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href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pre-Columbian Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-Saharan_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Sub-Saharan Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chalcolithic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopersteentydperk" title="Kopersteentydperk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kopersteentydperk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luokka:Ve%C5%A1kipaje" title="Luokka:Veškipaje – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Luokka:Veškipaje" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="العصر النحاسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر النحاسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%C3%A1_del_cobre" title="Edá del cobre – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edá del cobre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mis_d%C3%B6vr%C3%BC" title="Mis dövrü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mis dövrü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="میس چاغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میس چاغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="তাম্র যুগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাম্র যুগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Энеолит – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Энеолит" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Медны век – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Медны век" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Каменно-медна епоха – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каменно-медна епоха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakarno_doba" title="Bakarno doba – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bakarno doba" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkoliteg" title="Kalkoliteg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kalkoliteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneol%C3%ADtic" title="Eneolític – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eneolític" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%83%D1%85%C4%83%D1%80_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80%C4%95" title="Пăхăр ĕмĕрĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пăхăр ĕмĕрĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneolit" title="Eneolit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eneolit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithig" title="Chalcolithig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chalcolithig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobberalder" title="Kobberalder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kobberalder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupfersteinzeit" title="Kupfersteinzeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kupfersteinzeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneoliitikum" title="Eneoliitikum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eneoliitikum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Χαλκολιθική περίοδος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαλκολιθική περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edad_del_Cobre" title="Edad del Cobre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edad del Cobre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4alkolitiko" title="Ĥalkolitiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥalkolitiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkolitoa" title="Kalkolitoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kalkolitoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="مس‌سنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مس‌سنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_cuivre" title="Âge du cuivre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Âge du cuivre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopertiid" title="Kopertiid – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kopertiid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_do_Cobre" title="Idade do Cobre – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Idade do Cobre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EA%B8%B0_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="동기 시대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동기 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%AB-%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Պղնձի-քարի դար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պղնձի-քարի դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97_(%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95)" title="ताम्र पाषाण युग (चाल्कोलिथिक) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ताम्र पाषाण युग (चाल्कोलिथिक)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakreno_doba" title="Bakreno doba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bakreno doba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Tembaga" title="Zaman Tembaga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zaman Tembaga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopar%C3%B6ld" title="Koparöld – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Koparöld" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_del_rame" title="Età del rame – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Età del rame" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התקופה הכלקוליתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התקופה הכלקוליתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ენეოლითის ხანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენეოლითის ხანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Энеолит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Энеолит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkol%C3%AEt%C3%AEk" title="Kalkolîtîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kalkolîtîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Энеолит доору – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Энеолит доору" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A9_dl_Ram" title="Eté dl Ram – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Eté dl Ram" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithicum" title="Chalcolithicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chalcolithicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vara_laikmets" title="Vara laikmets – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vara laikmets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneolitas" title="Eneolitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eneolitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etaa_del_Ram" title="Etaa del Ram – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Etaa del Ram" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91r%C3%A9zkor" title="Kőrézkor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kőrézkor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Бакарно време – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бакарно време" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andron%27_ny_Varahina" title="Andron' ny Varahina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andron' ny Varahina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ചാൽക്കോലിത്തിക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചാൽക്കോലിത്തിക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="ताम्रपाषाण युग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ताम्रपाषाण युग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ენეოლითიშ ხანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ენეოლითიშ ხანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89" title="عصر نحاسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عصر نحاسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ကြေးနီခေတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြေးနီခေတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopertijd" title="Kopertijd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kopertijd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppertied" title="Koppertied – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Koppertied" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="銅器時代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="銅器時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobberalderen" title="Kobberalderen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kobberalderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koparsteinalderen" title="Koparsteinalderen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Koparsteinalderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_del_Coire" title="Edat del Coire – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edat