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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Venezuela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Militarism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سياسة عسكرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سياسة عسكرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarismu" title="Militarismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Militarismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarizm" title="Militarizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Militarizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kun-kok-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Kun-kok-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kun-kok-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Мілітарызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мілітарызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Мілітарызм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мілітарызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Милитаризъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Милитаризъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarisme" title="Militarisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Militarisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarismus" title="Militarismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Militarismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militariaeth" title="Militariaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Militariaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarisme" title="Militarisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Militarisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarismus" title="Militarismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Militarismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Militarism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μιλιταρισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μιλιταρισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarismo" title="Militarismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Militarismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarismo" title="Militarismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Militarismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarismo" title="Militarismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Militarismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نظامی‌گری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نظامی‌گری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarisme" title="Militarisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Militarisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B0%EA%B5%AD%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="군국주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="군국주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Միլիտարիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միլիտարիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सैन्यवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सैन्यवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarizam" title="Militarizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Militarizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarismo" title="Militarismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Militarismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militerisme" title="Militerisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Militerisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarismo" title="Militarismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Militarismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="מיליטריזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיליטריזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მილიტარიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მილიტარიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Милитаризм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Милитаризм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Милитаризм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Милитаризм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C4%81risms" title="Militārisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Militārisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Милитаризам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Милитаризам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarisme" title="Militarisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Militarisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Милитаризациясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Милитаризациясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarisme" title="Militarisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Militarisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सैन्यवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सैन्यवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="軍国主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="軍国主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarisme" title="Militarisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Militarisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarisme" title="Militarisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Militarisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarizm" title="Militarizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Militarizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryzm" title="Militaryzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Militaryzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarismo" title="Militarismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Militarismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Militarism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Милитаризм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Милитаризм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarizmi" title="Militarizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Militarizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Militarism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarizmus" title="Militarizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Militarizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="سەربازیخوازی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەربازیخوازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Милитаризам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Милитаризам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarizam" title="Militarizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Militarizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarismi" title="Militarismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Militarismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Militarism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="แสนยนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แสนยนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarizm" title="Militarizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Militarizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Мілітаризм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мілітаризм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_qu%C3%A2n_qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Chủ nghĩa quân quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa quân quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="軍國主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="軍國主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="军国主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="军国主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">National reliance on a strong military</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Militarization" title="Militarization">Militarization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarism</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Steffeck-Reille1884,Ruhmeshalle-3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carl_Steffeck-Reille1884%2CRuhmeshalle-3.JPG/300px-Carl_Steffeck-Reille1884%2CRuhmeshalle-3.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carl_Steffeck-Reille1884%2CRuhmeshalle-3.JPG/450px-Carl_Steffeck-Reille1884%2CRuhmeshalle-3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carl_Steffeck-Reille1884%2CRuhmeshalle-3.JPG/600px-Carl_Steffeck-Reille1884%2CRuhmeshalle-3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2133" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> (and later German) Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, right, with General <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Elder">Helmuth von Moltke the Elder</a>, left, and General <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Roon" title="Albrecht von Roon">Albrecht von Roon</a>, centre. Although Bismarck was a civilian politician and not a military officer, he wore a military uniform as part of the Prussian militarist culture of the time. From a painting by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Steffeck" title="Carl Steffeck">Carl Steffeck</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">Military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">Pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">Fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">Aerospace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_battle" title="Close-quarters battle">CQC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">Stay-behind</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">Belligerent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-defence_in_international_law" title="Self-defence in international law">Right of self-defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_treason" title="War treason">War treason</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_warfare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unrestricted warfare (page does not exist)">Unrestricted warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_effectiveness" title="Combat effectiveness">Combat effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity_(military)" title="Center of gravity (military)">Center of gravity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarization" title="Militarization">Militarization</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_follower" title="Camp follower">Camp follower</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Military_Classics" title="Seven Military Classics">Seven Military Classics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategemata" title="Strategemata">Strategemata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_are_murderers" title="Soldiers are murderers">Soldiers are murderers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Militarism</b> is the belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also imply the glorification of the military and of the ideals of a professional military class and the "predominance of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">armed forces</a> in the administration or policy of the state"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">stratocracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a>). </p><p>Militarism has been a significant element of the <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionist</a> ideologies of many nations throughout history. Notable ancient examples include the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian Empire</a>, the Greek city state of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> nation, and the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. Examples from modern times include the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>/<a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> monarchy, the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>/<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_nation">By nation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militarism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: By nation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militarism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">German militarism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Germany" title="List of wars involving Germany">List of wars involving Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military history of Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bismarck_pickelhaube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bismarck_pickelhaube.jpg/170px-Bismarck_pickelhaube.