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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory and antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Medieval period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hotak_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hotak_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Hotak dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hotak_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Durrani_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Durrani_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Durrani Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Durrani_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barakzai_dynasty_and_British_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barakzai_dynasty_and_British_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Barakzai dynasty and British wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barakzai_dynasty_and_British_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_Republic_and_Soviet_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Republic_and_Soviet_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Democratic Republic and Soviet war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Republic_and_Soviet_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–Cold_War_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–Cold_War_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Post–Cold War conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–Cold_War_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_invasion_and_Islamic_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_invasion_and_Islamic_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 US invasion and Islamic Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_invasion_and_Islamic_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Taliban_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Taliban_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Second Taliban era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Taliban_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_of_Taliban_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_Taliban_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Development of Taliban government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_Taliban_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fertility_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertility_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Fertility rate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertility_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Urbanization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity_and_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity_and_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Ethnicity and languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity_and_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_ceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_ceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Art and ceramics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_ceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Media and entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Holidays and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Afghanistan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 276 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-276" aria-hidden="true" > 276 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Афгъанистэн – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Афгъанистэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афгъанистан – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Афгъанистан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%8C%8B%E1%8A%92%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95" title="አፍጋኒስታን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አፍጋኒስታን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अफगानिस्तान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अफगानिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D3%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D2%AD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афӷанисҭан – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Афӷанисҭан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="أفغانستان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أفغانستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganist%C3%A1n" title="Afganistán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Afganistán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A6%DC%93%DC%90%DC%A2%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܐܦܓܐܢܣܛܐܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܦܓܐܢܣܛܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%86%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Աֆղանիստան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Աֆղանիստան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আফগানিস্তান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আফগানিস্তান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganist%C3%A1n" title="Afganistán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Afganistán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अफगानिस्तान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अफगानिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahyganit%C3%A3" title="Ahyganitã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ahyganitã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афгъанистан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Афгъанистан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Ffqan%C4%B1stan" title="Əfqanıstan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əfqanıstan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="افغانیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="افغانیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আফগানিস্তান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আফগানিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афғанстан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Афғанстан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афганістан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Афганістан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аўганістан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аўганістан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अफ़ग़ानिस्तान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अफ़ग़ानिस्तान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apganistan" title="Apganistan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Apganistan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афганистан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Афганистан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨ་ཧྥུའུ་རྒན་སི་ཐན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨ་ཧྥུའུ་རྒན་སི་ཐན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афганистан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Афганистан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афганистан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Афганистан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasod_nga_Afghano" title="Nasod nga Afghano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nasod nga Afghano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afgh%C3%A1nist%C3%A1n" title="Afghánistán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Afghánistán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afughanistani" title="Afughanistani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Afughanistani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affganistan" title="Affganistan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Affganistan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="أفغانستان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أفغانستان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganischtaan" title="Afganischtaan – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Afganischtaan" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8A%DE%B0%DE%A3%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އަފްޣާނިސްތާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަފްޣާނިސްތާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अफगानिस्तान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अफगानिस्तान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%95%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="ཨཕ་ག་ནིསི་ཏཱན་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨཕ་ག་ནིསི་ཏཱན་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%86%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Αφγανιστάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αφγανιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Афганистан Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Афганистан Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganist%C3%A1n" title="Afganistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Afganistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganio" title="Afganio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Afganio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganist%C3%A1n" title="Afganistán – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Afganistán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="افغانستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افغانستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistaan" title="Afganistaan – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Afganistaan" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Afganast%C3%A1in" title="An Afganastáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Afganastáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Afghanistaan" title="Yn Afghanistaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Afghanistaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganastan" title="Afganastan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Afganastan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganist%C3%A1n" title="Afganistán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Afganistán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Афганистане – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Афганистане" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="أفغانستان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="أفغانستان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%98%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="અફઘાનિસ્તાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અફઘાનિસ્તાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐌰𐍆𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐍆𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अफगाणिस्तान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="अफगाणिस्तान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84" title="아프가니스탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아프가니스탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBApekanikana" title="ʻApekanikana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻApekanikana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%86%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Աֆղանստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աֆղանստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अफ़ग़ानिस्तान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अफ़ग़ानिस्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apganistan" title="Apganistan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Apganistan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আফগানিস্তান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আফগানিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афгъанистан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Афгъанистан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Afganistani" title="I-Afganistani – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Afganistani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="אפגניסטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפגניסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistani" title="Afganistani – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Afganistani" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%98%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಅಫ್ಘಾನಿಸ್ತಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಫ್ಘಾನಿಸ್ತಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афганистан – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Афганистан" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ავღანეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავღანეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8E%D9%81%D8%BA%D9%B2%D9%86%D9%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اَفغٲنِستان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اَفغٲنِستان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganist%C3%B3n" title="Afganistón – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Afganistón" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ауғанстан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ауғанстан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afuganisitani" title="Afuganisitani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Afuganisitani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афганистан – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Афганистан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afgana" title="Afgana – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Afgana" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efxanistan" title="Efxanistan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Efxanistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ооганстан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ооганстан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດອາຟະການິດສະຖານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອາຟະການິດສະຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afgania" title="Afgania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Afgania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganist%C4%81na" title="Afganistāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Afganistāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афгъанистан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Афгъанистан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistanas" title="Afganistanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Afganistanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganist%C3%A1ni" title="Afganistáni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Afganistáni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistuanu" title="Afganistuanu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Afganistuanu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/afyganisTAN" title="afyganisTAN – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="afyganisTAN" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganiszt%C3%A1n" title="Afganisztán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Afganisztán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अफगानिस्तान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अफगानिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Авганистан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Авганистан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganist%C3%A0na" title="Afganistàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Afganistàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="അഫ്ഗാനിസ്താൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഫ്ഗാനിസ്താൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80whekenet%C4%81na" title="Āwhekenetāna – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Āwhekenetāna" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अफगाणिस्तान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अफगाणिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ავღანეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ავღანეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="افغانستان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="افغانستان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="افخانسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="افخانسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯐꯒꯥꯅꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯐꯒꯥꯅꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeganistan" title="Afeganistan – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Afeganistan" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афганистан – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Афганистан" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афганистан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Афганистан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%82%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အာဖဂန်နစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာဖဂန်နစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अफगानिस्तान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अफगानिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अफगानिस्तान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अफगानिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%82%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="アフガニスタン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフガニスタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="ОвхӀан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ОвхӀан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghaanistaan" title="Afghaanistaan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Afghaanistaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistaan" title="Afganistaan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Afganistaan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афганистан – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Афганистан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଆଫଗାନିସ୍ତାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଫଗାନିସ୍ତାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afgaanistaan" title="Afgaanistaan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Afgaanistaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afg%CA%BBoniston" title="Afgʻoniston – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Afgʻoniston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अफगानस्थान – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="अफगानस्थान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="افغانستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="افغانستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="افغانستان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="افغانستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="អាហ្វហ្កានីស្ថាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាហ្វហ្កានីស្ថាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afg%C3%A0nistan" title="Afgànistan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Afgànistan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeganist%C3%A3o" title="Afeganistão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Afeganistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aw%C7%B5anstan" title="Awǵanstan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Awǵanstan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af%C4%9Fanistan" title="Afğanistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Afğanistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apqanisuyu" title="Apqanisuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Apqanisuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афґаністан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Афґаністан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афганистан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Афганистан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афганистаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Афганистаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afakanisitana" title="Afakanisitana – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Afakanisitana" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="अफगानिस्थानम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अफगानिस्थानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="افغانستان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="افغانستان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganist%C3%A0n" title="Afganistàn – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Afganistàn" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistani" title="Afganistani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Afganistani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganist%C3%A0n" title="Afganistàn – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Afganistàn" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="افغانستان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="افغانستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Afugani" title="I-Afugani – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="I-Afugani" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Афганистанъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Афганистанъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afgaanistan" title="Afgaanistan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Afgaanistan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئەفغانستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەفغانستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Авганистан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Авганистан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apganistan" title="Apganistan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Apganistan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apganistan" title="Apganistan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Apganistan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆப்கானித்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆப்கானித்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af%C9%A3anistan" title="Afɣanistan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Afɣanistan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af%C9%A3anistan" title="Afɣanistan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Afɣanistan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Әфганстан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әфганстан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%BE%E1%81%B5%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းဢႃႇၾၵၢၼ်ႇၼီႇသတၢၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢႃႇၾၵၢၼ်ႇၼီႇသတၢၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%98%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆఫ్ఘనిస్తాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆఫ్ఘనిస్తాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeganistaun" title="Afeganistaun – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Afeganistaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศอัฟกานิสถาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอัฟกานิสถาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A3%E1%8D%8D%E1%8C%8B%E1%8A%92%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ኣፍጋኒስታን – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኣፍጋኒስታን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D2%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Афғонистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Афғонистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAfik%C4%81nisitani" title="ʻAfikānisitani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAfikānisitani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%AB%E1%8E%A8%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%96%E1%8F%82" title="ᎠᏫᎨᏂᏍᏖᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏫᎨᏂᏍᏖᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owganystan" title="Owganystan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Owganystan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1fganistan" title="A̱fganistan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱fganistan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афганистан – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Афганистан" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%81%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨕᨄᨁᨊᨗᨔᨈᨊ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨄᨁᨊᨗᨔᨈᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Афганістан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Афганістан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="افغانستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افغانستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئافغانىستان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئافغانىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahfuhan" title="Ahfuhan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ahfuhan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafganist%C3%A4n" title="Lafganistän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lafganistän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿富汗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Afganistan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistaan" title="Afganistaan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Afganistaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿富汗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="אפגאניסטאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אפגאניסטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%C3%ADst%C3%A0n" title="Afghanístàn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Afghanístàn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿富汗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ef%C4%9Fan%C4%B1stan" title="Efğanıstan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Efğanıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afgan%C4%97stans" title="Afganėstans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Afganėstans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿富汗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apganistan" title="Apganistan – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Apganistan" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apganistan" title="Apganistan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Apganistan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apganistan" title="Apganistan – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Apganistan" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Ff%C7%A7anistan" title="Əfǧanistan – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" 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</div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Afghanistan" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Afghanistan" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Afghanistan&params=34_31_N_69_11_E_region:AF_source:geonames_type:city">34°31′N 69°11′E / 34.517°N 69.183°E / 34.517; 69.183</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Central Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Afghanistan (disambiguation)">Afghanistan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan" redirects here. For the state that existed from 1996 to 2001, see <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>د افغانستان اسلامي امارت (<a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>) Də Afġānistān Islāmī Imārat</li><li>امارت اسلامی افغانستان (<a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a>) Imārat-i Islāmī-yi Afğānistān</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Afghanistan"><img alt="Flag of Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Afghanistan"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the Islamic Emirate[1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg/85px-Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg/128px-Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg/170px-Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="318" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Afghanistan" title="Emblem of Afghanistan">Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله Lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh, Muhammadun rasūlu llāh "There is no god but <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allah</a>; <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> is the messenger of Allah." (<a href="/wiki/Shahadah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahadah">Shahadah</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: دا د باتورانو کور "Dā Də Bātorāno Kor" "<a href="/wiki/This_Is_the_Home_of_the_Brave" title="This Is the Home of the Brave">This Is the Home of the Brave</a>"<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Afghanistan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Afghanistan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Afghanistan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Afghanistan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Afghanistan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Afghanistan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a>Afghanistan on the globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_AFG_-_UNOCHA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Afghanistan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_AFG_-_UNOCHA.svg/250px-Afghanistan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_AFG_-_UNOCHA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Afghanistan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_AFG_-_UNOCHA.svg/375px-Afghanistan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_AFG_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Afghanistan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_AFG_-_UNOCHA.svg/500px-Afghanistan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_AFG_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="254" /></a>Afghanistan's neighbors and towns</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Afghanistan&params=34_31_N_69_11_E_region:AF_source:geonames_type:city">34°31′N 69°11′E / 34.517°N 69.183°E / 34.517; 69.183</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2019 unofficial estimates)<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-timesofindia-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Population_2021-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-reliefweb.int-9">[8]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>42% <a href="/wiki/Pashtun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun">Pashtun</a></li><li>27% <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajik</a></li><li> 9% <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazara</a></li><li> 9% <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a></li><li> 4% <a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaq</a></li><li> 3% <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen</a></li><li> 2% <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li><li> 4% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2015)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>99.7% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Islam in Afghanistan">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)</li><li>0.3% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan#Religion" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghan</a><a href="#cite_note-Demonym-12">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> provisional <a href="/wiki/Theocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocratic">theocratic</a> Islamic <a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">emirate</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme Leader</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Akhund" title="Hasan Akhund">Hasan Akhund</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acting_prime_minister" title="Acting prime minister">acting</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Afghanistan" title="Chief Justice of Afghanistan">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_Haqqani" title="Abdul Hakim Haqqani">Abdul Hakim Haqqani</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">None<a href="#cite_note-21">[c]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mirwais_Hotak" title="Mirwais Hotak">1709</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1747</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1823</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad unites Afghanistan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herat_Campaign_of_1862%E2%80%9363" class="mw-redirect" title="Herat Campaign of 1862–63">27 May 1863</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Independence_Day" title="Afghan Independence Day">19 August 1919</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 June 1926</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">17 July 1973</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">27–28 April 1978</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 April 1992</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 September 1996</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 January 2004</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">Restoration of Islamic Emirate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 August 2021</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">652,867<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> km2 (252,073 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">40th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">negligible</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 41,128,771<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">37th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">48.08/km2 (124.5/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2020 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$81.007 billion<a href="#cite_note-imf2-24">[21]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$2,459 <a href="#cite_note-imf2-24">[21]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">179th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2020 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$20.136 billion<a href="#cite_note-imf2-24">[21]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$611<a href="#cite_note-imf2-24">[21]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">190th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.462<a href="#cite_note-HDI-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">182nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghani</a> (افغانى) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">AFN</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+4:30 <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Hijri_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Hijri calendar">Lunar Calendar</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan Time">Afghanistan Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a> is not observed<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:AF" title="ISO 3166-2:AF">AF</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.af" title=".af">.af</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-29">[d]</a> officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-30">[e]</a> is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">east and south</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[f]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Iran_border" title="Afghanistan–Iran border">west</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_border" title="Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border">northwest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_border" title="Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border">north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Tajikistan_border" title="Afghanistan–Tajikistan border">northeast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_border" title="Afghanistan–China border">northeast and east</a>. Occupying 652,864 square kilometers (252,072 sq mi) of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkestan" title="Afghan Turkestan">in the north</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sistan_Basin" title="Sistan Basin">the southwest</a>, which are separated by the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> mountain range. <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> is the country's capital and largest city. According to the World Population review, as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Afghanistan's population</a> is 43 million.<a href="#cite_note-Population_2021-7">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Statistics_and_Information_Authority" title="National Statistics and Information Authority">National Statistics Information Authority of Afghanistan</a> estimated the population to be 32.9 million as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Human habitation in Afghanistan</a> dates to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> era. Popularly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Graveyard_of_empires" title="Graveyard of empires">graveyard of empires</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a> the land <a href="/wiki/Invasions_of_Afghanistan" title="Invasions of Afghanistan">has witnessed numerous military campaigns</a>, including those by the <a href="/wiki/Persian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian empire">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Arab Muslims</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongols</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan#The_Great_Game" title="European influence in Afghanistan">British</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">a US-led coalition</a>. Afghanistan also served as the source from which the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>, among others, rose to form major empires.<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> Because of the various conquests and periods in both the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Iranian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Indian</a> cultural spheres,<a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a> the area was a center for <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, Buddhism, Hinduism, and later Islam.<a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a> The modern state of Afghanistan began with the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Afghan Empire</a> in the 18th century,<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> although <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a> is sometimes considered to be the founder of the first <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">modern Afghan state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> Afghanistan became a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a> between the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. From India, the British attempted to subjugate Afghanistan but were repelled in the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> saw a British victory. Following the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> in 1919, Afghanistan became free of foreign political hegemony, and emerged as the independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a> in 1926. This monarchy lasted almost half a century, until <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Zahir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Zahir Shah">Zahir Shah</a> was <a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">overthrown in 1973</a>, following which the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Republic of Afghanistan</a> was established. Since the late 1970s, Afghanistan's history has been dominated by extensive warfare, including <a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">coups, invasions, insurgencies, and civil wars</a>. The conflict began in 1978 when a <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">communist revolution</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">socialist state</a> (itself a response to the dictatorship established following a <a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">coup d'état in 1973</a>), and subsequent infighting prompted the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet Union to invade Afghanistan</a> in 1979. <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a> fought against the Soviets in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> and continued fighting among themselves following the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan">Soviets' withdrawal in 1989</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> controlled most of the country by 1996, but their <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> received little international recognition before its overthrow in the 2001 <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">US invasion of Afghanistan</a>. The Taliban returned to power in 2021 after <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">capturing Kabul</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001–2021 war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> The Taliban government remains internationally unrecognized.<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> Afghanistan is rich in natural resources, including <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, iron, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, and copper. It is the second-largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis resin">cannabis resin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> and third largest of both <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">cashmere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a> The country is a member of the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> and a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Islamic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Islamic Cooperation">Organization of Islamic Cooperation</a>. Due to the effects of war in recent decades, the country has dealt with high levels of terrorism, <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Afghanistan" title="Poverty in Afghanistan">poverty</a>, and child malnutrition. Afghanistan remains among the world's <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Least developed country">least developed countries</a>, ranking 182nd on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>. Afghanistan's gross domestic product (GDP) is $81 billion by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> and $20.1 billion by nominal values. Per capita, its GDP is among the lowest of any country as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan&action=edit">[update]</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Afghanistan" title="Name of Afghanistan">Name of Afghanistan</a></div> Some scholars suggest that the <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> name <a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghān</a> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvaka" title="Aśvaka">Aśvakan</a>, which was the name used for ancient inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> Aśvakan literally means "horsemen", "horse breeders", or "<a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalrymen</a>" (from <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bva" class="mw-redirect" title="Aśva">aśva</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> words for "horse").<a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> Historically, the ethnonym Afghān was used to refer to ethnic <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> The Arabic and Persian form of the name, Afġān, was first attested in the 10th-century geography book <a href="/wiki/Hudud_al-%27Alam" title="Hudud al-'Alam">Hudud al-'Alam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a> The last part of the name, "<a href="/wiki/-stan" title="-stan">-stan</a>", is a Persian suffix meaning "place of". Therefore, "Afghanistan" translates to "land of the Afghans", or "land of the Pashtuns" in a historical sense. According to the third edition of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a>:<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The name Afghanistan (Afghānistān, land of the Afghans / Pashtuns, afāghina, sing. afghān) can be traced to the early eighth/fourteenth century, when it designated the easternmost part of the <a href="/wiki/Kartid" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartid">Kartid</a> realm. This name was later used for certain regions in the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Ṣafavid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> empires that were inhabited by Afghans. While based on a state-supporting elite of <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Abdālī / Durrānī</a> Afghans, the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Sadūzāʾī Durrānī polity</a> that came into being in 1160 / 1747 was not called Afghanistan in its own day. The name became a state designation only during the colonial intervention of the nineteenth century.</blockquote> The term "Afghanistan" was officially used in 1855, when the British recognized <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a> as king of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019317-51">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of Afghanistan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_antiquity">Prehistory and antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Ancient history of Afghanistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_and_Buddhist_heritage_of_Afghanistan" title="Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan">Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg/220px-Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg/330px-Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg/440px-Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3059" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>Tents of Afghan <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a> in the northern <a href="/wiki/Badghis_Province" title="Badghis Province">Badghis Province</a>. Early peasant farming villages came into existence about 7,000 years ago.</figcaption></figure> Excavations of prehistoric sites suggest that humans were living in what is now Afghanistan at least 50,000 years ago, and that farming communities in the area were among the earliest in the world. An important site of early historical activities, many believe that Afghanistan compares to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in the historical value of its archaeological sites.<a href="#cite_note-JFS-52">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> Artifacts typical of the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Ages</a> have been found in Afghanistan. Urban civilization is believed to have begun as early as 3000 BCE, and the early city of <a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> in the south of the country) was a center of the <a href="/wiki/Helmand_culture" title="Helmand culture">Helmand culture</a>. More recent findings established that the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a> stretched up towards modern-day Afghanistan. An Indus Valley site has been found on the <a href="/wiki/Oxus_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus River">Oxus River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shortugai" title="Shortugai">Shortugai</a> in northern Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> After 2000 BCE successive waves of semi-nomadic people from Central Asia began moving south into Afghanistan; among them were many <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a>. These tribes later migrated further into South Asia, Western Asia, and toward Europe via the area north of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. The region at the time was referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JFS-52">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> By the middle of the 6th century BCE, the Achaemenids overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> and incorporated <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aria_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aria (satrapy)">Aria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> within its eastern boundaries. An <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscription</a> on the tombstone of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius I of Persia</a> mentions the <a href="/wiki/Kabulistan" title="Kabulistan">Kabul Valley</a> in a list of the 29 countries that he had conquered.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> The region of <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a>, around <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> in modern-day southern Afghanistan, used to be primarily Zoroastrian and played a key role in the transfer of the Avesta to <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persia</a> and is thus considered by some to be the "second homeland of Zoroastrianism".<a href="#cite_note-Gnoli-1989-59">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gnoli-1989a-60">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-ARACHOSIA_–_Encyclopaedia_Iranica-61">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ScythianBelt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/ScythianBelt.jpg/220px-ScythianBelt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/ScythianBelt.jpg/330px-ScythianBelt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/ScythianBelt.jpg/440px-ScythianBelt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>A "Bactrian gold" <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> belt depicting <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a> in the ancient region of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and his Macedonian forces arrived in Afghanistan in 330 BCE after defeating <a href="/wiki/Darius_III_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius III of Persia">Darius III of Persia</a> a year earlier in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a>. Following Alexander's brief occupation, the successor state of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> controlled the region until 305 BCE, when they gave much of it to the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> as part of an alliance treaty. The Mauryans controlled the area south of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> until they were overthrown in about 185 BCE. Their decline began 60 years after <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>'s rule ended, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> reconquest by the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrians">Greco-Bactrians</a>. Much of it soon broke away and became part of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a>. They were defeated and expelled by the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a> in the late 2nd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunion200744-63">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> appeared during the first century BCE, and Afghanistan flourished with trade, with routes to China, India, Persia, and north to the cities of <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a> in present-day Uzbekistan.