del Coire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%B1%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Вӱргене курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Вӱргене курым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneolit" title="Eneolit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eneolit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="د مسو دوره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مسو دوره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_dl%27aram" title="Età dl'aram – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Età dl'aram" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalkolit" title="Chalkolit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chalkolit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_do_Cobre" title="Idade do Cobre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Idade do Cobre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoca_cuprului" title="Epoca cuprului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Epoca cuprului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Медный век – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Медный век" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edade_de_su_R%C3%A0mene" title="Edade de su Ràmene – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Edade de su Ràmene" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneoliti_(Periudha_e_bakrit)" title="Eneoliti (Periudha e bakrit) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eneoliti (Periudha e bakrit)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B9_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="තඹ යුගය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තඹ යුගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Age" title="Copper Age – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Copper Age" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneolit" title="Eneolit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eneolit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakrena_doba" title="Bakrena doba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bakrena doba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Енеолит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енеолит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakarno_doba" title="Bakarno doba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bakarno doba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkoliittinen_kausi" title="Kalkoliittinen kausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalkoliittinen kausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppar%C3%A5lder" title="Kopparålder – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kopparålder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahon_ng_Tanso" title="Panahon ng Tanso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panahon ng Tanso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="செப்புக் காலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செப்புக் காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82" title="తామ్ర శిలా యుగం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తామ్ర శిలా యుగం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="ยุคทองแดง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคทองแดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak%C4%B1r_%C3%87a%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Bakır Çağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bakır Çağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneolit_d%C3%B6wri" title="Eneolit döwri – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Eneolit döwri" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Енеоліт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Енеоліт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%92_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تانبے کا دور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تانبے کا دور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%91%C3%A1" title="Thời đại đồ đồng đá – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời đại đồ đồng đá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%9C%E7%9F%B3%E5%B9%B6%E7%94%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="铜石并用时代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铜石并用时代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E9%8A%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="紅銅時代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紅銅時代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%9C%E7%9F%B3%E5%B9%B6%E7%94%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="铜石并用时代 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铜石并用时代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q130253#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile" style="width: 18em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#FFDAB9;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chalcolithic</a><br />Eneolithic, Aeneolithic,<br />or Copper Age</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background:#efefef;"> ↑ <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a><br /> ↑ <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Copper_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Copper metallurgy in Africa">Africa</a> (2600 BC–1600 AD)</b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Naqada_culture" title="Naqada culture">Naqada culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerzeh_culture" title="Gerzeh culture">Gerzeh culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/A-Group_culture" title="A-Group culture">A-Group culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-Group_culture" title="C-Group culture">C-Group culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerma_culture" title="Kerma culture">Kerma culture</a></dd></dl> <p><b><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> (6000–3500 BC)</b> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ghassulian" title="Ghassulian">Ghassulian culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></dd></dl> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe" title="Chalcolithic Europe">Europe</a> (5500–2200 BC)</b> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_during_the_Copper_Age_in_Europe" title="Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe">Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varna_culture" title="Varna culture">Varna culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yamna_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamna culture">Yamna culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decea_Mure%C5%9Fului_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Decea Mureşului culture">Decea Mureşului culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorne%C5%9Fti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorneşti culture">Gorneşti culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gumelni%C5%A3a%E2%80%93Karanovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumelniţa–Karanovo culture">Gumelniţa–Karanovo culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petre%C5%9Fti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Petreşti culture">Petreşti culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Co%C8%9Bofeni_culture" title="Coțofeni culture">Coțofeni culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Remedello_culture" title="Remedello culture">Remedello culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaudo_culture" title="Gaudo culture">Gaudo culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monte_Claro_culture" title="Monte Claro culture">Monte Claro culture</a></dd></dl> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> (3700–1700 BC)</b> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Botai_culture" title="Botai culture">Botai culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afanasevo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Afanasevo culture">Afanasevo culture</a></dd></dl> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Periodisation_of_the_Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation">South Asia</a> (4300–1800 BC)</b> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Periodisation_of_the_Indus_Valley_civilisation#Datings_and_alternative_proposals" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation">Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakra_Ware_culture" title="Hakra Ware culture">Hakra Ware culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ahar%E2%80%93Banas_culture" title="Ahar–Banas culture">Ahar–Banas culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaytha" title="Kaytha">Kaytha culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malwa_culture" title="Malwa