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bismarck_pickelhaube.jpg/255px-Bismarck_pickelhaube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bismarck_pickelhaube.jpg/340px-Bismarck_pickelhaube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, a civilian, wearing a <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">cuirassier</a> officer's metal <i><a href="/wiki/Pickelhaube" title="Pickelhaube">Pickelhaube</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The roots of German militarism can be found in 18th- and 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and the subsequent unification of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> under Prussian leadership. However, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosenberg" title="Hans Rosenberg">Hans Rosenberg</a> sees its origin already in the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> and its colonization of Prussia during the late Middle Ages, when mercenaries from the Holy Roman Empire were granted lands by the Order and gradually formed a new landed militarist Prussian nobility, from which the <a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">Junker</a> nobility would later evolve.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 17th-century reign of the "Great Elector" <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg</a>, Brandenburg-Prussia increased its military to 40,000 men and began an effective military administration overseen by the <a href="/wiki/General_War_Commissariat" title="General War Commissariat">General War Commissariat</a>. In order to bolster his power both in interior and foreign matters, so-called <i>Soldatenkönig</i> ("soldier king") <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William I of Prussia">Frederick William I of Prussia</a> started his large-scale military reforms in 1713, thus beginning the country's tradition of a high military budget by increasing the annual military spending to 73% of the entire annual budget of Prussia. By the time of his death in 1740, the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> had grown into a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> of 83,000 men, one of the largest in Europe, at a time when the entire Prussian populace made up 2.5 million people. Prussian military writer <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Heinrich_von_Berenhorst" class="extiw" title="de:Georg Heinrich von Berenhorst">Georg Henirich von Berenhorst</a> would later write in hindsight that ever since the reign of the <i>soldier king</i>, Prussia always remained "not a country with an army, but an army with a country" (a quote often misattributed to <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> defeated Prussia in 1806, one of the conditions of peace was that Prussia should reduce its army to no more than 42,000 men. Since the time of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_The_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick The Great">Frederick The Great</a>, however, Prussia practiced the Kruemper System, formed by dismissing a number of trained men at regular intervals and replacing them with raw recruits, thereby passing a large number of men through the ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The officers of the army were drawn almost entirely from among the land-owning <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>. The result was that there was gradually built up a large class of professional officers on the one hand, and a much larger class, the rank and file of the army, on the other. These enlisted men had become conditioned to obey implicitly all the commands of the officers, creating a <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a>-based culture of <a href="/wiki/Deference" title="Deference">deference</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lot-3654-9_(33323291816).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lot-3654-9_%2833323291816%29.jpg/290px-Lot-3654-9_%2833323291816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lot-3654-9_%2833323291816%29.jpg/435px-Lot-3654-9_%2833323291816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lot-3654-9_%2833323291816%29.jpg/580px-Lot-3654-9_%2833323291816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3202" data-file-height="1974" /></a><figcaption>World War I propaganda of Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>This system led to several consequences. Since the officer class also furnished most of the officials for the civil administration of the country, the interests of the army came to be considered as identical to the interests of the country as a whole. A second result was that the governing class desired to continue a system which gave them so much power over the common people, contributing to the continuing influence of the <a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junker</a> noble classes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Militarism in Germany continued after World War I and the fall of the German monarchy in the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a>, in spite of Allied attempts to crush German militarism by means of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, as the Allies saw Prussian and German militarism as one of the major causes of the Great War. During the period of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> (1918–1933), the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a>, an attempted <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> against the republican government, was launched by disaffected members of the armed forces. After this event, some of the more radical militarists and nationalists were submerged in grief and despair into the <a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">NSDAP</a> party of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, while more moderate elements of militarism declined and remained affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (DNVP) instead.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12148,_N%C3%BCrnberg,_Reichsparteitag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12148%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12148%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12148%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag.jpg/495px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12148%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12148%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag.jpg/660px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12148%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Militarism in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout its entire 14-year existence, the Weimar Republic remained under threat of militaristic nationalism, as many Germans felt the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> humiliated their militaristic culture. The Weimar years saw large-scale right-wing militarist and paramilitary mass organizations such as <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Stahlhelm,_Bund_der_Frontsoldaten" title="Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten">Der Stahlhelm</a></i> as well as militias such as the <a href="/wiki/Freikorps#Post–World_War_I" title="Freikorps"><i>Freikorps</i></a>, which was banned in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></i> set up the <a href="/wiki/Black_Reichswehr" title="Black Reichswehr">Black Reichswehr</a>, a secret reserve of trained soldiers networked within its units organised as "labour battalions" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Arbeitskommandos</i></span>) to circumvent the Treaty of Versailles' 100,000 man limit on the German army.;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was dissolved in 1923. Many members of the <i>Freikorps</i> and the Black Reichswehr went on to join the <i><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i> (SA), the paramilitary branch of the Nazi party. All of these were responsible for the political violence of so-called <a href="/wiki/Feme_murders" title="Feme murders"><i>Feme</i> murders</a> and an overall atmosphere of lingering civil war during the Weimar period. During the Weimar era, mathematician and political writer <a href="/wiki/Emil_Julius_Gumbel" title="Emil Julius Gumbel">Emil Julius Gumbel</a> published in-depth analyses of the militarist paramilitary violence characterizing German public life as well as the state's lenient to sympathetic reaction to it if the violence was committed by the political right.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> was a strongly militarist state; after its defeat in 1945, militarism in German culture was dramatically reduced as a backlash against the Nazi period, and the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Allied_High_Commission" title="Allied High Commission">Allied High Commission</a> oversaw a program of attempted fundamental re-education of the German people at large in order to put a stop to German militarism once and for all.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> today maintains a <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">large, modern military</a> and has one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures#List" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">highest defence budgets</a> in the world; at 1.3 percent of Germany's GDP, it is, in 2019, similar in cash terms to those of the United Kingdom, France and Japan, at around US$50bn.