepnoe and burial grounds of Stepnoe 1, 7 and 25) established an earlier interval of the Petrovka series — 2133–1631 BCE and point to the [synchronicity] of the cultures at the northern periphery of the Sintashta area in the local microregion of the Southern Trans-Urals".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindner2020364"Indeed,_a_new_radiocarbon_series_has_confirmed_the_position_of_the_Petrovka_stage_in_the_nineteenth_to_eighteenth_centuries_BC_(Krause_et_al._2019)._Recent_research_at_the_enclosed_settlement_of_Kamennyj_Ambar_in_the_Karagajly_Ajat_River_valley_(Chelyabinsk_Oblast)_supports_this_stratigraphic_evidence,_based_on_the_existence_of_different_occupation_phases...."-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindner2020364"Indeed,_a_new_radiocarbon_series_has_confirmed_the_position_of_the_Petrovka_stage_in_the_nineteenth_to_eighteenth_centuries_BC_(Krause_et_al._2019)._Recent_research_at_the_enclosed_settlement_of_Kamennyj_Ambar_in_the_Karagajly_Ajat_River_valley_(Chelyabinsk_Oblast)_supports_this_stratigraphic_evidence,_based_on_the_existence_of_different_occupation_phases...."_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindner2020">Lindner 2020</a>, p. 364, "Indeed, a new radiocarbon series has confirmed the position of the Petrovka stage in the nineteenth to eighteenth centuries BC (Krause et al. 2019). Recent research at the enclosed settlement of Kamennyj Ambar in the Karagajly Ajat River valley (Chelyabinsk Oblast) supports this stratigraphic evidence, based on the existence of different occupation phases....".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzminykhDegtyarevaOrlovskayaVinogradov2023p._53:_"Tools_and_weapons_made_of_copper_and_bronze_from_the_Petrovka_Culture_of_the_Northern_Kazakhstan_of_the_19th–18th_centuries_BC_are_presented,_originating_mainly_from_sites_complexes_explored_in_the_70–80s_20th_century_G.B._Zdanovich_and_S._I._Zdanovich"-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzminykhDegtyarevaOrlovskayaVinogradov2023p._53:_"Tools_and_weapons_made_of_copper_and_bronze_from_the_Petrovka_Culture_of_the_Northern_Kazakhstan_of_the_19th–18th_centuries_BC_are_presented,_originating_mainly_from_sites_complexes_explored_in_the_70–80s_20th_century_G.B._Zdanovich_and_S._I._Zdanovich"_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuzminykhDegtyarevaOrlovskayaVinogradov2023">Kuzminykh et al. 2023</a>, p. 53: "Tools and weapons made of copper and bronze from the Petrovka Culture of the Northern Kazakhstan of the 19th–18th centuries BC are presented, originating mainly from sites complexes explored in the 70–80s 20th century G.B. Zdanovich and S. I. Zdanovich".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETkachev2020point_28:_"[A]_graph_was_constructed_with_a_wide_dating_range_of_2290–1750_BCE_[68.2%,_1-sigma],_2480–1430_BCE_[95.4%,_2-sigma]._It_is_noteworthy_that_the_early_trail_of_this_interval_is_formed_by_dates_from_the_burial_ground_at_Mount_Berezovaya_and_the_Tanabergen_II_burial:_7/23_(Le-8840)._The_late_group_is_formed_by_dates_from_Tanabergen_II_burials:_7/22,_30,_36_(Le-9675,_Le-8841,_Le-8842)"-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETkachev2020point_28:_"[A]_graph_was_constructed_with_a_wide_dating_range_of_2290–1750_BCE_[68.2%,_1-sigma],_2480–1430_BCE_[95.4%,_2-sigma]._It_is_noteworthy_that_the_early_trail_of_this_interval_is_formed_by_dates_from_the_burial_ground_at_Mount_Berezovaya_and_the_Tanabergen_II_burial:_7/23_(Le-8840)._The_late_group_is_formed_by_dates_from_Tanabergen_II_burials:_7/22,_30,_36_(Le-9675,_Le-8841,_Le-8842)"_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTkachev2020">Tkachev 2020</a>, point 28: "[A] graph was constructed with a wide dating range of 2290–1750 BCE [68.2%, 1-sigma], 2480–1430 BCE [95.4%, 2-sigma]. It is noteworthy that the early trail of this interval is formed by dates from the burial ground at Mount Berezovaya and the Tanabergen II burial: 7/23 (Le-8840). The late group is formed by dates from Tanabergen II burials: 7/22, 30, 36 (Le-9675, Le-8841, Le-8842)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETkachev2020Fig._5-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETkachev2020Fig._5_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTkachev2020">Tkachev 2020</a>, Fig. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindner2020367-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindner2020367_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindner2020">Lindner 2020</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlöcherBramiFeinauerStolarczyk2023Supplementary_Information:_"Following_the_abandonment_of_the_fortified_settlements_of_the_Sintashta-Petrovka_period_(ca._1,900/1,800_BC),_so-called_'open_row_house'_or_'pit_house_settlements'_emerged_[at_the_Trans-Urals]_in_the_Late_Bronze_Age"_(p._3)-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlöcherBramiFeinauerStolarczyk2023Supplementary_Information:_"Following_the_abandonment_of_the_fortified_settlements_of_the_Sintashta-Petrovka_period_(ca._1,900/1,800_BC),_so-called_'open_row_house'_or_'pit_house_settlements'_emerged_[at_the_Trans-Urals]_in_the_Late_Bronze_Age"_(p._3)_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlöcherBramiFeinauerStolarczyk2023">Blöcher