culture">Malwa culture</a>,</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daimabad#Phase_I:_Savalda_culture" title="Daimabad">Savalda Culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorwe_culture" title="Jorwe culture">Jorwe culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarta_tradition" title="Anarta tradition">Anarta tradition</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pandu_culture" title="Pandu culture">Ajay culture</a></dd></dl> <p><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">China</a> (5000–2900 BC)</b> </p> <b><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_Mesoamerica" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> (6500–1000 BC)</b></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;"> ↓ <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /> ↓ <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:Chalcolithic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chalcolithic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chalcolithic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:World_history" title="Category:World history">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a><br /><span style="font-size:80%;">and <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <span style="font-size:120%">↑</span> <a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">before <i>Homo</i></a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nowrap">  </span>(<a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene epoch</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></dt> <dd> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i></li></ul></div></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">Early <i>Homo sapiens</i></a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipalaeolithic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistory</a></dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copper Age</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East#Bronze_Age" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">South Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age#East_Asia" title="Bronze Age">East Asia</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a> </i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East#Iron_Age" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">South Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age#East_Asia" title="Iron Age">East Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">West Africa</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">Recorded history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">Earliest records</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistory</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></dt> <dt><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern history</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:#efefef;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span style="font-size:120%">↓</span> <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nowrap">  </span>(<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene epoch</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_history_and_prehistory" title="Template:Human history and prehistory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_history_and_prehistory" title="Template talk:Human history and prehistory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_history_and_prehistory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human history and prehistory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Chalcolithic</b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="en-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkælkoʊˌlɪθɪk/</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">cal-co-<span style="font-size:90%">LI</span>-thik</i></a>) (also called the <b>Copper Age</b> and <b>Eneolithic</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">archaeological period</a> characterized by the increasing use of smelted <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>. It followed the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and preceded the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. It occurred at different periods in different areas, but was absent in some parts of the world, such as Russia, where there was no well-defined Copper Age between the Stone and Bronze Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-BM_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone tools were still predominantly used during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-OED-Chalcolithic_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-Chalcolithic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chalcolithic covers both the early <a href="/wiki/Cold_working" title="Cold working">cold working</a> (hammering) of near pure copper ores, as exhibited by the likes of North American Great Lakes <a href="/wiki/Old_Copper_complex" title="Old Copper complex">Old Copper complex</a>, from around 6,500 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through the later <a href="/wiki/Copper_smelting" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper smelting">copper smelting</a> cultures. The archaeological site of Belovode, on <a href="/wiki/Rudnik_(mountain)" title="Rudnik (mountain)">Rudnik mountain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, has the world's oldest securely dated evidence of copper smelting at high temperature, from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5,000 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Radivjć-Rehren-etal-2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radivjć-Rehren-etal-2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transition from Copper Age to <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age in Europe</a> occurred between the late 5th and the late <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd millennium BC</a>.</span> In the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> the Copper Age covered about the same period, beginning in the late <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/5th_millennium_BC" title="5th millennium BC">5th millennium BC</a></span> and lasting for about a millennium before it gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-discovery_ucl_ac_uk_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discovery_ucl_ac_uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a></i> from 2013 reporting the discovery of a <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">tin bronze</a> foil from the <a href="/wiki/Plo%C4%8Dnik_(archaeological_site)" title="Pločnik (archaeological site)">Pločnik archaeological site</a> dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4,650 BC</span>, as well as 14 other artefacts from <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> dated to before 4,000 BC, showed that early tin bronze was more common than previously thought and developed independently in Europe 1,500 years before the first tin bronze alloys in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-discovery_ucl_ac_uk_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discovery_ucl_ac_uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, the Chalcolithic is a short period between about 2,500 and 2,200 BC, characterized by the first appearance of objects of copper and gold, a new <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> culture and the immigration of <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker culture</a> people, heralding the end of the local late Neolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-BM_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcolithic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(Levant)" title="List of archaeological periods (Levant)">List of archaeological periods (Levant)</a></div> <p>The multiple names result from multiple definitions of the period. Originally, the term <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> meant that either copper or bronze was being used as the chief hard substance for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Ancient writers, who provided the essential cultural references for educated people during the 19th century, used the same name for both copper- and bronze-using ages.