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> Goods and ideas were exchanged at this center point, such as Chinese silk, Persian silver and Roman gold, while the region of present Afghanistan was mining and trading <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> stones<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> mainly from the <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> region. During the first century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> subjugated the region but lost it to their <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian">Indo-Parthian</a> vassals. In the mid-to-late first century CE the vast <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, centered in Afghanistan, became great patrons of Buddhist culture, making <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> flourish throughout the region. The Kushans were overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanids">Sassanids</a> in the 3rd century CE, though the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sassanids">Indo-Sassanids</a> continued to rule at least parts of the region. They were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Kidarite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidarite">Kidarites</a> who, in turn, was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a>. They were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Turk Shahi">Turk Shahi</a> in the 7th century. The Buddhist Turk Shahi of Kabul was replaced by a Hindu dynasty before the Saffarids conquered the area in 870, this Hindu dynasty was called <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Shahi">Hindu Shahi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> Much of the northeastern and southern areas of the country remained dominated by <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Muslim conquests of Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Mongol invasion of Central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_campaigns_in_India" title="Ghaznavid campaigns in India">Ghaznavid campaigns in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas,_p.147.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas%2C_p.147.png/220px-Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas%2C_p.147.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas%2C_p.147.png/330px-Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas%2C_p.147.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas%2C_p.147.png/440px-Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas%2C_p.147.png 2x" data-file-width="3524" data-file-height="2418" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurids</a> originated from <a href="/wiki/Ghor_Province" title="Ghor Province">Ghor Province</a> in central Afghanistan.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> brought Islam to <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaranj" title="Zaranj">Zaranj</a> in 642 CE and began spreading eastward; some of the native inhabitants they encountered accepted it while others revolted. Before the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Afghanistan">arrival of Islam</a>, the region used to be home to various beliefs and cults, often resulting in <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a> between the dominant religions<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gnoli-1989-59">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gnoli-1989a-60">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-ARACHOSIA_–_Encyclopaedia_Iranica-61">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Allen-71">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> and Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> An exemplification of the syncretism in the region would be that people were patrons of Buddhism but still worshipped local Iranian gods such as <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nana_(Kushan_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana (Kushan goddess)">Lady Nana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anahita" title="Anahita">Anahita</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mihr (Mithra)</a> and portrayed <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek gods</a> as protectors of Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allen-71">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zunbils" title="Zunbils">Zunbils</a> and Kabul Shahi were first conquered in 870 CE by the <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a> Muslims of Zaranj. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a> extended their Islamic influence south of the Hindu Kush. The <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> rose to power in the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> By the 11th century, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a> had defeated the remaining Hindu rulers and effectively <a href="/wiki/Islamized" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamized">Islamized</a> the wider region,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwans200222–23-81">[75]</a> with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Kafiristan" title="Kafiristan">Kafiristan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> Mahmud made <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> into an important city and patronized intellectuals such as the historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> and the poet <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid dynasty">Ghaznavid dynasty</a> was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lahore_(1186)" title="Siege of Lahore (1186)">overthrown by the Ghurids in 1186</a>, whose architectural achievements included the remote <a href="/wiki/Minaret_of_Jam" title="Minaret of Jam">Minaret of Jam</a>. The Ghurids controlled Afghanistan for less than a century before being conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a> in 1215.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwans200223-84">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genghis_Khan_empire-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Genghis_Khan_empire-en.svg/260px-Genghis_Khan_empire-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Genghis_Khan_empire-en.svg/390px-Genghis_Khan_empire-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Genghis_Khan_empire-en.svg/520px-Genghis_Khan_empire-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions and conquests</a></figcaption></figure> In 1219 CE, <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol army overran the region</a>. His troops are said to have annihilated the Khwarazmian cities of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Bamyan,_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamyan, Afghanistan">Bamyan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> The destruction caused by the Mongols forced many locals to return to an agrarian rural society.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> Mongol rule continued with the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> in the northwest while the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a> administered the Afghan tribal areas south of the Hindu Kush until the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> (aka Tamerlane), who established the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> in 1370. Under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh" title="Shah Rukh">Shah Rukh</a>, the city of Herat<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> served as the focal point of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Renaissance" title="Timurid Renaissance">Timurid Renaissance</a>, whose glory matched <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> as the center of a cultural rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> In the early 16th century <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> arrived from <a href="/wiki/Ferghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana">Ferghana</a> and captured Kabul from the <a href="/wiki/Arghun_dynasty" title="Arghun dynasty">Arghun dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarfield201292–93-90">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> would go on to conquer the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a> who had ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarfield201275-91">[85]</a> Between the 16th and 18th century, the Uzbek <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a>, Iranian <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a>, and Indian <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> ruled parts of the territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupree1997319,_321-92">[86]</a> During the medieval period, the northwestern area of Afghanistan was referred to by the regional name <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, which was commonly used up to the 19th century among natives to describe their country.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hotak_dynasty">Hotak dynasty</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapofthehotaks1728.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mapofthehotaks1728.png/260px-Mapofthehotaks1728.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mapofthehotaks1728.png/390px-Mapofthehotaks1728.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mapofthehotaks1728.png/520px-Mapofthehotaks1728.png 2x" data-file-width="3711" data-file-height="2774" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Hotak Empire at its height in 1728, disputed between <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Hotak" title="Hussain Hotak">Hussain Hotak</a> (centered in Kandahar) and <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Hotak" title="Ashraf Hotak">Ashraf Hotak</a> (centered in Isfahan)</figcaption></figure> In 1709, <a href="/wiki/Mirwais_Hotak" title="Mirwais Hotak">Mirwais Hotak</a>, a local <a href="/wiki/Ghilzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghilzai">Ghilzai</a> tribal leader, successfully rebelled against the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavids</a>. He defeated <a href="/wiki/Gurgin_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurgin Khan">Gurgin Khan</a>, the Georgian governor of Kandahar under the Safavids, and established his own kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Browne-97">[91]</a> Mirwais died in 1715, and was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_Hotak" title="Abdul Aziz Hotak">Abdul Aziz</a>, who was soon killed by Mirwais's son <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hotak" title="Mahmud Hotak">Mahmud</a> for possibly planning to sign a peace with the Safavids. Mahmud led the Afghan army in 1722 to the Persian capital of <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, and captured the city after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gulnabad" title="Battle of Gulnabad">Battle of Gulnabad</a> and proclaimed himself King of Persia.<a href="#cite_note-Browne-97">[91]</a> The Afghan dynasty was ousted from Persia by <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> after the 1729 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damghan_(1729)" title="Battle of Damghan (1729)">Battle of Damghan</a>. In 1738, <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">forces</a> captured Kandahar in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar" title="Siege of Kandahar">siege of Kandahar</a>, the last Hotak stronghold, from Shah <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Hotak" title="Hussain Hotak">Hussain Hotak</a>. Soon after, the Persian and Afghan forces <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_invasion_of_India" title="Nader Shah's invasion of India">invaded India</a>, Nader Shah had plundered Delhi, alongside his 16-year-old commander, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> who had assisted him on these campaigns. Nader Shah was assassinated in 1747.<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Durrani_Empire">Durrani Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></div> After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> had returned to Kandahar with a contingent of 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>. The Abdalis had "unanimously accepted" Ahmad Shah as their new leader. With his ascension in 1747, Ahmad Shah had led multiple campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal empire">Mughal empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maratha_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha empire">Maratha empire</a>, and then-receding <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid empire</a>. Ahmad Shah had captured <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> from the Mughal appointed governor, Nasir Khan. Ahmad Shah had then conquered <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> in 1750, and had also captured <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> in 1752.<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> Ahmad Shah had launched two campaigns into <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, 1750–1751 and 1754–1755.<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> His first campaign had seen the siege of <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, however, he was forced to retreat after four months. In November 1750, he moved to siege <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Nishapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanate of Nishapur">Nishapur</a>, but he was unable to capture the city and was forced to retreat in early 1751. <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Campaign_to_Khorasan_(1754-55)" class="mw-redirect" title="Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754-55)">Ahmad Shah returned in 1754</a>; he captured <a href="/wiki/Ferdows" title="Ferdows">Tun</a>, and on 23 July, he sieged <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> once again. Mashhad had fallen on 2 December, but <a href="/wiki/Shahrokh_Shah" title="Shahrokh Shah">Shahrokh</a> was <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">reappointed</a> in 1755. He was forced to give up <a href="/wiki/Torshiz" title="Torshiz">Torshiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakharz" title="Bakharz">Bakharz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torbat-e_Jam" title="Torbat-e Jam">Jam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaf,_Iran" title="Khaf, Iran">Khaf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torbat-e_Heydarieh" title="Torbat-e Heydarieh">Turbat-e Haidari</a> to the Afghans, as well as accept Afghan sovereignty. Following this, Ahmad Shah sieged <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Nishapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanate of Nishapur">Nishapur</a> once again, and captured it. Ahmad Shah <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani">invaded India eight times</a> during his reign,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta248-102">[96]</a> beginning in 1748. Crossing the Indus River, his armies sacked and absorbed <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Realm</a>. He met Mughal armies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manupur_(1748)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Manupur (1748)">Battle of Manupur (1748)</a>, where he was defeated and forced to retreat back to Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> He returned the next year in 1749 and captured the area around <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, presenting it as an Afghan victory for this campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019122-123-104">[98]</a> From 1749 to 1767, Ahmad Shah led six more invasions, the most important being the last; the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a> created a power vacuum in northern India, halting <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a> expansion. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757,_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1259" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1757</figcaption></figure> Ahmad Shah Durrani died in October 1772, and a civil war over succession followed, with his named successor, <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a> succeeding him after the defeat of his brother, Suleiman Mirza.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019149-105">[99]</a> Timur Shah Durrani ascended to the throne in November 1772, having defeated a coalition under Shah Wali Khan and Humayun Mirza. Timur Shah began his reign by consolidating power toward himself and people loyal to him, purging Durrani Sardars and influential tribal leaders in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>. One of Timur Shah's reforms was to move the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>. Timur Shah fought multiple series of rebellions to consolidate the empire, and he also led campaigns into <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> against the Sikhs like his father, though more successfully. The most prominent example of his battles during this campaign was when he led his forces under Zangi Khan Durrani – with over 18,000 men total of Afghan, Qizilbash, and Mongol cavalrymen – against over 60,000 Sikh men. The Sikhs lost over 30,000 in this battle and staged a Durrani resurgence in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> region<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> The Durranis lost <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> in 1772 after Ahmad Shah's death. Following this victory, Timur Shah was able to lay siege to <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> and recapture it,<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> incorporating it into the Durrani Empire once again, reintegrating it as a province until the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1818)" title="Siege of Multan (1818)">Siege of Multan (1818)</a>. Timur Shah was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a> after his death in May 1793. Timur Shah's reign oversaw the attempted stabilization and consolidation of the empire. However, Timur Shah had over 24 sons, which plunged the empire in civil war over succession crises.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019155-108">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a> succeeded to the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Throne</a> following the death of his father, Timur Shah Durrani. His brothers <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Shah Durrani</a> and Humayun Mirza revolted against him, with Humayun centered in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> and Mahmud Shah centered in <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019158-109">[103]</a> Zaman Shah would defeat Humayun and force the loyalty of Mahmud Shah Durrani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019158-109">[103]</a> Securing his position on the throne, Zaman Shah led three campaigns into <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>. The first two campaigns captured <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, but he retreated due to intel about a possible <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a> invasion. Zaman Shah embarked on his third campaign for <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> in 1800 to deal with a rebellious Ranjit Singh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019162-110">[104]</a> However, he was forced to withdraw, and Zaman Shah's reign was ended by Mahmud Shah Durrani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019162-110">[104]</a> However, just under two years into his reign, Mahmud Shah Durrani was deposed by his brother <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shuja_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Shuja Durrani">Shah Shuja Durrani</a> on 13 July 1803.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019166-111">[105]</a> Shah Shuja attempted to consolidate the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Realm</a> but was deposed by his brother at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nimla_(1809)" title="Battle of Nimla (1809)">Battle of Nimla (1809)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019172-112">[106]</a> Mahmud Shah Durrani defeated Shah Shuja and forced him to flee, usurping the throne again. His second reign began on 3 May 1809.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019176-113">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barakzai_dynasty_and_British_wars">Barakzai dynasty and British wars</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herat_(1793%E2%80%931863)" title="Herat (1793–1863)">Herat (1793–1863)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maimana_Khanate" title="Maimana Khanate">Maimana Khanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Qandahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Qandahar">Principality of Qandahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">European influence in Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Afghan Wars">Anglo-Afghan Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Afghanistan_March_1839.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Map_of_Afghanistan_March_1839.png/300px-Map_of_Afghanistan_March_1839.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Map_of_Afghanistan_March_1839.png/450px-Map_of_Afghanistan_March_1839.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Map_of_Afghanistan_March_1839.png/600px-Map_of_Afghanistan_March_1839.png 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>Map of Afghanistan (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate</a>) and surrounding nations in 1839, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a>'s realm can be seen as the Emirate of Kabul, with the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Qandahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Qandahar">Principality of Qandahar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Herat" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Herat">Emirate of Herat</a> seen as well.</figcaption></figure> By the early 19th century, the Afghan empire was under threat from the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persians</a> in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> in the east. <a href="/wiki/Fateh_Khan_Barakzai" title="Fateh Khan Barakzai">Fateh Khan</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai tribe</a>, installed many of his brothers in positions of power throughout the empire. Fateh Khan was <a href="/wiki/Torture_and_Execution_of_Fateh_Khan_Barakzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture and Execution of Fateh Khan Barakzai">brutally murdered</a> in 1818 by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Shah</a>. As a result, the brothers of Fateh Khan and the <a href="/wiki/Barakzai" title="Barakzai">Barakzai</a> tribe rebelled, and a civil war brewed. During this turbulent period, Afghanistan fractured into many states, including the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Qandahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Qandahar">Principality of Qandahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herat_(1793%E2%80%931863)" title="Herat (1793–1863)">Emirate of Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_Khanate" title="Kunduz Khanate">Khanate of Qunduz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maimana_Khanate" title="Maimana Khanate">Maimana Khanate</a>, and numerous other warring polities. The most prominent state was the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Kabul</a>, ruled by <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> With the collapse of the Durrani Empire, and the exile of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Sadozai Dynasty</a> to be left to rule in <a href="/wiki/Herat_(1793%E2%80%931863)" title="Herat (1793–1863)">Herat</a>, Punjab and Kashmir were lost to <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>, who invaded <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> in March 1823 and captured the city of <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a>. In 1834, Dost Mohammad Khan led numerous campaigns, firstly <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad%27s_Campaign_to_Jalalabad_(1834)" title="Dost Mohammad's Campaign to Jalalabad (1834)">campaigning to Jalalabad</a>, and then allying with his rival brothers in <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Qandahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Qandahar">Kandahar</a> to defeat <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shuja_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Shuja Durrani">Shah Shuja Durrani</a> and the British in the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Shuja_ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition of Shuja ul-Mulk">Expedition of Shuja ul-Mulk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019205-116">[110]</a> In 1837, Dost Mohammad Khan attempted to conquer Peshawar and sent a large force under his son <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Wazir Akbar Khan</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Akbar Khan</a> and the Afghan army failed to capture the <a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a>, but killed Sikh Commander <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a>, thus ending the <a href="/wiki/Afghan-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan-Sikh Wars">Afghan-Sikh Wars</a>. By this time the British were advancing from the east, capitalizing off of the decline of the Sikh Empire after it had its own period of turbulence following the death of <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>, which engaged the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Kabul</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">first major conflict</a> during "<a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game">The Great Game</a>".<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_foot_soldiers_in_1841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Afghan_foot_soldiers_in_1841.jpg/220px-Afghan_foot_soldiers_in_1841.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Afghan_foot_soldiers_in_1841.jpg/330px-Afghan_foot_soldiers_in_1841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Afghan_foot_soldiers_in_1841.jpg/440px-Afghan_foot_soldiers_in_1841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Afghan tribesmen</a> in 1841, painted by British officer <a href="/wiki/James_Rattray" title="James Rattray">James Rattray</a></figcaption></figure> In 1839 a <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British</a> expeditionary force marched into Afghanistan, invading the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Qandahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Qandahar">Principality of Qandahar</a>, and in August 1839, seized <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>. Dost Mohammad Khan defeated the British in the <a href="/wiki/Parwan_Campaign_(1840)" title="Parwan Campaign (1840)">Parwan campaign</a>, but surrendered following his victory. He was replaced with the former Durrani ruler <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shuja_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Shuja Durrani">Shah Shuja Durrani</a> as the new <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">ruler</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, a de facto puppet of the British.<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> Following an uprising that saw the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shuja_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Shuja Durrani">Shah Shuja</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1842_retreat_from_Kabul" title="1842 retreat from Kabul">1842 retreat from Kabul</a> of British-Indian forces and the <a href="/wiki/1842_retreat_from_Kabul" title="1842 retreat from Kabul">annihilation</a> of <a href="/wiki/William_George_Keith_Elphinstone" title="William George Keith Elphinstone">Elphinstone</a>'s army, and the punitive expedition of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kabul_(1842)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kabul (1842)">The Battle of Kabul</a> that led to its sacking, the British gave up on their attempts to try to subjugate Afghanistan, allowing Dost Mohammad Khan to return as ruler. Following this, Dost Mohammad pursued a myriad of campaigns to unite most of Afghanistan in his reign, launching numerous incursions including against the surrounding states such as the <a href="/wiki/Hazarajat_Campaign_of_1843" title="Hazarajat Campaign of 1843">Hazarajat campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Conquest_of_Balkh" title="Afghan Conquest of Balkh">conquest of Balkh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Conquest_of_Kunduz" title="Afghan Conquest of Kunduz">conquest of Kunduz</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Kandahar" title="Conquest of Kandahar">conquest of Kandahar</a>. Dost Mohammad led his final campaign against <a href="/wiki/Herat_(1793%E2%80%931863)" title="Herat (1793–1863)">Herat</a>, conquering it and re-uniting Afghanistan. During his campaigns of re-unification, he held friendly relations with the British despite the First Anglo-Afghan War, and affirmed their status in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_Treaty_(1857)" title="Second Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1857)">Second Anglo-Afghan treaty</a> of 1857, while <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a> and internal religious leaders pressured Dost Mohammad to invade India during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> Dost Mohammad died in June 1863, a few weeks after his successful <a href="/wiki/Herat_campaign_of_1862%E2%80%931863" title="Herat campaign of 1862–1863">campaign</a> to Herat. Following his death, a civil war ensued among his sons, prominently <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Afzal_Khan" title="Mohammad Afzal Khan">Mohammad Afzal Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Azam_Khan" title="Mohammad Azam Khan">Mohammad Azam Khan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sher_Ali_Khan" title="Sher Ali Khan">Sher Ali Khan</a>. Sher Ali won the resulting <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1863%E2%80%931869)" title="Afghan Civil War (1863–1869)">Afghan Civil War (1863–1869)</a> and ruled Afghanistan until his death in 1879. In his final years, the British returned to Afghanistan in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> to fight perceived Russian influence in the region. Sher Ali retreated to northern Afghanistan, intending to create a resistance there similar to his predecessors, Dost Mohammad Khan, and Wazir Akbar Khan. His untimely death however, saw <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yaqub_Khan" title="Mohammad Yaqub Khan">Yaqub Khan</a> declared the new Amir, leading to Britain gaining control of Afghanistan's foreign relations as part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gandamak" title="Treaty of Gandamak">Treaty of Gandamak</a> of 1879, making it an official <a href="/wiki/British_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="British Protectorate">British Protected State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019359-366-121">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_British_Residency_in_Kabul" title="Siege of the British Residency in Kabul">An uprising</a> however, re-started the conflict, and Yaqub Khan was deposed. During this tumultuous period, <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a> began his rise to power, becoming an eligible candidate to become Amir after he seized <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War#Exploits_of_Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">much of Northern Afghanistan</a>. Abdur Rahman marched on <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, and was declared Amir, being recognized by the British as well. Another uprising by <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)" title="Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)">Ayub Khan</a> threatened the British, where rebels confronted and defeated British forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maiwand" title="Battle of Maiwand">Battle of Maiwand</a>. Following up on his victory, Ayub Khan unsuccessfully <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kandahar_(1880)" title="Battle of Kandahar (1880)">besieged Kandahar</a>, and his decisive defeat saw the end of the Second Anglo-Afghan War, with Abdur Rahman secured firmly as Amir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019376-383-123">[117]</a> In 1893, Abdur Rahman signed an agreement in which the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Pashtun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun">Pashtun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a> territories were divided by the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a>, which forms the modern-day border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Shia Islam in Afghanistan">Shia</a>-dominated <a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a> and pagan <a href="/wiki/Kafiristan" title="Kafiristan">Kafiristan</a> remained politically independent until being <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">conquered</a> by Abdur Rahman Khan in 1891–1896. He was known as the "Iron Amir" for his features and his ruthless methods against tribes.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> He died in 1901, succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan" title="Habibullah Khan">Habibullah Khan</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">How can a small power like Afghanistan, which is like a goat between these lions [Britain and Russia] or a grain of wheat between two strong millstones of the grinding mill, stand in the midway of the stones without being ground to dust?<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a>, the "Iron Amir", in 1900<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a></cite></div></blockquote> During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, when Afghanistan was neutral, Habibullah Khan was met by officials of the central powers in the <a href="/wiki/Niedermayer%E2%80%93Hentig_Expedition" title="Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition">Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition</a>. They called on Afghanistan to declare full independence from the United Kingdom, join them and attack British India, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a>. The effort to bring Afghanistan into the Central Powers failed, but it sparked discontent among the population about maintaining neutrality with the British. Habibullah was assassinated in February 1919, and <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a> eventually assumed power. A staunch supporter of the 1915–1916 expeditions, Amanullah Khan invaded British India, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a>, and entering British India via the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Amanullah_standing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/King_Amanullah_standing.jpg/170px-King_Amanullah_standing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/King_Amanullah_standing.jpg/255px-King_Amanullah_standing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/King_Amanullah_standing.jpg/340px-King_Amanullah_standing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a> proclaimed himself <a href="/wiki/King_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Afghanistan">King of Afghanistan</a> in June 1926.</figcaption></figure> After the end of the Third Anglo-Afghan War and the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_Treaty_of_1919" title="Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919">Treaty of Rawalpindi</a> on 19 August 1919, <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir of Afghanistan">Emir</a> Amanullah Khan declared the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a> a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> and fully <a href="/wiki/Independent_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent state">independent state</a>. He moved to end his country's traditional isolation by establishing diplomatic relations with the international community, particularly with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> He proclaimed himself <a href="/wiki/King_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Afghanistan">King of Afghanistan</a> on 9 June 1926, forming the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a>. He introduced several reforms intended to modernize his nation. A key force behind these reforms was <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a>, an ardent supporter of the education of women. He fought for Article 68 of Afghanistan's 1923 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Afghanistan">constitution</a>, which made elementary education compulsory. <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> was abolished in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> King Amanullah's wife, <a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Queen Soraya</a>, was an important figure during this period in the fight for woman's education and against their oppression.<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> Some of the reforms, such as the abolition of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqa</a> for women and the opening of co-educational schools, alienated many tribal and religious leaders, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)</a>. King Amanullah abdicated in January 1929, and soon after Kabul fell to <a href="/wiki/Saqqawist" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqqawist">Saqqawist</a> forces led by <a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Kalakani" class="mw-redirect" title="Habibullah Kalakani">Habibullah Kalakani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nadir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Nadir Shah">Mohammed Nadir Shah</a>, Amanullah's cousin, defeated and killed Kalakani in October 1929, and was declared King Nadir Shah.<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> He abandoned the reforms of King Amanullah in favor of a more gradual approach to modernization, but was assassinated in 1933 by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Khaliq_Hazara_(assassin)" title="Abdul Khaliq Hazara (assassin)">Abdul Khaliq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> Mohammed Zahir Shah succeeded to the throne and reigned as king from 1933 to 1973. During the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_tribal_revolts_of_1944%E2%80%931947" title="Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947">tribal revolts of 1944–1947</a>, King Zahir's reign was challenged by <a href="/wiki/Zadran_(Pashtun_tribe)" title="Zadran (Pashtun tribe)">Zadran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safi_(Pashtun_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safi (Pashtun tribe)">Safi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangal_(Pashtun_tribe)" title="Mangal (Pashtun tribe)">Mangal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wazir_(Pashtun_tribe)" title="Wazir (Pashtun tribe)">Wazir</a> tribesmen led by <a href="/wiki/Mazrak_Zadran" title="Mazrak Zadran">Mazrak Zadran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salemai" title="Salemai">Salemai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Faqir_Ipi" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqir Ipi">Mirzali Khan</a>, among others – many of whom were <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_loyalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanullah loyalist">Amanullah loyalists</a>. Afghanistan joined the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in 1934. The 1930s saw the development of roads, infrastructure, the founding of a <a href="/wiki/Da_Afghanistan_Bank" title="Da Afghanistan Bank">national bank</a>, and increased education. Road links in the north played a large part in a growing cotton and textile industry.<a href="#cite_note-Eur2002-135">[129]</a> The country built close relationships with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> having the largest share in Afghan development at the time.<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zahir_Shah_of_Afghanistan_in_1930s-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Zahir_Shah_of_Afghanistan_in_1930s-cropped.jpg/170px-Zahir_Shah_of_Afghanistan_in_1930s-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Zahir_Shah_of_Afghanistan_in_1930s-cropped.jpg/255px-Zahir_Shah_of_Afghanistan_in_1930s-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Zahir_Shah_of_Afghanistan_in_1930s-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Zahir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Zahir Shah">King Zahir</a>, the last reigning monarch of Afghanistan, who reigned from 1933 until 1973</figcaption></figure> Until 1946 King Zahir ruled with the assistance of his uncle, who held the post of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">prime minister</a> and continued the policies of Nadir Shah. Another uncle, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Mahmud_Khan" title="Shah Mahmud Khan">Shah Mahmud Khan</a>, became prime minister in 1946 and experimented with allowing greater political freedom. He was replaced in 1953 by <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Daoud Khan">Mohammed Daoud Khan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pashtun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun">Pashtun</a> nationalist who sought the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a>, leading to highly tense relations with Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> Daoud Khan pressed for social modernization reforms and sought a closer relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Afterward, the <a href="/wiki/1964_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="1964 Constitution of Afghanistan">1964 constitution</a> was formed, and the first non-royal prime minister was sworn in.<a href="#cite_note-Eur2002-135">[129]</a> Zahir Shah, like his father Nadir Shah, had a policy of maintaining national independence while pursuing gradual modernization, creating nationalist feeling, and improving relations with the United Kingdom. Afghanistan was neither a participant in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> nor aligned with either power bloc in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. However, it was a beneficiary of the latter rivalry as both the Soviet Union and the United States vied for influence by building Afghanistan's main highways, airports, and other vital infrastructure. On a per capita basis, Afghanistan received more Soviet <a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">development aid</a> than any other country. In 1973, while the King was in Italy, Daoud Khan launched a <a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Afghan coup">bloodless coup</a> and became the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Afghanistan" title="President of Afghanistan">president of Afghanistan</a>, abolishing the monarchy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_Republic_and_Soviet_war">Democratic Republic and Soviet war</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan_(1978%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Afghanistan (1978–1992)">History of Afghanistan (1978–1992)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afgan1987_Gardez_UAZ469.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Afgan1987_Gardez_UAZ469.jpg/220px-Afgan1987_Gardez_UAZ469.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Afgan1987_Gardez_UAZ469.jpg/330px-Afgan1987_Gardez_UAZ469.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Afgan1987_Gardez_UAZ469.jpg/440px-Afgan1987_Gardez_UAZ469.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5328" data-file-height="3663" /></a><figcaption>Soviet troops in <a href="/wiki/Gardez" title="Gardez">Gardez</a>, Afghanistan in 1987</figcaption></figure> In April 1978, the communist <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan" title="People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan">People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan</a> (PDPA) seized power in a bloody coup d'état against then-President <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Daoud Khan">Mohammed Daoud Khan</a>, in what is called the <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a>. The PDPA declared the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a>, with its first leader named as <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan" title="People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan">People's Democratic Party</a> General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki" title="Nur Muhammad Taraki">Nur Muhammad Taraki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwans2002186–88-138">[132]</a> This would trigger a series of events that would dramatically turn Afghanistan from a poor and secluded (albeit peaceful) country to a hotbed of international terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> The PDPA initiated various social, symbolic, and land distribution reforms that provoked strong opposition, while also brutally oppressing political dissidents. This caused unrest and quickly expanded into a state of <a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">civil war</a> by 1979, waged by guerrilla <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a> (and smaller <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> guerrillas) against regime forces countrywide. It quickly turned into a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy war</a> as the Pakistani government provided these rebels with covert training centers, the United States <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">supported</a> them through Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI),<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA regime.<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> Meanwhile, there was increasingly hostile friction between the competing factions of the PDPA – the dominant <a href="/wiki/Khalq" title="Khalq">Khalq</a> and the more moderate <a href="/wiki/Parcham" title="Parcham">Parcham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> In October 1979, PDPA General Secretary Taraki was assassinated in an internal coup orchestrated by then-prime minister <a href="/wiki/Hafizullah_Amin" title="Hafizullah Amin">Hafizullah Amin</a>, who became the new general secretary of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan" title="People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan">People's Democratic Party</a>. The situation in the country deteriorated under Amin, and thousands of people went missing.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> Displeased with Amin's government, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> invaded the country in December 1979, heading for Kabul and killing Amin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarfield2012234-144">[138]</a> A Soviet-organized regime, led by Parcham's <a href="/wiki/Babrak_Karmal" title="Babrak Karmal">Babrak Karmal</a> but inclusive of both factions (Parcham and Khalq), filled the vacuum. Soviet troops in more substantial numbers were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal, marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> Lasting nine years, the war caused the deaths of between 562,000<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> and 2 million Afghans,<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] and displaced about 6 million people who subsequently fled Afghanistan, mainly to <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Iran" title="Afghans in Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a> Heavy air bombardment destroyed many countryside villages, millions of <a href="/wiki/Landmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmine">landmines</a> were planted,<a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a> and some cities such as <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> were also damaged from bombardment. After the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan">Soviet withdrawal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989-92)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Civil War (1989-92)">civil war ensued</a> until the communist regime under People's Democratic Party leader <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a> collapsed in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarfield2012239,_244-158">[152]</a> The Soviet–Afghan War had drastic social effects on Afghanistan. The militarization of society led to heavily armed police, private bodyguards, openly armed civil defense groups, and other such things becoming the norm in Afghanistan for decades thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> The traditional power structure had shifted from clergy, community elders, intelligentsia, and military in favor of powerful <a href="/wiki/Warlords" class="mw-redirect" title="Warlords">warlords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–Cold_War_conflict">Post–Cold War conflict</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_in_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%932001).