et al. 2023</a>, Supplementary Information: "Following the abandonment of the fortified settlements of the Sintashta-Petrovka period (ca. 1,900/1,800 BC), so-called 'open row house' or 'pit house settlements' emerged [at the Trans-Urals] in the Late Bronze Age" (p. 3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ventresca-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ventresca_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ventresca Miller, Alicia R., et al., (2020 b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43235284/Ecosystem_Engineering_Among_Ancient_Pastoralists_in_Northern_Central_Asia">"Ecosystems Engineering Among Ancient Pastoralists in Northern Central Asia"</a>, in Frontiers in Earth Science, Volume 8, Article 168, 2 June 2020, p. 6: "...Middle Bronze Age (2400–1800 cal BCE) people, often referred to as Sintashta, constructed nucleated settlements, with population estimates ranging from 200 to 700 individuals..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ventresca_Miller-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ventresca_Miller_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ventresca Miller, A. R., et al., (2020 a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43030905/Close_management_of_sheep_in_ancient_Central_Asia_evidence_for_foddering_transhumance_and_extended_lambing_seasons_during_the_Bronze_and_Iron_Ages">"Close management of sheep in ancient Central Asia: evidence for foddering, transhumance, and extended lambing seasons during the Bronze and Iron Ages"</a>, in STAR, Science & Technology of Archaeological Research, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015Supplementary_Information,_p._5:_"There_are_many_similarities_between_Sintasthta/Androvono_rituals_and_those_described_in_the_Rig_Veda_and_such_similarities_even_extend_as_far_as_to_the_Nordic_Bronze_Age."-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015Supplementary_Information,_p._5:_"There_are_many_similarities_between_Sintasthta/Androvono_rituals_and_those_described_in_the_Rig_Veda_and_such_similarities_even_extend_as_far_as_to_the_Nordic_Bronze_Age."_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015">Allentoft et al. 2015</a>, Supplementary Information, p. 5: "There are many similarities between Sintasthta/Androvono rituals and those described in the Rig Veda and such similarities even extend as far as to the Nordic Bronze Age.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/early-indo-iranic-loans-in-uralic-sounds/Early_Indo_Iranic_loans_in_Uralic_Sounds.pdf">"Early Indo-Iranic loans in Uralic: Sounds and strata"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Martin Joachim Kümmel, Seminar for Indo-European Studies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martin+Joachim+K%C3%BCmmel%2C+Seminar+for+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=Early+Indo-Iranic+loans+in+Uralic%3A+Sounds+and+strata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fearly-indo-iranic-loans-in-uralic-sounds%2FEarly_Indo_Iranic_loans_in_Uralic_Sounds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASintashta+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007222-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007222_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuzmina2007">Kuzmina 2007</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._383-384-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._383-384_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, pp. 383–384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rawson" title="Jessica Rawson">Rawson, Jessica</a> (Autumn 2015). 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href="#CITEREFMathieson2015">Mathieson 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015p._168–169:_"European_Late_Neolithic_and_Bronze_Age_cultures_such_as_Corded_Ware,_Bell_Beakers,_Unetice,_and_the_Scandinavian_cultures_are_genetically_very_similar_to_each_other_[...]_The_close_affinity_we_observe_between_peoples_of_Corded_Ware_and_Sintashta_cultures_suggests_similar_genetic_sources_of_the_two..."-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015p._168–169:_"European_Late_Neolithic_and_Bronze_Age_cultures_such_as_Corded_Ware,_Bell_Beakers,_Unetice,_and_the_Scandinavian_cultures_are_genetically_very_similar_to_each_other_[...]_The_close_affinity_we_observe_between_peoples_of_Corded_Ware_and_Sintashta_cultures_suggests_similar_genetic_sources_of_the_two..."_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015">Allentoft et al. 2015</a>, p. 168–169: "European Late Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures such as Corded Ware, Bell Beakers, Unetice, and the Scandinavian cultures are genetically very similar to each other [...] The close affinity we observe between peoples of Corded Ware and Sintashta cultures suggests similar genetic sources of the two...".