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce-2019_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce-2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of the Copper Age was put forward by Hungarian scientist <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Pulszky" title="Ferenc Pulszky">Ferenc Pulszky</a> in the 1870s, when, on the basis of the significant number of large copper objects unearthed within the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a>, he suggested that the previous threefold division of the <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistoric Age</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone</a>, Bronze and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Ages</a> – should be further divided with the introduction of the Copper Age. </p><p>In 1881, <a href="/wiki/John_Evans_(archaeologist)" title="John Evans (archaeologist)">John Evans</a> recognized that use of copper often preceded the use of bronze, and distinguished between a <i>transitional Copper Age</i> and the <i>Bronze Age proper</i>. He did not include the transitional period in the Bronze Age, but described it separately from the customary stone / bronze / iron system, at the Bronze Age's beginning. He did not, however, present it as a fourth age but chose to retain the <a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">tripartite system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce-2019_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce-2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1884, <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Chierici" title="Gaetano Chierici">Gaetano Chierici</a>, perhaps following the lead of Evans, renamed it in Italian as the <i>eneo-litica</i>, or "bronze–stone" transition. The phrase was never intended to mean that the period was the only one in which both bronze and stone were used. The Copper Age features the use of copper, excluding bronze; moreover, stone continued to be used throughout both the Bronze Age and the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. The part <i>-litica</i> simply names the Stone Age as the point from which the transition began and is not another <i>-lithic</i> age.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce-2019_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce-2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, British scholars used either Evans's "Copper Age" or the term "Eneolithic" (or Æneolithic), a translation of Chierici's <i>eneo-litica</i>. After several years, a number of complaints appeared in the literature that "Eneolithic" seemed to the untrained eye to be produced from <i>e-neolithic</i>, "outside the Neolithic", clearly not a definitive characterization of the Copper Age. Around 1900, many writers began to substitute <i>Chalcolithic</i> for Eneolithic, to avoid the false segmentation. The term chalcolithic is a combination of two words- Chalco+Lithic, derived from the Greek words "khalkos" meaning "copper", and "líthos" meaning "stone". </p><p>But "chalcolithic" could also mislead: For readers unfamiliar with the Italian language, <i>chalcolithic</i> seemed to suggest another <i>-lithic</i> age, paradoxically part of the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> despite the use of copper. Today, <i>Copper Age</i>, <i>Eneolithic</i>, and <i>Chalcolithic</i> are used synonymously<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to mean Evans's original definition of Copper Age.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions">Regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcolithic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near_East">Near East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcolithic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East#Chalcolithic" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East § Chalcolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/6th_millennium_BC" title="6th millennium BC">6th millennium BC</a>, <a href="/wiki/5th_millennium_BC" title="5th millennium BC">5th millennium BC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG/220px-TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG/330px-TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG/440px-TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Chalcolithic copper mine in <a href="/wiki/Timna_Valley" title="Timna Valley">Timna Valley</a>, Negev Desert, Israel</figcaption></figure> <p>The emergence of <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> may have occurred first in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> may have been the first <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> that humans <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelted</a>, since it can be easily obtained by heating <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possible early examples of lead smelting, supported by the extreme rarity of native lead,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> include: lead <a href="/wiki/Bead" title="Bead">beads</a>, found on Level IX of <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Chatal/Çatal Hüyük</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, though they might be made of galena, <a href="/wiki/Cerussite" title="Cerussite">cerussite</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metallic</a> lead, and accordingly might or might not be evidence of early smelting;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a lead bead, found in a GK59 group test square in the 4th level of <a href="/wiki/Jarmo" title="Jarmo">Jarmo</a>, dated to the 7th millennium BCE, though it is small enough that its human usage is doubtful;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a lead bracelet, found in level XII of <a href="/wiki/Yarim_Tepe" title="Yarim Tepe">Yarim Tepe</a> I, dated to the 6th millennium BC;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a small cone-shaped piece of lead, found in the "Burnt House" in TT6 at <a href="/wiki/Tell_Arpachiyah" title="Tell Arpachiyah">Arpachiyah</a>, dated to the Halaf period or slightly later than the Yarim Tepe bracelet;<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copper smelting is also documented at this site at about the same time period (soon after 6000 BC). However, the use of lead seems to precede copper smelting.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early metallurgy is also documented at the nearby site of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Maghzaliyah" title="Tell Maghzaliyah">Tell Maghzaliyah</a>, which seems to be dated even earlier, and completely lacks pottery. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Timna_Valley" title="Timna Valley">Timna Valley</a> contains evidence of copper mining in 7000–5000 BC. The process of transition from <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> to Chalcolithic in the Middle East is characterized in archaeological stone tool assemblages by a decline in high quality raw material procurement and use. This dramatic shift is seen throughout the region, including the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Plain" title="Tehran Plain">Tehran Plain</a>, Iran. Here, analysis of six archaeological sites determined a marked downward trend in not only material quality, but also in aesthetic variation in the lithic artefacts. Fazeli & Coningham<sup id="cite_ref-Fazeli-Coningham-2002_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fazeli-Coningham-2002-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use these results as evidence of the loss of craft specialisation caused by increased use of copper tools.<sup id="cite_ref-Fazeli-Coningham-2002_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fazeli-Coningham-2002-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tehran Plain findings illustrate the effects of the introduction of copper working technologies on the in-place systems of lithic craft specialists and raw materials. Networks of exchange and specialized processing and production that had evolved during the Neolithic seem to have collapsed by the Middle Chalcolithic (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4500–3500 BC</span>) and been replaced by the use of local materials by a primarily household-based production of stone tools.<sup id="cite_ref-Fazeli-Coningham-2002_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fazeli-Coningham-2002-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arsenical_copper" title="Arsenical copper">Arsenical copper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arsenical_bronze" title="Arsenical bronze">bronze</a> was produced in eastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malatya_Province" title="Malatya Province">Malatya Province</a>) at two ancient sites, <a href="/wiki/Nor%C5%9Funtepe" title="Norşuntepe">Norşuntepe</a> and <a href="/wiki/De%C4%9Firmentepe" title="Değirmentepe">Değirmentepe</a>, around 4200 BC. According to Boscher (2016), <a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearths</a> or natural draft furnaces, <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a>, ore, and <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> had been recovered throughout these sites. This was in the context of <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a> architectural complexes typical of southern Mesopotamian architecture. Norşuntepe site demonstrates that some form of arsenic alloying was indeed taking place by the 4th millennium BC. Since the slag identified at Norşuntepe contains no arsenic, this means that arsenic in some form was added separately.