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/War_in_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.png/330px-War_in_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/War_in_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.png/495px-War_in_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/War_in_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.png/660px-War_in_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1489" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption>Development of the civil war from 1992 to late 2001</figcaption></figure> Another civil war broke out after the <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshawar Accords">creation</a> of a dysfunctional coalition <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">government</a> between leaders of various mujahideen factions. Amid a state of anarchy and factional infighting,<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-2005-162">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> various mujahideen factions committed widespread rape, murder and extortion,<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-2005-162">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-1998-165">[159]</a> while Kabul was heavily bombarded and partially destroyed by the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-1998-165">[159]</a> Several failed reconciliations and alliances occurred between different leaders.<a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> emerged in September 1994 as a movement and militia of students (talib) from Islamic <a href="/wiki/Madrassas_in_Pakistan" title="Madrassas in Pakistan">madrassas (schools) in Pakistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-1998-165">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> who soon had military support from Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-George_Washington_University-168">[162]</a> Taking control of <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> city that year,<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-1998-165">[159]</a> they conquered more territories until finally driving out the government of <a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani" title="Burhanuddin Rabbani">Rabbani</a> from Kabul in 1996,<a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> where they established an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">emirate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a> The Taliban were condemned internationally for the harsh enforcement of their interpretation of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> law, which resulted in the brutal treatment of many Afghans, especially <a href="/wiki/Taliban_treatment_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Taliban treatment of women">women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> During their rule, the Taliban and their allies committed massacres against Afghan civilians, denied UN food supplies to starving civilians and conducted a policy of <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a>, burning vast areas of fertile land and destroying tens of thousands of homes.<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kabul_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Battle of Kabul (1992–1996)">After the fall of Kabul</a> to the Taliban, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" title="Abdul Rashid Dostum">Abdul Rashid Dostum</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a>, later joined by others, to resist the Taliban. Dostum's forces were defeated by the Taliban during the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Mazar-i-Sharif_(1997%E2%80%931998)" title="Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif (1997–1998)">Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif</a> in 1997 and 1998; Pakistan's Chief of Army Staff, <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a>, began sending thousands of Pakistanis to help the Taliban defeat the Northern Alliance.<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-George_Washington_University-168">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] By 2000, the Northern Alliance only controlled 10% of territory, cornered in the northeast. On 9 September 2001, Massoud was assassinated by two Arab <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attackers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Panjshir_Valley" title="Panjshir Valley">Panjshir Valley</a>. Around 400,000 Afghans died in internal conflicts between 1990 and 2001.<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_invasion_and_Islamic_Republic">US invasion and Islamic Republic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">Fall of Kabul (2021)</a></div> In October 2001, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">United States invaded Afghanistan</a> to remove the Taliban from power after they refused to hand over <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>, the prime suspect of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, who was a "guest" of the Taliban and was operating his <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> network in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> The majority of Afghans supported the American invasion.<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> During the initial invasion, US and UK forces bombed al-Qaeda training camps, and later working with the Northern Alliance, the Taliban regime came to an end.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inbound_Choppers_in_Afghanistan_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Inbound_Choppers_in_Afghanistan_2008.jpg/220px-Inbound_Choppers_in_Afghanistan_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Inbound_Choppers_in_Afghanistan_2008.jpg/330px-Inbound_Choppers_in_Afghanistan_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Inbound_Choppers_in_Afghanistan_2008.jpg/440px-Inbound_Choppers_in_Afghanistan_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1205" /></a><figcaption>US troops and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_CH-47_Chinook" title="Boeing CH-47 Chinook">Chinooks</a> in Afghanistan, 2008</figcaption></figure> In December 2001, after the Taliban government was overthrown, the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Interim_Administration" title="Afghan Interim Administration">Afghan Interim Administration</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> was formed. The <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> (ISAF) was established by the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> to help assist the <a href="/wiki/Karzai_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Karzai administration">Karzai administration</a> and provide basic security.<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a> By this time, after two decades of war as well as an acute <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> at the time, Afghanistan had one of the highest <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant</a> and child mortality rates in the world, the lowest life expectancy, much of the population were hungry,<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> and infrastructure was in ruins.<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> Many foreign donors started providing aid and assistance to rebuild the war-torn country.<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> As coalition troops entered Afghanistan to help the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_in_Afghanistan" title="Reconstruction in Afghanistan">rebuilding process</a>,<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban began an insurgency</a> to regain control. Afghanistan remained one of the poorest countries in the world because of a lack of foreign investment, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Afghanistan" title="Corruption in Afghanistan">government corruption</a>, and the Taliban insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> The Afghan government was able to build some democratic structures, adopting a constitution in 2004 with the name <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</a>. Attempts were made, often with the support of foreign donor countries, to improve the country's economy, healthcare, education, transport, and agriculture. ISAF forces also began to train the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces" title="Afghan National Security Forces">Afghan National Security Forces</a>. Following 2002, nearly five million <a href="/wiki/Afghan_diaspora" title="Afghan diaspora">Afghans</a> were repatriated.<a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a> The number of NATO troops present in Afghanistan peaked at 140,000 in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> dropping to about 16,000 in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> In September 2014 <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani" title="Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a> became president after the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_presidential_election,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan presidential election, 2014">2014 presidential election</a> where for the first time in Afghanistan's history power was democratically transferred.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> On 28 December 2014, NATO formally ended ISAF combat operations and transferred full security responsibility to the Afghan government. The NATO-led <a href="/wiki/Operation_Resolute_Support" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Resolute Support">Operation Resolute Support</a> was formed the same day as a successor to ISAF.<a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> Thousands of NATO troops remained in the country to train and advise Afghan government forces<a href="#cite_note-211">[205]</a> and continue their fight against the Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> A report titled Body Count concluded that 106,000–170,000 civilians had been killed as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan at the hands of all parties to the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Taliban_Offensive.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2021_Taliban_Offensive.png/220px-2021_Taliban_Offensive.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2021_Taliban_Offensive.png/330px-2021_Taliban_Offensive.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2021_Taliban_Offensive.png/440px-2021_Taliban_Offensive.png 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="5514" /></a><figcaption>A map of Afghanistan showing the <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">2021 Taliban offensive</a> </figcaption></figure> On 19 February 2020, the <a href="/wiki/US%E2%80%93Taliban_deal" class="mw-redirect" title="US–Taliban deal">US–Taliban deal</a> was made in Qatar. The deal was one of the critical events that caused the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces" title="Afghan National Security Forces">Afghan National Security Forces</a> (ANSF);<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> following the signing of the deal, the US dramatically reduced the number of air attacks and deprived the ANSF of a critical edge in fighting the <a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a>, leading to the Taliban takeover of Kabul.<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Taliban_era">Second Taliban era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Afghanistan_War_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Aftermath of the Afghanistan War (2001–2021)">Aftermath of the Afghanistan War (2001–2021)</a></div> NATO Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a> announced on 14 April 2021 that the alliance had agreed to start <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan</a> by 1 May.<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> Soon after NATO troops began withdrawing, the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> launched an <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">offensive against the Afghan government</a> and quickly advanced in front of collapsing Afghan government forces.<a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> The Taliban <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">captured the capital city of Kabul</a> on 15 August 2021, after regaining control over a vast majority of Afghanistan. Several foreign diplomats and Afghan government officials, including president Ashraf Ghani,<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> were evacuated from the country, with many Afghan civilians attempting to flee along with them.<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> On 17 August, first vice president <a href="/wiki/Amrullah_Saleh" title="Amrullah Saleh">Amrullah Saleh</a> proclaimed himself caretaker president and announced the formation of an <a href="/wiki/National_Resistance_Front_of_Afghanistan" title="National Resistance Front of Afghanistan">anti-Taliban front</a> with a reported 6,000+ troops<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Panjshir_Valley" title="Panjshir Valley">Panjshir Valley</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Massoud" title="Ahmad Massoud">Ahmad Massoud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a> However, by 6 September, the Taliban had taken control of most of <a href="/wiki/Panjshir_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjshir province">Panjshir province</a>, with resistance fighters retreating to the mountains.<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> Clashes in the valley ceased mid-September.<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Costs_of_War_Project" title="Costs of War Project">Costs of War Project</a>, 176,000 people were killed in the conflict, including 46,319 civilians, between 2001 and 2021.<a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Conflict_Data_Program" title="Uppsala Conflict Data Program">Uppsala Conflict Data Program</a>, at least 212,191 people were killed in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> Though the state of war in the country ended in 2021, armed conflict persists in some regions<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> amid <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">fighting between the Taliban and the local branch of the Islamic State</a>, as well as an anti-Taliban <a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul,_August_2021_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png/440px-Taliban_Humvee_in_Kabul%2C_August_2021_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1607" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>Taliban fighters in Kabul on a captured <a href="/wiki/Humvee" title="Humvee">Humvee</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">2021 fall of Kabul</a></figcaption></figure> The Taliban government is led by <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">supreme leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> and acting prime minister <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Akhund" title="Hasan Akhund">Hasan Akhund</a>, who took office on 7 September 2021.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> Akhund is one of the four founders of the Taliban<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> and was a deputy prime minister of the previous emirate; his appointment was seen as a compromise between moderates and hardliners.<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">new, all-male cabinet</a> was formed, which included <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_Haqqani" title="Abdul Hakim Haqqani">Abdul Hakim Haqqani</a> as minister of justice.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> On 20 September 2021, <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">United Nations Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> received a letter from acting <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)">minister of foreign affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khan_Muttaqi" title="Amir Khan Muttaqi">Amir Khan Muttaqi</a> to formally claim Afghanistan's seat as a member state for their official spokesman in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suhail_Shaheen" title="Suhail Shaheen">Suhail Shaheen</a>. The United Nations did not recognize the previous Taliban government and chose to work with the then government-in-exile instead.<a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> Western nations suspended most of their humanitarian aid to Afghanistan following the Taliban's August 2021 takeover of the country; the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> also halted their payments.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a> More than half of Afghanistan's 39 million people faced an acute <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food shortage</a> in October 2021.<a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> Human Rights Watch reported on 11 November 2021 that Afghanistan was facing widespread <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> due to an economic and banking crisis.<a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> have significantly tackled corruption, now being placed as 150th on the corruption watchdog perception index. The Taliban have also reportedly reduced bribery and extortion in public service areas.<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> At the same time, the human rights situation in the country has deteriorated.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> Following the 2001 invasion, more than 5.7 million refugees returned to Afghanistan;<a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a> however, in 2021, 2.6 million Afghans remained refugees, primarily in Iran and Pakistan, and another 4 million were internally displaced.<a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a> In October 2023, the Pakistani government ordered the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Afghans_from_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Afghans from Pakistan">expulsion of Afghans from Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> Iran also decided to deport <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Iran" title="Afghans in Iran">Afghan</a> nationals back to Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a> Taliban authorities condemned the deportations of Afghans as an "inhuman act".<a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> Afghanistan faced a humanitarian crisis in late 2023.<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> On 10 November 2024, Afghanistan's Foreign Ministry confirmed that Taliban representatives would attend the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2024 United Nations Climate Change Conference">COP29 summit</a>, marking the first time the country participated since the Taliban's return to power in 2021. Afghanistan had been barred from previous summits due to the lack of global recognition of the Taliban regime. However, the Taliban's environmental officials stressed that climate change is a humanitarian issue, not a political one, and should be addressed regardless of political differences.<a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Geography of Afghanistan</a></div> <div class="noprint" style="padding:10px; border:1px #aaa solid; float:right; clear:right; margin-left:0.5em;"> <div style="position: relative"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Afghanistan_regional_locator_map.png/350px-Afghanistan_regional_locator_map.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Afghanistan_regional_locator_map.png/525px-Afghanistan_regional_locator_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Afghanistan_regional_locator_map.png/700px-Afghanistan_regional_locator_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="1196" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div style="position:absolute;left:5px;top:140px;"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/25px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/38px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/50px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:5px;top:155px;"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:30px;top:30px;"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/25px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/38px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:20px;top:45px;"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:130px;top:10px;"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/25px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/38px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:130px;top:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:240px;top:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:260px;top:25px;"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/25px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/38px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:260px;top:40px;"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:320px;top:20px;"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:320px;top:35px;"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:323px;top:155px;"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/25px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/38px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/50px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:322px;top:170px;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:255px;top:190px;"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/25px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/38px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:245px;top:205px;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:175px;top:120px;"><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/10px-Red_pog.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/15px-Red_pog.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/20px-Red_pog.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:135px;top:195px;"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/7px-Red_pog.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/11px-Red_pog.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/14px-Red_pog.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /><a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:60px;top:130px;"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/7px-Red_pog.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/11px-Red_pog.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/14px-Red_pog.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /><a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:85px;top:70px;"><a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/7px-Red_pog.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/11px-Red_pog.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/14px-Red_pog.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:232px;top:125px;"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/7px-Red_pog.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/11px-Red_pog.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/14px-Red_pog.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /><a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:200px;top:65px;"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/7px-Red_pog.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/11px-Red_pog.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_pog.png/14px-Red_pog.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /><a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:110px;top:50px;"><a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:225px;top:235px;"><a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:100px;top:170px;"><a href="/wiki/Helmand_River" title="Helmand River">Helmand</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:275px;top:55px;"><a href="/wiki/Pamirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamirs">Pamirs</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:300px;top:80px;"><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:210px;top:150px;"><a href="/wiki/Spin_Ghar" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin Ghar">Spin Ghar</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:170px;top:100px;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:60px;top:220px;"><a href="/wiki/Sistan_Basin" title="Sistan Basin">Sistan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:215px;top:75px;"><a href="/wiki/Noshaq" title="Noshaq">Noshaq</a><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/BlackMountain.svg/14px-BlackMountain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/BlackMountain.svg/21px-BlackMountain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/BlackMountain.svg/28px-BlackMountain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="470" /></div> </div> </div> Afghanistan is located in Southern-Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-254">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[252]</a> The region centered at Afghanistan is considered the "crossroads of Asia",<a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a> and the country has had the nickname Heart of Asia.<a href="#cite_note-260">[254]</a> The renowned <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Allama_Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Allama Iqbal">Allama Iqbal</a> once wrote about the country: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Asia is a body of water and earth, of which the Afghan nation is the heart. From its discord, the discord of Asia; and from its accord, the accord of Asia.</blockquote> At over 652,864 km2 (252,072 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a> Afghanistan is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">41st largest country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a> It is slightly bigger than France and smaller than Myanmar, and about the size of Texas in the United States. There is no coastline, as Afghanistan is <a href="/wiki/Landlocked" class="mw-redirect" title="Landlocked">landlocked</a>. Afghanistan shares its longest land border (the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a>) with Pakistan to the east and south, followed by borders with Tajikistan to the northeast, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the north-west, Uzbekistan to the north and China to the far northeast; India recognizes a border with Afghanistan through Pakistani-administered <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a> Clockwise from south-west, Afghanistan shares borders with the <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan Province">Sistan and Baluchestan Province</a>, South Khorasan Province and <a href="/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Razavi Khorasan Province">Razavi Khorasan Province</a> of Iran; <a href="/wiki/Ahal_Region" title="Ahal Region">Ahal Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Region" title="Mary Region">Mary Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebap_Region" title="Lebap Region">Lebap Region</a> of Turkmenistan; <a href="/wiki/Surxondaryo_Region" title="Surxondaryo Region">Surxondaryo Region</a> of Uzbekistan; <a href="/wiki/Khatlon_Region" title="Khatlon Region">Khatlon Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region">Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region</a> of Tajikistan; <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region</a> of China; and the <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan province</a> of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrontLines_Environment_Photo_Contest_Winner_-5_(5808476109).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/FrontLines_Environment_Photo_Contest_Winner_-5_%285808476109%29.jpg/220px-FrontLines_Environment_Photo_Contest_Winner_-5_%285808476109%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/FrontLines_Environment_Photo_Contest_Winner_-5_%285808476109%29.jpg/330px-FrontLines_Environment_Photo_Contest_Winner_-5_%285808476109%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/FrontLines_Environment_Photo_Contest_Winner_-5_%285808476109%29.jpg/440px-FrontLines_Environment_Photo_Contest_Winner_-5_%285808476109%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>Floodplain cultivation in the <a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> The geography in Afghanistan is varied, but is mostly mountainous and rugged, with some unusual mountain ridges accompanied by plateaus and river basins.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-2002-265">[259]</a> It is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> range, the western extension of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> that stretches to eastern <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakoram Mountains">Karakoram Mountains</a> in Afghanistan's far north-east. Most of the highest points are in the east consisting of fertile mountain valleys, often considered part of the "<a href="/wiki/Roof_of_the_World" title="Roof of the World">Roof of the World</a>". The Hindu Kush ends at the west-central highlands, creating plains in the north and southwest, namely the <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> Plains and the <a href="/wiki/Sistan_Basin" title="Sistan Basin">Sistan Basin</a>; these two regions consist of rolling grasslands and semi-deserts, and hot windy deserts, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a> Forests exist in the corridor between <a href="/wiki/Nuristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristan">Nuristan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paktika" class="mw-redirect" title="Paktika">Paktika</a> provinces (see <a href="/wiki/East_Afghan_montane_conifer_forests" title="East Afghan montane conifer forests">East Afghan montane conifer forests</a>),<a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> in the northeast. The country's highest point is <a href="/wiki/Noshaq" title="Noshaq">Noshaq</a>, at 7,492 m (24,580 ft) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-268">[262]</a> The lowest point lies in <a href="/wiki/Jowzjan_Province" title="Jowzjan Province">Jowzjan Province</a> along the Amu River bank, at 258 m (846 ft) above sea level. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_topo_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Afghan_topo_en.jpg/330px-Afghan_topo_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Afghan_topo_en.jpg/495px-Afghan_topo_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Afghan_topo_en.jpg/660px-Afghan_topo_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>The mountainous <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> of Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> Despite having numerous rivers and <a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Afghanistan" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Afghanistan">reservoirs</a>, large parts of the country are dry. The <a href="/wiki/Endorheic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorheic">endorheic</a> Sistan Basin is one of the driest regions in the world.<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> rises at the north of the Hindu Kush, while the nearby <a href="/wiki/Hari_Rud" class="mw-redirect" title="Hari Rud">Hari Rud</a> flows west towards <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arghandab_River" title="Arghandab River">Arghandab River</a> from the central region southwards. To the south and west of the Hindu Kush flow a number of streams that are tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-2002-265">[259]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Helmand_River" title="Helmand River">Helmand River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kabul_River" title="Kabul River">Kabul River</a> flows in an easterly direction to the Indus ending at the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-afghanistans.com-1-270">[264]</a> Afghanistan receives heavy snow during the winter in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a>, and the melting snow in the spring season enters the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Afghanistan" title="List of rivers of Afghanistan">rivers, lakes, and streams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a> However, two-thirds of the country's water flows into the neighboring countries of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, Pakistan, and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>. As reported in 2010, the state needs more than US$2 billion to rehabilitate its irrigation systems so that the water is properly managed.<a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a> In Afghanistan, <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 2% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,208,440 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, which was unchanged from 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 1,208,440 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest, 0% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 0% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a> The northeastern Hindu Kush <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a>, in and around the <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan Province</a> of Afghanistan, is in a <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment#Geological_activity" title="Natural environment">geologically active</a> area where earthquakes may occur almost every year.<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> They can be deadly and destructive, causing <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a> in some parts or <a href="/wiki/2009_Afghan_avalanches" title="2009 Afghan avalanches">avalanches</a> during the winter.<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a> In June 2022, a <a href="/wiki/June_2022_Afghanistan_earthquake" title="June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake">destructive 5.9 earthquake</a> struck near the border with Pakistan, killing at least 1,150 people and sparking fears of a major humanitarian crisis.<a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a> On 7 October 2023, a <a href="/wiki/October_2023_Afghanistan_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2023 Afghanistan earthquake">6.3 magnitude earthquake</a> struck northwest of Herat, killing over 1,400 people.<a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_AFG_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Koppen-Geiger_Map_AFG_present.svg/290px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_AFG_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Koppen-Geiger_Map_AFG_present.svg/435px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_AFG_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Koppen-Geiger_Map_AFG_present.svg/580px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_AFG_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate map</a> of Afghanistan<a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a></figcaption></figure> Afghanistan has a <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a> with harsh winters in the <a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">central highlands</a>, the glaciated northeast (around <a href="/wiki/Nuristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristan">Nuristan</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a>, where the average temperature in January is below −15 °C (5 °F) and can reach −26 °C (−15 °F),<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-2002-265">[259]</a> and hot summers in the low-lying areas of the <a href="/wiki/Sistan_Basin" title="Sistan Basin">Sistan Basin</a> of the southwest, the <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a> basin in the east, and the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkestan" title="Afghan Turkestan">Turkestan</a> plains along the <a href="/wiki/Amu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amu River">Amu River</a> in the north, where temperatures average over 35 °C (95 °F) in July<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-268">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a> and can go over 43 °C (109 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-2002-265">[259]</a> The country is generally <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> in the summers, with most rainfall falling between December and April. The lower areas of northern and western Afghanistan are the driest, with precipitation more common in the east. Although proximate to India, Afghanistan is mostly outside the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> zone,<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-2002-265">[259]</a> except the <a href="/wiki/Nuristan_Province" title="Nuristan Province">Nuristan Province</a> which occasionally receives summer monsoon rain.<a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Afghanistan" title="Wildlife of Afghanistan">Wildlife of Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schneeleopard-_P1020498.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Schneeleopard-_P1020498.jpg/220px-Schneeleopard-_P1020498.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Schneeleopard-_P1020498.jpg/330px-Schneeleopard-_P1020498.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Schneeleopard-_P1020498.jpg/440px-Schneeleopard-_P1020498.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopard</a> is the official national animal of Afghanistan.</figcaption></figure> Several types of mammals exist throughout Afghanistan. <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberian_tiger" title="Siberian tiger">Siberian tigers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a> live in the high elevation <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">alpine tundra</a> regions. The <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_sheep" title="Marco Polo sheep">Marco Polo sheep</a> exclusively live in the <a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a> region of north-east Afghanistan. Foxes, <a href="/wiki/Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolves">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild sheep">wild sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">lynx</a> and other big cats populate the mountain forest region of the east. In the semi-desert northern plains, wildlife include a variety of birds, <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog" title="Hedgehog">hedgehogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopher" title="Gopher">gophers</a>, and large carnivores such as <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">jackals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">hyenas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gritzner-2009-283">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">Gazelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild pigs</a> and jackals populate the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> plains of the south and west, while <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongoose</a> and cheetahs exist in the semi-desert south.<a href="#cite_note-Gritzner-2009-283">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marmot" title="Marmot">Marmots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</a> also live in the high mountains of Afghanistan, and <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a> exist in some parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Afghan_hound" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan hound">Afghan hound</a> is a native breed of dog known for its fast speed and its long hair; it is relatively known in the west.<a href="#cite_note-Wahab-2007-285">[279]</a> <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">Endemic</a> fauna of Afghanistan includes the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_flying_squirrel" title="Afghan flying squirrel">Afghan flying squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghan_snowfinch" title="Afghan snowfinch">Afghan snowfinch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paradactylodon" title="Paradactylodon">Paradactylodon</a> (or the "<a href="/wiki/Paghman" title="Paghman">Paghman</a> mountain salamander"), <a href="/wiki/Stigmella_kasyi" title="Stigmella kasyi">Stigmella kasyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulcaniella_kabulensis" title="Vulcaniella kabulensis">Vulcaniella kabulensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghan_leopard_gecko" title="Afghan leopard gecko">Afghan leopard gecko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheeleria_parviflorellus" title="Wheeleria parviflorellus">Wheeleria parviflorellus</a>, among others. Endemic flora include <a href="/wiki/Iris_afghanica" title="Iris afghanica">Iris afghanica</a>. Afghanistan has a wide variety of birds despite its relatively arid climate – an estimated 460 species of which 235 breed within.<a href="#cite_note-Wahab-2007-285">[279]</a> The forest region of Afghanistan has vegetation such as <a href="/wiki/Pine_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine tree">pine trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spruce_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Spruce tree">spruce trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fir_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Fir tree">fir trees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">larches</a>, whereas the steppe grassland regions consist of <a href="/wiki/Broadleaf_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadleaf tree">broadleaf trees</a>, short grass, <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">shrublands</a>. The colder high elevation regions are composed of hardy grasses and small flowering plants.<a href="#cite_note-Gritzner-2009-283">[277]</a> Several regions are designated <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Afghanistan" title="List of protected areas of Afghanistan">protected areas</a>; there are three <a href="/wiki/National_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks">national parks</a>: <a href="/wiki/Band-e_Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Band-e Amir">Band-e Amir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wakhan_National_Park" title="Wakhan National Park">Wakhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuristan_National_Park" title="Nuristan National Park">Nuristan</a>. Afghanistan had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 8.85/10, ranking it 15th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Politics of Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:200229-D-AP390-1529_(49603221753).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/200229-D-AP390-1529_%2849603221753%29.jpg/220px-200229-D-AP390-1529_%2849603221753%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/200229-D-AP390-1529_%2849603221753%29.jpg/330px-200229-D-AP390-1529_%2849603221753%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/200229-D-AP390-1529_%2849603221753%29.jpg/440px-200229-D-AP390-1529_%2849603221753%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arg,_Kabul" title="Arg, Kabul">The Arg</a> (the Presidential palace) in Kabul, photographed in 2020</figcaption></figure> Following the effective collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">2021 Taliban offensive</a>, the Taliban declared the country an Islamic Emirate. A new caretaker government was announced on 7 September.<a href="#cite_note-BBCHardliners-287">[281]</a> As of 8 September 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan&action=edit">[update]</a>, no other country had formally recognized the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan as the de jure government of Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> Afghanistan in 2023 was the third least <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Asia" title="Democracy in Asia">electoral democratic country in Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a> A traditional instrument of governance in Afghanistan is the <a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga">loya jirga</a> (grand assembly), a <a href="/wiki/Pashtun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun">Pashtun</a> consultative meeting that was mainly organized for choosing a new <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, adopting a new constitution, or to settle national or regional issue such as war.<a href="#cite_note-290">[284]</a> Loya jirgas have been held since at least 1747,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarfield2012295-291">[285]</a> with the most recent one occurring in August 2020.<a href="#cite_note-292">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_Taliban_government">Development of Taliban government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan#Islamic_Emirate_(2021–present)" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">Cabinet of Afghanistan § Islamic Emirate (2021–present)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasan_Akhund.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hasan_Akhund.png/127px-Hasan_Akhund.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hasan_Akhund.png/191px-Hasan_Akhund.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hasan_Akhund.png/254px-Hasan_Akhund.png 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="1502" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Akhund" title="Hasan Akhund">Hasan Akhund</a> Acting <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirajuddin_Haqqani_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sirajuddin_Haqqani_%28cropped%29.png/127px-Sirajuddin_Haqqani_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sirajuddin_Haqqani_%28cropped%29.png/191px-Sirajuddin_Haqqani_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sirajuddin_Haqqani_%28cropped%29.png/254px-Sirajuddin_Haqqani_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="474" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a> First <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Deputy Leader</a> and Acting <a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister of Afghanistan">Interior Minister</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mullah_Yaqoob_in_January_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mullah_Yaqoob_in_January_2022.png/127px-Mullah_Yaqoob_in_January_2022.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mullah_Yaqoob_in_January_2022.png/191px-Mullah_Yaqoob_in_January_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Mullah_Yaqoob_in_January_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="287" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Yaqoob" title="Mullah Yaqoob">Mullah Yaqoob</a> Second Deputy Leader and Acting <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Defense (Afghanistan)">Defense Minister</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdul_Ghani_Baradar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar.jpg/127px-Abdul_Ghani_Baradar.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar.jpg/191px-Abdul_Ghani_Baradar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar.jpg/254px-Abdul_Ghani_Baradar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="567" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a> Third Deputy Leader and Acting <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">First Deputy Prime Minister</a></div></div></div></div></div> On 17 August 2021, the leader of the Taliban-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Islami_Gulbuddin" title="Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin">Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin</a> party, <a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a>, met with both <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Afghanistan" title="President of Afghanistan">President of Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Abdullah" title="Abdullah Abdullah">Abdullah Abdullah</a>, the former chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation and former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_(Afghanistan)" title="Chief Executive (Afghanistan)">Chief Executive</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, with the aim of forming a <a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">national unity government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[289]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani" title="Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a>, having fled the country during the Taliban advance to either <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, emerged in the United Arab Emirates and said that he supported such negotiations and was in talks to return to Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-296">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[291]</a> Many figures within the Taliban generally agreed that continuation of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="2004 Constitution of Afghanistan">2004 Constitution of Afghanistan</a> may, if correctly applied, be workable as the basis for the new religious state as their objections to the former government were political, and not religious.<a href="#cite_note-298">[292]</a> Hours after the final flight of American troops left Kabul on 30 August, a Taliban official interviewed said that a new government would likely be announced as early as Friday 3 September after <a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumu'ah</a>. It was added that <a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a> would be officially named <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Emir</a>, with cabinet ministers being revealed at the <a href="/wiki/Arg_(Kabul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arg (Kabul)">Arg</a> in an official ceremony. Abdul Ghani Baradar would be named <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a>, while other important positions would go to <a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Yaqoob" title="Mullah Yaqoob">Mullah Yaqoob</a>. Beneath the supreme leader, day-to-day governance will be entrusted to the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan#Islamic_Emirate_(2021–present)" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">cabinet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[293]</a> In a report by CNN-News18, sources said the new government was going to be governed similarly to Iran with Hibatullah Akhundzada as supreme leader similar to the role of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Saayid Ali Khamenei</a>, and would be based out of <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>. Baradar or Yaqoob would be head of government as <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a>. The government's ministries and agencies will be under a cabinet presided over by the Prime Minister. The Supreme Leader would preside over an <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive body</a> known as the Supreme Council with anywhere from 11 to 72 members. <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_Haqqani" title="Abdul Hakim Haqqani">Abdul Hakim Haqqani</a> is likely to be promoted to <a href="/wiki/Chief_justice" title="Chief justice">Chief justice</a>. According to the report, the new government will take place within the framework of an amended <a href="/wiki/1964_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="1964 Constitution of Afghanistan">1964 Constitution of Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[294]</a> Government formation was delayed due to concerns about forming a broad-based government acceptable to the international community.