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militarism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NCCparade,_India223.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/NCCparade%2C_India223.jpg/290px-NCCparade%2C_India223.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/NCCparade%2C_India223.jpg/435px-NCCparade%2C_India223.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/NCCparade%2C_India223.jpg/580px-NCCparade%2C_India223.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>Military parade in India</figcaption></figure> <p>The rise of militarism in India dates back to the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> with the establishment of several <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>. The Indian National Army (INA) played a crucial role in pressuring the British Raj after it occupied the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> with the help of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>, but the movement lost momentum due to lack of support by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Battle of Imphal</a>, and Bose's sudden death. </p><p>After India gained <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">independence in 1947</a>, <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="India–Pakistan relations">tensions with neighbouring Pakistan</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir dispute">Kashmir dispute</a> and other issues led the Indian government to emphasize military preparedness (see also the <a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">political integration of India</a>). After the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a> in 1962, India dramatically expanded its military which helped India win the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India became the third Asian country in the world to possess <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">tests of 1998</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri insurgency">Kashmiri insurgency</a> and recent events including the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a> against Pakistan, assured that the Indian government remained committed to military expansion. The disputed <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> region is regarded as one of the world’s most militarized places.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, the Indian government has increased the military expenditure of the 1.4 million-strong military across all branches and embarked on a rapid modernization program.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militarism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Japanese militarism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese imperialism">Japanese imperialism</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg/330px-First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg/500px-First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg/960px-First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Japanese march into <a href="/wiki/Zhengyangmen" title="Zhengyangmen">Zhengyangmen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> after capturing the city in July 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>In parallel with 20th-century German militarism, Japanese militarism began with a series of events by which the military gained prominence in dictating Japan's affairs. This was evident in 15th-century Japan's <i>Sengoku</i> period or <i>Age of Warring States</i>, where powerful <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> warlords (<i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyōs</a></i>) played a significant role in Japanese politics. Japan's militarism is deeply rooted in the ancient samurai tradition, centuries before Japan's modernization. Even though a militarist philosophy was intrinsic to the shogunates, a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">nationalist</a> style of militarism developed after the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, which restored the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> to power and began the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>. It is exemplified by the 1882 <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a>, which called for all members of the armed forces to have an absolute personal loyalty to the Emperor. </p><p>In the 20th century (approximately in the 1920s), two factors contributed both to the power of the military and chaos within its ranks. One was the "Military Ministers to be Active-Duty Officers Law", which required the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> (IJA) and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> (IJN) to agree to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Army" title="Ministry of the Army">Ministry of Army</a> position in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a>. This essentially gave the military veto power over the formation of any Cabinet in the ostensibly parliamentary country. Another factor was <i><a href="/wiki/Gekokuj%C5%8D" title="Gekokujō">gekokujō</a></i>, or institutionalized <a href="/wiki/Insubordination" title="Insubordination">disobedience</a> by junior officers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not uncommon for radical junior officers to press their goals, to the extent of assassinating their seniors. In 1936, this phenomenon resulted in the <a href="/wiki/February_26_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="February 26 Incident">February 26 Incident</a>, in which junior officers attempted a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> and killed leading members of the Japanese government. The rebellion enraged Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> and he ordered its suppression, which was successfully carried out by loyal members of the military. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elementary_school_students_were_given_military_drills_(Nakameguro_National_School_in_Tokyo),_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Elementary_school_students_were_given_military_drills_%28Nakameguro_National_School_in_Tokyo%29%2C_1942.jpg/260px-Elementary_school_students_were_given_military_drills_%28Nakameguro_National_School_in_Tokyo%29%2C_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Elementary_school_students_were_given_military_drills_%28Nakameguro_National_School_in_Tokyo%29%2C_1942.jpg/390px-Elementary_school_students_were_given_military_drills_%28Nakameguro_National_School_in_Tokyo%29%2C_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Elementary_school_students_were_given_military_drills_%28Nakameguro_National_School_in_Tokyo%29%2C_1942.jpg/520px-Elementary_school_students_were_given_military_drills_%28Nakameguro_National_School_in_Tokyo%29%2C_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Elementary school students were given military drills, May 1942.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> damaged Japan's economy and gave radical elements within the Japanese military the chance to realize their ambitions of conquering all of Asia. In 1931, the <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a> (a Japanese military force stationed in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>) staged the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a>, which sparked the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Invasion of Manchuria</a> and its transformation into the Japanese puppet state of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>. Six years later, the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Peking</a> sparked the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937–1945). Japanese troops streamed into <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>, conquering Peking, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, and the national capital of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking" title="Battle of Nanking">Nanking</a>; the last conquest was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a>. In 1940, Japan entered into an <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">alliance</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a>, two similarly militaristic states in Europe, and advanced out of China and into Southeast Asia. The following year, Japan <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attacked Pearl Harbor</a> to prevent the intervention of the United States, which had <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">banned</a> oil sales to Japan in response to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">ensuing invasion of Indochina</a>. </p><p>In 1945, Japan surrendered to the United States, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a> and the purging of all militarist influences from Japanese society and politics. In 1947, the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a> supplanted the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a> as the fundamental law of the country, replacing the rule of the Emperor with parliamentary government. With this event, the Empire of Japan officially came to an end and the modern <a href="/wiki/State_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Japan">State of Japan</a> was founded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militarism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: North Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propaganda_of_North_Korea_(6073871366).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Propaganda_of_North_Korea_%286073871366%29.jpg/290px-Propaganda_of_North_Korea_%286073871366%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Propaganda_of_North_Korea_%286073871366%29.jpg/435px-Propaganda_of_North_Korea_%286073871366%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Propaganda_of_North_Korea_%286073871366%29.jpg/580px-Propaganda_of_North_Korea_%286073871366%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>North Korean propaganda mural</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Sŏn'gun</i> (often transliterated "songun"), <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>'s "Military First" policy, regards military power as the highest priority of the country. This has escalated so much in the <a href="/wiki/DPRK" class="mw-redirect" title="DPRK">DPRK</a> that one in five people serves in the armed forces, and the military has become one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">largest in the world</a>. </p><p><i>Songun</i> elevates the Korean People's Armed Forces within North Korea as an organization and as a state function, granting it the primary position in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_North_Korea" title="Government of North Korea">North Korean government</a> and society. The principle guides <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">domestic policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">international interactions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vorontsov_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vorontsov-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides the framework of the government, designating the military as the "supreme repository of power". It also facilitates the militarization of non-military sectors by emphasizing the unity of the military and the people by spreading military culture among the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The North Korean government grants the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> as the highest priority in the economy and in resource-allocation, and positions it as the model for society to emulate.