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcolithic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe" title="Chalcolithic Europe">Chalcolithic Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_during_the_Copper_Age_in_Europe" title="Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe">Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe</a></div> <p>A copper axe found at <a href="/wiki/Prokuplje" title="Prokuplje">Prokuplje</a>, Serbia contains the oldest securely dated evidence of copper-making, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5500 BC</span> (7,500 years ago).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The find in June 2010 extends the known record of copper smelting by about 800 years, and suggests that copper smelting may have been invented in separate parts of Asia and Europe at that time rather than spreading from a single source.<sup id="cite_ref-Radivjć-Rehren-etal-2010_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radivjć-Rehren-etal-2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Knowledge of the use of copper was far more widespread than the metal itself. The European <a href="/wiki/Battle_Axe_culture" title="Battle Axe culture">Battle Axe culture</a> used stone axes modeled on copper axes, even with moulding carved in the stone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans1897_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1897-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ötzi the Iceman">Ötzi the Iceman</a>, who was found in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tztal_Alps" title="Ötztal Alps">Ötztal Alps</a> in 1991 and whose remains have been dated to about 3300 BC, was found with a <a href="/wiki/Mondsee_group" title="Mondsee group">Mondsee copper</a> axe. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg/220px-Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg/330px-Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg/440px-Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>A painting of a Copper Age walled settlement, <a href="/wiki/Los_Millares" title="Los Millares">Los Millares</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>Examples of Chalcolithic cultures in Europe include <a href="/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_S%C3%A3o_Pedro" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Nova de São Pedro">Vila Nova de São Pedro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Millares" title="Los Millares">Los Millares</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pottery of the <a href="/wiki/Beaker_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker people">Beaker people</a> has been found at both sites, dating to several centuries after copper-working began there. The Beaker culture appears to have spread copper and bronze technologies in Europe, along with <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, copper was used between the 25th and <span class="nowrap">22nd centuries BC</span>, but some archaeologists do not recognise a British Chalcolithic because production and use was on a small scale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2016363,_423,_note_15_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2016363,_423,_note_15-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcolithic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceramic similarities between the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> during 4300–3300 BC of the Chalcolithic period suggest considerable mobility and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola2005_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Chalcolithic" has also been used in the context of the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Asian Stone Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a>, the earliest Indus civilization site, copper <a href="/wiki/Bangle" title="Bangle">bangles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">arrowheads</a> were found. The inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> fashioned tools with local copper ore between 7000 and 3300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPossehl1996_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPossehl1996-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nausharo" title="Nausharo">Nausharo</a> site was a pottery workshop in province of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a>, Pakistan, that dates to 4,500 years ago; 12 blades and blade fragments were excavated there. These blades are 12–18 cm (5–7 in) long, 1.2–2.0 cm (0.5–0.8 in) wide, and relatively thin. Archaeological experiments show that these blades were made with a copper indenter and functioned as a potter's tool to trim and shape unfired pottery. Petrographic analysis indicates local pottery manufacturing, but also reveals the existence of a few exotic black-slipped pottery items from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, Chalcolithic culture flourished in mainly four farming communities – <a href="/wiki/Ahar%E2%80%93Banas_culture" title="Ahar–Banas culture">Ahar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ahar%E2%80%93Banas_culture" title="Ahar–Banas culture">Banas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaytha" title="Kaytha">Kayatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malwa_culture" title="Malwa culture">Malwa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jorwe_culture" title="Jorwe culture">Jorwe</a>. These communities had some common traits like painted pottery and use of copper, but they had a distinct ceramic design tradition. Banas culture (2000–1600 BC) had ceramics with red, white, and black design. Kayatha culture (2450–1700 BC) had ceramics painted with brown colored design. Malwa culture (1900–1400 BC) had profusely decorated pottery with red or black colored design. Jorwe culture (1500–900 BC) had ceramics with matte surface and black-on-red design.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pandu_Rajar_Dhibi" title="Pandu Rajar Dhibi">Pandu Rajar Dhibi</a> (2000–1600 BC) is a Chalcolithic site in the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. It is located on the south bank of <a href="/wiki/Ajay_River" title="Ajay River">Ajay River</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blackware" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackware">Blackware</a>, painted Koshi ware, pottery, various ornaments made of <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearl</a> and copper, various types of tools, pieces of fabric woven from Shimul cotton thread, human and various animal skeletons, burnt clay fragments have been found at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-indianculture1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianculture1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2018, archaeologists had discovered three carts and copper artifacts including weapons dating to 1800 BC in <a href="/wiki/Sanauli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanauli">Sanauli</a> village of Uttar Pradesh. The artifacts belongs to <a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_Americas">Pre-Columbian Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcolithic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_Mesoamerica" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica">Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a> in South America appear to have <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age#Americas" title="Bronze Age">independently invented</a> copper smelting.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Chalcolithic" is also applied to American civilizations that already used copper and copper <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> thousands of years before Europeans immigrated. Besides cultures in the Andes and Mesoamerica, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Copper_complex" title="Old Copper complex">Old Copper complex</a> mined and fabricated copper as tools, weapons, and personal ornaments in an area centered in the upper <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evidence of smelting or alloying that has been found in North America is subject to some dispute and a common assumption by archaeologists is that objects were <a href="/wiki/Cold_working" title="Cold working">cold-worked</a> into shape. <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Artifacts</a> from some of these sites have been dated to 6500–1000 BC, making them some of the oldest Chalcolithic sites in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some archaeologists find artifactual and structural evidence of casting by <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewellian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> peoples to be demonstrated in the archaeological record.