<a href="#cite_note-301">[295]</a> It was later added however that the Taliban's Rahbari Shura, the group's leadership council was divided between the hardline Haqqani Network and moderate Abdul Ghani Baradar over appointments needed to form an "inclusive" government. Reports claimed that this culminated in a skirmish which led to Baradar being injured and treated in Pakistan, however this was denied by Baradar himself.<a href="#cite_note-302">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[297]</a> As of early September 2021 the Taliban were planning the cabinet to be men-only. Journalists and other human rights activists, mostly women, <a href="/wiki/2021_Afghan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Afghan protests">protested</a> in <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> and Kabul, calling for women to be included.<a href="#cite_note-304">[298]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan#Islamic_Emirate_(2021–present)" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">acting Cabinet</a> announced on 7 September was men-only, and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Women%27s_Affairs_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Women's Affairs (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Women's Affairs</a> was abolished.<a href="#cite_note-BBCHardliners-287">[281]</a> As of June 2024, no country has recognized the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> government as the legitimate authorities of Afghanistan, with the U.N adding that recognition was impossible so long as restrictions on female education and employment remained.<a href="#cite_note-305">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[300]</a> On 16 September 2024, the Taliban suspended polio vaccination campaigns in Afghanistan, as reported by the United Nations, posing a significant risk to global polio eradication efforts.<a href="#cite_note-307">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Afghanistan" title="Provinces of Afghanistan">Provinces of Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Afghanistan" title="Districts of Afghanistan">Districts of Afghanistan</a></div> Afghanistan is administratively divided into 34 provinces (<a href="/wiki/Wilayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayat">wilayat</a>).<a href="#cite_note-308">[302]</a> Each province has a governor and a capital. The country is further divided into nearly 400 provincial <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Afghanistan" title="Districts of Afghanistan">districts</a>, each of which normally covers a city or several villages. Each district is represented by a district governor. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_governors_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current governors of Afghanistan">provincial governors</a> are now appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister of Afghanistan</a>, and the district governors are selected by the provincial governors.<a href="#cite_note-309">[303]</a> The provincial governors are representatives of the central government in Kabul and are responsible for all administrative and formal issues within their provinces. There are also provincial councils that are elected through direct and general elections for four years.<a href="#cite_note-310">[304]</a> The functions of provincial councils are to take part in provincial development planning and to participate in the monitoring and appraisal of other provincial governance institutions. According to article 140 of the constitution and the presidential decree on electoral law, mayors of cities should be elected through free and direct elections for a four-year term. In practice however, mayors are appointed by the government.<a href="#cite_note-311">[305]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_provinces_numbered.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Afghanistan_provinces_numbered.png/330px-Afghanistan_provinces_numbered.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Afghanistan_provinces_numbered.png/495px-Afghanistan_provinces_numbered.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Afghanistan_provinces_numbered.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Afghanistan is divided into <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Afghanistan" title="Provinces of Afghanistan">34 provinces</a>, which are further divided into a <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Afghanistan" title="Districts of Afghanistan">number of districts</a>.</figcaption></figure> The 34 provinces in alphabetical order are: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badghis_Province" title="Badghis Province">Badghis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghlan_Province" title="Baghlan Province">Baghlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkh_Province" title="Balkh Province">Balkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamyan_Province" title="Bamyan Province">Bamyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daykundi_Province" title="Daykundi Province">Daykundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farah_Province" title="Farah Province">Farah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faryab_Province" title="Faryab Province">Faryab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazni_Province" title="Ghazni Province">Ghazni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghor_Province" title="Ghor Province">Ghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmand_Province" title="Helmand Province">Helmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herat_Province" title="Herat Province">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jowzjan_Province" title="Jowzjan Province">Jowzjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_Province" title="Kabul Province">Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Province" title="Kandahar Province">Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapisa_Province" title="Kapisa Province">Kapisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khost_Province" title="Khost Province">Khost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunar_Province" title="Kunar Province">Kunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunduz_Province" title="Kunduz Province">Kunduz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laghman_Province" title="Laghman Province">Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logar_Province" title="Logar Province">Logar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_Province" title="Nangarhar Province">Nangarhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimruz_Province" title="Nimruz Province">Nimruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristan_Province" title="Nuristan Province">Nuristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oruzgan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruzgan Province">Oruzgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paktia_Province" title="Paktia Province">Paktia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paktika_Province" title="Paktika Province">Paktika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjshir_Province" title="Panjshir Province">Panjshir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parwan_Province" title="Parwan Province">Parwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samangan_Province" title="Samangan Province">Samangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar-e_Pol_Province" title="Sar-e Pol Province">Sar-e Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takhar_Province" title="Takhar Province">Takhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardak_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Wardak Province">Wardak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabul_Province" title="Zabul Province">Zabul</a></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Foreign relations of Afghanistan">Foreign relations of Afghanistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)</a></div> Afghanistan became a member of the United Nations in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupree1997642-312">[306]</a> Historically, Afghanistan had strong relations with Germany, one of the first countries to recognize Afghanistan's independence in 1919; the Soviet Union, which provided much aid and military training for Afghanistan's forces and includes the signing of a Treaty of Friendship in 1921 and 1978; and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Afghanistan–India relations">India</a>, with which a friendship treaty was signed in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-313">[307]</a> Relations with <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a> have often been tense for various reasons such as the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a> border issue and alleged Pakistani involvement in Afghan insurgent groups. The present Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is currently internationally <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">unrecognized</a>, but has had notable unofficial ties with <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Afghanistan–China relations">China</a>, Pakistan, and Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-314">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[309]</a> Under the previous Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, it enjoyed cordial relations with a number of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and allied nations, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Afghanistan–United States relations">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Afghanistan–Canada relations">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Afghanistan–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Afghanistan–Germany relations">Germany</a>, Australia, and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Afghanistan–Turkey relations">Turkey</a>. In 2012, the United States and the then-republic in Afghanistan signed their <a href="/wiki/US%E2%80%93Afghanistan_Strategic_Partnership_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="US–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement">Strategic Partnership Agreement</a> in which Afghanistan became a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[310]</a> Such qualification was rescinded by US President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> in July 2022.<a href="#cite_note-317">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Armed_Forces" title="Afghan Armed Forces">Afghan Armed Forces</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> captured a large amount of weapons, hardware, vehicles, aerocrafts, and equipment from the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces" title="Afghan National Security Forces">Afghan National Security Forces</a> following the <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">2021 Taliban offensive</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">Fall of Kabul</a>. The total value of the captured equipment has been estimated at US$83 billion.<a href="#cite_note-318">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" title="Human rights in Afghanistan">Human rights in Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Women in Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">LGBT rights in Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">Treatment of women by the Taliban</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees">Afghan refugees</a></div> Homosexuality is <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> in Afghan society;<a href="#cite_note-320">[314]</a> according to the Penal Code, homosexual intimacy is punished by up to a year in prison.<a href="#cite_note-321">[315]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Sharia law</a> offenders can be <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty_for_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty for homosexuality">punished by death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[317]</a> However, an ancient tradition involving male homosexual acts between children and older men (typically wealthy warlords or elite people) called <a href="/wiki/Bacha_bazi" title="Bacha bazi">bacha bazi</a> persists. Religious minorities such as Sikhs,<a href="#cite_note-324">[318]</a> Hindus,<a href="#cite_note-325">[319]</a> and Christians have reportedly faced persecution.<a href="#cite_note-326">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[321]</a> Since May 2022, all women in Afghanistan have been required by law to wear full-body coverings when in public (either a <a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqa</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">abaya</a> paired with a <a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">niqāb</a>, which leaves only the eyes uncovered).<a href="#cite_note-328">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[323]</a> First <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Deputy Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a> claimed the decree is only advisory and no form of <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> is compulsory in Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-330">[324]</a> though this contradicts the reality.<a href="#cite_note-331">[325]</a> It has been speculated that there is a genuine internal policy division over women's rights between hardliners, including leader Hibatullah Akhundzada, and pragmatists, though they publicly present a united front.<a href="#cite_note-332">[326]</a> Another decree was issued shortly after the first, requiring female TV presenters to cover their faces during broadcasts.<a href="#cite_note-333">[327]</a> Since the Taliban takeover, suicides among women have become more common, and the country could now be one of the few where the rate of suicide among women surpasses that among men.<a href="#cite_note-334">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[330]</a> In May 2022, the Taliban dissolved Afghanistan's Human Rights Commission along with four other government departments, citing the country's budget deficit.<a href="#cite_note-337">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Economy of Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_pomegranate_processing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Afghan_pomegranate_processing.jpg/220px-Afghan_pomegranate_processing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Afghan_pomegranate_processing.jpg/330px-Afghan_pomegranate_processing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Afghan_pomegranate_processing.jpg/440px-Afghan_pomegranate_processing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Workers processing <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Pomegranate production in Afghanistan">pomegranates</a> (anaar), for which Afghanistan is famous in Asia</figcaption></figure> Afghanistan's nominal GDP was $20.1 billion in 2020, or $81 billion by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> (PPP).<a href="#cite_note-imf2-24">[21]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">GDP per capita</a> is $2,459 (PPP) and $611 by nominal.<a href="#cite_note-imf2-24">[21]</a> Despite having $1 trillion or more in mineral deposits,<a href="#cite_note-338">[332]</a> it remains one of the world's <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a>. Afghanistan's rough physical geography and its landlocked status has been cited as reasons why the country has always been among the least developed in the modern era – a factor where progress is also slowed by contemporary conflict and political instability.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-2002-265">[259]</a> The country imports over $7 billion worth of goods but exports only $784 million, mainly fruits and <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>. It has $2.8 billion in <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt">external debt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-268">[262]</a> The service sector contributed the most to the GDP (55.9%) followed by agriculture (23%) and industry (21.1%).<a href="#cite_note-339">[333]</a> <a href="/wiki/Da_Afghanistan_Bank" title="Da Afghanistan Bank">Da Afghanistan Bank</a> serves as the central bank of the nation<a href="#cite_note-340">[334]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghani</a> (AFN) is the national currency, with an exchange rate of about 75 Afghanis to 1 US dollar.<a href="#cite_note-341">[335]</a> A number of local and foreign banks operate in the country, including the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_International_Bank" title="Afghanistan International Bank">Afghanistan International Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Kabul_Bank" title="New Kabul Bank">New Kabul Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azizi_Bank" title="Azizi Bank">Azizi Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashtany_Bank" title="Pashtany Bank">Pashtany Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Chartered Bank">Standard Chartered Bank</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/First_MicroFinance_Bank-Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="First MicroFinance Bank-Afghanistan">First Micro Finance Bank</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_carpets_being_sold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Afghan_carpets_being_sold.jpg/300px-Afghan_carpets_being_sold.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Afghan_carpets_being_sold.jpg/450px-Afghan_carpets_being_sold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Afghan_carpets_being_sold.jpg/600px-Afghan_carpets_being_sold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Afghan_rugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan rugs">Afghan rugs</a> are one of Afghanistan's main exports.</figcaption></figure> One of the main drivers for the current economic recovery is the return of over 5 million <a href="/wiki/Afghan_diaspora" title="Afghan diaspora">expatriates</a>, who brought with them entrepreneurship and wealth-creating skills as well as much needed funds to start up businesses. Many Afghans are now involved in construction, which is one of the largest industries in the country.<a href="#cite_note-342">[336]</a> Some of the major national construction projects include the $35 billion New Kabul City next to the capital, the Aino Mena project in Kandahar, and the <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Amanullah_Khan_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazi Amanullah Khan Town">Ghazi Amanullah Khan Town</a> near Jalalabad.<a href="#cite_note-343">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[339]</a> Similar development projects have also begun in <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazar-e-Sharif">Mazar-e-Sharif</a>, and other cities.<a href="#cite_note-346">[340]</a> An estimated 400,000 people enter the labor market each year.<a href="#cite_note-347">[341]</a> Several small companies and factories began operating in different parts of the country, which not only provide revenues to the government but also create new jobs. Improvements to the business environment have resulted in more than $1.5 billion in <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecom</a> investment and created more than 100,000 jobs since 2003.<a href="#cite_note-348">[342]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_rug" title="Afghan rug">Afghan rugs</a> are becoming popular again, allowing many carpet dealers around the country to hire more workers; in 2016–17 it was the fourth most exported group of items.<a href="#cite_note-349">[343]</a> Afghanistan is a member of <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAARC" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC">SAARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">ECO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OIC" class="mw-redirect" title="OIC">OIC</a>. It holds an observer status in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a>. In 2018, a majority of imports come from either Iran, China, Pakistan and Kazakhstan, while 84% of exports are to Pakistan and India.<a href="#cite_note-350">[344]</a> Since the Taliban's takeover of the country in August 2021, the United States has <a href="/wiki/Afghan_frozen_assets" title="Afghan frozen assets">frozen about $9 billion</a> in assets belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Da_Afghanistan_Bank" title="Da Afghanistan Bank">Afghan central bank</a>,<a href="#cite_note-351">[345]</a> blocking the Taliban from accessing billions of dollars held in US bank accounts.<a href="#cite_note-352">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[347]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">GDP of Afghanistan</a> is estimated to have dropped by 20% following the Taliban return to power. Following this, after months of free-fall, the Afghan economy began stabilizing, as a result of the Taliban's restrictions on smuggled imports, limits on banking transactions, and UN aid. In 2023, the Afghan economy began seeing signs of revival. This has also been followed by stable exchange rates, low inflation, stable revenue collection, and the rise of trade in exports.<a href="#cite_note-354">[348]</a> In the third quarter of 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghani</a> rose to be the best performing currency in the world, climbing over 9% against the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[349]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_Saffron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Afghan_Saffron.jpg/220px-Afghan_Saffron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Afghan_Saffron.jpg/330px-Afghan_Saffron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Afghan_Saffron.jpg/440px-Afghan_Saffron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4501" data-file-height="3001" /></a><figcaption>Afghan <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a></figcaption></figure> Agricultural production is the backbone of Afghanistan's economy<a href="#cite_note-356">[350]</a> and has traditionally dominated the economy, employing about 40% of the workforce as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-357">[351]</a> The country is known for producing <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Pomegranate production in Afghanistan">pomegranates</a>, grapes, apricots, melons, and several other fresh and dry fruits. Afghanistan also became the world's top producer of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a> in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-358">[352]</a> In March 2023, however, cannabis production was banned by a decree from Hibatullah Akhundzada.<a href="#cite_note-359">[353]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a>, the most expensive spice, grows in Afghanistan, particularly <a href="/wiki/Herat_Province" title="Herat Province">Herat Province</a>. In recent years, there has been an uptick in saffron production, which authorities and farmers are using to try to replace poppy cultivation. Between 2012 and 2019, the saffron cultivated and produced in Afghanistan was consecutively ranked the world's best by the International Taste and Quality Institute.<a href="#cite_note-360">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[355]</a> Production hit record high in 2019 (19,469 kg of saffron), and one kilogram is sold domestically between $634 and $1147.<a href="#cite_note-362">[356]</a> The availability of cheap diesel-powered water pumps imported from China and Pakistan, and in the 2010s, of cheap solar power to pump water, resulted in expansion of agriculture and population in the southwestern deserts of Afghanistan in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Province" title="Kandahar Province">Kandahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmand_Province" title="Helmand Province">Helmand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nimruz_Province" title="Nimruz Province">Nimruz</a> provinces in the 2010s. Wells have gradually been deepened, but water resources are limited. Opium is the major crop, but as of 2022, was under attack by the new Taliban government which, to suppress opium production, was systematically suppressing water pumping.<a href="#cite_note-363">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[358]</a> In a 2023 report, poppy cultivation in southern Afghanistan was reduced by over 80% as a result of Taliban campaigns to stop its use toward opium. This included a 99% reduction of opium growth in the <a href="/wiki/Helmand_Province" title="Helmand Province">Helmand Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-365">[359]</a> In November 2023, a U.N report showed that in the entirety of Afghanistan, poppy cultivation dropped by over 95%, removing it from its place as being the world's largest opium producer.<a href="#cite_note-366">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Afghanistan" title="Mining in Afghanistan">Mining in Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lapis_Lazuli_from_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lapis_Lazuli_from_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-Lapis_Lazuli_from_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lapis_Lazuli_from_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-Lapis_Lazuli_from_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lapis_Lazuli_from_Afghanistan.jpg/440px-Lapis_Lazuli_from_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a> stones</figcaption></figure> The country's natural resources include: coal, copper, iron ore, <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare earth element">rare earth elements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">chromite</a>, gold, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barite" class="mw-redirect" title="Barite">barite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, lead, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, precious and <a href="/wiki/Semi-precious_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-precious stones">semi-precious stones</a>, natural gas, and petroleum.<a href="#cite_note-peters2007-368">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-bgs-369">[363]</a> In 2010, US and Afghan government officials estimated that untapped mineral deposits located in 2007 by the <a href="/wiki/US_Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="US Geological Survey">US Geological Survey</a> are worth at least $1 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-bbcminerals-370">[364]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._O%27Hanlon" title="Michael E. O'Hanlon">Michael E. O'Hanlon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> estimated that if Afghanistan generates about $10 billion per year from its <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Afghanistan" title="Mining in Afghanistan">mineral deposits</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">gross national product</a> would double and provide long-term funding for critical needs.<a href="#cite_note-371">[365]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS) estimated in 2006 that northern Afghanistan has an average 460 million m3 (2.9 billion bbl) of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a>, 440 billion m3 (15.7 trillion cu ft) of natural gas, and 67 billion L (562 million US bbl) of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_liquids" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas liquids">natural gas liquids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[366]</a> In 2011, Afghanistan signed an oil exploration contract with <a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a> (CNPC) for the development of three oil fields along the Amu Darya river in the north.<a href="#cite_note-373">[367]</a> The country has significant amounts of <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, copper, gold, coal, iron ore, and other <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-peters2007-368">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-bgs-369">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[368]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Khanashin" title="Khanashin">Khanashin</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">carbonatite</a> in Helmand Province contains 1,000,000 tonnes (980,000 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>; 1,100,000 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare earth element">rare earth elements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[369]</a> In 2007, a 30-year lease was granted for the <a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak#Copper_Mine" title="Mes Aynak">Aynak</a> copper mine to the <a href="/wiki/China_Metallurgical_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="China Metallurgical Group">China Metallurgical Group</a> for $3 billion,<a href="#cite_note-376">[370]</a> making it the biggest foreign investment and private business venture in Afghanistan's history.<a href="#cite_note-377">[371]</a> The state-run <a href="/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel Authority of India">Steel Authority of India</a> won the mining rights to develop the huge <a href="/wiki/Hajigak_Pass" title="Hajigak Pass">Hajigak</a> iron ore deposit in central Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-378">[372]</a> Government officials estimate that 30% of the country's untapped mineral deposits are worth at least $1 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-bbcminerals-370">[364]</a> One official asserted that "this will become the backbone of the Afghan economy" and a Pentagon memo stated that Afghanistan could become the "Saudi Arabia of lithium".<a href="#cite_note-379">[373]</a> The lithium reserves of 21 Mio. tons could amount to the ones of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, which is currently viewed as the country with the largest lithium reserves.<a href="#cite_note-Hosp-2021-380">[374]</a> Other larger deposits are the ones of <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hosp-2021-380">[374]</a> Access to <a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">biocapacity</a> in Afghanistan is lower than world average. In 2016, Afghanistan had 0.43 global hectares<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-381">[375]</a> of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.<a href="#cite_note-382">[376]</a> In 2016 Afghanistan used 0.73 global hectares of biocapacity per person—their <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> of consumption. This means they use just under double as much biocapacity as Afghanistan contains. As a result, Afghanistan is running a biocapacity deficit.<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-381">[375]</a> In September 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> signed mining contracts worth $6.5 billion, with extractions based on gold, iron, lead, and zinc in the provinces of Herat, Ghor, Logar, and Takhar.<a href="#cite_note-383">[377]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Energy in Afghanistan">Energy in Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Renewable energy in Afghanistan">Renewable energy in Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Afghanistan_electricity_production.svg/220px-Afghanistan_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Afghanistan_electricity_production.svg/330px-Afghanistan_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Afghanistan_electricity_production.svg/440px-Afghanistan_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Afghanistan electricity supply (1980–2019)</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, 98% of the rural population have access to electricity in 2018, up from 28% in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-384">[378]</a> Overall the figure stands at 98.7%.<a href="#cite_note-385">[379]</a> As of 2016, Afghanistan produces 1,400 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatts</a> of power, but still imports the majority of electricity via transmission lines from Iran and the Central Asian states.<a href="#cite_note-386">[380]</a> The majority of electricity production is via <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>, helped by the amount of rivers and streams that flow from the mountains.<a href="#cite_note-387">[381]</a> However electricity is not always reliable and blackouts happen, including in Kabul.<a href="#cite_note-Afghanistan_Analysts_Network_–_English-2015-388">[382]</a> In recent years an increasing number of <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> and wind power plants have been constructed.<a href="#cite_note-389">[383]</a> Currently under development are the <a href="/wiki/CASA-1000" title="CASA-1000">CASA-1000</a> project which will transmit electricity from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, and the <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India pipeline">Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India</a> (TAPI) gas pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-Afghanistan_Analysts_Network_–_English-2015-388">[382]</a> Power is managed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Da_Afghanistan_Breshna_Sherkat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (page does not exist)">Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat</a> (DABS, Afghanistan Electricity Company). Important dams include the <a href="/wiki/Kajaki_Dam" title="Kajaki Dam">Kajaki Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dahla_Dam" title="Dahla Dam">Dahla Dam</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sardeh_Band_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardeh Band Dam">Sardeh Band Dam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-afghanistans.com-1-270">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Afghanistan" title="Tourism in Afghanistan">Tourism in Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contrasts_(4292970991).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Contrasts_%284292970991%29.jpg/220px-Contrasts_%284292970991%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Contrasts_%284292970991%29.jpg/330px-Contrasts_%284292970991%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Contrasts_%284292970991%29.jpg/440px-Contrasts_%284292970991%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Band-e_Amir_National_Park" title="Band-e Amir National Park">Band-e Amir National Park</a></figcaption></figure> Tourism is a small industry in Afghanistan due to security issues. Nevertheless, some 20,000 foreign tourists visit the country annually as of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-390">[384]</a> In particular an important region for domestic and international tourism is the picturesque <a href="/wiki/Bamyan" title="Bamyan">Bamyan</a> Valley, which includes lakes, canyons and historical sites, helped by the fact it is in a safe area away from insurgent activity.<a href="#cite_note-391">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[386]</a> Smaller numbers visit and trek in regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Wakhan" title="Wakhan">Wakhan</a> Valley, which is also one of the world's most remote communities.<a href="#cite_note-393">[387]</a> From the late 1960s onwards, Afghanistan was a popular stop on the famous <a href="/wiki/Hippie_trail" title="Hippie trail">hippie trail</a>, attracting many Europeans and Americans. Coming from Iran, the trail traveled through various Afghan provinces and cities including <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> before crossing to northern Pakistan, northern India, and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-394">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[389]</a> Tourism peaked in 1977, the year before the start of political instability and armed conflict.<a href="#cite_note-396">[390]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jam_afghanistan_ghorprovince_islamic_architecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jam_afghanistan_ghorprovince_islamic_architecture.jpg/170px-Jam_afghanistan_ghorprovince_islamic_architecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jam_afghanistan_ghorprovince_islamic_architecture.jpg/255px-Jam_afghanistan_ghorprovince_islamic_architecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jam_afghanistan_ghorprovince_islamic_architecture.jpg/340px-Jam_afghanistan_ghorprovince_islamic_architecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Minaret_of_Jam" title="Minaret of Jam">Minaret of Jam</a>, a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> The city of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> has significant history and historical sites, and together with <a href="/wiki/Bamyan" title="Bamyan">Bamyan</a> city have in recent years been voted Islamic Cultural Capital and South Asia Cultural Capital respectively.<a href="#cite_note-397">[391]</a> The cities of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zaranj" title="Zaranj">Zaranj</a> are also very historic. The <a href="/wiki/Minaret_of_Jam" title="Minaret of Jam">Minaret of Jam</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hari_River,_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hari River, Afghanistan">Hari River</a> valley is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>. A cloak reputedly worn by Islam's prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> is kept in the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Cloak" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of the Cloak">Shrine of the Cloak</a> in Kandahar, a city founded by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and the first capital of Afghanistan. The <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel of Alexander">citadel of Alexander</a> in the western city of Herat has been renovated in recent years and is a popular attraction. In the north of the country is the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of Ali">Shrine of Ali</a>, believed by many to be the location where <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> was buried.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupree1997115-398">[392]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Afghanistan" title="National Museum of Afghanistan">National Museum of Afghanistan</a> in Kabul hosts a large number of Buddhist, <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a> Greek and early Islamic antiquities; the museum suffered greatly by civil war but has been slowly restoring since the early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-399">[393]</a> Unexpectedly, tourism has seen development in Afghanistan following the Taliban takeover. Active efforts by the Taliban has seen tourism increase from 691 tourists in 2021, to 2,300 in 2022. A sharp increase of over 120% was observed from 2022 to 2023, reaching nearly 5,200 tourists, with some estimates of between 7,000 and 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-400">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[396]</a> This is however, threatened from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province" title="Islamic State – Khorasan Province">ISIS-K</a>, who held responsibility for attacks on tourists such as the <a href="/wiki/2024_Bamyan_shooting" title="2024 Bamyan shooting">2024 Bamyan shooting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[397]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Afghanistan" title="Communications in Afghanistan">Communications in Afghanistan</a></div> Telecommunication services in Afghanistan are provided by <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Telecom" title="Afghan Telecom">Afghan Telecom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Wireless" title="Afghan Wireless">Afghan Wireless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etisalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Etisalat">Etisalat</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTN_Group" title="MTN Group">MTN Group</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roshan_(telco)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roshan (telco)">Roshan</a>. The country uses its own space <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> called <a href="/wiki/Afghansat_1" title="Afghansat 1">Afghansat 1</a>, which provides services to millions of phone, internet, and television subscribers. By 2001 following years of civil war, telecommunications was virtually a non-existent sector, but by 2016 it had grown to a $2 billion industry, with 22 million mobile phone subscribers and 5 million internet users. The sector employs at least 120,000 people nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-404">[398]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Afghanistan" title="Transport in Afghanistan">Transport in Afghanistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Afghanistan" title="List of airports in Afghanistan">List of airports in Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Afghanistan" title="Rail transport in Afghanistan">Rail transport in Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_043.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_043.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_043.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_043.jpg/330px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_043.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_043.jpg/440px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_043.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13284" data-file-height="8802" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Salang_Tunnel" title="Salang Tunnel">Salang Tunnel</a></figcaption></figure> Due to Afghanistan's geography, transport between various parts of the country has historically been difficult. The backbone of Afghanistan's road network is <a href="/wiki/Highway_1_(Afghanistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway 1 (Afghanistan)">Highway 1</a>, often called the "Ring Road", which extends for 2,210 kilometres (1,370 mi) and connects five major cities: Kabul, Ghazni, Kandahar, Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif,<a href="#cite_note-405">[399]</a> with spurs to Kunduz and Jalalabad and various border crossings, while skirting around the mountains of the Hindu Kush.<a href="#cite_note-406">[400]</a> The Ring Road is crucially important for domestic and international trade and the economy.<a href="#cite_note-407">[401]</a> A key portion of the Ring Road is the <a href="/wiki/Salang_Tunnel" title="Salang Tunnel">Salang Tunnel</a>, completed in 1964, which facilitates travel through the Hindu Kush mountain range and connects northern and southern Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-408">[402]</a> It is the only land route that connects Central Asia to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[403]</a> Several mountain passes allow travel between the Hindu Kush in other areas. Serious traffic accidents are common on Afghan roads and highways, particularly on the <a href="/wiki/Kabul%E2%80%93Kandahar_Highway" title="Kabul–Kandahar Highway">Kabul–Kandahar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kabul%E2%80%93Jalalabad_Road" title="Kabul–Jalalabad Road">Kabul–Jalalabad Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-410">[404]</a> Traveling by bus in Afghanistan remains dangerous due to militant activities.<a href="#cite_note-411">[405]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ariana_Afghan_A310-300_F-GEMO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ariana_Afghan_A310-300_F-GEMO.jpg/220px-Ariana_Afghan_A310-300_F-GEMO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ariana_Afghan_A310-300_F-GEMO.jpg/330px-Ariana_Afghan_A310-300_F-GEMO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ariana_Afghan_A310-300_F-GEMO.jpg/440px-Ariana_Afghan_A310-300_F-GEMO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ariana_Afghan_Airlines" title="Ariana Afghan Airlines">Ariana Afghan Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310" title="Airbus A310">Airbus A310</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> Air transport in Afghanistan is provided by the national carrier, <a href="/wiki/Ariana_Afghan_Airlines" title="Ariana Afghan Airlines">Ariana Afghan Airlines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-412">[406]</a> and by the private company <a href="/wiki/Kam_Air" title="Kam Air">Kam Air</a>. Airlines from a number of countries also provide flights in and out of the country. These include <a href="/wiki/Air_India" title="Air India">Air India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirates_(airline)" title="Emirates (airline)">Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Air" title="Gulf Air">Gulf Air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran_Aseman_Airlines" title="Iran Aseman Airlines">Iran Aseman Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Pakistan International Airlines">Pakistan International Airlines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a>. The country has four international airports: <a href="/wiki/Kabul_International_Airport" title="Kabul International Airport">Kabul International Airport</a> (formerly Hamid Karzai International Airport), <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_International_Airport" title="Kandahar International Airport">Kandahar International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herat_International_Airport" title="Herat International Airport">Herat International Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mazar-e_Sharif_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazar-e Sharif International Airport">Mazar-e Sharif International Airport</a>. Including domestic airports, there are 43.<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-268">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bagram_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagram Air Base">Bagram Air Base</a> is a major military airfield. The country has three rail links: one, a 75-kilometre (47 mi) line from <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_Friendship_Bridge" title="Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge">Uzbekistan border</a>;<a href="#cite_note-413">[407]</a> a 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) long line from <a href="/wiki/Toraghundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraghundi">Toraghundi</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> border (where it continues as part of <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Railways">Turkmen Railways</a>); and a short link from <a href="/wiki/Aqina" title="Aqina">Aqina</a> across the Turkmen border to <a href="/wiki/Kerki" title="Kerki">Kerki</a>, which is planned to be extended further across Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-414">[408]</a> These lines are used for freight only and there is no passenger service. A rail line between <a href="/wiki/Khaf,_Iran" title="Khaf, Iran">Khaf</a>, Iran and <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, western Afghanistan, intended for both freight and passengers, was under construction as of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-415">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[410]</a> About 125 kilometres (78 mi) of the line will lie on the Afghan side.<a href="#cite_note-417">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[412]</a> Private vehicle ownership has increased substantially since the early 2000s. Taxis are yellow and consist of both cars and <a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">auto rickshaws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-419">[413]</a> In rural Afghanistan, villagers often use donkeys, <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</a> or horses to transport or carry goods. Camels are primarily used by the Kochi nomads.<a href="#cite_note-Wahab-2007-285">[279]</a> Bicycles are popular throughout Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-420">[414]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Demographics of Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afghan_diaspora" title="Afghan diaspora">Afghan diaspora</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA_Afghanistan_ethnic_groups_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/CIA_Afghanistan_ethnic_groups_map.jpg/290px-CIA_Afghanistan_ethnic_groups_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/CIA_Afghanistan_ethnic_groups_map.jpg/435px-CIA_Afghanistan_ethnic_groups_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/CIA_Afghanistan_ethnic_groups_map.jpg/580px-CIA_Afghanistan_ethnic_groups_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10200" data-file-height="6392" /></a><figcaption>A Cold War-era CIA map showing traditional Afghan tribal territories. <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a> form the world's largest tribal society.<a href="#cite_note-421">[415]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3></div> The population of Afghanistan was estimated at 32.9 million as of 2019 by the Afghanistan Statistics and Information Authority,<a href="#cite_note-422">[416]</a> whereas the UN estimates over 38.0 million.<a href="#cite_note-423">[417]</a> In 1979 the total population was reported to be about 15.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-424">[418]</a> About 23.9% of them are <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urbanite</a>, 71.4% live in rural areas, and the remaining 4.7% are nomadic.