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Songun</i> is also the <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> concept behind a shift in policies (since the death of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> in 1994) which emphasize the people's military over all other aspects of state and the interests of the military comes first before the masses (workers). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militarism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malolos_Filipino_Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Malolos_Filipino_Army.jpg/290px-Malolos_Filipino_Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Malolos_Filipino_Army.jpg/435px-Malolos_Filipino_Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Malolos_Filipino_Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>The Philippine Army in <a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a> Bulacan, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1899</span></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military history of the Philippines</a></div> <p>In the pre-colonial era, the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipino people</a> had their own forces, divided between the islands which each had its own ruler. They were called <i>Sandig</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/guard" class="extiw" title="wikt:guard">Guards</a>), <i>Kawal</i> (<a href="/wiki/Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights">Knights</a>), and <i>Tanod</i>. They also served as the police and watchers on the land, coastlines and seas. In 1521, the Visayan king of Mactan <i><a href="/wiki/Lapu-Lapu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapu-Lapu">Lapu-Lapu</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>, organized the first recorded military action against the Spanish colonizers, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Battle of Mactan</a>. </p><p>In the 19th century during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a>, a revolutionary organization against Spain at the <a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a>. Some notable battles were the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baler" title="Siege of Baler">Siege of Baler</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imus" title="Battle of Imus">Battle of Imus</a>, Battle of Kawit, Battle of Nueva Ecija, the victorious <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alapan" title="Battle of Alapan">Battle of Alapan</a> and the famous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Binakayan%E2%80%93Dalahican" title="Battle of Binakayan–Dalahican">Twin Battles of Binakayan and Dalahican</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Philippine_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Philippine Independence">Independence</a>, the President General <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> established the <i><a href="/wiki/Magdalo_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalo (Katipunan faction)">Magdalo</a></i>, a faction separate from <i><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></i>, and he declared the revolutionary government in the constitution of the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Filipino-American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino-American War">Filipino-American War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Luna" title="Antonio Luna">Antonio Luna</a> as a high-ranking general, he ordered a <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> to all citizens, a mandatory form of national service (at any war) for the increase the density and the manpower of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Philippine Army</a>. </p><p>During the World War II, the Philippines was one of the participants, as a member of Allied forces, the Philippines with the U.S. forces fought the Imperial Japanese Army (1942–1945), one of the notable battles is the victorious <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a>, which also called "The Liberation". </p><p>During the 1970s the President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> declared P.D.1081 or <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>, which also made the Philippines a <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> state. By the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a> (PC) and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_National_Police" title="Integrated National Police">Integrated National Police</a> (INP), the high school or secondary and college education have a compulsory curriculum concerning the military, and nationalism which is the "Citizens Military Training" (CMT) and "Reserve Officers Training Corps" (ROTC). But in 1986, when the constitution changed, this form of national service training program became non-compulsory but still part of the basic education.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militarism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Russian imperialism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_parade_on_Red_Square_2017-05-09_030.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Military_parade_on_Red_Square_2017-05-09_030.jpg/260px-Military_parade_on_Red_Square_2017-05-09_030.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Military_parade_on_Red_Square_2017-05-09_030.jpg/390px-Military_parade_on_Red_Square_2017-05-09_030.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Military_parade_on_Red_Square_2017-05-09_030.jpg/520px-Military_parade_on_Red_Square_2017-05-09_030.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Military parade on <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a> in Moscow</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_exercises_Center-2019-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Military_exercises_Center-2019-07.jpg/260px-Military_exercises_Center-2019-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Military_exercises_Center-2019-07.jpg/390px-Military_exercises_Center-2019-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Military_exercises_Center-2019-07.jpg/520px-Military_exercises_Center-2019-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Vladimir Putin with members of the '<a href="/wiki/Young_Army_Cadets_National_Movement" title="Young Army Cadets National Movement">Yunarmiya</a>' – or Young Army. The Young Army movement is the Kremlin's attempt to mobilize and provide basic military skills to Russian youth.</figcaption></figure> <p>Russia has also had a long history of militarism continuing on to the present day driven by its desire to protect its western frontier which has no <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">natural buffers</a> between potential invaders from the rest of continental Europe and her heartlands in European Russia. Ever since <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>'s reforms, Russia became one of Europe's great powers in terms of political and military strength. Through the Imperial era, Russia continued on her quest for territorial expansion into Siberia, Caucasus and into Eastern Europe, eventually conquering the majority of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. </p><p>The end of imperial rule in 1917 meant the loss of some territory following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, but much of it was quickly reconquered by the Soviet Union later on, including events such as the partition of Poland and reconquest of the Baltic states in the late 1930s and ‘40s. Soviet influence reached its peak after WWII in the Cold War era, during which the Soviet Union occupied virtually all of Eastern Europe in a military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact, with the Soviet Army playing a key role. All this was lost with the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991. Russia was greatly weakened in what Russia's second President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> called the greatest geopolitical disaster of the 20th century. Nevertheless, under <a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">Putin's leadership</a>, a resurgent modern Russia has maintained a tremendous amount of geopolitical influence in the countries spawned from the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and modern Russia remains Eastern Europe's leading, if not dominant, power. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the Russian government increased their efforts to introduce "patriotic education" into schools.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> reported that some parents were shocked by the militaristic nature of the Kremlin-promoted <i><a href="/wiki/Conversations_about_Important_Things" title="Conversations about Important Things">Important Conversations</a></i> lessons, with some comparing them to the "patriotic education" of the former Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 2023, Vladimir Putin planned to spend almost 40% of <a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">public expenditures</a> on defense and security.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UK Chief of Defence Staff Admiral <a href="/wiki/Tony_Radakin" title="Tony Radakin">Tony Radakin</a> said that "the last time we saw these levels was at the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militarism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Turkey" title="List of wars involving Turkey">List of wars involving Turkey</a></div> <p>Militarism has a long history in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> lasted for centuries and always relied on its military might, but militarism was not a part of everyday life. Militarism was only introduced into daily life with the advent of modern institutions, particularly schools, which became part of the state apparatus when the Ottoman Empire was succeeded by a new nation state – the Republic of Turkey – in 1923. The founders of the republic were determined to break with the past and modernise the country. There was, however, an inherent contradiction in that their modernist vision was limited by their military roots. The leading reformers were all military men and, in keeping with the military tradition, all believed in the authority and the sacredness of the state. The public also believed in the military. It was the military, after all, who led the nation through the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Liberation</a> (1919–1923) and saved the motherland.