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcolithic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chalcolithic" title="Special:EditPage/Chalcolithic">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_China#Copper" title="History of metallurgy in China">History of metallurgy in China § Copper</a></div> <p>In the 5th millennium BC copper artifacts start to appear in East Asia, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Jiangzhai,_Xi%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangzhai, Xi'an">Jiangzhai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan cultures</a>, but those metal artifacts were not widely used during this early stage.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copper manufacturing gradually appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Yangshao" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangshao">Yangshao</a> period (5000–3000 BC). <a href="/wiki/Jiangzhai" title="Jiangzhai">Jiangzhai</a> is the only site where copper artifacts were found in the <a href="/wiki/Banpo" title="Banpo">Banpo</a> culture. Archaeologists have found remains of copper metallurgy in various cultures from the late fourth to the early third millennia BC. These include the copper-smelting remains and copper artifacts of the <a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan culture</a> (4700–2900) and copper <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> at the Yuanwozhen site. This indicates that inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> valley had already learned how to make copper artifacts by the later <a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-Saharan_Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcolithic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sub-Saharan Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Copper_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Copper metallurgy in Africa">Copper metallurgy in Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">Iron metallurgy in Africa</a></div> <p>In the region of the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains" title="Aïr Mountains">Aïr Mountains</a>, Niger, independent copper smelting developed between 3000 and 2500 BC. The process was not in a developed state, indicating smelting was not foreign. It became mature about 1500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcolithic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsenical_bronze" title="Arsenical bronze">Arsenical bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-city" title="Proto-city">Proto-city</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcolithic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chalcolithic (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>; from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χαλκός</span></span> <i>khalkós</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>" and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λίθος</span></span> <i>líthos</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a>"); Eneolithic, from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aeneus" class="extiw" title="wikt:aeneus">aeneus</a></i> "of copper"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Middle Eastern archaeologists use "Chalcolithic" regularly, whereas the literature of European archaeology generally avoids the use of "Chalcolithic": The term "Copper Age" is preferred for Western Europe, "Eneolithic" for Eastern Europe. "Chalcolithic" is not generally used by British prehistorians, who disagree as to whether it is appropriate in the British context.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcolithic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BM-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BM_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/x13740">"Chalcolithic"</a>. <i>British Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum&rft.atitle=Chalcolithic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fterm%2Fx13740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-Chalcolithic-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED-Chalcolithic_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsall1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pearsall, Judy (1998). "Chalcolithic". <i>The New Oxford Dictionary of English</i>. Clarendon Press. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861263-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861263-X"><bdi>0-19-861263-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chalcolithic&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Dictionary+of+English&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-861263-X&rft.aulast=Pearsall&rft.aufirst=Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPompeaniSteinmanAbbottPompeani2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pompeani, David P.; Steinman, Byron A.; Abbott, Mark B.; Pompeani, Katherine M.; Reardon, William; DePasqual, Seth; Mueller, Robin H. (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/abs/on-the-timing-of-the-old-copper-complex-in-north-america-a-comparison-of-radiocarbon-dates-from-different-archaeological-contexts/E46715993E58EDC94F225CC6FE776CF2">"On the Timing of the Old Copper Complex in North America: A Comparison of Radiocarbon Dates from Different Archaeological Contexts"</a>. <i>Radiocarbon</i>. <b>63</b> (2): 513–531. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Radcb..63..513P">2021Radcb..63..513P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FRDC.2021.7">10.1017/RDC.2021.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8222">0033-8222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=On+the+Timing+of+the+Old+Copper+Complex+in+North+America%3A+A+Comparison+of+Radiocarbon+Dates+from+Different+Archaeological+Contexts&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=513-531&rft.date=2021-04&rft.issn=0033-8222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FRDC.2021.7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Radcb..63..513P&rft.aulast=Pompeani&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft.au=Steinman%2C+Byron+A.&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Mark+B.&rft.au=Pompeani%2C+Katherine+M.&rft.au=Reardon%2C+William&rft.au=DePasqual%2C+Seth&rft.au=Mueller%2C+Robin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fradiocarbon%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fon-the-timing-of-the-old-copper-complex-in-north-america-a-comparison-of-radiocarbon-dates-from-different-archaeological-contexts%2FE46715993E58EDC94F225CC6FE776CF2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radivjć-Rehren-etal-2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radivjć-Rehren-etal-2010_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radivjć-Rehren-etal-2010_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadivojevićRehrenPernickaŠljivar2010" class="citation journal cs1">Radivojević, Miljana; Rehren, Thilo; Pernicka, Ernst; Šljivar, Dušan; Brauns, Michael; Borić, Dušan (1 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440310001986">"On the origins of extractive metallurgy: New evidence from Europe"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>37</b> (11): 2775–2787. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JArSc..37.2775R">2010JArSc..37.2775R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2010.06.012">10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-4403">0305-4403</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225100130/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440310001986">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=On+the+origins+of+extractive+metallurgy%3A+New+evidence+from+Europe&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2775-2787&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.issn=0305-4403&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2010.06.