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015p._171:_"Among_Bronze_Age_Europeans,_the_highest_tolerance_frequency_was_found_in_Corded_Ware_and_the_closely-related_Scandinavian_Bronze_Age_cultures."-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015p._171:_"Among_Bronze_Age_Europeans,_the_highest_tolerance_frequency_was_found_in_Corded_Ware_and_the_closely-related_Scandinavian_Bronze_Age_cultures."_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015">Allentoft et al. 2015</a>, p. 171: "Among Bronze Age Europeans, the highest tolerance frequency was found in Corded Ware and the closely-related Scandinavian Bronze Age cultures.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015p._169:_"The_Andronovo_culture,_which_arose_in_Central_Asia_during_the_later_Bronze_Age,_is_genetically_closely_related_to_the_Sintashta_peoples,_and_clearly_distinct_from_both_Yamnaya_and_Afanasievo._Therefore,_Andronovo_represents_a_temporal_and_geographical_extension_of_the_Sintashta_gene_pool."-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015p._169:_"The_Andronovo_culture,_which_arose_in_Central_Asia_during_the_later_Bronze_Age,_is_genetically_closely_related_to_the_Sintashta_peoples,_and_clearly_distinct_from_both_Yamnaya_and_Afanasievo._Therefore,_Andronovo_represents_a_temporal_and_geographical_extension_of_the_Sintashta_gene_pool."_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015">Allentoft et al. 2015</a>, p. 169: "The 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Therefore, Andronovo represents a temporal and geographical extension of the Sintashta gene pool.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narasimhan et al. (2019). File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx), Table S1, in Resources, "Supplementary Material."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials,_p._40:_"We_observed_a_main_cluster_of_41_''Sintashta''_individuals_that_was_genetically_similar_to_''Srubnaya'',_''Potapovka'',_and_''Andronovo''_in_being_well_modeled_as_a_mixture_of_''Yamnaya''-related_and_''Anatolia_N''_(European_farmer-related)_ancestry"-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials,_p._40:_"We_observed_a_main_cluster_of_41_''Sintashta''_individuals_that_was_genetically_similar_to_''Srubnaya'',_''Potapovka'',_and_''Andronovo''_in_being_well_modeled_as_a_mixture_of_''Yamnaya''-related_and_''Anatolia_N''_(European_farmer-related)_ancestry"_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019">Narasimhan et al. 2019</a>, Supplementary Materials, p. 40: "We observed a main cluster of 41 <i>Sintashta</i> individuals that was genetically similar to <i>Srubnaya</i>, <i>Potapovka</i>, and <i>Andronovo</i> in being well modeled as a mixture of <i>Yamnaya</i>-related and <i>Anatolia_N</i> (European farmer-related) ancestry".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials._p._62:_"Genetic_analysis_indicates_that_the_individuals_in_our_study_classified_as_falling_within_the_Andronovo_complex_are_genetically_similar_to_the_main_clusters_of_''Potapovka'',_''Sintashta'',_and_''Srubnaya''_in_being_well_modeled_as_a_mixture_of_Yamnaya-[...]related_and_early_European_agriculturalist-related_or_Anatolian_agriculturalist-related_ancestry."-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials._p._62:_"Genetic_analysis_indicates_that_the_individuals_in_our_study_classified_as_falling_within_the_Andronovo_complex_are_genetically_similar_to_the_main_clusters_of_''Potapovka'',_''Sintashta'',_and_''Srubnaya''_in_being_well_modeled_as_a_mixture_of_Yamnaya-[...]related_and_early_European_agriculturalist-related_or_Anatolian_agriculturalist-related_ancestry."_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019">Narasimhan et al. 2019</a>, Supplementary Materials. p. 62: "Genetic analysis indicates that the individuals in our study classified as falling within the Andronovo complex are genetically similar to the main clusters of <i>Potapovka</i>, <i>Sintashta</i>, and <i>Srubnaya</i> in being well modeled as a mixture of Yamnaya-[...]related and early European agriculturalist-related or Anatolian agriculturalist-related ancestry.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019p._7:_"Our_analysis_of_50_individuals_from_the_Sintashta_culture_cemetery_of_Kamennyi_Ambar_5_reveals_multiple_groups_of_outliers_that_we_directly_radiocarbon_dated_to_be_contemporaries_of_the_main_cluster_but_that_were_also_genetically_distinctive,_indicating_that_this_was_a_cosmopolitan_site"-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019p._7:_"Our_analysis_of_50_individuals_from_the_Sintashta_culture_cemetery_of_Kamennyi_Ambar_5_reveals_multiple_groups_of_outliers_that_we_directly_radiocarbon_dated_to_be_contemporaries_of_the_main_cluster_but_that_were_also_genetically_distinctive,_indicating_that_this_was_a_cosmopolitan_site"_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019">Narasimhan et al. 2019</a>, p. 7: "Our analysis of 50 individuals from the Sintashta culture cemetery of Kamennyi Ambar 5 reveals multiple groups of outliers that we directly radiocarbon dated to be contemporaries of the main cluster but that were also genetically distinctive, indicating that this was a cosmopolitan site".