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_Republic_Day_2012_09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Turkish_Republic_Day_2012_09.JPG/260px-Turkish_Republic_Day_2012_09.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Turkish_Republic_Day_2012_09.JPG/390px-Turkish_Republic_Day_2012_09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Turkish_Republic_Day_2012_09.JPG/520px-Turkish_Republic_Day_2012_09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Military parade during <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Turkey)" title="Republic Day (Turkey)">Republic Day</a> celebrations in Ankara</figcaption></figure> <p>The first military coup in the history of the republic was on <a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">27 May 1960</a>, which resulted in the hanging of PM <a href="/wiki/Adnan_Menderes" title="Adnan Menderes">Adnan Menderes</a> and 2 ministers, and a new constitution was introduced, creating a Constitutional Court to vet the legislation passed by parliament, and a military-dominated National Security Council to oversee the government affairs similar to the <i>politburo</i> in the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second military coup took place on <a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">12 March 1971</a>, this time only forcing the government to resign and installing a cabinet of technocrats and bureaucrats without dissolving the parliament. The third military coup took place on <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">12 September 1980</a>, which resulted in the dissolution of parliament and all political parties as well as imposition of a much more authoritarian constitution. There was another military intervention that was called a "post-modern coup" on <a href="/wiki/1997_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1997 Turkish military memorandum">28 February 1997</a> which merely forced the government to resign, and finally an unsuccessful military coup attempt on <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">15 July 2016</a>. </p><p>The constitutional referendums in <a href="/wiki/2010_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Turkish constitutional referendum">2010</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">2017</a> have changed the composition and role of the National Security Council, and placed the armed forces under the control of civilian government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militarism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">United States militarism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventions_by_the_United_States" title="Foreign interventions by the United States">Foreign interventions by the United States</a></div> <p>In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries political and military leaders reformed the US federal government to establish a stronger central government than had ever previously existed for the purpose of enabling the nation <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">to pursue an imperial policy</a> in the Pacific and in the Caribbean and <a href="/wiki/Economic_militarism" title="Economic militarism">economic militarism</a> to support the development of the new industrial economy. This reform was the result of a conflict between Neo-Hamiltonian Republicans and <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_political_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffersonian political philosophy">Jeffersonian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a> Democrats over the proper administration of the state and direction of its foreign policy. The conflict pitted proponents of professionalism, based on business management principles, against those favoring more local control in the hands of laymen and political appointees. The outcome of this struggle, including a more professional federal civil service and a strengthened presidency and executive branch, made a more expansionist foreign policy possible.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> the national army fell into disrepair. Reforms based on various European states including Britain, Germany, and Switzerland were made so that it would become responsive to control from the central government, prepared for future conflicts, and develop refined command and support structures; these reforms led to the development of professional military thinkers and cadre. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_Expenditures_by_Country_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Military_Expenditures_by_Country_2019.svg/350px-Military_Expenditures_by_Country_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Military_Expenditures_by_Country_2019.svg/525px-Military_Expenditures_by_Country_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Military_Expenditures_by_Country_2019.svg/700px-Military_Expenditures_by_Country_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>A pie chart showing global military expenditures by country for 2019, in US$ billions, according to SIPRI</figcaption></figure> <p>During this time the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a> helped propel <a href="/wiki/Overseas_expansion_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas expansion of the United States">American overseas expansion</a> in the Pacific and Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofstadter1992_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofstadter1992-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tucker2009_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker2009-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This required modifications for a more efficient central government due to the added administration requirements (see above). </p><p>The enlargement of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> was considered essential to the occupation and control of the new territories acquired from Spain in its defeat (<a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>). The previous limit by legislation of 24,000 men was expanded to 60,000 regulars in the new army bill on 2 February 1901, with allowance at that time for expansion to 80,000 regulars by presidential discretion at times of national emergency. </p><p>U.S. forces were again enlarged immensely for World War I. Officers such as <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a> were permanent captains at the start of the war and received temporary promotions to colonel. </p><p>Between the first and second world wars, the <a href="/wiki/US_Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="US Marine Corps">US Marine Corps</a> engaged in questionable activities in the <a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> in Latin America. Retired Major General <a href="/wiki/Smedley_Butler" title="Smedley Butler">Smedley Butler</a>, who was at the time of his death the most decorated Marine, spoke strongly against what he considered to be trends toward fascism and militarism. Butler briefed Congress on what he described as a <a href="/wiki/Business_Plot" title="Business Plot">Business Plot</a> for a military coup, for which he had been suggested as leader; the matter was partially corroborated, but the real threat has been disputed. The Latin American expeditions ended with <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a> of 1934. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush,_Laura_Bush,_and_Governor_Rick_Perry_with_troops_at_Fort_Hood,_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/President_George_W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_and_Governor_Rick_Perry_with_troops_at_Fort_Hood%2C_Texas.jpg/260px-President_George_W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_and_Governor_Rick_Perry_with_troops_at_Fort_Hood%2C_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/President_George_W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_and_Governor_Rick_Perry_with_troops_at_Fort_Hood%2C_Texas.jpg/390px-President_George_W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_and_Governor_Rick_Perry_with_troops_at_Fort_Hood%2C_Texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/President_George_W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_and_Governor_Rick_Perry_with_troops_at_Fort_Hood%2C_Texas.jpg/520px-President_George_W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_and_Governor_Rick_Perry_with_troops_at_Fort_Hood%2C_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> with troops at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cavazos" title="Fort Cavazos">Fort Hood</a>, Texas, 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>After World War II, there were major cutbacks, such that units responding early in the Korean War under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> authority (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Task Force Smith">Task Force Smith</a>) were unprepared, resulting in catastrophic performance. When <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> fired <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, the tradition of civilian control held and MacArthur left without any hint of military coup. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> resulted in serious permanent military buildups. <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, a retired top military commander elected as a civilian president, warned, as he was leaving office, of the development of a <a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">military–industrial complex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Cold War, there emerged many civilian academics and industrial researchers, such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Kahn" title="Herman Kahn">Herman Kahn</a>, who had significant input into the use of military force. The complexities of nuclear strategy and the debates surrounding them helped produce a new group of 'defense intellectuals' and think tanks, such as the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">Rand Corporation</a> (where Kahn, among others, worked).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been argued that the United States has shifted to a state of neomilitarism since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. This form of militarism is distinguished by the reliance on a relatively small number of volunteer fighters; heavy reliance on complex technologies; and the rationalization and expansion of government advertising and recruitment programs designed to promote military service.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> signed a record $886 billion <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2024" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024">defense spending bill</a> into law on December 22, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militarism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chavez_Vive_Militar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chavez_Vive_Militar.jpg/330px-Chavez_Vive_Militar.