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JArSc..37.2775R&rft.aulast=Radivojevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Miljana&rft.au=Rehren%2C+Thilo&rft.au=Pernicka%2C+Ernst&rft.au=%C5%A0ljivar%2C+Du%C5%A1an&rft.au=Brauns%2C+Michael&rft.au=Bori%C4%87%2C+Du%C5%A1an&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0305440310001986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-discovery_ucl_ac_uk-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-discovery_ucl_ac_uk_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-discovery_ucl_ac_uk_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadivojevićRehrenKuzmanović-CvetkovićJovanović2015" class="citation journal cs1">Radivojević, Miljana; Rehren, Thilo; Kuzmanović-Cvetković, Julka; Jovanović, Marija; Northover, J. Peter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1420706/1/S0003598X0004984Xa-1.pdf">"Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, c. 6500 years ago"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>87</b> (338): 1030–1045. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X0004984X">10.1017/S0003598X0004984X</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119090544/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1420706/1/S0003598X0004984Xa-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Tainted+ores+and+the+rise+of+tin+bronzes+in+Eurasia%2C+c.+6500+years+ago&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=338&rft.pages=1030-1045&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X0004984X&rft.aulast=Radivojevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Miljana&rft.au=Rehren%2C+Thilo&rft.au=Kuzmanovi%C4%87-Cvetkovi%C4%87%2C+Julka&rft.au=Jovanovi%C4%87%2C+Marija&rft.au=Northover%2C+J.+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F1420706%2F1%2FS0003598X0004984Xa-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearce-2019-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pearce-2019_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearce-2019_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearce-2019_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2019" class="citation journal cs1">Pearce, Mark (1 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10963-019-09134-z">"The 'Copper Age' – a history of the concept"</a>. <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 229–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10963-019-09134-z">10.1007/s10963-019-09134-z</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-7802">1573-7802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=The+%27Copper+Age%27+%E2%80%93+a+history+of+the+concept&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=229-250&rft.date=2019-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-019-09134-z&rft.issn=1573-7802&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10963-019-09134-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenGardinerSheridan2012" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Michael J.; Gardiner, Julie; Sheridan, Alison, eds. (2012). <i>Is There a British Chalcolithic?: People, place, and polity in the later third millennium</i>. Prehistoric Society Research Papers. Vol. 4. Oxbow books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842174968" title="Special:BookSources/9781842174968"><bdi>9781842174968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+There+a+British+Chalcolithic%3F%3A+People%2C+place%2C+and+polity+in+the+later+third+millennium&rft.series=Prehistoric+Society+Research+Papers&rft.pub=Oxbow+books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781842174968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span> — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521140950/http://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/is-there-a-british-chalcolithic.html">"Abstracted"</a>. <i>Oxbow books website</i>. 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Oxford University Press. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814921-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814921-2"><bdi>0-19-814921-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/93-40752">93-40752</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29255664">29255664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Materials+and+Industries%3A+The+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29255664&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F93-40752&rft.isbn=0-19-814921-2&rft.aulast=Moorey&rft.aufirst=Peter+Roger+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraddock1995" class="citation book cs1">Craddock, Paul T. 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Smithsonian Institution Press (USA) and Edinburgh University Press (GB). p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56098-535-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56098-535-6"><bdi>1-56098-535-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94-61412">94-61412</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32769136">32769136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Metal+Mining+and+Production&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press+%28USA%29+and+Edinburgh+University+Press+%28GB%29&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32769136&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F94-61412&rft.isbn=1-56098-535-6&rft.aulast=Craddock&rft.aufirst=Paul+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellaart1967" class="citation book cs1">Mellaart, James (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=67014150&searchType=1&permalink=y"><i>Çatal Hüyük: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia</i></a>. 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University College London. pp.75-77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014045213/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/ancient-axe-find-suggests-copper-age-began-earlier-than-believed_100105122.html">"Ancient axe find suggests Copper Age began earlier than believed"</a>. <i>Thaindian News</i>. ANI. 9 October 2008. 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(1 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes062930%2B">"A millennium of metallurgy recorded by lake sediments from Morococha, Peruvian Andes"</a>. <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>. <b>41</b> (10): 3469–3474. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007EnST...41.3469C">2007EnST...41.3469C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes062930%2B">10.1021/es062930+</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X">0013-936X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17547165">17547165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=A+millennium+of+metallurgy+recorded+by+lake+sediments+from+Morococha%2C+Peruvian+Andes&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3469-3474&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes062930%2B&rft.issn=0013-936X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17547165&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007EnST...41.3469C&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Colin+A.&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Mark+B.&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+Alexander+P.&rft.au=Kittleson%2C+John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1021%252Fes062930%252B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirminghamEisenberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Birmingham, R.A.; Eisenberg, L.E. (2000). <i>Indian Mounds of Wisconsin</i>. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 75–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Mounds+of+Wisconsin&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pages=75-77&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Birmingham&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rft.au=Eisenberg%2C+L.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPompeaniSteinmanAbbottPompeani2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pompeani, David P.; Steinman, Byron A.; Abbott, Mark B.; Pompeani, Katherine M.; Reardon, William; DePasqual, Seth; Mueller, Robin H. (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/abs/on-the-timing-of-the-old-copper-complex-in-north-america-a-comparison-of-radiocarbon-dates-from-different-archaeological-contexts/E46715993E58EDC94F225CC6FE776CF2">"On the Timing of the Old Copper Complex in North America: A Comparison of Radiocarbon Dates from Different Archaeological Contexts"</a>. <i>Radiocarbon</i>. <b>63</b> (2): 513–531. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Radcb..63..513P">2021Radcb..63..513P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FRDC.2021.7">10.1017/RDC.2021.