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials,_p._41:_"The_fact_that_these_genetic_outliers_were_interred_simultaneously_in_the_same_grave_pits_with_individuals_from_the_main_cluster_of_Sintashta_individuals_highlights_the_genetic_heterogeneity_of_Sintashta_communities_that_were_nevertheless_organized_as_single_social_groups"-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials,_p._41:_"The_fact_that_these_genetic_outliers_were_interred_simultaneously_in_the_same_grave_pits_with_individuals_from_the_main_cluster_of_Sintashta_individuals_highlights_the_genetic_heterogeneity_of_Sintashta_communities_that_were_nevertheless_organized_as_single_social_groups"_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019">Narasimhan et al. 2019</a>, Supplementary Materials, p. 41: "The fact that these genetic outliers were interred simultaneously in the same grave pits with individuals from the main cluster of Sintashta individuals highlights the genetic heterogeneity of Sintashta communities that were nevertheless organized as single social groups".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChintalapatiPattersonMoorjani2022-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChintalapatiPattersonMoorjani2022_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChintalapatiPattersonMoorjani2022">Chintalapati, Patterson & Moorjani 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibradoKhanFagesKusliy2021" class="citation journal cs1">Librado, Pablo; Khan, Naveed; Fages, Antoine; Kusliy, Mariya A.; Suchan, Tomasz; Tonasso-Calvière, Laure; Schiavinato, Stéphanie; Alioglu, Duha; Fromentier, Aurore; Perdereau, Aude; Aury, Jean-Marc (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8550961">"The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>598</b> (7882): 634–640. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+Dynamic+6%2C000-Year+Genetic+History+of+Eurasia%27s+Eastern+Steppe&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=890-904%2C+Figure+1+A%2C+B%2C+C&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33157037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Choongwon&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ke&rft.au=Wilkin%2C+Shevan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASintashta+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTörök2023" class="citation journal cs1">Török, Tibor (July 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href="/w/index.php?title=Sintashta_culture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link 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P.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x5J9rn8p2-IC"><i>The Origin of the Indo-Iranians</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004160545" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004160545"><bdi>978-9004160545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+the+Indo-Iranians&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9004160545&rft.aulast=Kuzmina&rft.aufirst=Elena+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx5J9rn8p2-IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASintashta+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindner2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lindner, Stephan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2020.37">"Chariots in the Eurasian Steppe: a Bayesian approach to the emergence of horse-drawn transport in the early second millennium BC"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>94</b> (374): 361–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2020.37">10.15184/aqy.2020.37</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Chariots+in+the+Eurasian+Steppe%3A+a+Bayesian+approach+to+the+emergence+of+horse-drawn+transport+in+the+early+second+millennium+BC&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=374&rft.pages=361-380&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2020.37&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft.aulast=Lindner&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15184%252Faqy.2020.37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASintashta+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubotsky2023" class="citation book cs1">Lubotsky, Alexander (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/indoeuropean-puzzle-revisited/indoeuropean-and-indoiranian-wagon-terminology-and-the-date-of-the-indoiranian-split/ADBF07BCD6447A00E1B5E3EE4E128FA7">"Indo-European and Indo-Iranian Wagon Terminology and the Date of the Indo-Iranian Split"</a>. In Willerslev, Eske; Kroonen, Guus; Kristiansen, Kristian (eds.). <i>The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited: Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 