<a href="#cite_note-Worldmeters-2020-425">[419]</a> An additional 3 million or so Afghans are temporarily housed in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Iran" title="Afghans in Iran">Iran</a>, most of whom were born and raised in those two countries. As of 2013, Afghanistan was the largest refugee-producing country in the world, a title held for 32 years. The current population growth rate is 2.37%,<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-268">[262]</a> one of the highest in the world outside of Africa. This population is expected to reach 82 million by 2050 if current population trends continue.<a href="#cite_note-426">[420]</a> The population of Afghanistan increased steadily until the 1980s, when civil war caused millions to flee to other countries such as Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-427">[421]</a> Millions have since returned and the war conditions contribute to the country having the highest fertility rate outside Africa.<a href="#cite_note-428">[422]</a> Afghanistan's healthcare has recovered since the turn of the century, causing falls in infant mortality and increases in life expectancy, although it has the lowest life expectance of any country outside Africa. This (along with other factors such as returning refugees) caused rapid population growth in the 2000s that has only recently started to slow down.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a> in 2008 was 27.8.<a href="#cite_note-429">[423]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fertility_rate">Fertility rate</h4></div> Afghanistan 2024 <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> has been estimated at 4.4.<a href="#cite_note-430">[424]</a> In 2022 it was 4.5, about twice the world average rate.<a href="#cite_note-431">[425]</a> The rate has fallen since the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-432">[426]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanization">Urbanization</h3></div> As estimated by the CIA World Factbook, 26% of the population was urbanized as of 2020. This is one of the lowest figures in the world; in Asia it is only higher than <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. Urbanization has increased rapidly, particularly in the capital <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, due to returning refugees from Pakistan and Iran after 2001, internally displaced people, and rural migrants.<a href="#cite_note-433">[427]</a> Urbanization in Afghanistan is different from typical urbanization in that it is centered on just a few cities.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-434">[428]</a> The only city with over a million residents is its capital, Kabul, located in the east of the country. The other large cities are located generally in the "ring" around the Central Highlands, namely <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> in the south, <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> in the west, <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a> in the north, and <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-Worldmeters-2020-425">[419]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Largest cities of Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Afghanistan <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2019 estimate<a href="#cite_note-435">[429]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Afghanistan" title="List of cities in Afghanistan">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Afghanistan" title="Provinces of Afghanistan">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabul_-_panoramio_-_davered1101.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kabul"><img alt="Kabul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kabul_-_panoramio_-_davered1101.jpg/120px-Kabul_-_panoramio_-_davered1101.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kabul_-_panoramio_-_davered1101.jpg/180px-Kabul_-_panoramio_-_davered1101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kabul_-_panoramio_-_davered1101.jpg/240px-Kabul_-_panoramio_-_davered1101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1952" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_a_section_of_Kandahar_in_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kandahar"><img alt="Kandahar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Aerial_view_of_a_section_of_Kandahar_in_2013.jpg/120px-Aerial_view_of_a_section_of_Kandahar_in_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Aerial_view_of_a_section_of_Kandahar_in_2013.jpg/180px-Aerial_view_of_a_section_of_Kandahar_in_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Aerial_view_of_a_section_of_Kandahar_in_2013.jpg/240px-Aerial_view_of_a_section_of_Kandahar_in_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kabul_Province" title="Kabul Province">Kabul Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,273,200 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herat"><img alt="Herat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/View_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg/120px-View_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/View_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg/180px-View_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/View_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg/240px-View_of_Herat_in_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="694" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Nowruz_in_northern_Afghanistan-2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mazar-i-Sharif"><img alt="Mazar-i-Sharif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nowruz_in_northern_Afghanistan-2011.jpg/120px-Nowruz_in_northern_Afghanistan-2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nowruz_in_northern_Afghanistan-2011.jpg/180px-Nowruz_in_northern_Afghanistan-2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nowruz_in_northern_Afghanistan-2011.jpg/240px-Nowruz_in_northern_Afghanistan-2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="1400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Province" title="Kandahar Province">Kandahar Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">614,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Herat_Province" title="Herat Province">Herat Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">556,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Balkh_Province" title="Balkh Province">Balkh Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">469,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_Province" title="Nangarhar Province">Nangarhar Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">356,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kunduz_Province" title="Kunduz Province">Kunduz Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">263,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taloqan" title="Taloqan">Taloqan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Takhar_Province" title="Takhar Province">Takhar Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">253,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Puli_Khumri" title="Puli Khumri">Puli Khumri</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baghlan_Province" title="Baghlan Province">Baghlan Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">237,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ghazni_Province" title="Ghazni Province">Ghazni Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">183,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khost" title="Khost">Khost</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khost_Province" title="Khost Province">Khost Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">153,300 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity_and_languages">Ethnicity and languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages of Afghanistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_ethnolinguistic_map_of_Afghanistan_--_circa_2001-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_Army_ethnolinguistic_map_of_Afghanistan_--_circa_2001-09.jpg/290px-US_Army_ethnolinguistic_map_of_Afghanistan_--_circa_2001-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_Army_ethnolinguistic_map_of_Afghanistan_--_circa_2001-09.jpg/435px-US_Army_ethnolinguistic_map_of_Afghanistan_--_circa_2001-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_Army_ethnolinguistic_map_of_Afghanistan_--_circa_2001-09.jpg/580px-US_Army_ethnolinguistic_map_of_Afghanistan_--_circa_2001-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2319" data-file-height="2123" /></a><figcaption>Ethnolinguistic map of Afghanistan (2001)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a> are divided into several <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic</a> groups. According to research data by several institutions in 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> are the largest ethnic group, comprising 42%, followed by <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>, comprising 27%<a href="#cite_note-Population_Matters-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-timesofindia-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Population_2021-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-reliefweb.int-9">[8]</a> of the country's population. The other two major ethnic groups are the <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>, each at 9%. A further 10 other ethnic groups are recognized and each are represented in the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan National Anthem">Afghan National Anthem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-437">[431]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a> of Afghanistan; <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a> is very common.<a href="#cite_note-438">[432]</a> Dari, which is also referred to as Eastern Persian as it is a variety of and mutually intelligible with <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (and very often called '<a href="/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Farsi</a>' by some Afghans like in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>), functions as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in Kabul as well as in much of the northern and northwestern parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-439">[433]</a> Native speakers of Dari, of any ethnicity, are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-440">[434]</a> Pashto is the native tongue of the <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>, although many of them are also fluent in Dari while some non-Pashtuns are fluent in Pashto. Despite the Pashtuns having been dominant in Afghan politics for centuries, Dari remained the preferred language for government and bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-441">[435]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>, Dari Persian is spoken by 78% (<a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a> + <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>) and functions as the lingua franca, while <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> is spoken by 50%, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> 10%, English 5%, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> 2%, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> 2%, <a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a> 1%, <a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a> 1%, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> 1%, and <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> 1% (2021 est). Data represent the most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because there is much bilingualism in the country and because respondents were allowed to select more than one language. There are a number of smaller regional languages, including Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi, and Nuristani.<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-268">[262]</a> When it comes to foreign languages among the populace, many are able to speak or understand <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>), partly due to returning <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Afghan refugees</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> films respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Afroz-2013-442">[436]</a> English is also understood by some of the population,<a href="#cite_note-443">[437]</a> and has been gaining popularity as of the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-444">[438]</a> Some Afghans retain some ability in Russian, which was <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian occupation of Afghanistan">taught in public schools during the 1980s</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Afroz-2013-442">[436]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Religion in Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mazar-e_sharif_-_Steve_Evans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mazar-e_sharif_-_Steve_Evans.jpg/220px-Mazar-e_sharif_-_Steve_Evans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mazar-e_sharif_-_Steve_Evans.jpg/330px-Mazar-e_sharif_-_Steve_Evans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mazar-e_sharif_-_Steve_Evans.jpg/440px-Mazar-e_sharif_-_Steve_Evans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mosque_(Mazar-i-Sharif)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Mosque (Mazar-i-Sharif)">Blue Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a> is the largest mosque in Afghanistan.</figcaption></figure> The CIA estimated in 2009 that 99.7% of the Afghan population was Muslim<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-268">[262]</a> and most are thought to adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school.<a href="#cite_note-The_Swedish_Committee_for_Afghanistan_(SCA)-445">[439]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, as much as 90% are of the Sunni denomination, 7% <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> and 3% <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">non-denominational</a>.<a href="#cite_note-446">[440]</a> The <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> Factbook variously estimates up to 89.7% Sunni or up to 15% Shia.<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-268">[262]</a> Afghan <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Sikhs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Afghanistan" title="Hinduism in Afghanistan">Hindus</a> are also found in certain major cities (namely Kabul, Jalalabad, Ghazni, Kandahar)<a href="#cite_note-447">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[442]</a> accompanied by gurdwaras and mandirs.<a href="#cite_note-449">[443]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> in September 2021, 250 remain in the country after 67 were evacuated to India.<a href="#cite_note-450">[444]</a> There was a small <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Jewish community in Afghanistan</a>, living mainly in Herat and Kabul. Over the years, this small community was forced to leave due to decades of warfare and religious persecution. By the end of the twentieth century, nearly the entire community had emigrated to Israel and the United States, with one known exception, Herat-born <a href="/wiki/Zablon_Simintov" title="Zablon Simintov">Zablon Simintov</a>. He remained for years, being the caretaker of the only remaining Afghan synagogue. He left the country for the US after the second Taliban takeover. A woman who left shortly after him has since been identified as the likely last Jew in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-451">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-452">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[447]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Christians">Afghan Christians</a>, who number 500–8,000, practice their faith secretly due to intense societal opposition, and there are no public churches.<a href="#cite_note-454">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-455">[449]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Education in Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNESCO_Institute_of_Statistics_Afghanistan_Literacy_Rate_population_plus15_1980-2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/UNESCO_Institute_of_Statistics_Afghanistan_Literacy_Rate_population_plus15_1980-2018.png/290px-UNESCO_Institute_of_Statistics_Afghanistan_Literacy_Rate_population_plus15_1980-2018.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/UNESCO_Institute_of_Statistics_Afghanistan_Literacy_Rate_population_plus15_1980-2018.png/435px-UNESCO_Institute_of_Statistics_Afghanistan_Literacy_Rate_population_plus15_1980-2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/UNESCO_Institute_of_Statistics_Afghanistan_Literacy_Rate_population_plus15_1980-2018.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>UNESCO Institute of Statistics Afghanistan Literacy Rate among population aged 15+ (1980–2018)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Education in Afghanistan</a> is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Education (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Education</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Higher Education (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Higher Education</a>. There are over 16,000 schools in the country and roughly 9 million students. Of this, about 60% are males and 40% females. However, the new regime has thus far forbidden female teachers and female students from returning to secondary schools.<a href="#cite_note-456">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[451]</a> Over 174,000 students are enrolled in different <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Afghanistan" title="List of universities in Afghanistan">universities around the country</a>. About 21% of these are females.<a href="#cite_note-458">[452]</a> Former Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Farooq_Wardak" title="Ghulam Farooq Wardak">Ghulam Farooq Wardak</a> had stated that construction of 8,000 schools is required for the remaining children who are deprived of <a href="/wiki/Formal_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal learning">formal learning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-459">[453]</a> As of 2018 the literacy rate of the population age 15 and older is 43.02% (males 55.48% and females 29.81%).<a href="#cite_note-460">[454]</a> The top universities in Afghanistan are the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Afghanistan" title="American University of Afghanistan">American University of Afghanistan</a> (AUAF) followed by <a href="/wiki/Kabul_University" title="Kabul University">Kabul University</a> (KU), both of which are located in Kabul. The <a href="/wiki/National_Military_Academy_of_Afghanistan" title="National Military Academy of Afghanistan">National Military Academy of Afghanistan</a>, modeled after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at West Point, was a four-year military development institution dedicated to graduating officers for the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Armed_Forces" title="Afghan Armed Forces">Afghan Armed Forces</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Defense_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Defense University">Afghan Defense University</a> was constructed near <a href="/wiki/Qargha" title="Qargha">Qargha</a> in Kabul. Major universities outside of Kabul include <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_University" title="Kandahar University">Kandahar University</a> in the south, <a href="/wiki/Herat_University" title="Herat University">Herat University</a> in the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Balkh_University" title="Balkh University">Balkh University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_University" title="Kunduz University">Kunduz University</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_University" title="Nangarhar University">Nangarhar University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khost_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Khost University">Khost University</a> in the east. After the Taliban regained power in 2021, it became unclear to what extent female education would continue in the country. In March 2022, after they had been closed for some time, it was announced that secondary education would be reopened shortly. However, shortly before reopening, the order was rescinded and schools for older girls remained closed.<a href="#cite_note-461">[455]</a> Despite the ban, six provinces, <a href="/wiki/Balkh_Province" title="Balkh Province">Balkh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_Province" title="Kunduz Province">Kunduz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jowzjan_Province" title="Jowzjan Province">Jowzjan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sar-e_Pol_Province" title="Sar-e Pol Province">Sar-I-Pul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faryab_Province" title="Faryab Province">Faryab</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Daykundi_Province" title="Daykundi Province">Day Kundi</a>, still allow girl's schools from grade 6 and up.<a href="#cite_note-462">[456]</a><a href="#cite_note-463">[457]</a> In December 2023, investigations were being held by the United Nations on the claim that Afghan girls of all ages were allowed to study at religious schools.<a href="#cite_note-464">[458]</a> As of November 2024, some parts of the country allow women to attend religious schools to pursue dentistry, nursing, and other subjects.<a href="#cite_note-465">[459]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Afghanistan" title="Health in Afghanistan">Health in Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabul_Military_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kabul_Military_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Kabul_Military_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kabul_Military_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Kabul_Military_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kabul_Military_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Kabul_Military_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Daoud_Khan_Military_Hospital" title="Daoud Khan Military Hospital">Daoud Khan Military Hospital</a> in Kabul is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Afghanistan" title="List of hospitals in Afghanistan">hospitals</a> in Afghanistan.</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, Afghanistan is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">15th least developed country in the world</a>. The average <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">life expectancy</a> is estimated to be around 60 years.<a href="#cite_note-466">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2016-467">[461]</a> The country's <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">maternal mortality</a> rate is 396 deaths/100,000 live births and its <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate is 66<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2016-467">[461]</a> to 112.8 deaths in every 1,000 live births.<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-268">[262]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Health_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Public Health (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Public Health</a> plans to cut the infant mortality rate to 400 for every 100,000 live births before 2020. The country has more than 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">midwives</a>, with an additional 300 to 400 being trained each year.<a href="#cite_note-468">[462]</a> There are over 100 <a href="/wiki/Hospitals_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospitals in Afghanistan">hospitals in Afghanistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-469">[463]</a> with the most advanced treatments being available in Kabul. The <a href="/wiki/French_Medical_Institute_for_Children" title="French Medical Institute for Children">French Medical Institute for Children</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Indira Gandhi Children's Hospital">Indira Gandhi Children's Hospital</a> in Kabul are the leading <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_hospital" title="Children's hospital">children's hospitals</a> in the country. Some of the other leading hospitals in Kabul include the <a href="/wiki/Jamhuriat_Hospital" title="Jamhuriat Hospital">Jamhuriat Hospital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Hospital_(Kabul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Hospital (Kabul)">Jinnah Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-470">[464]</a> In spite of all this, many Afghans travel to Pakistan and India for advanced treatment. It was reported in 2006 that nearly 60% of the Afghan population lives within a two-hour walk of the nearest health facility.<a href="#cite_note-471">[465]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a> rate is also high in Afghanistan due to the decades of war.<a href="#cite_note-472">[466]</a> It was reported recently that about 80,000 people are missing limbs.<a href="#cite_note-473">[467]</a><a href="#cite_note-474">[468]</a> Non-governmental charities such as <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahboba%27s_Promise" title="Mahboba's Promise">Mahboba's Promise</a> assist orphans in association with governmental structures.<a href="#cite_note-475">[469]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Culture of Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CH-NB_-_Afghanistan,_Kulm_(Khulm,_Kholm)-_Menschen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-21-110.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/CH-NB_-_Afghanistan%2C_Kulm_%28Khulm%2C_Kholm%29-_Menschen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-21-110.jpg/220px-CH-NB_-_Afghanistan%2C_Kulm_%28Khulm%2C_Kholm%29-_Menschen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-21-110.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/CH-NB_-_Afghanistan%2C_Kulm_%28Khulm%2C_Kholm%29-_Menschen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-21-110.jpg/330px-CH-NB_-_Afghanistan%2C_Kulm_%28Khulm%2C_Kholm%29-_Menschen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-21-110.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/CH-NB_-_Afghanistan%2C_Kulm_%28Khulm%2C_Kholm%29-_Menschen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-21-110.jpg/440px-CH-NB_-_Afghanistan%2C_Kulm_%28Khulm%2C_Kholm%29-_Menschen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-21-110.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5038" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>An Afghan family near <a href="/wiki/Kholm,_Afghanistan" title="Kholm, Afghanistan">Kholm</a>, 1939 – most Afghans are tribal.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a> have both common cultural features and those that differ between the regions of Afghanistan, each with distinctive cultures partly as a result of geographic obstacles that divide the country.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-2002-265">[259]</a> Family is the mainstay of Afghan society and families are often headed by a <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-afghanistans.com-476">[470]</a> In the southern and eastern region, the people live according to the <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Pashtun culture</a> by following <a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a> (the Pashtun way).<a href="#cite_note-477">[471]</a> Key tenets of Pashtunwali include <a href="/wiki/Melmastia" class="mw-redirect" title="Melmastia">hospitality</a>, the provision of <a href="/wiki/Nanawatai" title="Nanawatai">sanctuary</a> to those seeking refuge, and revenge for the shedding of blood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupree1997126-478">[472]</a> The Pashtuns are largely connected to the culture of Central Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a>. The remaining Afghans are culturally <a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>. Some non-Pashtuns who live in proximity with Pashtuns have adopted Pashtunwali in a process called <a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunization</a>, while some Pashtuns have been <a href="/wiki/Persianized" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianized">Persianized</a>. Those who have lived in Pakistan and Iran over the last 30 years have been further influenced by the cultures of those neighboring nations. The Afghan people are known to be strongly religious.<a href="#cite_note-The_Swedish_Committee_for_Afghanistan_(SCA)-445">[439]</a> Afghans, particularly Pashtuns, are noted for their tribal solidarity and high regard for personal honor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarfield201259-479">[473]</a> There are various <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Afghan tribes</a>, and an estimated 2–3 million <a href="/wiki/Kochi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochi people">nomads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-480">[474]</a> Afghan culture is deeply <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarfield201240–41-481">[475]</a> but pre-Islamic practices persist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupree1997104-482">[476]</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Afghanistan" title="Child marriage in Afghanistan">Child marriage</a> is prevalent;<a href="#cite_note-483">[477]</a> the legal age for marriage is 16.<a href="#cite_note-484">[478]</a> The most preferred marriage in Afghan society is to one's <a href="/wiki/Parallel_cousin" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel cousin">parallel cousin</a>, and the groom is often expected to pay a <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupree1997122,_198-485">[479]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuchi_Village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kuchi_Village.jpg/220px-Kuchi_Village.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kuchi_Village.jpg/330px-Kuchi_Village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kuchi_Village.jpg/440px-Kuchi_Village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3110" data-file-height="2332" /></a><figcaption>A house occupied by nomadic kochi people in <a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_Province" title="Nangarhar Province">Nangarhar Province</a></figcaption></figure> In the villages, families typically occupy <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a> houses, or compounds with mudbrick or <a href="/wiki/Stone_wall" title="Stone wall">stone walled</a> houses. Villages typically have a headman (malik), a master for water distribution (mirab) and a religious teacher (mullah). Men would typically work on the fields, joined by women during harvest.<a href="#cite_note-afghanistans.com-476">[470]</a> About 15% of the population are <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a>, locally called <a href="/wiki/Kochi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochi people">kochis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-2002-265">[259]</a> When nomads pass villages they often buy supplies such as tea, wheat and <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> from the villagers; villagers buy <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> and milk from the nomads.<a href="#cite_note-afghanistans.com-476">[470]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_clothing" title="Afghan clothing">Afghan clothing</a> for both men and women typically consists of various forms of <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">shalwar kameez</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Perahan_tunban" class="mw-redirect" title="Perahan tunban">perahan tunban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khet_partug" class="mw-redirect" title="Khet partug">khet partug</a>. Women would normally wear a <a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">chador</a> for head covering; some women, typically from highly conservative communities, wear the <a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqa</a>, a full body covering. These were worn by some women of the Pashtun community well before Islam came to the region, but the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> enforced this dress on women when they were in power.<a href="#cite_note-486">[480]</a> Another popular dress is the <a href="/wiki/Chapan" title="Chapan">chapan</a> which acts as a coat. The <a href="/wiki/Karakul_(hat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakul (hat)">karakul</a> is a hat made from the fur of a specific regional breed of sheep. It was favored by former kings of Afghanistan and became known to much of the world in the 21st century when it was constantly worn by President <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-487">[481]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pakol" title="Pakol">pakol</a> is another traditional hat originating from the far east of the country; it was popularly worn by the guerrilla leader <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-488">[482]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mazari_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazari hat">Mazari hat</a> originates from northern Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-489">[483]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Afghanistan" title="Architecture of Afghanistan">Architecture of Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabul_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kabul_Skyline.jpg/260px-Kabul_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kabul_Skyline.jpg/390px-Kabul_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kabul_Skyline.jpg/520px-Kabul_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Kabul skyline, displaying both historical and contemporary buildings</figcaption></figure> The nation has a complex history that has survived either in its current cultures or in the form of various languages and monuments. Afghanistan contains many remnants from all ages, including <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> stupas, monasteries, monuments, temples, and Islamic minarets. Among the most well known are the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Herat" title="Great Mosque of Herat">Great Mosque of Herat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mosque_(Mazar-i-Sharif)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Mosque (Mazar-i-Sharif)">Blue Mosque</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minaret_of_Jam" title="Minaret of Jam">Minaret of Jam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chil_Zena" title="Chil Zena">Chil Zena</a>, the Qala-i Bost in <a href="/wiki/Lashkargah" title="Lashkargah">Lashkargah</a>, the ancient Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-490">[484]</a> However, many of its historic monuments have been damaged in modern times due to the civil wars.<a href="#cite_note-491">[485]</a> The two famous <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a> were destroyed by the Taliban, who regarded them as <a href="/wiki/Idolatrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Idolatrous">idolatrous</a>. As there was no colonialism in the modern era in Afghanistan, European-style architecture is rare but does exist: the Victory Arch at <a href="/wiki/Paghman" title="Paghman">Paghman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Darul_Aman_Palace" title="Darul Aman Palace">Darul Aman Palace</a> in Kabul were built in this style in the 1920s. Afghan architecture also ranges <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">deep into India</a> such as the city of <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-492">[486]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Tomb of Sher Shah Suri">tomb of Sher Shah Suri</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Afghan Emperor of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-493">[487]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_ceramics">Art and ceramics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_art" title="Afghan art">Afghan art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Afghan_Embroidery_Style.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Traditional_Afghan_Embroidery_Style.jpg/220px-Traditional_Afghan_Embroidery_Style.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Traditional_Afghan_Embroidery_Style.jpg/330px-Traditional_Afghan_Embroidery_Style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Traditional_Afghan_Embroidery_Style.jpg/440px-Traditional_Afghan_Embroidery_Style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>A traditional Afghan <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a> pattern</figcaption></figure> Carpet <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> is an ancient practice in Afghanistan, and many of these are still <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handmade</a> by tribal and nomadic people today.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-434">[428]</a> Carpets have been produced in the region for thousands of years and traditionally done by women.<a href="#cite_note-494">[488]</a> Some crafters express their feelings through the designs of rugs; for example after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, "<a href="/wiki/War_rugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War rugs">war rugs</a>", a variant of <a href="/wiki/Afghan_rug" title="Afghan rug">Afghan rugs</a>, were created with designs representing pain and misery caused by the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-495">[489]</a> Every province has its own specific characteristics in making rugs.<a href="#cite_note-496">[490]</a> In some of the Turkic-populated areas in the north-west, bride and wedding ceremony prices are driven by the bride's weaving skills.<a href="#cite_note-497">[491]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> has been crafted in Afghanistan for millennia. The village of <a href="/wiki/Istalif" title="Istalif">Istalif</a>, north of Kabul, is in particular a major center, known for its unique turquoise and green pottery,<a href="#cite_note-498">[492]</a> and their methods of crafting have remained the same for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-499">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-500">[494]</a> Much of <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> stones were earthed in modern-day Afghanistan which were used in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese porcelain">Chinese porcelain</a> as <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a>, later used in ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-501">[495]</a> The lands of Afghanistan have a long history of art, with the world's earliest known usage of <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a> found in cave murals in the country.<a href="#cite_note-502">[496]</a><a href="#cite_note-503">[497]</a> A notable art style that developed in Afghanistan and eastern Pakistan is <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhara Art">Gandhara Art</a>, produced by a fusion of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> art and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a> between the 1st and 7th centuries CE.<a href="#cite_note-504">[498]</a> Later eras saw increased use of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> style, with <a href="/wiki/Kamaleddin_Behzad" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamaleddin Behzad">Kamaleddin Behzad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> being one of the most notable miniature artists of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> periods. Since the 1900s, the nation began to use Western techniques in art. <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghafoor_Breshna" title="Abdul Ghafoor Breshna">Abdul Ghafoor Breshna</a> was a prominent Afghan painter and sketch artist from Kabul during the 20th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Afghanistan" title="Poetry of Afghanistan">Poetry of Afghanistan</a></div> Classic <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pashto_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto poetry">Pashto poetry</a> are a cherished part of Afghan culture. Poetry has always been one of the major educational pillars in the region, to the level that it has integrated itself into culture.<a href="#cite_note-505">[499]</a> One of the poetic styles is called <a href="/wiki/Landay_(poetry)" title="Landay (poetry)">landay</a>. A popular theme in Afghan folklore and mythology are <a href="/wiki/Dev_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev (mythology)">Divs</a>, monstrous creatures.<a href="#cite_note-506">[500]</a> Thursdays are traditionally "poetry night" in the city of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> when men, women and children gather and recite both ancient and modern poems.<a href="#cite_note-507">[501]</a> Three mystical authors are considered true national glories (although claimed with equal ardor by Iran), namely: <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a> of Herat, a great mystic and <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> saint in the 11th century, <a href="/wiki/Sanai" title="Sanai">Sanai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, author of mystical poems in the 12th century, and, finally, <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, in the 13th century, considered the greatest mystical poet of the Muslim world. The Afghan Pashto literature, although quantitatively remarkable and in great growth in the last century, has always had an essentially local meaning and importance, feeling the influence of both Persian literature and the contiguous literatures of India. Both main literatures, from the second half of the nineteenth century, have shown themselves to be sensitive to genres, movements and stylistic features imported from Europe. <a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khan_Khattak" class="mw-redirect" title="Khushal Khan Khattak">Khushal Khan Khattak</a> of the 17th century is considered the national poet. Other notable poets include <a href="/wiki/Rabi%27a_Balkhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabi'a Balkhi">Rabi'a Balkhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba" title="Rahman Baba">Rahman Baba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalilullah_Khalili" title="Khalilullah Khalili">Khalilullah Khalili</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parween_Pazhwak" title="Parween Pazhwak">Parween Pazhwak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-508">[502]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Music of Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_rubab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Afghan_rubab.jpg/220px-Afghan_rubab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Afghan_rubab.jpg/330px-Afghan_rubab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Afghan_rubab.jpg/440px-Afghan_rubab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>The Afghan <a href="/wiki/Rubab_(instrument)" title="Rubab (instrument)">rubab</a></figcaption></figure> Afghan classical music has close historical links with <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a> and use the same Hindustani terminology and theories like <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">raga</a>. Genres of this style of music include <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazal</a> (poetic music) and instruments such as the Indian <a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">tabla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonium">harmonium</a>, and local instruments like <a href="/wiki/Zerbaghali" title="Zerbaghali">zerbaghali</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Dayereh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayereh">dayereh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">tanbur</a> which are also known in Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Middle East. The <a href="/wiki/Rubab_(instrument)" title="Rubab (instrument)">rubab</a> is the country's national instrument and precurses the Indian <a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">sarod</a> instrument. Some of the famous artists of classical music include <a href="/wiki/Ustad_Sarahang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustad Sarahang">Ustad Sarahang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahim_Sarban" title="Abdul Rahim Sarban">Sarban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Songlines-509">[503]</a> Pop music developed in the 1950s through <a href="/wiki/Radio_Kabul" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Kabul">Radio Kabul</a> and was influential in social change. During this time female artists also started appearing, at first <a href="/wiki/Mermon_Parwin" title="Mermon Parwin">Mermon Parwin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Songlines-509">[503]</a> Perhaps the most famous artist of this genre was <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zahir" title="Ahmad Zahir">Ahmad Zahir</a>, who synthesized many genres and continues to be renowned for his voice and rich lyrics long after his death in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-510">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-Songlines-509">[503]</a> Other notable masters of traditional or popular Afghan music include <a href="/wiki/Nashenas" title="Nashenas">Nashenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Jan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubaidullah Jan">Ubaidullah Jan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahwash" title="Mahwash">Mahwash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Wali" title="Ahmad Wali">Ahmad Wali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Darya" title="Farhad Darya">Farhad Darya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naghma_(singer)" title="Naghma (singer)">Naghma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-511">[505]</a> <a href="/wiki/Attan" title="Attan">Attan</a> is the national dance of Afghanistan, a group dance popularly performed by Afghans of all backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-512">[506]</a> The dance is considered part of Afghan identity.<a href="#cite_note-513">[507]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_entertainment">Media and entertainment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Afghanistan">Media of Afghanistan</a></div> Afghanistan has around 350 <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Afghanistan" title="List of radio stations in Afghanistan">radio stations</a> and over 200 television stations.<a href="#cite_note-TOLO-2019-514">[508]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_Afghanistan" title="Radio Television Afghanistan">Radio Television Afghanistan</a>, originating from 1925, is the state public broadcaster. Television programs began airing in the 1970s and today there are many private television channels such as <a href="/wiki/TOLO_(TV_channel)" title="TOLO (TV channel)">TOLO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamshad_TV" title="Shamshad TV">Shamshad TV</a>. The first Afghan newspaper was published in 1873,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupree1997405-515">[509]</a> and there are hundreds of print outlets today.<a href="#cite_note-TOLO-2019-514">[508]</a> By the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Kabul" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Kabul">Radio Kabul</a> was broadcasting local radio services.<a href="#cite_note-516">[510]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> (RFE/RL) broadcast in both of Afghanistan's official languages on radio.<a href="#cite_note-517">[511]</a> Press restrictions have been gradually relaxed and private media diversified since 2002, after more than two decades of tight controls. Afghans have long been accustomed to watching Indian <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> films and listening to its <a href="/wiki/Filmi" title="Filmi">filmi</a> songs.<a href="#cite_note-518">[512]</a> It has been claimed that Afghanistan is among the biggest markets for the Hindi film industry.<a href="#cite_note-519">[513]</a> The stereotypes of <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_India" title="Afghans in India">Afghans in India</a> (Kabuliwala or Pathani) have also been represented in some Bollywood films by actors.<a href="#cite_note-520">[514]</a> Many Bollywood film stars have roots in Afghanistan, including <a href="/wiki/Salman_Khan" title="Salman Khan">Salman Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saif_Ali_Khan" title="Saif Ali Khan">Saif Ali Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aamir_Khan" title="Aamir Khan">Aamir Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feroz_Khan_(Indian_actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feroz Khan (Indian actor)">Feroz Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kader_Khan" title="Kader Khan">Kader Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah" title="Naseeruddin Shah">Naseeruddin Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zarine_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarine Khan">Zarine Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celina_Jaitly" title="Celina Jaitly">Celina Jaitly</a>, and a number of others. Several Bollywood films have been shot inside Afghanistan, including <a href="/wiki/Dharmatma" title="Dharmatma">Dharmatma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khuda_Gawah" title="Khuda Gawah">Khuda Gawah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Taliban" title="Escape from Taliban">Escape from Taliban</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kabul_Express" title="Kabul Express">Kabul Express</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bread_of_Afghanistan_in_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bread_of_Afghanistan_in_2010.jpg/220px-Bread_of_Afghanistan_in_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bread_of_Afghanistan_in_2010.jpg/330px-Bread_of_Afghanistan_in_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bread_of_Afghanistan_in_2010.jpg/440px-Bread_of_Afghanistan_in_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1055" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naan" title="Naan">Non</a>, the most widely consumed bread in Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> Afghan cuisine is largely based upon the nation's chief crops, such as wheat, maize, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> and rice. Accompanying these staples are native fruits and vegetables as well as dairy products such as milk, <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">whey</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kabuli_palaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabuli palaw">Kabuli palaw</a> is the <a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">national dish</a> of Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-521">[515]</a> The nation's culinary specialties reflect its ethnic and geographic diversity.