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8222">0033-8222</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233029733">233029733</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211002145/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/abs/on-the-timing-of-the-old-copper-complex-in-north-america-a-comparison-of-radiocarbon-dates-from-different-archaeological-contexts/E46715993E58EDC94F225CC6FE776CF2">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=On+the+Timing+of+the+Old+Copper+Complex+in+North+America%3A+A+Comparison+of+Radiocarbon+Dates+from+Different+Archaeological+Contexts&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=513-531&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FRDC.2021.7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233029733%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0033-8222&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Radcb..63..513P&rft.aulast=Pompeani&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft.au=Steinman%2C+Byron+A.&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Mark+B.&rft.au=Pompeani%2C+Katherine+M.&rft.au=Reardon%2C+William&rft.au=DePasqual%2C+Seth&rft.au=Mueller%2C+Robin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fradiocarbon%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fon-the-timing-of-the-old-copper-complex-in-north-america-a-comparison-of-radiocarbon-dates-from-different-archaeological-contexts%2FE46715993E58EDC94F225CC6FE776CF2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeiburger,_E.J.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Neiburger, E.J. (1987). "Did Midwest pre-Columbia[n] Indians cast metal? A new look". <i>Central States Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 60–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+States+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=Did+Midwest+pre-Columbia%5Bn%5D+Indians+cast+metal%3F+A+new+look&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=60-74&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Neiburger%2C+E.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonShelach2012" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, Christian E.; <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Shelach-Lavi" title="Gideon Shelach-Lavi">Shelach, Gideon</a> (September 2012). "Jiangzhai: Social and economic organization of a Middle Neolithic Chinese village". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Anthropological_Archaeology" title="Journal of Anthropological Archaeology">Journal of Anthropological Archaeology</a></i>. <b>31</b> (3): 241–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2012.01.007">10.1016/j.jaa.2012.01.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropological+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Jiangzhai%3A+Social+and+economic+organization+of+a+Middle+Neolithic+Chinese+village&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=241-422&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2012.01.007&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Christian+E.&rft.au=Shelach%2C+Gideon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang,_Kwang-ChihXu,_PingfangLu,_Liancheng2005" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Kwang-Chih; Xu, Pingfang; Lu, Liancheng (2005). <i>The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An archaeological perspective</i>. Yale University Press. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Chinese+Civilization%3A+An+archaeological+perspective&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Chang%2C+Kwang-Chih&rft.au=Xu%2C+Pingfang&rft.au=Lu%2C+Liancheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhret,_Christopher2002" class="citation book cs1">Ehret, Christopher (2002). <i>The Civilizations of Africa</i>. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia. pp. 136, 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-2085-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-2085-X"><bdi>0-8139-2085-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilizations+of+Africa&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+VA&rft.pages=136%2C+137&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8139-2085-X&rft.au=Ehret%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcolithic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola2005" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Parpola, Asko</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/~aparpola/tices_50.pdf">"Study of the Indus script"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transactions</i>. 50th International Conference of Eastern Studies. Tokyo, Japan: The Tôhô Gakkai. pp. 28–66. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060621213827/http://www.helsinki.fi/~aparpola/tices_50.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Study+of+the+Indus+script&rft.btitle=Transactions&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+Japan&rft.pages=28-66&rft.pub=The+T%C3%B4h%C3%B4+Gakkai&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2F~aparpola%2Ftices_50.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogucki2007" class="citation book cs1">Bogucki, Peter (2007). "Copper Age of Eastern Europe". <i>The Atlas of World Archaeology</i>. London, UK: Sandcastle Books. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Copper+Age+of+Eastern+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+World+Archaeology&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Sandcastle+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bogucki&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Evans_(archaeologist)" title="John Evans (archaeologist)">Evans, John</a> (1897). <i>The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons and Ornaments of Great Britain</i>. London, UK: Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Stone+Implements%2C+Weapons+and+Ornaments+of+Great+Britain&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan2007" class="citation web cs1">Hogan, C. Michael (2007). Burnham, A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17974">"<i>Los Silillos</i>"</a>. <i>The Megalithic Portal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001210858/http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17974">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Megalithic+Portal&rft.atitle=Los+Silillos&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=C.+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.megalithic.co.uk%2Farticle.php%3Fsid%3D17974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles2016" class="citation book cs1">Miles, David (2016). <i>The Tale of the Axe: How the Neolithic revolution transformed Britain</i>. London, UK: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05186-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05186-3"><bdi>978-0-500-05186-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tale+of+the+Axe%3A+How+the+Neolithic+revolution+transformed+Britain&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05186-3&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPleger2002" class="citation conference cs1">Pleger, T.C. (2002). <i>A brief introduction to the Old Copper Complex of the western Great Lakes: 4000-1000 BC</i>. Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting of Forest History Association of Wisconsin. Oconto, WI: Forest History Association of Wisconsin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+brief+introduction+to+the+Old+Copper+Complex+of+the+western+Great+Lakes%3A+4000-1000+BC&rft.place=Oconto%2C+WI&rft.pub=Forest+History+Association+of+Wisconsin&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Pleger&rft.aufirst=T.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPossehl1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Possehl, Gregory L. (1996). "Mehrgarh". In Fagan, Brian (ed.). <i>Oxford Companion to Archaeology</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mehrgarh&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+Archaeology&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Possehl&rft.aufirst=Gregory+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcolithic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Copper_Age" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Copper Age">Copper Age</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenrickson1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Henrickson, Elizabeth F. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chalcolithic-era-in-persia">"Chalcolithic era in Persia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i> (online ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chalcolithic+era+in+Persia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.edition=online&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Henrickson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fchalcolithic-era-in-persia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChalcolithic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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