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chavez_Vive_Militar.jpg/500px-Chavez_Vive_Militar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chavez_Vive_Militar.jpg/960px-Chavez_Vive_Militar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan armed forces">Venezuelan armed forces</a> carrying <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A1vez_eyes" title="Chávez eyes">Chávez eyes</a> flags saying, "Chávez lives, the fight continues"</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Continental_Movement" title="Bolivarian Continental Movement">Bolivarian Continental Movement</a></div> <p>Militarism in Venezuela follows the cult and myth of <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>, known as the liberator of Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-REVspec_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REVspec-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For much of the 1800s, Venezuela was ruled by powerful, militarist leaders known as <i><a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillos</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BLOCKcom_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLOCKcom-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1892 and 1900 alone, six rebellions occurred and 437 military actions were taken to obtain control of Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-BLOCKcom_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLOCKcom-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the military controlling Venezuela for much of its history, the country practiced a "military <a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">ethos</a>", with civilians today still believing that military intervention in the government is positive, especially during times of crisis, with many Venezuelans believing that the military opens democratic opportunities instead of blocking them.<sup id="cite_ref-BLOCKcom_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLOCKcom-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the modern political movement behind the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Republic of Venezuela">Fifth Republic of Venezuela</a>, ruled by the Bolivarian government established by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, was built on the following of Bolívar and such militaristic ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-REVspec_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REVspec-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militarism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Ba%27athism" title="Neo-Ba'athism">Neo-Ba'athism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Hafez_al-Assad_visiting_a_military_camp_near_Damascus_in_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/President_Hafez_al-Assad_visiting_a_military_camp_near_Damascus_in_1978.jpg/220px-President_Hafez_al-Assad_visiting_a_military_camp_near_Damascus_in_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/President_Hafez_al-Assad_visiting_a_military_camp_near_Damascus_in_1978.jpg/330px-President_Hafez_al-Assad_visiting_a_military_camp_near_Damascus_in_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/President_Hafez_al-Assad_visiting_a_military_camp_near_Damascus_in_1978.jpg/440px-President_Hafez_al-Assad_visiting_a_military_camp_near_Damascus_in_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Hafez Assad visiting a military camp near Damascus, 1978.</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> militarism begins in 1963, when the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">army</a> staged a <a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">military coup</a> against the democratically elected president <a href="/wiki/Nazim_al-Qudsi" title="Nazim al-Qudsi">Nazim al-Qudsi</a> and brought the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> to power, beginning a <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">new era in Syrian history</a>. It was after this coup that Syria turned towards militarization, and with each new internal party <a href="/wiki/Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-disambig" title="Syrian coup d'état">coup</a> it increased. <a href="/wiki/Neo-Ba%27athism" title="Neo-Ba'athism">Neo-Ba'athism</a> (whose supporters <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">came to power</a> in 1966) differed greatly from the standard version of <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a>, including the idea of strong militarization. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Arab_Army_APC_on_military_parade,_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Syrian_Arab_Army_APC_on_military_parade%2C_1990.jpg/250px-Syrian_Arab_Army_APC_on_military_parade%2C_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Syrian_Arab_Army_APC_on_military_parade%2C_1990.jpg/330px-Syrian_Arab_Army_APC_on_military_parade%2C_1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Syrian_Arab_Army_APC_on_military_parade%2C_1990.jpg/404px-Syrian_Arab_Army_APC_on_military_parade%2C_1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Syrian Arab Army parade, 1990.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1970 (after <a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">another coup</a>), military General <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> came to power. His regime turned out to be the most stable and long-lasting. Assad also conducted an active campaign to militarize Syrian society throughout his rule to resist <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, including alone (starting in the 80s).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy led to Syria becoming one of the most militarized countries in the world with a <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Arab Armed Forces">large and professional army</a> with high number of soldiers, <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a> fleets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, by December 2024, after 13 years of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">brutal civil war</a>, the Syrian army had become largely degraded and weakened, due to problems such as <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Corruption in Ba'athist Syria">widespread corruption</a>, lack of <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> for armored vehicles, a <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">ruined economy</a> (which made it impossible for the <a href="/wiki/Assad_family" title="Assad family">regime</a> to support its military spending on its own), and low morale among its soldiers. All of this led to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">surprisingly rapid collapse of the Bashar Assad's regime</a> as a result of <a href="/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives" title="2024 Syrian opposition offensives">several surprise offensives</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition_to_Bashar_al-Assad" title="Syrian opposition to Bashar al-Assad">Syrian opposition</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militarism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like neighboring Syria, Iraq has been a highly militarized state for decades. From rule of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a> until the Ba'athist <a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">seizure of power in 1968</a>, the Iraqi government had followed a policy of the <a href="/wiki/Militarization" title="Militarization">militarization</a> of society. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_(or_Syrian)_soldiers_and_T-55_tank_on_the_Golan_Heights_during_Yom_Kippur_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Iraqi_%28or_Syrian%29_soldiers_and_T-55_tank_on_the_Golan_Heights_during_Yom_Kippur_War.jpg/250px-Iraqi_%28or_Syrian%29_soldiers_and_T-55_tank_on_the_Golan_Heights_during_Yom_Kippur_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Iraqi_%28or_Syrian%29_soldiers_and_T-55_tank_on_the_Golan_Heights_during_Yom_Kippur_War.jpg/330px-Iraqi_%28or_Syrian%29_soldiers_and_T-55_tank_on_the_Golan_Heights_during_Yom_Kippur_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Iraqi_%28or_Syrian%29_soldiers_and_T-55_tank_on_the_Golan_Heights_during_Yom_Kippur_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Iraqi army soldiers on the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> during <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">October war</a> in 1973.</figcaption></figure> <p>Abdul-Karim Qasim, who <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">seized power in 1958</a>, was an <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qasimism" title="Qasimism">Qasimist</a>. This brought him into conflict with his neighbors, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Iran</a>, whose territories he claimed (in the Iranian case, only the province of <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_province" title="Khuzestan province">Khuzestan</a>). To protect his ambitions, Qasim needed a <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">competent army</a>, which he was able to build. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">coming to power in 1968</a>, the Ba'athists continued the militarization policies begun by their predecessors. While the period from 1960 to 1980 was peaceful, expenditure on the military trebled: in 1981 it stood at US$4.3 billion and nearly equaled the <a href="/wiki/National_income" class="mw-redirect" title="National income">national incomes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> combined.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per capita military spending in 1981 was 370 percent higher than that for education. During the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> military expenditures increased dramatically (while economic growth was shrinking) and the number of people employed in the military increased fivefold, to one million.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Army_Day_-_T-72.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Iraqi_Army_Day_-_T-72.jpg/220px-Iraqi_Army_Day_-_T-72.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Iraqi_Army_Day_-_T-72.jpg/330px-Iraqi_Army_Day_-_T-72.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Iraqi_Army_Day_-_T-72.jpg/440px-Iraqi_Army_Day_-_T-72.