<a href="#cite_note-522">[516]</a> Afghanistan is known for its high-quality <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Pomegranate production in Afghanistan">pomegranates</a>, grapes, and sweet melons.<a href="#cite_note-523">[517]</a> Tea is a favorite drink among Afghans. A typical Afghan diet consists of <a href="/wiki/Naan" title="Naan">naan</a>, yogurt, rice, and meat.<a href="#cite_note-afghanistans.com-476">[470]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays_and_festivals">Holidays and festivals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87.jpg/170px-%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87.jpg/255px-%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87.jpg/340px-%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Haft Mewa (Seven Fruit Syrup), popularly consumed during Nowruz</figcaption></figure> Afghanistan's official New Year starts with <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>, an ancient tradition that started as a <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> celebration in present-day Iran, and with which it shares the annual celebration along with several other countries. It occurs every year at the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">vernal equinox</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nauruz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruz in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a>, Nowruz is typically celebrated with music and dance, as well as holding <a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">buzkashi</a> tournaments.<a href="#cite_note-524">[518]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yald%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaldā">Yaldā</a>, another nationally celebrated ancient tradition,<a href="#cite_note-525">[519]</a> commemorates the ancient goddess <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a> and marks the longest night of the year on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> (čelle ye zemestān; usually falling on 20 or 21 December),<a href="#cite_note-526">[520]</a><a href="#cite_note-527">[521]</a> during which families gather together to recite poetry and eat fruit.<a href="#cite_note-528">[522]</a><a href="#cite_note-529">[523]</a> As a predominantly Muslim country, Islamic events and festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a> are widely celebrated annually in Afghanistan. The Sikh festival of <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> is celebrated by the Sikh community<a href="#cite_note-530">[524]</a> and the Hindu festival <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> by the Hindu community.<a href="#cite_note-531">[525]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Independence_Day" title="Afghan Independence Day">National Independence Day</a> is celebrated on 19 August to mark the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_Treaty_of_1919" title="Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919">Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919</a> and the country's full independence.<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-268">[262]</a> Several international celebrations are also officially held in Afghanistan, such as <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a>,<a href="#cite_note-532">[526]</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-533">[527]</a> Some regional festivals include the <a href="/wiki/Nowruz#Afghanistan" title="Nowruz">Red Flower Festival</a> (during Nowruz) in <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a>,<a href="#cite_note-534">[528]</a> and the Damboora Festival in <a href="/wiki/Bamyan_Province" title="Bamyan Province">Bamyan Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-535">[529]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Afghanistan" title="Sport in Afghanistan">Sport in Afghanistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_Afghanistan" title="Traditional games of Afghanistan">Traditional games of Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buzkashi_game_in_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Buzkashi_game_in_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-Buzkashi_game_in_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Buzkashi_game_in_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-Buzkashi_game_in_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Buzkashi_game_in_Afghanistan.jpg/440px-Buzkashi_game_in_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2881" data-file-height="1921" /></a><figcaption>The ancient national sport of Afghanistan, <a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Buzkashi</a></figcaption></figure> Sport in Afghanistan is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Sports_Federation" title="Afghan Sports Federation">Afghan Sports Federation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> and association football are the two most popular sports in the country.<a href="#cite_note-536">[530]</a><a href="#cite_note-537">[531]</a> The Afghan Sports Federation promotes cricket, association football, basketball, volleyball, golf, <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">handball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">bodybuilding</a>, track and field, <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">skating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowling" title="Bowling">bowling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, and other sports. The <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan national basketball team">Afghanistan national basketball team</a> won the first team sports title at the <a href="/wiki/2010_South_Asian_Games" title="2010 South Asian Games">2010 South Asian Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-538">[532]</a> In 2012, the country's <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_national_3x3_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan national 3x3 team">3x3 basketball team</a> won the gold medal at the <a href="/wiki/3-on-3_basketball_at_the_2012_Asian_Beach_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="3-on-3 basketball at the 2012 Asian Beach Games">2012 Asian Beach Games</a>. In 2013, Afghanistan's <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_national_football_team" title="Afghanistan national football team">football team</a> followed as it won the <a href="/wiki/SAFF_Championship" title="SAFF Championship">SAFF Championship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SAFF2013-539">[533]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Afghan_national_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan national cricket team">Afghan national cricket team</a>, which was formed in 2001, won the <a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_ICC_Intercontinental_Cup" title="2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup">2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-540">[534]</a> It won the <a href="/wiki/ACC_Twenty20_Cup" title="ACC Twenty20 Cup">ACC Twenty20 Cup</a> in 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013. The team played in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2015 Cricket World Cup">2015</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2019 Cricket World Cup">2019</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2023_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2023 Cricket World Cup">2023 Cricket World Cups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-541">[535]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_Cricket_Board" title="Afghanistan Cricket Board">Afghanistan Cricket Board</a> (ACB) is the official governing body of the sport and is headquartered in Kabul. The <a href="/wiki/Alokozay_Kabul_International_Cricket_Ground" class="mw-redirect" title="Alokozay Kabul International Cricket Ground">Alokozay Kabul International Cricket Ground</a> serves as the nation's main cricket stadium. There are several other stadiums throughout the country, including the <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Amanullah_Khan_International_Cricket_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazi Amanullah Khan International Cricket Stadium">Ghazi Amanullah Khan International Cricket Stadium</a> near <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a>. Domestically, cricket is played between teams from different provinces. The <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_national_football_team" title="Afghanistan national football team">Afghanistan national football team</a> has been competing in international <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> since 1941.<a href="#cite_note-542">[536]</a> The national team plays its home games at the <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Stadium" title="Ghazi Stadium">Ghazi Stadium</a> in Kabul, while <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Afghanistan" title="Football in Afghanistan">football in Afghanistan</a> is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_Football_Federation" title="Afghanistan Football Federation">Afghanistan Football Federation</a>. The national team has never competed or qualified for the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> but won an international football trophy in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-SAFF2013-539">[533]</a> The country also has a national team in the sport of futsal, a 5-a-side variation of football. The traditional and the national sport of Afghanistan is <a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">buzkashi</a>, particularly popular in the north.<a href="#cite_note-543">[537]</a> It is similar to <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a>, played by horsemen in two teams, each trying to grab and hold a goat carcass.<a href="#cite_note-544">[538]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Hound" title="Afghan Hound">Afghan Hound</a> (a type of running dog) originated in Afghanistan and was used in <a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting_with_dogs" title="Wolf hunting with dogs">wolf hunting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-545">[539]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Outline of Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The last census in Afghanistan was conducted in 1979, and was itself incomplete. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">ongoing conflict</a> in the country, no official census has been conducted since.<a href="#cite_note-Population_Matters-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demonym-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Demonym_12-0">^</a> Other demonyms that have been used are Afghani,<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Afghanese and Afghanistani (see <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a> for further details)<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Afghanistan is a pure <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>, with all law ultimately originating from the supreme leader. Consensus rule was initially used among the Taliban, but was phased out as the supreme leader monopolized control in the months following the 2021 return to power.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> There is an advisory <a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Leadership Council</a>, however its role is in question as the supreme leader has not convened it for many months (as of March 2023),<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan&action=edit">[update]</a> and increasingly rules by decree.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/æfˈɡænɪstæn, æfˈɡɑːnɪstɑːn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/ff\/En-us-Afghanistan.ogg\/En-us-Afghanistan.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Afghanistan.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/En-us-Afghanistan.ogg/En-us-Afghanistan.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Afghanistan.ogg" title="File:En-us-Afghanistan.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>: د افغانستان اسلامي امارت</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a>: امارت اسلامی افغانستان</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> regards Afghanistan as a bordering country, as it considers all of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> to be part of India. However, this is <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">disputed</a>, and the region bordering Afghanistan is administered by Pakistan as <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603201955/http://law.acku.edu.af/fa/download/file/fa/12686/77746">"Document 77746"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.acku.edu.af/fa/download/file/fa/12686/77746">the original</a> on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Document+77746&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.acku.edu.af%2Ffa%2Fdownload%2Ffile%2Ffa%2F12686%2F77746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor2013" class="citation news cs1">Tharoor, Ishaan (19 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/">"The Taliban's Qatar Office: Are Prospects for Peace Already Doomed?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819021327/https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Taliban%27s+Qatar+Office%3A+Are+Prospects+for+Peace+Already+Doomed%3F&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Ishaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld.time.com%2F2013%2F06%2F19%2Fthe-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geonames.org/1149361/islamic-republic-of-afghanistan.html">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geonames.org/about.html">Geonames.org (CC BY)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Population_Matters-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Population_Matters_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Population_Matters_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816021136/https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230">"Population Matters"</a>. 3 March 2016. 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Retrieved 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Afghanistan&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghanembassy.us%2Fabout-afghanistan%2Fconstitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghan">Afghan | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary</a>. the Cambridge English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107660151" title="Special:BookSources/9781107660151"><bdi>9781107660151</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303180827/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghan">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghan+%7C+meaning+in+the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.isbn=9781107660151&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fafghan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakhi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sakhi, Nilofar (December 2022). "The Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan and Security Paradox". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Asian_Security_and_International_Affairs" title="Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs">Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs</a>. 9 (3): 383–401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F23477970221130882">10.1177/23477970221130882</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2347-7970">2347-7970</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253945821">253945821</a>. <q>Afghanistan is now controlled by a militant group that operates out of a totalitarian ideology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Security+and+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Taliban+Takeover+in+Afghanistan+and+Security+Paradox&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=383-401&rft.date=2022-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253945821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2347-7970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F23477970221130882&rft.aulast=Sakhi&rft.aufirst=Nilofar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadadi2022" class="citation web cs1">Madadi, Sayed (6 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/dysfunctional-centralization-and-growing-fragility-under-taliban-rule">"Dysfunctional centralization and growing fragility under Taliban rule"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Institute" title="Middle East Institute">Middle East Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128205909/https://www.mei.edu/publications/dysfunctional-centralization-and-growing-fragility-under-taliban-rule">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022. <q>In other words, the centralized political and governance institutions of the former republic were unaccountable enough that they now comfortably accommodate the totalitarian objectives of the Taliban without giving the people any chance to resist peacefully.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=Dysfunctional+centralization+and+growing+fragility+under+Taliban+rule&rft.date=2022-09-06&rft.aulast=Madadi&rft.aufirst=Sayed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Fdysfunctional-centralization-and-growing-fragility-under-taliban-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadr2022" class="citation web cs1">Sadr, Omar (23 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/omar-sadr-afghanistan-taliban-rule-totalitarianism-human-rights-news-2441/">"Afghanistan's Public Intellectuals Fail to Denounce the Taliban"</a>. Fair Observer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323115118/https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/omar-sadr-afghanistan-taliban-rule-totalitarianism-human-rights-news-2441/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022. <q>The Taliban government currently installed in Afghanistan is not simply another dictatorship. By all standards, it is a totalitarian regime.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fair+Observer&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%27s+Public+Intellectuals+Fail+to+Denounce+the+Taliban&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft.aulast=Sadr&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairobserver.com%2Fregion%2Fcentral_south_asia%2Fomar-sadr-afghanistan-taliban-rule-totalitarianism-human-rights-news-2441%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/dismantlement-of-the-taliban-regime-is-the-only-way-forward-for-afghanistan/">"Dismantlement of the Taliban regime is the only way forward for Afghanistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a>. 8 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128205911/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/dismantlement-of-the-taliban-regime-is-the-only-way-forward-for-afghanistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022. <q>As with any other ideological movement, the Taliban's Islamic government is transformative and totalitarian in nature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=Dismantlement+of+the+Taliban+regime+is+the+only+way+forward+for+Afghanistan&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fsouthasiasource%2Fdismantlement-of-the-taliban-regime-is-the-only-way-forward-for-afghanistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbari2022" class="citation web cs1">Akbari, Farkhondeh (7 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114164914/https://extremism.gwu.edu/risks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan">"The Risks Facing Hazaras in Taliban-ruled Afghanistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extremism.gwu.edu/risks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan">the original</a> on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2022. <q>In the Taliban's totalitarian Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, there is no meaningful political inclusivity or representation for Hazaras at any level.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+Washington+University&rft.atitle=The+Risks+Facing+Hazaras+in+Taliban-ruled+Afghanistan&rft.date=2022-03-07&rft.aulast=Akbari&rft.aufirst=Farkhondeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextremism.gwu.edu%2Frisks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2021" class="citation news cs1">Choi, Joseph (8 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/international/571292-eu-provisional-taliban-government-does-not-fulfill-promises">"EU: Provisional Taliban government does not fulfill promises"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318015908/https://thehill.com/policy/international/571292-eu-provisional-taliban-government-does-not-fulfill-promises">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=EU%3A+Provisional+Taliban+government+does+not+fulfill+promises&rft.date=2021-09-08&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fpolicy%2Finternational%2F571292-eu-provisional-taliban-government-does-not-fulfill-promises&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBezhan2021" class="citation news cs1">Bezhan, Frud (7 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-government-figures/31448372.html">"Key Figures In The Taliban's New Theocratic Government"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Farda" title="Radio Farda">Radio Farda</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220206103928/https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-government-figures/31448372.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Farda&rft.atitle=Key+Figures+In+The+Taliban%27s+New+Theocratic+Government&rft.date=2021-09-07&rft.aulast=Bezhan&rft.aufirst=Frud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgandhara.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fafghanistan-taliban-government-figures%2F31448372.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2023" class="citation news cs1">George, Susannah (18 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/afghanistan-taliban-islamic-law-rights/">"Inside the Taliban campaign to forge a religious emirate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218082415/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/afghanistan-taliban-islamic-law-rights/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Taliban+campaign+to+forge+a+religious+emirate&rft.date=2023-02-18&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Susannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Finteractive%2F2023%2Fafghanistan-taliban-islamic-law-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._S._Tirumurti2022" class="citation web cs1">T. S. Tirumurti (26 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3975071/files/S_2022_419-EN.pdf?ln=en">"Letter dated 25 May 2022 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. Retrieved 2 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+dated+25+May+2022+from+the+Chair+of+the+Security+Council+Committee+established+pursuant+to+resolution+1988+%282011%29+addressed+to+the+President+of+the+Security+Council&rft.pub=United+Nations+Security+Council&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft.au=T.+S.+Tirumurti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.un.org%2Frecord%2F3975071%2Ffiles%2FS_2022_419-EN.pdf%3Fln%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraemer2022" class="citation news cs1">Kraemer, Thomas (27 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jurist.org/news/2022/11/afghanistan-dispatch-taliban-leaders-issue-new-orders-on-law-making-process-enforcement-of-court-orders-from-previous-government/">"Afghanistan dispatch: Taliban leaders issue new orders on law-making process, enforcement of court orders from previous government"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JURIST" class="mw-redirect" title="JURIST">JURIST</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117233605/https://www.jurist.org/news/2022/11/afghanistan-dispatch-taliban-leaders-issue-new-orders-on-law-making-process-enforcement-of-court-orders-from-previous-government/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JURIST&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+dispatch%3A+Taliban+leaders+issue+new+orders+on+law-making+process%2C+enforcement+of+court+orders+from+previous+government&rft.date=2022-11-27&rft.aulast=Kraemer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jurist.org%2Fnews%2F2022%2F11%2Fafghanistan-dispatch-taliban-leaders-issue-new-orders-on-law-making-process-enforcement-of-court-orders-from-previous-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawi2023" class="citation news cs1">Dawi, Akmal (28 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/unseen-taliban-leader-wields-godlike-powers-in-afghanistan-/7026112.html">"Unseen Taliban Leader Wields Godlike Powers in Afghanistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413041049/https://www.voanews.com/a/unseen-taliban-leader-wields-godlike-powers-in-afghanistan-/7026112.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unseen+Taliban+Leader+Wields+Godlike+Powers+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2023-03-28&rft.aulast=Dawi&rft.aufirst=Akmal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Funseen-taliban-leader-wields-godlike-powers-in-afghanistan-%2F7026112.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_Analytica2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Analytica" title="Oxford Analytica">Oxford Analytica</a> (10 March 2023). "Senior Afghan Taliban figures move to curb leader". Expert Briefings. Emerald Expert Briefings. oxan–db (oxan–db). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FOXAN-DB276639">10.1108/OXAN-DB276639</a>. <q>[Akhundzada] has not convened the Taliban's Leadership Council (a 'politburo' of top leaders and commanders) for several months. Instead, he relies on the narrower Kandahar Council of Clerics for legal advice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Briefings&rft.atitle=Senior+Afghan+Taliban+figures+move+to+curb+leader&rft.volume=oxan-db&rft.issue=oxan%E2%80%93db&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FOXAN-DB276639&rft.au=Oxford+Analytica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Central Statistics Office Afghanistan </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/">"World Bank Open Data"</a>. World Bank Open Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526025607/https://data.worldbank.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_24-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"Afghanistan"</a>. International Monetary Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501160206/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023. 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Middle East Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018002025/https://www.mei.edu/publications/taliban-unrecognized-and-unrepentant">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Taliban%3A+Unrecognized+and+unrepentant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Ftaliban-unrecognized-and-unrepentant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/06/c_138288434.htm">"Morocco seizes over 840 kg of cannabis – Xinhua | English.news.cn"</a>. Xinhua News Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018002746/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/06/c_138288434.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco+seizes+over+840+kg+of+cannabis+%E2%80%93+Xinhua+%7C+English.news.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2019-08%2F06%2Fc_138288434.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408010552/https://www.mail.gov.af/en/afghanistan%E2%80%99s-saffron-media">"Afghanistan's Saffron on Media | AfGOV"</a>. mail.gov.af. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mail.gov.af/en/afghanistan%E2%80%99s-saffron-media">the original</a> on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mail.gov.af&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%27s+Saffron+on+Media+%7C+AfGOV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mail.gov.af%2Fen%2Fafghanistan%25E2%2580%2599s-saffron-media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/global-markets/taliban-takeover-puts-afghanistans-cashmere-silk-industries-at-risk/">"Taliban Takeover Puts Afghanistan's Cashmere, Silk Industries at Risk"</a>. The Business of Fashion. 25 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018002748/https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/global-markets/taliban-takeover-puts-afghanistans-cashmere-silk-industries-at-risk/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Business+of+Fashion&rft.atitle=Taliban+Takeover+Puts+Afghanistan%27s+Cashmere%2C+Silk+Industries+at+Risk&rft.date=2021-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessoffashion.com%2Fnews%2Fglobal-markets%2Ftaliban-takeover-puts-afghanistans-cashmere-silk-industries-at-risk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <ul><li>"The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian... " (Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180. See also: Alexander's Invasion of India, p 38; J.W. McCrindle).</li> <li>"Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana, an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses" (See: Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture Abroad, p 124, Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan).</li> <li>Cf: "Their name (Afghan) means "cavalier" being derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, Asva, or Asvaka, a horse, and shows that their country must have been noted in ancient times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses. Asvaka was an important tribe settled north to Kabul river, which offered a gallant resistance but ineffectual resistance to the arms of Alexander." (Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1999, p. 275, Royal Scottish Geographical Society)</li> <li>"Afghans are Assakani of the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>; this word being the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashvaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashvaka">Ashvaka</a> meaning 'horsemen'." (Sva, 1915, p. 113, Christopher Molesworth Birdwood)</li> <li>Cf: "The name represents Sanskrit Asvaka in the sense of a cavalier, and this reappears scarcely modified in the Assakani or Assakeni of the historians of the expedition of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>" (Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indian</a> words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological. Henry Yule, A. D. Burnell).</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar">Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra</a> (1977) [1952]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA99">Ancient India</a> (Reprinted ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12080-436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12080-436-4"><bdi>978-8-12080-436-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India&rft.pages=99&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-8-12080-436-4&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNxiN5tzKOgC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCh._M._Kieffer1983" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ch. M. Kieffer (15 December 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131116233835/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afgan-in-current-political-usage-any-citizen-of-afghanistan-whatever-his-ethnic-tribal-or-religious-affiliation">"Afghan"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.). Columbia University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afgan-in-current-political-usage-any-citizen-of-afghanistan-whatever-his-ethnic-tribal-or-religious-affiliation">the original</a> on 16 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afghan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=1983-12-15&rft.au=Ch.+M.+Kieffer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fafgan-in-current-political-usage-any-citizen-of-afghanistan-whatever-his-ethnic-tribal-or-religious-affiliation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogelsang2002" class="citation book cs1">Vogelsang, Willem (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&pg=PA18">The Afghans</a>. Wiley Blackwell. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19841-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19841-5"><bdi>0-631-19841-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709112010/https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Afghans&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-631-19841-5&rft.aulast=Vogelsang&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9kfJ6MlMsJQC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNölle-Karimi2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nölle-Karimi, Christine (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_24776">"Afghanistan until 1747"</a>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+until+1747&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=N%C3%B6lle-Karimi&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2F%2A-COM_24776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2019317-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2019317_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2019">Lee 2019</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-JFS-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JFS_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JFS_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040717092902/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761569370___42/Afghanistan.html">Afghanistan – John Ford Shroder, University of Nebraska</a>. Encarta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/text_761569370___42/Afghanistan.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2004. Retrieved 19 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+%E2%80%93+John+Ford+Shroder%2C+University+of+Nebraska&rft.pub=Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Ftext_761569370___42%2FAfghanistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726153721/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1881896-1%2C00.html">"Afghanistan: A Treasure Trove for Archaeologists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 26 February 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1881896-1,00.html">the original</a> on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+A+Treasure+Trove+for+Archaeologists&rft.date=2009-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1881896-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRita_Wright2009" class="citation book cs1">Rita Wright (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ">The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521576529" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521576529"><bdi>978-0521576529</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160628065355/https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Indus%3A+Urbanism%2C+Economy%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0521576529&rft.au=Rita+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgAgFPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998). Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation. pp.96 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Depree1981" class="citation book cs1">Louis Depree (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-xjGtwAACAAJ">Notes on Shortugai: An Harappan Site in Northern Afghanistan</a>. Centre for the Study of the Civilization of Central Asia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Shortugai%3A+An+Harappan+Site+in+Northern+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Centre+for+the+Study+of+the+Civilization+of+Central+Asia&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Louis+Depree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-xjGtwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Bryant, Edwin F. (2001) The quest for the origins of Vedic culture: the Indo-Aryan migration debate <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513777-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513777-4">978-0-19-513777-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120909000527/http://www.gandhara.com.au/afghan_table.html">"Chronological History of Afghanistan – the cradle of Gandharan civilisation"</a>. Gandhara.com.au. 15 February 1989. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gandhara.com.au/afghan_table.html">the original</a> on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronological+History+of+Afghanistan+%E2%80%93+the+cradle+of+Gandharan+civilisation&rft.pub=Gandhara.com.au&rft.date=1989-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gandhara.com.au%2Fafghan_table.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gnoli-1989-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gnoli-1989_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gnoli-1989_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnoli1989" class="citation book cs1">Gnoli, Gherado (1989). The Idea of Iran, an Essay on its Origin. Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. p. 133. <q>... he would have drawn inspiration from a ireligious policy which intended to counteract the Median Magi's influence and transfer the 'Avesta-Schule' from Arachosia to Persia: thus the Avesta would have arrived in Persia through Arachosia in the 6th century B.C. [...] Although ... Arachosia would have been only a second fatherland for Zoroastrianism, a significant role should still be attributed to this south-eastern region in the history of the Zoroastrian tradition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Iran%2C+an+Essay+on+its+Origin&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Istituto+italiano+per+il+Medio+ed+Estremo+Oriente&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Gnoli&rft.aufirst=Gherado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gnoli-1989a-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gnoli-1989a_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gnoli-1989a_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnoli1989" class="citation book cs1">Gnoli, Gherado (1989). The Idea of Iran, an essay on its Origin. Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. p. 133. <q>linguistic data [...] prove the presence of the Zoroastrian tradition in Arachosia both in the Achaemenian age, in the last quarter of the 6th century, and in the Seleucid age.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Iran%2C+an+essay+on+its+Origin&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Istituto+italiano+per+il+Medio+ed+Estremo+Oriente&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Gnoli&rft.aufirst=Gherado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARACHOSIA_–_Encyclopaedia_Iranica-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ARACHOSIA_–_Encyclopaedia_Iranica_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARACHOSIA_–_Encyclopaedia_Iranica_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/arachosia">"ARACHOSIA – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. iranicaonline.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523120936/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/arachosia">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=ARACHOSIA+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farachosia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408085103/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf">"Country Profile: Afghanistan"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a> on Afghanistan. August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies+on+Afghanistan&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FAfghanistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunion200744-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunion200744_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunion2007">Runion 2007</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unama.unmissions.org/afghanistan-and-silk-road-land-heart-world-trade-bijan-omrani">"'Afghanistan and the Silk Road: The land at the heart of world trade' by Bijan Omrani"</a>. UNAMA. 8 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816022140/https://unama.unmissions.org/afghanistan-and-silk-road-land-heart-world-trade-bijan-omrani">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNAMA&rft.atitle=%27Afghanistan+and+the+Silk+Road%3A+The+land+at+the+heart+of+world+trade%27+by+Bijan+Omrani&rft.date=2010-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funama.unmissions.org%2Fafghanistan-and-silk-road-land-heart-world-trade-bijan-omrani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/countries-alongside-silk-road-routes/afghanistan">"Afghanistan – Silk Roads Programme"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618032829/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/countries-alongside-silk-road-routes/afghanistan">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+%E2%80%93+Silk+Roads+Programme&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fsilkroad%2Fcountries-alongside-silk-road-routes%2Fafghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2002" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA125">Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries</a>. BRILL. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04173-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04173-8"><bdi>0-391-04173-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201142728/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA125">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%2C+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+Early+Medieval+India+and+the+Expansion+of+Islam+7Th-11th+Centuries&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-391-04173-8&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2m7_R5P2oAC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081023100306/http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Afghan_and_Afghanistan.htm">"Afghan and Afghanistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hai_Habibi" title="Abdul Hai Habibi">Abdul Hai Habibi</a>. alamahabibi.com. 1969. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Afghan_and_Afghanistan.htm">the original</a> on 23 October 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abdul+Hai+Habibi&rft.atitle=Afghan+and+Afghanistan&rft.date=1969&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamahabibi.com%2FEnglish%2520Articles%2FAfghan_and_Afghanistan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Higham2014" class="citation book cs1">Charles Higham (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA141">Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0996-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0996-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-0996-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Asian+Civilizations&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1&rft.au=Charles+Higham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1c1UIEVH9gC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeberUnesco2002" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Olivier; Unesco (2002). Eternal Afghanistan. Chêne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103850-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103850-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103850-1</bdi></a>. <q>Gradually there emerged a fabulous syncretism between the Hellenistic world and the Buddhist universe</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eternal+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Ch%C3%AAne&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103850-1&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft.au=Unesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenet2016" class="citation book cs1">Grenet, Grenet (2016). Zoroastriansm among the Kushans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroastriansm+among+the+Kushans&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Grenet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2015" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Charles (5 November 2015). The Search For Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History. Little, Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-14218-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-14218-0"><bdi>978-0-349-14218-0</bdi></a>. <q>With Aurmuzd, Sroshard, Narasa and Mihr, we are on safer ground because all are Zoroastrian deities: Aurmuzd is the supreme god of light, Ahura Mazda; and Mihr, the sun god, is linked with the Iranian Mithra. Exactly the same non-Buddhist[...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+For+Shangri-La%3A+A+Journey+into+Tibetan+History&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.isbn=978-0-349-14218-0&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorder2010" class="citation book cs1">Gorder, A. Christian Van (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FeHAxxEpe-cC&q=nestorian+christians+Afghanistan&pg=PA34">Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-muslims in Iran</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3609-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3609-6"><bdi>978-0-7391-3609-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Persia+and+the+Status+of+Non-muslims+in+Iran&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-3609-6&rft.aulast=Gorder&rft.aufirst=A.+Christian+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFeHAxxEpe-cC%26q%3Dnestorian%2Bchristians%2BAfghanistan%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2010" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (9 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk7BS9XC10QC&q=Zaranj+christians+Afghanistan&pg=PT127">The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In</a>. Orion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-86559-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-86559-9"><bdi>978-0-297-86559-9</bdi></a>. <q>.. when the patriarch at Ctesiphon had to broker a compromise that left one bishop at the capital Zaranj and another further east at Bust, now in southern Afghanistan. A Christian text composed in about 850 also records a monastery of ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Arab+Conquests%3A+How+the+Spread+of+Islam+Changed+the+World+We+Live+In&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2010-12-09&rft.isbn=978-0-297-86559-9&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPk7BS9XC10QC%26q%3DZaranj%2Bchristians%2BAfghanistan%26pg%3DPT127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYossef1998" class="citation book cs1">Yossef, Noam Bar'am-Ben (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVMwAAAAYAAJ&q=Judaism+in+Afghanistan+ghor">Brides and Betrothals: Jewish Wedding Rituals in Afghanistan</a>. Israel Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-278-223-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-278-223-6"><bdi>978-965-278-223-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Jews of Afghanistan According to tradition, the first Jews reached ... in Hebrew script found in the Tang - e Azao Valley in the Ghor region ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brides+and+Betrothals%3A+Jewish+Wedding+Rituals+in+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Israel+Museum&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-965-278-223-6&rft.aulast=Yossef&rft.aufirst=Noam+Bar%27am-Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwVMwAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DJudaism%2Bin%2BAfghanistan%2Bghor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndeSteinbach2010" class="citation book cs1">Ende, Werner; Steinbach, Udo (15 April 2010). Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society. Cornell University Press. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801464898" title="Special:BookSources/9780801464898"><bdi>9780801464898</bdi></a>. <q>At the time of the first Muslim advances, numerous local natural religions were competing with Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and Hinduism in the territory of modern Afghanistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World+Today%3A+A+Handbook+of+Politics%2C+Religion%2C+Culture%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft.isbn=9780801464898&rft.aulast=Ende&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.au=Steinbach%2C+Udo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrychcoins)DalglishLenk2017" class="citation book cs1">Adrych, Philippa; coins), Robert Bracey (Writer on; Dalglish, Dominic; Lenk, Stefanie; Wood, Rachel (2017). Images of Mithra. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879253-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879253-6"><bdi>978-0-19-879253-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Rabatak inscription includes Miiro amongst a list of gods: Nana, Ahura Mazda, and Narasa. All of these gods likely had images dedicated at the Bagolaggo, presumably alongside statues of Kanishka</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Mithra&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-879253-6&rft.aulast=Adrych&rft.aufirst=Philippa&rft.au=coins%29%2C+Robert+Bracey+%28Writer+on&rft.au=Dalglish%2C+Dominic&rft.au=Lenk%2C+Stefanie&rft.au=Wood%2C+Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2015" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Charles (5 November 2015). The Search For Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History. Little, Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-14218-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-14218-0"><bdi>978-0-349-14218-0</bdi></a>. <q>The two most important deities are goddesses: one is the lady Nana', daughter of the moon god and sister of the sun god, the Kushan form of Anahita, Zoroastrian goddess of fertility</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+For+Shangri-La%3A+A+Journey+into+Tibetan+History&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.isbn=978-0-349-14218-0&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408220905/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=98">"A.