257–262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-26175-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-26175-3"><bdi>978-1-009-26175-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indo-European+and+Indo-Iranian+Wagon+Terminology+and+the+Date+of+the+Indo-Iranian+Split&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Puzzle+Revisited%3A+Integrating+Archaeology%2C+Genetics%2C+and+Linguistics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=257-262&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-26175-3&rft.aulast=Lubotsky&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Findoeuropean-puzzle-revisited%2Findoeuropean-and-indoiranian-wagon-terminology-and-the-date-of-the-indoiranian-split%2FADBF07BCD6447A00E1B5E3EE4E128FA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASintashta+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryMair2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. 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(September 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822619">"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>365</b> (6457). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>: eaat7487. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F292581">10.1101/292581</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aat7487">10.1126/science.aat7487</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822619">6822619</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488661">31488661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+formation+of+human+populations+in+South+and+Central+Asia&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=6457&rft.pages=eaat7487&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6822619%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31488661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aat7487&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F292581%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.aulast=Narasimhan&rft.aufirst=Vagheesh+M.&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Moorjani%2C+Priya&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6822619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASintashta+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Schmitt" title="Rüdiger Schmitt">Schmitt, Rüdiger</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aryans">"Aryans"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aryans&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pub=Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Faryans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASintashta+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTkachev2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tkachev, Vitaly V. (June 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ras.jes.su/ra/s086960630009071-7-1-en">"Radiocarbon Chronology of the Sintashta Culture Sites in the Steppe Cis-Urals"</a>. <i>Russian Archaeology</i> (2): 31–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31857%2FS086960630009071-7">10.31857/S086960630009071-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226535663">226535663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Radiocarbon+Chronology+of+the+Sintashta+Culture+Sites+in+the+Steppe+Cis-Urals&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=31-44&rft.date=2020-06-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31857%2FS086960630009071-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226535663%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tkachev&rft.aufirst=Vitaly+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fras.jes.su%2Fra%2Fs086960630009071-7-1-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASintashta+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintashta_culture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vasil'ev, I. B., P. F. Kuznetsov, and A. P. Semenova. "Potapovo Burial Ground of the Indo-Iranic Tribes on the Volga" (1994).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintashta_culture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3742220/Ancient_Indo-Europeans._Chelyabinsk_Rifei_2002_496_pp">Stanislav A. Grigoriev, "Ancient Indo-Europeans"</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-88521-151-5" title="Special:BookSources/5-88521-151-5">5-88521-151-5</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Central_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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title="Category:Archaeological cultures of Central Asia">Archaeological cultures of Central Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-Iranian_archaeological_cultures" title="Category:Indo-Iranian archaeological cultures">Indo-Iranian archaeological cultures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Andronovo_culture" title="Category:Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Russian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Russian IPA">Pages with Russian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">CS1 maint: postscript</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles 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