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Parade of New Iraqi army, 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1990, <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> had become the most militarized country per capita in the world, and was in the top ten on many measures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite the high costs of the army (in comparison with the strength of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Iraqi economy</a>), the huge number of soldiers and all types of weapons, as well as a very good domestic military industry, its effectiveness remained questionable. In <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">1991</a> and <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003</a>, this army was literally routed by enemy forces and suffered very heavy losses without inflicting any serious on the enemy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militarism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarization_of_police" title="Militarization of police">Militarization of police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militarism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New Oxford American Dictionary (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/militaristic">"Militarism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Dictionary" title="The Free Dictionary">The Free Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Militarism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fmilitaristic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenberg, H. (1943). The Rise of the Junkers in Brandenburg-Prussia, 1410-1653: Part 1. The American Historical Review, 49(1), 1-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aus dem Nachlasse</i> von Georg Heinrich von Berenhorst. Herausgegeben von <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_von_B%C3%BClow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard von Bülow (page does not exist)">Eduard von Bülow</a>. Erste Abteilung 1845. Verlag von Aue in Dessau.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d8UfAAAAMAAJ&q=gleichsam+einquartirt">S. 187 books.google</a>. Rezension in <i>Literaturblatt</i> (Beilage zum <i><a href="/wiki/Morgenblatt_f%C3%BCr_gebildete_St%C3%A4nde" title="Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände">Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände</a></i>) No. 48 vom 7. Juli 1846, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LJwHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT181">S. 191 rechts oben books.google</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHofschröer2012" class="citation book cs1">Hofschröer, Peter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ljYVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>Prussian Reserve, Militia & Irregular Troops 1806–15</i></a>. Publishing. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780965185" title="Special:BookSources/9781780965185"><bdi>9781780965185</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prussian+Reserve%2C+Militia+%26+Irregular+Troops+1806%E2%80%9315&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781780965185&rft.aulast=Hofschr%C3%B6er&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DljYVDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2010" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Tim (2010). <i>Frontiers of Violence. Conflict and Identity in Ulster and Upper Silesia 1918-1922</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199583713" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199583713"><bdi>978-0199583713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+Violence.+Conflict+and+Identity+in+Ulster+and+Upper+Silesia+1918-1922&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199583713&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1953" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1953). <i>The Nemesis of Power</i> (2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1812-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1812-3"><bdi>978-1-4039-1812-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nemesis+of+Power&rft.place=London&rft.pages=92&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-1812-3&rft.aulast=Wheeler-Bennett&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTianKuimovaLopes_da_SilvaWezeman2020" class="citation web cs1">Tian, Nan; Kuimova, Alexandra; Lopes da Silva, Diego; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/fs_2020_04_milex_0_0.pdf">"Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Trends+in+World+Military+Expenditure%2C+2019&rft.date=2020-04&rft.aulast=Tian&rft.aufirst=Nan&rft.au=Kuimova%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Lopes+da+Silva%2C+Diego&rft.au=Wezeman%2C+Pieter+D.&rft.au=Wezeman%2C+Siemon+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2020-04%2Ffs_2020_04_milex_0_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Srinath Raghavan, <i>1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh</i> (Harvard Univ. Press, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNandaLoke2023" class="citation news cs1">Nanda, Showkat; Loke, Atul (8 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/08/world/asia/kashmir-village-defense-committees.html">"India Is Arming Villagers in One of Earth's Most Militarized Places"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=India+Is+Arming+Villagers+in+One+of+Earth%27s+Most+Militarized+Places&rft.date=2023-03-08&rft.aulast=Nanda&rft.aufirst=Showkat&rft.au=Loke%2C+Atul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F03%2F08%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fkashmir-village-defense-committees.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/how-india-is-ramping-up-efforts-to-bolster-military-capability/a-60336292">"How India is ramping up military modernization efforts"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. 5 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=How+India+is+ramping+up+military+modernization+efforts&rft.date=2022-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fhow-india-is-ramping-up-efforts-to-bolster-military-capability%2Fa-60336292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-01/india-s-military-modernization-in-doubt-with-tiny-budget-rise">"India's Military Modernization in Doubt With Tiny Budget Rise"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. 1 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=India%27s+Military+Modernization+in+Doubt+With+Tiny+Budget+Rise&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-02-01%2Findia-s-military-modernization-in-doubt-with-tiny-budget-rise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft0w1003k0&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e489&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol">"Strengths and Weaknesses in the Decision-Making Process"</a> Craig AM <i>in</i> Vogel, EM (ed.), Modern Japanese Organization and Decision-Making, University of California Press, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vorontsov-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vorontsov_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVorontsov2006" class="citation web cs1">Vorontsov, Alexander V (26 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060531192548/http://www.brookings.edu/views/op-ed/fellows/vorontsov20060526.htm">"North Korea's Military-First Policy: A Curse or a Blessing?"</a>. Brookings Institution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/views/op-ed/fellows/vorontsov20060526.htm">the original</a> on 31 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Korea%27s+Military-First+Policy%3A+A+Curse+or+a+Blessing%3F&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2006-05-26&rft.aulast=Vorontsov&rft.aufirst=Alexander+V&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fviews%2Fop-ed%2Ffellows%2Fvorontsov20060526.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New Challenges of North Korean Foreign Policy By K. Park</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jae Kyu Park, "North Korea since 2000 and prospects for Inter Korean Relations" Korea.net, 19 January 2006, <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.korea.net/News/Issues/IssueDetailView.asp?board_no=11037">http://www.korea.net/News/Issues/IssueDetailView.asp?board_no=11037</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113071726/http://www.korea.net/News/Issues/IssueDetailView.asp?board_no=11037">Archived</a> 13 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>> 12 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/bbm8816.0001.001/*"><i>Militarism in the Philippines</i></a>. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Militarism+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fp%2Fphilamer%2Fbbm8816.0001.001%2F%2A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIlyushina2022" class="citation news cs1">Ilyushina, Mary (20 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327101413/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/20/putin-russia-schools-ukraine">"Putin's war propaganda becomes 'patriotic' lessons in Russian schools"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Washington, D.C.: Fred Ryan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/20/putin-russia-schools-ukraine">the original</a> on 27 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+war+propaganda+becomes+%27patriotic%27+lessons+in+Russian+schools&rft.date=2022-03-20&rft.aulast=Ilyushina&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2F03%2F20%2Fputin-russia-schools-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLitvinova2023" class="citation news cs1">Litvinova, Dasha (1 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902032349/https://apnews.com/article/russia-school-ukraine-curriculum-war-history-putin-98b0110e32608c6652e8dfacd01d0b6a">"Russian students are returning to school, where they face new lessons to boost their patriotism"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. New York City: Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-school-ukraine-curriculum-war-history-putin-98b0110e32608c6652e8dfacd01d0b6a">the original</a> on 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Russian+students+are+returning+to+school%2C+where+they+face+new+lessons+to+boost+their+patriotism&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft.aulast=Litvinova&rft.aufirst=Dasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Frussia-school-ukraine-curriculum-war-history-putin-98b0110e32608c6652e8dfacd01d0b6a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-approves-big-military-spending-hikes-russias-budget-2023-11-27/">"Putin approves big military spending hikes for Russia's budget"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 27 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Putin+approves+big+military+spending+hikes+for+Russia%27s+budget&rft.date=2023-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fputin-approves-big-military-spending-hikes-russias-budget-2023-11-27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.army-technology.com/news/nearly-40-percent-of-russian-public-spending-on-defence/?cf-view">"Nearly 40% of Russian public spending on defence – UK defence chief"</a>. <i>Army Technology</i>. 