—The Hindu Kings of Kábul"</a>. Sir H. M. Elliot. London: <a href="/wiki/Packard_Humanities_Institute" title="Packard Humanities Institute">Packard Humanities Institute</a>. 1867–1877. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=98">the original</a> on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sir+H.+M.+Elliot&rft.atitle=A.%E2%80%94The+Hindu+Kings+of+K%C3%A1bul&rft.date=1867%2F1877&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersian.packhum.org%2Fpersian%2Fpf%3Ffile%3D80201012%26ct%3D98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamd-Allah_Mustawfi_of_Qazwin1340" class="citation web cs1">Hamd-Allah Mustawfi of Qazwin (1340). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726144951/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=16301012&ct=16">"The Geographical Part of the NUZHAT-AL-QULUB"</a>. Translated by Guy Le Strange. <a href="/wiki/Packard_Humanities_Institute" title="Packard Humanities Institute">Packard Humanities Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=16301012&ct=16">the original</a> on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Translated+by+Guy+Le+Strange&rft.atitle=The+Geographical+Part+of+the+NUZHAT-AL-QULUB&rft.date=1340&rft.au=Hamd-Allah+Mustawfi+of+Qazwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersian.packhum.org%2Fpersian%2Fpf%3Ffile%3D16301012%26ct%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726133107/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=100">"A.—The Hindu Kings of Kábul (p.3)"</a>. Sir H. M. Elliot. 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Da Capo Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81826-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81826-4"><bdi>978-0-306-81826-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+A+Military+History+from+Alexander+the+Great+to+the+War+against+the+Taliban&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81826-4&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3pUS_-uD-oC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2019" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Jonathan L. 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UNESCO. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103876-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103876-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103876-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+Development+in+contrast%3A+from+the+sixteenth+to+the+mid-nineteenth+century&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103876-1&rft.aulast=Chahryar&rft.aufirst=Adle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAzG5llo3YCMC%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngram1980" class="citation journal cs1">Ingram, Edward (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816181410/http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1980-great-britains-great-game-an-introduction-by-ingram-from-intl-hist-rev-v2-s-pdf/">"Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction"</a>. The International History Review. 2 (2): 160–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1980.9640210">10.1080/07075332.1980.9640210</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105749">40105749</a>. 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Asian Affairs. 46 (3): 387–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03068374.2015.1081001">10.1080/03068374.2015.1081001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159788830">159788830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+in+the+Great+War&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=387-410&rft.date=2015-09-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03068374.2015.1081001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159788830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2003" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Jeffery J. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275978785" title="Special:BookSources/9780275978785"><bdi>9780275978785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Conflict+in+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003-06-14&rft.isbn=9780275978785&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPj8DIT_bva0C%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicosia1997" class="citation journal cs1">Nicosia, Francis R. (1997). "'Drang Nach Osten' Continued? Germany and Afghanistan during the Weimar Republic". Journal of Contemporary History. 32 (2): 235–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200949703200207">10.1177/002200949703200207</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/261243">261243</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160565967">160565967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=%27Drang+Nach+Osten%27+Continued%3F+Germany+and+Afghanistan+during+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-257&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160565967%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F261243%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200949703200207&rft.aulast=Nicosia&rft.aufirst=Francis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Afghanistan". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a>. 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Retrieved 3 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Queen+Soraya+of+Afghanistan%3A+A+woman+ahead+of+her+time&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farab.news%2F5hdva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuḥammadMcChesney1999" class="citation book cs1">Muḥammad, Fayz̤; McChesney, R. D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ">Kabul under siege: Fayz Muhammad's account of the 1929 Uprising</a>. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 39, 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558761544" title="Special:BookSources/9781558761544"><bdi>9781558761544</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404143046/https://books.google.nl/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kabul+under+siege%3A+Fayz+Muhammad%27s+account+of+the+1929+Uprising&rft.pages=39%2C+40&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781558761544&rft.aulast=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft.aufirst=Fayz%CC%A4&rft.au=McChesney%2C+R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4_jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuḥammadMcChesney1999" class="citation book cs1">Muḥammad, Fayz̤; McChesney, R. D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ">Kabul under siege: Fayz Muhammad's account of the 1929 Uprising</a>. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 275, 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558761544" title="Special:BookSources/9781558761544"><bdi>9781558761544</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404143046/https://books.google.nl/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kabul+under+siege%3A+Fayz+Muhammad%27s+account+of+the+1929+Uprising&rft.pages=275%2C+276&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781558761544&rft.aulast=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft.aufirst=Fayz%CC%A4&rft.au=McChesney%2C+R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4_jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafizullah2005" class="citation book cs1">Hafizullah, Emadi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bY8ck6iktikC&pg=PA35">Culture and customs of Afghanistan</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33089-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33089-1"><bdi>0-313-33089-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225052702/https://books.google.com/books?id=bY8ck6iktikC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+customs+of+Afghanistan&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-313-33089-1&rft.aulast=Hafizullah&rft.aufirst=Emadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbY8ck6iktikC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eur2002-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eur2002_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eur2002_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEur2002" class="citation book cs1">Eur (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&pg=PA62">The Far East and Australasia 2003</a>. Psychology Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-133-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-133-9"><bdi>978-1-85743-133-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Far+East+and+Australasia+2003&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-133-9&rft.au=Eur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLclscNCTz9oC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Hyman2016" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Hyman (27 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvO-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">Afghanistan under Soviet Domination, 1964–91</a>. Springer. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-21948-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-21948-3"><bdi>978-1-349-21948-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+under+Soviet+Domination%2C+1964%E2%80%9391&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.isbn=978-1-349-21948-3&rft.au=Anthony+Hyman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvO-DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon_Synovitz2003" class="citation web cs1">Ron Synovitz (18 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1103837.html">"Afghanistan: History Of 1973 Coup Sheds Light On Relations With Pakistan"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626230602/https://www.rferl.org/a/1103837.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+History+Of+1973+Coup+Sheds+Light+On+Relations+With+Pakistan&rft.pub=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.date=2003-07-18&rft.au=Ron+Synovitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F1103837.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwans2002186–88-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwans2002186–88_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEwans2002">Ewans 2002</a>, p. 186–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadle2018" class="citation book cs1">Wadle, Ryan (1 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U0FvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR16">Afghanistan War: A Documentary and Reference Guide</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440857478" title="Special:BookSources/9781440857478"><bdi>9781440857478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+War%3A+A+Documentary+and+Reference+Guide&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft.isbn=9781440857478&rft.aulast=Wadle&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU0FvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeher2004" class="citation book cs1">Meher, Jagmohan (2004). America's Afghanistan War: The Success that Failed. Gyan Books. pp. 68–69, 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-262-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-262-6"><bdi>978-81-7835-262-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Afghanistan+War%3A+The+Success+that+Failed&rft.pages=68-69%2C+94&rft.pub=Gyan+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7835-262-6&rft.aulast=Meher&rft.aufirst=Jagmohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2005" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Rizwan (2005). Pakistan and the Emergence of Islamic Militancy in Afghanistan. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4434-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4434-7"><bdi>978-0-7546-4434-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+and+the+Emergence+of+Islamic+Militancy+in+Afghanistan&rft.pages=108-109&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4434-7&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Rizwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasanayagam2005" class="citation book cs1">Rasanayagam, Angelo (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00ange">Afghanistan: A Modern History</a>. <a href="/wiki/I.B.Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I.B.Tauris">I.B.Tauris</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00ange/page/73">73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850438571" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850438571"><bdi>978-1850438571</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1850438571&rft.aulast=Rasanayagam&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafghanistan00ange&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/83854.stm">"Afghanistan: 20 years of bloodshed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 26 April 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190217184807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/83854.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+20+years+of+bloodshed&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=1998-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fsouth_asia%2F83854.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarfield2012234-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarfield2012234_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarfield2012">Barfield 2012</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalinovsky2011" class="citation book cs1">Kalinovsky, Artemy M. (2011). A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan. Harvard University Press. pp. 25–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05866-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05866-8"><bdi>978-0-674-05866-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Long+Goodbye%3A+The+Soviet+Withdrawal+from+Afghanistan&rft.pages=25-28&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05866-8&rft.aulast=Kalinovsky&rft.aufirst=Artemy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacinaGleditsch2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lacina, Bethany; Gleditsch, Nils Petter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006175909/http://www.bethanylacina.com/LacinaGleditsch_newdata.pdf">"Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths"</a> (PDF). European Journal of Population. 21 (2–3): 154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10680-005-6851-6">10.1007/s10680-005-6851-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14344770">14344770</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethanylacina.com/LacinaGleditsch_newdata.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Population&rft.atitle=Monitoring+Trends+in+Global+Combat%3A+A+New+Dataset+of+Battle+Deaths&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=154&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10680-005-6851-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14344770%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lacina&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft.au=Gleditsch%2C+Nils+Petter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bethanylacina.com%2FLacinaGleditsch_newdata.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKakar1997" class="citation book cs1">Kakar, Mohammed (3 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;brand=ucpress">The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520208933" title="Special:BookSources/9780520208933"><bdi>9780520208933</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106175142/http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;brand=ucpress">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017. <q>The Afghans are among the latest victims of genocide by a superpower. Large numbers of Afghans were killed to suppress resistance to the army of the Soviet Union, which wished to vindicate its client regime and realize its goal in Afghanistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Invasion+and+the+Afghan+Response%2C+1979%E2%80%931982&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997-03-03&rft.isbn=9780520208933&rft.aulast=Kakar&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft7b69p12h%3Bbrand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlass1994" class="citation book cs1">Klass, Rosanne (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2chrSJCW54C&pg=PA129">The Widening Circle of Genocide</a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3965-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3965-5"><bdi>978-1-4128-3965-5</bdi></a>. <q>During the intervening fourteen years of Communist rule, an estimated 1.5 to 2 million Afghan civilians were killed by Soviet forces and their proxies- the four Communist regimes in Kabul, and the East Germans, Bulgarians, Czechs, Cubans, Palestinians, Indians and others who assisted them. These were not battle casualties or the unavoidable civilian victims of warfare. Soviet and local Communist forces seldom attacked the scattered guerilla bands of the Afghan Resistance except, in a few strategic locales like the Panjsher valley. Instead they deliberately targeted the civilian population, primarily in the rural areas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Widening+Circle+of+Genocide&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-3965-5&rft.aulast=Klass&rft.aufirst=Rosanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2chrSJCW54C%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReismanNorchi" class="citation web cs1">Reisman, W. Michael; Norchi, Charles H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/afghan/genocide.pdf">"Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026182528/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/afghan/genocide.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2017. <q>According to widely reported accounts, substantial programmes of depopulation have been conducted in these Afghan provinces: Ghazni, Nagarhar, Lagham, Qandahar, Zabul, Badakhshan, Lowgar, Paktia, Paktika and Kunar...There is considerable evidence that genocide has been committed against the Afghan people by the combined forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+the+Soviet+Occupation+of+Afghanistan&rft.aulast=Reisman&rft.aufirst=W.+Michael&rft.au=Norchi%2C+Charles+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paulbogdanor.com%2Fleft%2Fafghan%2Fgenocide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodson2001" class="citation book cs1">Goodson, Larry P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good">Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban</a>. University of Washington Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good/page/5">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98050-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98050-8"><bdi>978-0-295-98050-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%27s+Endless+War%3A+State+Failure%2C+Regional+Politics%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+Taliban&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98050-8&rft.aulast=Goodson&rft.aufirst=Larry+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafghanistansendl00good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYUzL1qhltA">"Soldiers of God: Cold War (Part 1/5)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130708042702/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYUzL1qhltA&feature=related">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soldiers+of+God%3A+Cold+War+%28Part+1%2F5%29&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DvYUzL1qhltA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/graca/mines.htm">Land-mines: A deadly inheritance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130805102916/http://www.unicef.org/graca/mines.htm">Archived</a> 5 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111130437/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Landmines-in-Afghanistan-A-Decades-Old-Danger-06143/">"Landmines in Afghanistan: A Decades Old Danger"</a>. Defenseindustrydaily.com. 1 February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Landmines-in-Afghanistan-A-Decades-Old-Danger-06143/">the original</a> on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landmines+in+Afghanistan%3A+A+Decades+Old+Danger&rft.pub=Defenseindustrydaily.com&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseindustrydaily.com%2FLandmines-in-Afghanistan-A-Decades-Old-Danger-06143%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/prm/releases/onepagers/202635.htm">"Refugee Admissions Program for Near East and South Asia"</a>. Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028213336/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/prm/releases/onepagers/202635.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refugee+Admissions+Program+for+Near+East+and+South+Asia&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Population%2C+Refugees%2C+and+Migration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fprm%2Freleases%2Fonepagers%2F202635.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecknagel" class="citation news cs1">Recknagel, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1051546.html">"Afghanistan: Land Mines From Afghan-Soviet War Leave Bitter Legacy (Part 2)"</a>. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814144505/https://www.rferl.org/a/1051546.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RadioFreeEurope%2FRadioLiberty&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Land+Mines+From+Afghan-Soviet+War+Leave+Bitter+Legacy+%28Part+2%29&rft.aulast=Recknagel&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F1051546.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120810051626/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0856490.html">"Afghanistan: History – Columbia Encyclopedia"</a>. Infoplease.com. 11 September 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0856490.html">the original</a> on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+History+%E2%80%93+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Infoplease.com&rft.date=2001-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fce6%2Fworld%2FA0856490.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prio.org/utility/Download.ashx?x=228">'Mujahidin vs. Communists: Revisiting the battles of Jalalabad and Khost</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802084503/https://www.prio.org/utility/Download.ashx?x=228">Archived</a> 2 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. By Anne Stenersen: a Paper presented at the conference COIN in Afghanistan: From Mughals to the Americans, Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), 12–13 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarfield2012239,_244-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarfield2012239,_244_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarfield2012">Barfield 2012</a>, pp. 239, 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200909110438/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6891/1/Aqab_Mehmood_Malik_Strategic_%26_Nuclear_Studies_2015_NDU_19.05.2016.pdf">"Archived Version"</a> (PDF). prr.hec.gov.pk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6891/1/Aqab_Mehmood_Malik_Strategic_%26_Nuclear_Studies_2015_NDU_19.05.2016.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prr.hec.gov.pk&rft.atitle=Archived+Version&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprr.hec.gov.pk%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F6891%2F1%2FAqab_Mehmood_Malik_Strategic_%2526_Nuclear_Studies_2015_NDU_19.05.2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print">"Afghanistan"</a>. publishing.cdlib.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230121200011/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2023. 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Webster University Press. p. 310.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massoud%3A+An+Intimate+Portrait+of+the+Legendary+Afghan+Leader&rft.pages=310&rft.edition=1+March+2009&rft.pub=Webster+University+Press&rft.au=Marcela+Grad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140125130822/http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=ahmed_shah_massoud">"Ahmed Shah Massoud"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_Commons" title="History Commons">History Commons</a>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=ahmed_shah_massoud">the original</a> on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ahmed+Shah+Massoud&rft.pub=History+Commons&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycommons.org%2Fentity.jsp%3Fentity%3Dahmed_shah_massoud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaley2009" class="citation book cs1">Maley, William (2009). The Afghanistan wars. 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London. 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CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Grugy2txSvc">the original</a> on 29 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brigade+055&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGrugy2txSvc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRory_McCarthy2001" class="citation news cs1">Rory McCarthy (17 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130628053351/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/oct/17/afghanistan.terrorism11">"New offer on Bin Laden"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/17/afghanistan.terrorism11">the original</a> on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+offer+on+Bin+Laden&rft.date=2001-10-17&rft.au=Rory+McCarthy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2001%2Foct%2F17%2Fafghanistan.terrorism11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/21/politics/trump-afghanistan-pakistan-india/index.html">'Trump calls out Pakistan, India as he pledges to 'fight to win' in Afghanistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901150353/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/21/politics/trump-afghanistan-pakistan-india/index.html">Archived</a> 1 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CNN, 24 August 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/10127/Afghanistan_Jan06_art2.pdf;jsessionid=51A568EB80A658471A265A1D06EF8ADB?sequence=3">"WPO Poll: Afghan Public Overwhelmingly Rejects al-Qaeda, Taliban"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Libraries" title="University of Maryland Libraries">University of Maryland Libraries</a>. 30 January 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102172723/http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/10127/Afghanistan_Jan06_art2.pdf;jsessionid=51A568EB80A658471A265A1D06EF8ADB?sequence=3">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017. <q>Equally large percentages endorse the US military presence in Afghanistan. Eighty-three percent said they have a favorable view of "the US military forces in our country" (39% very favorable). Just 17% have an unfavorable view.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Maryland+Libraries&rft.atitle=WPO+Poll%3A+Afghan+Public+Overwhelmingly+Rejects+al-Qaeda%2C+Taliban&rft.date=2006-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdrum.lib.umd.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1903%2F10127%2FAfghanistan_Jan06_art2.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D51A568EB80A658471A265A1D06EF8ADB%3Fsequence%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acsor-surveys.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Afghan-Futures-Wave-6-Analysis_FINAL-v2.pdf">"Afghan Futures: A National Public Opinion Survey"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Center_for_Socio-economic_and_Opinion_Research" title="Afghan Center for Socio-economic and Opinion Research">Afghan Center for Socio-economic and Opinion Research</a>. 29 January 2015. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329093740/http://acsor-surveys.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Afghan-Futures-Wave-6-Analysis_FINAL-v2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017. <q>Seventy-seven percent support the presence of U.S. forces; 67 percent say the same of NATO/ISAF forces more generally. Despite the country's travails, eight in 10 say it was a good thing for the United States to oust the Taliban in 2001. And much more blame either the Taliban or al Qaeda for the country's violence, 53 percent, than blame the United States, 12 percent. The latter is about half what it was in 2012, coinciding with a sharp reduction in the U.S. deployment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afghan+Center+for+Socio-economic+and+Opinion+Research&rft.atitle=Afghan+Futures%3A+A+National+Public+Opinion+Survey&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facsor-surveys.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F01%2FAfghan-Futures-Wave-6-Analysis_FINAL-v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler2001" class="citation news cs1">Tyler, Patrick (8 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140411134316/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/08/world/nation-challenged-attack-us-britain-strike-afghanistan-aiming-bases-terrorist.html">"A Nation challenged: The attack; U.S. and Britain strike Afghanistan, aiming at bases and terrorist camps; Bush warns 'Taliban will pay a price'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 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Retrieved 28 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Nation+challenged%3A+The+attack%3B+U.S.+and+Britain+strike+Afghanistan%2C+aiming+at+bases+and+terrorist+camps%3B+Bush+warns+%27Taliban+will+pay+a+price%27&rft.date=2001-10-08&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F10%2F08%2Fworld%2Fnation-challenged-attack-us-britain-strike-afghanistan-aiming-bases-terrorist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> Resolution 1386. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S/RES/1386(2001)">S/RES/1386(2001)</a> 31 May 2001. – (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1386" class="extiw" title="s:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1386">UNSCR 1386</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nato.usmission.gov/">"United States Mission to Afghanistan"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+withdrawal+triggered+catastrophic+defeat+of+Afghan+forces%2C+damning+watchdog+report+finds&rft.date=2022-05-18&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fmay%2F18%2Fafghanistan-us-withdrawal-defeat-watchdog-report-sigar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/18/us-withdrawal-prompted-collapse-of-afghan-army-report">"US withdrawal prompted collapse of Afghan army: Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>. 18 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620140206/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/18/us-withdrawal-prompted-collapse-of-afghan-army-report">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022. 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Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stars+and+Stripes&rft.atitle=One+year+later%2C+Austin+acknowledges+lasting+questions+over+Afghanistan+war%27s+end&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stripes.com%2Ftheaters%2Fus%2F2022-08-30%2Flasting-questions-afghanistan-withdrawal-7156882.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ariananews.af/karzai-says-while-the-war-has-ended-unity-has-not-yet-been-achieved/">"Karzai says while the war has ended, unity has not yet been achieved | Ariana News"</a>. ariananews.af. 9 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001113942/https://www.ariananews.af/karzai-says-while-the-war-has-ended-unity-has-not-yet-been-achieved/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ariananews.af&rft.atitle=Karzai+says+while+the+war+has+ended%2C+unity+has+not+yet+been+achieved+%7C+Ariana+News&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ariananews.af%2Fkarzai-says-while-the-war-has-ended-unity-has-not-yet-been-achieved%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unama.unmissions.org/briefing-special-representative-deborah-lyons-security-council-10">"Briefing by Special Representative Deborah Lyons to the Security Council"</a>. UNAMA. 26 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004064300/https://unama.unmissions.org/briefing-special-representative-deborah-lyons-security-council-10">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNAMA&rft.atitle=Briefing+by+Special+Representative+Deborah+Lyons+to+the+Security+Council&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funama.unmissions.org%2Fbriefing-special-representative-deborah-lyons-security-council-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/08/08/1115674232/afghanistan-taliban-hamid-karzai-us-withdrawal">"Hamid Karzai stays on in Afghanistan — hoping for the best, but unable to leave"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119174316/https://www.npr.org/2022/08/08/1115674232/afghanistan-taliban-hamid-karzai-us-withdrawal">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hamid+Karzai+stays+on+in+Afghanistan+%E2%80%94+hoping+for+the+best%2C+but+unable+to+leave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F08%2F08%2F1115674232%2Fafghanistan-taliban-hamid-karzai-us-withdrawal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZucchino2021" class="citation news cs1">Zucchino, David (1 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-government-leader.html">"Shifting to Governing, Taliban Will Name Supreme Afghan Leader"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-government-leader.html">the original</a> on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Shifting+to+Governing%2C+Taliban+Will+Name+Supreme+Afghan+Leader&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Zucchino&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F09%2F01%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fafghanistan-taliban-government-leader.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-58477769">"گروه طالبان حکومت جدید خود را با رهبری ملا حسن اخوند اعلام کرد"</a>. BBC News فارسی. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907202525/https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-58477769">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87+%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA+%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF+%D8%B1%D8%A7+%D8%A8%D8%A7+%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7+%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fpersian%2Fafghanistan-58477769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750">"Taliban announce new government for Afghanistan"</a>. BBC News. 7 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907212403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Taliban+announce+new+government+for+Afghanistan&rft.date=2021-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-58479750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/2319144/profile-who-is-afghanistans-new-caretaker-prime-minister">"Profile: Who is Afghanistan's new caretaker prime minister?"</a>. The Express Tribune. 8 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908140526/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2319144/profile-who-is-afghanistans-new-caretaker-prime-minister">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Who+is+Afghanistan%27s+new+caretaker+prime+minister%3F&rft.date=2021-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F2319144%2Fprofile-who-is-afghanistans-new-caretaker-prime-minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750">"Hardliners get key posts in new Taliban government"</a>. BBC News. 7 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907212403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hardliners+get+key+posts+in+new+Taliban+government&rft.date=2021-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-58479750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-174556">"Taliban Announces Head of State, Acting Ministers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TOLOnews" title="TOLOnews">TOLOnews</a>. 7 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907182414/https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-174556">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TOLOnews&rft.atitle=Taliban+Announces+Head+of+State%2C+Acting+Ministers&rft.date=2021-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftolonews.com%2Fafghanistan-174556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/09/21/1039232797/taliban-women-all-male-government-cabinet-ministers">"Taliban Name Their Deputy Ministers, Doubling Down On An All-Male Team"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. 21 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010123846/https://www.npr.org/2021/09/21/1039232797/taliban-women-all-male-government-cabinet-ministers">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Taliban+Name+Their+Deputy+Ministers%2C+Doubling+Down+On+An+All-Male+Team&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F09%2F21%2F1039232797%2Ftaliban-women-all-male-government-cabinet-ministers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/24/who-will-speak-for-afghanistan-at-the-united-nations">"Who will speak for Afghanistan at the United Nations?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>. 26 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211014060240/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/24/who-will-speak-for-afghanistan-at-the-united-nations">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+will+speak+for+Afghanistan+at+the+United+Nations%3F&rft.date=2021-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Feconomy%2F2021%2F9%2F24%2Fwho-will-speak-for-afghanistan-at-the-united-nations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/news24/world/news/china-urges-world-bank-imf-to-help-afghanistan-20211028">"China urges World Bank, IMF to help Afghanistan"</a>. News24. 28 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602222034/https://www.news24.com/news24/world/news/china-urges-world-bank-imf-to-help-afghanistan-20211028">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=China+urges+World+Bank%2C+IMF+to+help+Afghanistan&rft.date=2021-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Fnews24%2Fworld%2Fnews%2Fchina-urges-world-bank-imf-to-help-afghanistan-20211028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/afghanistan-can-the-taliban-avert-a-food-crisis-without-foreign-aid/a-59790464">"Afghanistan: Can the Taliban avert a food crisis without foreign aid?"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 11 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226203615/http://www.dw.com/en/afghanistan-can-the-taliban-avert-a-food-crisis-without-foreign-aid/a-59790464">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Can+the+Taliban+avert+a+food+crisis+without+foreign+aid%3F&rft.date=2021-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fafghanistan-can-the-taliban-avert-a-food-crisis-without-foreign-aid%2Fa-59790464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/oct/25/countdown-to-catastrophe-half-of-afghans-face-hunger-this-winter-un">"'Countdown to catastrophe': half of Afghans face hunger this winter – UN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 25 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609005548/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/oct/25/countdown-to-catastrophe-half-of-afghans-face-hunger-this-winter-un">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Countdown+to+catastrophe%27%3A+half+of+Afghans+face+hunger+this+winter+%E2%80%93+UN&rft.date=2021-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2021%2Foct%2F25%2Fcountdown-to-catastrophe-half-of-afghans-face-hunger-this-winter-un&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/11/afghanistan-facing-famine">"Afghanistan Facing Famine: UN, World Bank, US Should Adjust Sanctions, Economic Policies"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 11 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512115310/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/11/afghanistan-facing-famine">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+Facing+Famine%3A+UN%2C+World+Bank%2C+US+Should+Adjust+Sanctions%2C+Economic+Policies&rft.date=2021-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2021%2F11%2F11%2Fafghanistan-facing-famine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/can-the-taliban-tackle-corruption-in-afghanistan-/6942205.html">"Can the Taliban Tackle Corruption in Afghanistan?"</a>. VOA. 31 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816235333/https://www.voanews.com/a/can-the-taliban-tackle-corruption-in-afghanistan-/6942205.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023. <q>Taliban-ruled Afghanistan is ranked 150th, a remarkable status upgrade from its 174th ranking in 2021. In 2011, at the height of U.S. military and developmental engagement in Afghanistan, the country was ranked 180th, next to North Korea and Somalia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=Can+the+Taliban+Tackle+Corruption+in+Afghanistan%3F&rft.date=2023-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fcan-the-taliban-tackle-corruption-in-afghanistan-%2F6942205.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/2372216/world">"Taliban blasted for 'shocking oppression' of women"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 May 2019. <q>Kabul-based <a href="/wiki/Safi_Airways" title="Safi Airways">Safi</a> is the country's No. 2 airline after national carrier Ariana Afghan Airlines</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EU+To+Impose+Ban+on+Afghan+Planes&rft.date=2010-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.airwise.com%2Fstory%2Fview%2F1290466447.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/hairatan-to-mazar-i-sharif/">"Hairatan to Mazar-i-Sharif railway – Railways of Afghanistan"</a>. andrewgrantham.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224182253/http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/hairatan-to-mazar-i-sharif/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2017. 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World Bank Open Data.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.TFRT.IN%3Fend%3D2022%26locations%3DAF%26start%3D1983%26view%3Dchart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarimi2015" class="citation web cs1">Karimi, Ali (20 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/20/can-cities-save-afghanistan/">"Can Cities Save Afghanistan?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+Cities+Save+Afghanistan%3F&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft.aulast=Karimi&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2015%2F03%2F20%2Fcan-cities-save-afghanistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aljazeera.com-434">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera.com_434-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera.com_434-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/10/unraveling-afghan-art-carpet-weaving-201410917826901821.html">"Unravelling the Afghan art of carpet weaving"</a>. Al Jazeera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unravelling+the+Afghan+art+of+carpet+weaving&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2014%2F10%2Funraveling-afghan-art-carpet-weaving-201410917826901821.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%20%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C/population/%D8%A8%D8%B1%20%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%20%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%20%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%20%20%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%2098.pdf">"Afghan Population Estimates 1398"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Statistics Organization">Central Statistics Organization</a>. 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghan+Population+Estimates+1398&rft.pub=Central+Statistics+Organization&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcso.gov.af%2FContent%2Ffiles%2F%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%2520%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25DB%258C%2Fpopulation%2F%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%2520%25D8%25A2%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%2520%25D9%2586%25D9%2581%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%2520%25D9%2586%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C%2520%2520%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%252098.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1258799/afghanistan-share-of-population-by-ethnic-group/">"Distribution of Afghan population by ethnic group 2020"</a>. 20 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distribution+of+Afghan+population+by+ethnic+group+2020&rft.date=2021-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1258799%2Fafghanistan-share-of-population-by-ethnic-group%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/08/31/the-roots-of-afghanistans-tribal-tensions">"The roots of Afghanistan's tribal tensions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 31 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+roots+of+Afghanistan%27s+tribal+tensions&rft.date=2017-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-economist-explains%2F2017%2F08%2F31%2Fthe-roots-of-afghanistans-tribal-tensions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829115048/https://www.mfa.gov.af/constitution/chapter-one-state.html">"The Constitution of Afghanistan"</a>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.gov.af/constitution/chapter-one-state.html">the original</a> on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Afghanistan&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+Afghanistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.af%2Fconstitution%2Fchapter-one-state.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028065437/http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html">"Article Sixteen of the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan"</a>. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html#preamble">the original</a> on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2012. <q>Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state. Uzbek, Turkmen, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani and Pamiri are – in addition to Pashto and Dari – the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+Sixteen+of+the+2004+Constitution+of+Afghanistan&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghan-web.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcurrent_constitution.html%23preamble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> The Encyc. Iranica makes clear in the article on Afghanistan — Ethnography that "The term Farsiwan also has the regional forms Parsiwan and Parsiban. In religion they are Imami Shia. In the literature they are often mistakenly referred to as Tajik." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/afghanistan-COM_4803">Dupree, Louis (1982) "Afghanistan: (iv.) Ethnography", in Encyclopædia Iranica</a> Online Edition 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodetti2019" class="citation web cs1">Bodetti, Austin (11 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2019/7/11/what-will-happen-to-afghanistans-national-languages">"What will happen to Afghanistan's national languages?"</a>. alaraby.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alaraby&rft.atitle=What+will+happen+to+Afghanistan%27s+national+languages%3F&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft.aulast=Bodetti&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alaraby.co.uk%2Fenglish%2Findepth%2F2019%2F7%2F11%2Fwhat-will-happen-to-afghanistans-national-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Afroz-2013-442">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Afroz-2013_442-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Afroz-2013_442-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfrozNajibSmart!2013" class="citation book cs1">Afroz, Nazes; Najib, Moska; Smart!, Culture (1 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SjYUAgAAQBAJ">Afghanistan – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture</a>. Kuperard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857336801" title="Special:BookSources/9781857336801"><bdi>9781857336801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+%E2%80%93+Culture+Smart%21%3A+The+Essential+Guide+to+Customs+%26+Culture&rft.pub=Kuperard&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft.isbn=9781857336801&rft.aulast=Afroz&rft.aufirst=Nazes&rft.au=Najib%2C+Moska&rft.au=Smart%21%2C+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSjYUAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> The Asia Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/2018_Afghan-Survey_fullReport-12.4.18.pdf">Afghanistan in 2018: A Survey of the Afghan People.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807211241/https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/2018_Afghan-Survey_fullReport-12.4.18.pdf">Archived</a> 7 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2015" class="citation news cs1">Khan, M. 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The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan (SCA).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Swedish+Committee+for+Afghanistan+%28SCA%29&rft.atitle=Religion+in+Afghanistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswedishcommittee.org%2Fafghanistan%2Freligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity">"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation"</a>. The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>'s Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Muslims%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Religious+Affiliation&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation%2F%23identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumder2003" class="citation news cs1">Majumder, Sanjoy (25 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090222132753/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3138282.stm">"Sikhs struggle in Afghanistan"</a>. BBC News. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1994/4/1994-4-02.shtml">the original</a> on 11 January 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hinduism+Today&rft.atitle=Hindus+Abandon+Afghanistan&rft.au=Lavina+Melwani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduismtoday.com%2Farchives%2F1994%2F4%2F1994-4-02.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.religion.info/2005/08/25/afghanistan-sikhs-rebuilding-gurdwaras/">"Afghanistan: Sikhs rebuilding gurdwaras"</a>. 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925172338/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24074786">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Precious+moments+of+unity+touch+Afghans+after+football+triumph&rft.date=2013-09-12&rft.aulast=Lyse&rft.aufirst=Doucet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-24074786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-540"><a href="#cite_ref-540">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130224153614/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2009/TOURNAMENTS/INTERCONTINENTAL/about.shtml">"2009–10 Intercontinental Cup"</a>. CricketEurope. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2009/TOURNAMENTS/INTERCONTINENTAL/about.shtml">the original</a> on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CricketEurope&rft.atitle=2009%E2%80%9310+Intercontinental+Cup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cricketeurope4.net%2FCRICKETEUROPE%2FDATABASE%2F2009%2FTOURNAMENTS%2FINTERCONTINENTAL%2Fabout.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-541"><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalvoices.org/2015/02/20/afghanistan-makes-history-in-cricket-world-cup-despite-debut-loss-to-bangladesh/">"Afghanistan Makes History in Cricket World Cup, Despite Debut Loss to Bangladesh"</a>. 20 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528232428/https://globalvoices.org/2015/02/20/afghanistan-makes-history-in-cricket-world-cup-despite-debut-loss-to-bangladesh/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+Makes+History+in+Cricket+World+Cup%2C+Despite+Debut+Loss+to+Bangladesh&rft.date=2015-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalvoices.org%2F2015%2F02%2F20%2Fafghanistan-makes-history-in-cricket-world-cup-despite-debut-loss-to-bangladesh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-542"><a href="#cite_ref-542">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teammelli.com/matchdata/details/matchdetails.php?id=53">"Statistics: Iran"</a>. Team Melli. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103153545/http://www.teammelli.com/matchdata/details/matchdetails.php?id=53">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics%3A+Iran&rft.pub=Team+Melli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teammelli.com%2Fmatchdata%2Fdetails%2Fmatchdetails.php%3Fid%3D53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-543"><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/afghanistans-buzkashi-horses-prepare-for-the-game-of-courage/article22457652.ece">"Afghanistan's buzkashi horses prepare for the game of courage"</a>. The Hindu. 17 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%27s+buzkashi+horses+prepare+for+the+game+of+courage&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fafghanistans-buzkashi-horses-prepare-for-the-game-of-courage%2Farticle22457652.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-544"><a href="#cite_ref-544">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbi-HabibFazly2011" class="citation news cs1">Abi-Habib, Maria; Fazly, Walid (13 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703841904576256632384932122">"In Afghanistan's National Pastime, It's Better to Be a Hero Than a Goat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526095017/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703841904576256632384932122">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=In+Afghanistan%27s+National+Pastime%2C+It%27s+Better+to+Be+a+Hero+Than+a+Goat&rft.date=2011-04-13&rft.aulast=Abi-Habib&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Fazly%2C+Walid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748703841904576256632384932122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-545"><a href="#cite_ref-545">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rory_Stewart" title="Rory Stewart">Stewart, Rory</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz_2AwAAQBAJ">The Places in Between</a>. HMH Books. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603593-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603593-4"><bdi>978-0-15-603593-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Places+in+Between&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=HMH+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-15-603593-4&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNz_2AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (January 2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813. Sterling Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781932705546" title="Special:BookSources/9781932705546"><bdi>9781932705546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Modern+India+1707%E2%80%931813&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=2005-01&rft.isbn=9781932705546&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Afghanistan" title="Bibliography of Afghanistan">Bibliography of Afghanistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_Central_Asia" title="Bibliography of the history of Central Asia">Bibliography of the history of Central Asia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarfield2012" class="citation book cs1">Barfield, Thomas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tg45ygAACAAJ">Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15441-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15441-1"><bdi>978-0-691-15441-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+A+Cultural+and+Political+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15441-1&rft.aulast=Barfield&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtg45ygAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleaneyGallego2006" class="citation book cs1">Bleaney, C. H.; Gallego, María Ángeles (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qCh41lAvg8oC">Afghanistan: a bibliography</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14532-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14532-0"><bdi>978-90-04-14532-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+a+bibliography&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14532-0&rft.aulast=Bleaney&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rft.au=Gallego%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+%C3%81ngeles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqCh41lAvg8oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements2003" class="citation book cs1">Clements, Frank (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4hzxpo424C">Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-402-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-402-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-402-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Afghanistan%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-402-8&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbv4hzxpo424C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupree1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Dupree_(professor)" title="Louis Dupree (professor)">Dupree, Louis</a> (1997). Afghanistan (2nd ed.). Oxford Pakistan Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577634-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577634-8"><bdi>978-0-19-577634-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+Pakistan+Paperbacks&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-577634-8&rft.aulast=Dupree&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwans2002" class="citation book cs1">Ewans, Martin (2002). Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics. Curzon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060505087" title="Special:BookSources/0060505087"><bdi>0060505087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+A+Short+History+of+Its+People+and+Politics&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0060505087&rft.aulast=Ewans&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2007" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Corinne (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o4IrhX7n66YC">Chasing Tales: Travel Writing, Journalism and the History of British Ideas About Afghanistan</a>. Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2262-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2262-1"><bdi>978-90-420-2262-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chasing+Tales%3A+Travel+Writing%2C+Journalism+and+the+History+of+British+Ideas+About+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2262-1&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Corinne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do4IrhX7n66YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2001" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, John C (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M7nMtaXdAS8C">Afghanistan: a History of Conflict</a>. Carlton Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84222-597-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84222-597-4"><bdi>978-1-84222-597-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+a+History+of+Conflict&rft.pub=Carlton+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84222-597-4&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=John+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM7nMtaXdAS8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabibi2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hai_Habibi" title="Abdul Hai Habibi">Habibi, Abdul Hai</a> (2003). Afghanistan: An Abridged History. Fenestra Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58736-169-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58736-169-2"><bdi>978-1-58736-169-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+An+Abridged+History&rft.pub=Fenestra+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58736-169-2&rft.aulast=Habibi&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Hai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2008" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, B.D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FOMUAQAAIAAJ">The Making of Modern Afghanistan</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-55421-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-55421-4"><bdi>978-0-230-55421-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-55421-4&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=B.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFOMUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2011" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNuH5YQJr6UC">The Afghan Way of War: How and Why They Fight</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979856-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979856-8"><bdi>978-0-19-979856-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Afghan+Way+of+War%3A+How+and+Why+They+Fight&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979856-8&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNuH5YQJr6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevi1972" class="citation book cs1">Levi, Peter (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KakcAAAAMAAJ">The Light Garden of the Angel King: Journeys in Afghanistan</a>. Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211042-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211042-6"><bdi>978-0-00-211042-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Light+Garden+of+the+Angel+King%3A+Journeys+in+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-00-211042-6&rft.aulast=Levi&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKakcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalleson2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bruce_Malleson" title="George Bruce Malleson">Malleson, George Bruce</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pqNGBEmHUd4C">History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878</a> (Elibron Classic Replica ed.). Adamant Media Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-7278-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-7278-6"><bdi>978-1-4021-7278-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Afghanistan%2C+from+the+Earliest+Period+to+the+Outbreak+of+the+War+of+1878&rft.edition=Elibron+Classic+Replica&rft.pub=Adamant+Media+Corporation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4021-7278-6&rft.aulast=Malleson&rft.aufirst=George+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpqNGBEmHUd4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2005" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Gillia M (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistan0000olso">Afghanistan</a>. Capstone Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7368-2685-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7368-2685-3"><bdi>978-0-7368-2685-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan&rft.pub=Capstone+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7368-2685-3&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Gillia+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafghanistan0000olso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmraniLeeming2011" class="citation book cs1">Omrani, Bijan; Leeming, Matthew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VVu_NwAACAAJ">Afghanistan: A Companion and Guide</a> (2nd ed.). Odyssey Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-217-816-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-217-816-8"><bdi>978-962-217-816-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+A+Companion+and+Guide&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Odyssey+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-962-217-816-8&rft.aulast=Omrani&rft.aufirst=Bijan&rft.au=Leeming%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVVu_NwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy2002" class="citation book cs1">Reddy, L.R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NubtDf2T3cAC">Inside Afghanistan: End of the Taliban Era?</a>. APH Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-319-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-319-3"><bdi>978-81-7648-319-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Afghanistan%3A+End+of+the+Taliban+Era%3F&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-319-3&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=L.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNubtDf2T3cAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunion2007" class="citation book cs1">Runion, Meredith L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC">The History of Afghanistan</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33798-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33798-7"><bdi>978-0-313-33798-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33798-7&rft.aulast=Runion&rft.aufirst=Meredith+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZk9XzqCFGUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Afghanistan at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Afghanistan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Afghanistan">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" class="extiw" title="c:افغانستان">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Afghanistan" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Afghanistan">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Afghanistan" class="extiw" title="q:Afghanistan">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Afghanistan">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Afghanistan" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Afghanistan">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Afghanistan" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Afghanistan">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Afghanistan" class="extiw" title="voy:Afghanistan">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Afghanistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Afghanistan">Wikimedia Atlas of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uiuc.libguides.com/afghanistan_research_guide">Research Guide to Afghanistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150823112103/http://uiuc.libguides.com/afghanistan_research_guide">Archived</a> 23 August 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Afghanistan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template talk:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Afghanistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afghanistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Pre-Islamic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Yabghus of Tokharistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Islamic conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Central Asia">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar" title="Siege of Kandahar">Siege of Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" title="Afghan–Sikh Wars">Afghan–Sikh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqqawists" title="Saqqawists">Saqqawists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Emirate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Daoud's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Afghanistan (1992–present)">since 1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">First Islamic Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">2001 invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Islamic Emirate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_topic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Afghan_history" title="Timeline of Afghan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">European influence</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Graveyard_of_empires" title="Graveyard of empires">Graveyard of empires</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan" title="War in Afghanistan">Wars in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Afghanistan" title="Subdivisions of Afghanistan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Borders of Afghanistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Afghanistan" title="Climate change in Afghanistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of earthquakes in Afghanistan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan" title="Environmental issues in Afghanistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Afghanistan" title="Extreme points of Afghanistan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of volcanoes in Afghanistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Afghanistan" title="Wildlife of Afghanistan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Afghanistan" title="Health in Afghanistan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Persian (Dari)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="1964 Constitution of Afghanistan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Leadership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of Afghanistan">Deputy Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_provincial_governors_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current provincial governors in Afghanistan">Current provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Foreign relations of Afghanistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" title="Human rights in Afghanistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Court of Afghanistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Afghanistan" title="Chief Justice of Afghanistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghani (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Afghanistan" title="Communications in Afghanistan">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Energy in Afghanistan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Afghanistan" title="Mining in Afghanistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Afghanistan" title="Taxation in Afghanistan">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Afghanistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Afghanistan" title="Tourism in Afghanistan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Afghanistan" title="Transport in Afghanistan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Afghanistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali (Pashtun life)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Afghanistan" title="Poetry of Afghanistan">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_rugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War rugs">War rugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Afghanistan" title="Bibliography of Afghanistan">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afghanistan" title="Category:Afghanistan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Asian_topics" title="Template:Central Asian topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Central_Asian_topics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Central Asian topics (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Asian_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Asian topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Central_Asian_countries" title="Category:Central Asian countries">Countries and regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian people">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek people">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik people">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh people">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian people">Mongolians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian people">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean people">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian people">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga German people">Volga Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar people">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazara people">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian people">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri people">Azeris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Central_Asia" title="Category:Culture of Central Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia" title="Architecture of Central Asia">Architecture‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Central_Asia" title="Cinema of Central Asia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastan" title="Dastan">Dastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design#Central_Asian_gardens" title="Garden design">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Central Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Category:Music of Central Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Central Asia">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Asia" title="Islam in Central Asia">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Central Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Central_Asia" title="Category:Politics of Central Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geostrategy_in_Central_Asia" title="Geostrategy in Central Asia">Geostrategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Central_Asia" title="Human rights in Central Asia">Human rights in Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#Central_Asian" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_Central_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of Central Asia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_Central_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of Central Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age#Central_Asia" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age#Central_Asia" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Central_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in Central Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Central_Asia" title="Category:Sport in Central Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Football_Association" title="Central Asian Football Association">Central Asian Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Games" title="Central Asian Games">Central Asian Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Asian_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asian_topics" title="Template:South Asian topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands in India">Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Regions" title="South Asia">South Asian regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:GeoSouthAsia" title="Template:GeoSouthAsia">General geography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/80px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/120px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/160px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_peoples" title="Andamanese peoples">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_peoples_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic peoples of South Asia">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Iranic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Iranic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristani peoples">Nuristani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Tibeto-Burman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></li> <li>Other groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#European_and_Eurasian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">European and Eurasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Semitic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Semitic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Asia" title="Culture of South Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_architecture" title="Category:South Asian architecture">Architecture‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Cultural sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Clothing in South Asia">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_literature" title="South Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_mythology" title="Category:South Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_philosophy" title="Category:South Asian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surnames_of_South_Asian_origin" title="Category:Surnames of South Asian origin">Surnames</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Environment of South Asia">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Monsoon">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in South Asia">Climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Asia" title="Economy of South Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Politics of South Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in South Asia">Human rights in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#Southern_Asia" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste#In_South_Asia" title="Caste">Caste system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of South Asia">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of South Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India#Early_modern_India" title="India">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Contemporary_era" title="South Asia">Contemporary era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in South Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Asia" title="Religion in South Asia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in South Asia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Asia" title="Hinduism in South Asia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh#Persecution" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India#Modern_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_South_Asia" title="Cricket in South Asia">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Football_Federation" title="South Asian Football Federation">South Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_physical_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_South_Asia" title="Traditional games of South Asia">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Education in South Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian studies">South Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_swords" title="Category:South Asian swords">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_traditional_medicine" title="Category:South Asian traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template talk:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> (ECO)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Trade_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Trade Agreement">ECOTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Secretariat" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Secretariat">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization#List_of_General_Secretaries" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Secretaries-General</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Izmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Izmir (page does not exist)">Treaty of Izmir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamabad_Declaration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamabad Declaration (page does not exist)">Islamabad Declaration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emblem_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emblem of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_ECO_Summit" title="1st ECO Summit">Tehran 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_ECO_Summit" title="2nd ECO Summit">Istanbul 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_ECO_Summit" title="3rd ECO Summit">Islamabad 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_ECO_Summit" title="4th ECO Summit">Ashgabat 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Almaty 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Dushanbe 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Baku 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_ECO_Summit" title="12th ECO Summit">Baku 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_ECO_Summit" title="13th ECO Summit">Islamabad 2017</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afghanistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> (as Turkish Cypriot State)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_(SAARC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Template:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Template talk:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_(SAARC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> (SAARC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Free_Trade_Area" title="South Asian Free Trade Area">South Asian Free Trade Area</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Bangalore 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Kathmandu 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Islamabad 1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Malé 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">New Delhi 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Malé 1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Kathmandu 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Islamabad 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">New Delhi 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Thimphu 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_SAARC_summit" title="17th SAARC summit">Addu 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_SAARC_summit" title="18th SAARC summit">Kathmandu 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_SAARC_summit" title="19th SAARC summit">Islamabad 2016</a> (Cancelled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Consortium_on_Open_and_Distance_Learning" title="SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning">SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Documentation_Centre" title="SAARC Documentation Centre">SAARC Documentation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Co-operative_Environment_Programme" title="South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme">South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_SAARC_Writers_and_Literature" title="Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature">Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry">SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Federation_of_Accountants" title="South Asian Federation of Accountants">South Asian Federation of Accountants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_COVID-19_Emergency_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund">SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC Secretary General">SAARC Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_Secretariat" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Secretariat">SAARC Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Satellite" title="South Asia Satellite">SAARC satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_University" title="South Asian University">South Asian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Literary_Award" title="SAARC Literary Award">SAARC Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AH48" title="AH48">SAARC Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Fountain" title="SAARC Fountain">SAARC Fountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_on_terror" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_on_terror" title="Template:War on terror"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_on_terror" title="Template talk:War on terror"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_on_terror" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War on terror"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_on_terror" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011) (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_terrorism" title="Symbolism of terrorism">Symbolism of terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Haqqani" title="Anas Haqqani">Anas Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani" title="Khalil Haqqani">Khalil Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed" title="Hafiz Saeed">Hafiz Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohamed_Ahmed_Bahaziq" title="Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq">Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami" title="Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami">Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">OEF – Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Train_and_Equip_Program" title="Georgia Train and Equip Program">Georgia Train and Equip Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Sustainment_and_Stability_Operations_Program" title="Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program">Georgia Sustainment and Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield" title="Operation Juniper Shield">OEF – Trans Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour" title="Operation Active Endeavour">Operation Active Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">2007 Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2009" title="Military Commissions Act of 2009">Military Commissions Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protect_America_Act_of_2007" title="Protect America Act of 2007">Protect America Act of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Surveillance_Program" title="Terrorist Surveillance Program">Terrorist Surveillance Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal" title="Combatant Status Review Tribunal">Combatant Status Review Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">Criticism of the war on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_prisoners_of_the_United_States" title="Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States">Extrajudicial prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle" title="Operation Noble Eagle">Operation Noble Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Assist" title="Operation Eagle Assist">Operation Eagle Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposition_Matrix" title="Disposition Matrix">Targeted killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killing_in_International_Law" title="Targeted Killing in International Law">Targeted Killing in International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killings" title="Targeted Killings">Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_(organisation)" title="Cage (organisation)">CAGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_on_terror" title="Category:War on terror">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror" class="extiw" title="commons:War on terror">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121677801">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000449050535">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/253870196">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205406/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjXpC7xxDYf4fj9jQq4v3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4000687-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79063030">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11987818g">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238303m">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930839q">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11987818g">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238303m">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930839q">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560077">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35001590">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450563">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftwv5d13fdgp13">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564356005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/aa95182f-df0a-3ad6-8bfb-4b63482cd276">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/a3608878-2ace-4381-8eec-1480b11b8ccc">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/785030">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/mf5LoSU6">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027944069">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003402">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046295">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wx3m34">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=44662">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/afganistan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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[\"CITEREFBahgamMukhatari2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarfield2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasharat2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckZimmermannMcVicarVergopolan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen_Zion_Gad2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBezhan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBezhan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBleaneyGallego2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlood1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlueZucchino2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodetti2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorger2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrittin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryan_DentonDavid_ZucchinoYaqoob_Akbary2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCary_Gladstone2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCh._M._Kieffer1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChabba2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChahryar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_Higham2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChronology_of_Events1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClements2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrillySpillius2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrone2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCushRobinsonYork2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDale1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Mansfield2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiNardoLPA/PIPOS2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupree1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_G._Browne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllingwood2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndeSteinbach2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEphgrave2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEur2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwans2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahim2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeeWebb2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisherTaub2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoltz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFossler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowler2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedrich_Engels1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabriela_Motroc2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGall2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGannon2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGargan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGebauer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlatzer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGnoli1989\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGoodson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopalakrishnan1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorder2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham-Harrison2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenet2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGritznerShroder2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGul2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabib2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabibi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHafizullah2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamd-Allah_Mustawfi_of_Qazwin1340\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamedy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanifi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarooniShalizi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaussegger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosp2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward_Adelman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuylebroekBlue2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_Battuta2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngram1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_GerstenzanLisa_Getter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamie_BoexGrace_BuencaminoDeborah_Kimble\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKakar1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalinovsky2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarimi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazminFindlayBokhari2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKladnik2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlass1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlett2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraemer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacinaGleditsch2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatifi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavina_Melwani\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevi1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinHanscomMurthyGalli2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis_Depree1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyonsBlight2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyse2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaciasTurak2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadadi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahbob2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumdar1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumder2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakhmalbaf2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalleson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcela_Grad\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMashalAbed2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeher2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehrotra2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehta\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Sprague\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMizelleFossum2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonica_Whitlock2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhammad_Katib_Hazarah2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhammad_Khan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhammad_Qasim_Hindu_Shah1560\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuḥammadMcChesney1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFN.C._Aizenman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNader2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasirAkhtarZaidiRani2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavid_Ahmad_Barakzai2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeda_Safi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeelis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNickel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicosia1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoelle-Karimi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoroozi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorton-Taylor2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNölle-Karimi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmraniLeeming2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxford_Analytica2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPage2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPillalamarri\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorterAldersonHallPhillip_Sponenberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQayoom_Suroush2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahmatMizokamiFujiwara2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasanayagam2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRashid2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRashid2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRecknagel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReddy2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReismanNorchi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRezaian2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_F._Strand2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_NyropDonald_Seekins1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRisen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRita_Wright2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoessing2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRon_Synovitz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRory_McCarthy2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunion2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadr2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaikal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSakhi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalehai2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShelleyPopalzaiMengliPicheta2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkain2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnedden2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSultan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSune_Engel_Rasmussen_in_Kabul2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._S._Tirumurti2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTharoor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThoms2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyler2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSSD_Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUthra_Ganesan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogelsang2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWadle2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWahabYoungerman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeberUnesco2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitehead2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWickramasekaraSehgalMehranNoroozi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWink2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyatt2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYossef1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZucchino2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZucchinoAkbary2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFud-Din1960\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 12,\n [\"Afghanistan topics\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 5,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 5,\n [\"Central Asian topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation-attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 92,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 132,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite tech report\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 249,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 16,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"EI3\"] = 1,\n [\"Economic Cooperation Organization\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Excessive citations inline\"] = 3,\n [\"Figure space\"] = 6,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Geonamesabout\"] = 1,\n [\"Geonameslink\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 8,\n [\"GovPubs\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Largest cities of Afghanistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 33,\n [\"Map of Afghanistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 6,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 10,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 33,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"South Asian topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 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