15 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Army+Technology&rft.atitle=Nearly+40%25+of+Russian+public+spending+on+defence+%E2%80%93+UK+defence+chief&rft.date=2023-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.army-technology.com%2Fnews%2Fnearly-40-percent-of-russian-public-spending-on-defence%2F%3Fcf-view&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Columnist M. Ali Kışlalı cites Army commander Faruk Gürler for this comparison in his article "MGK değişti ama" in the newspaper "Radikal", dated 4 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ab.gov.tr/p.php?e=36535">https://www.ab.gov.tr/p.php?e=36535</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fareed Zakaria, <i>From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role</i> (Princeton Univ. Press, 1998), chap.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hofstadter1992-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hofstadter1992_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Hofstadter1992" class="citation book cs1">Richard Hofstadter (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty8aEmWc_ekC"><i>Social Darwinism in American Thought</i></a>. Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5503-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5503-8"><bdi>978-0-8070-5503-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Darwinism+in+American+Thought&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-5503-8&rft.au=Richard+Hofstadter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTy8aEmWc_ekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker2009-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker2009_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_Tucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Spencer Tucker (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-951-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-951-1"><bdi>978-1-85109-951-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Spanish-American+and+Philippine-American+Wars%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-951-1&rft.au=Spencer+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8V3vZxOmHssC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Audra J. Wolfe, <i>Competing with the Soviets: Science, Technology, and the State in Cold War America</i> (Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2013), chap.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred Kaplan, <i>The Wizards of Armageddon</i> (1983, reissued 1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Roberts_(academic)" title="Alasdair Roberts (academic)">Roberts, Alasdair</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyupress.org/books/The_Collapse_of_Fortress_Bush-products_id-5153.html"><i>The Collapse of Fortress Bush: The Crisis of Authority in American Government</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302090239/http://www.nyupress.org/books/The_Collapse_of_Fortress_Bush-products_id-5153.html">Archived</a> 2 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York: New York University Press, 2008, 14 and 108–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/2023/12/23/biden-billions-defense-israel-ukraine-ndaa">"Biden signs record $886 billion defense bill into law"</a>. <i>Axios</i>. 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=Biden+signs+record+%24886+billion+defense+bill+into+law&rft.date=2023-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2023%2F12%2F23%2Fbiden-billions-defense-israel-ukraine-ndaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2023/12/22/biden-defense-bill-spying-program-00133124">"Biden signs defense policy bill, extending controversial spying program"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. 22 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Biden+signs+defense+policy+bill%2C+extending+controversial+spying+program&rft.date=2023-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F12%2F22%2Fbiden-defense-bill-spying-program-00133124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-REVspec-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-REVspec_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REVspec_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUzcategui2012" class="citation book cs1">Uzcategui, Rafael (2012). <i>Venezuela: Revolution as Spectacle</i>. <a href="/wiki/See_Sharp_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="See Sharp Press">See Sharp Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">142–</span>149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781937276164" title="Special:BookSources/9781937276164"><bdi>9781937276164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela%3A+Revolution+as+Spectacle&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.pub=See+Sharp+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781937276164&rft.aulast=Uzcategui&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLOCKcom-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLOCKcom_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLOCKcom_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLOCKcom_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlock2015" class="citation book cs1">Block, Elena (2015). <i>Political Communication and Leadership: Mimetisation, Hugo Chavez and the Construction of Power and Identity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">74–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317439578" title="Special:BookSources/9781317439578"><bdi>9781317439578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Communication+and+Leadership%3A+Mimetisation%2C+Hugo+Chavez+and+the+Construction+of+Power+and+Identity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317439578&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReich1990" class="citation book cs1">Reich, Bernard (1990). <i>Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26213-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26213-5"><bdi>978-0-313-26213-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Leaders+of+the+Contemporary+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26213-5&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReich1990" class="citation book cs1">Reich, Bernard, ed. (1990). <i>Political leaders of the contemporary Middle East and North Africa: a biographical dictionary</i>. New York: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26213-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26213-5"><bdi>978-0-313-26213-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+leaders+of+the+contemporary+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+a+biographical+dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26213-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArchives1991" class="citation web cs1">Archives, L. A. Times (6 March 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-06-mn-359-story.html">"IRAQ AND THE WORLD'S BIGGEST ARMIES"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=IRAQ+AND+THE+WORLD%27S+BIGGEST+ARMIES&rft.date=1991-03-06&rft.aulast=Archives&rft.aufirst=L.+A.+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-03-06-mn-359-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUfheil-Somers1982" class="citation web cs1">Ufheil-Somers, Amanda (3 November 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merip.org/1982/11/the-asad-regime-and-its-troubles/#_14_">"The Asad Regime and Its Troubles"</a>. <i>MERIP</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MERIP&rft.atitle=The+Asad+Regime+and+Its+Troubles&rft.date=1982-11-03&rft.aulast=Ufheil-Somers&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmerip.org%2F1982%2F11%2Fthe-asad-regime-and-its-troubles%2F%23_14_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiad_El_Ghonemy,_Mohamad1998" class="citation book cs1">Riad El Ghonemy, Mohamad (1998). <i>Affluence and Poverty in the Middle East</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JFBwjD4lANMC&pg=PA106">106–107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10033-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10033-5"><bdi>978-0-415-10033-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Affluence+and+Poverty+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=106-107&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10033-5&rft.au=Riad+El+Ghonemy%2C+Mohamad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiad_El_Ghonemy,_Mohamad1998" class="citation book cs1">Riad El Ghonemy, Mohamad (1998). <i>Affluence and Poverty in the Middle East</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JFBwjD4lANMC&pg=PA106">106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10033-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10033-5"><bdi>978-0-415-10033-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Affluence+and+Poverty+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10033-5&rft.au=Riad+El+Ghonemy%2C+Mohamad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiad_El_Ghonemy,_Mohamad1998" class="citation book cs1">Riad El Ghonemy, Mohamad (1998). <i>Affluence and Poverty in the Middle East</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JFBwjD4lANMC&pg=PA107">107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10033-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10033-5"><bdi>978-0-415-10033-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Affluence+and+Poverty+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10033-5&rft.au=Riad+El+Ghonemy%2C+Mohamad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bacevich, Andrew J. <i>The New American Militarism</i>. Oxford: University Press, 2005.</li> <li>Barr, Ronald J. "The Progressive Army: US Army Command and Administration 1870–1914." St. Martin's Press, Inc. 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-21467-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-21467-7">0-312-21467-7</a>.</li> <li>Barzilai, Gad. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SCPFYf9F_5gC&q=militarism+OR+militarist">Wars, Internal Conflicts and Political Order</a>.</i> Albany: State University of New York Press. 1996.</li> <li>Bond, Brian. <i>War and Society in Europe, 1870–1970.</i> McGill-Queen's University Press. 1985 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-1763-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-1763-4">0-7735-1763-4</a></li> <li>Conversi, Daniele 2007 'Homogenisation, nationalism and war’, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00292.x">Nations and Nationalism</a>, Vol. 13, no 3, 2007, pp. 1–24</li> <li>Ensign, Tod. <i>America's Military Today.</i> The New Press. 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56584-883-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56584-883-7">1-56584-883-7</a>.</li> <li>Fink, Christina. <i>Living Silence: Burma Under Military Rule.</i> White Lotus Press. 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85649-925-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85649-925-1">1-85649-925-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Freedman" title="Lawrence Freedman">Freedman, Lawrence</a>, <i>Command: The Politics of Military Operations from Korea to Ukraine</i>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane" title="Allen Lane">Allen Lane</a>, September 2022, 574 pp., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B0%2B241%2B45699%2B6" title="Special:BookSources/978+0+241+45699+6">978 0 241 45699 6</a></li> <li>Frevert, Ute. <i>A Nation in Barracks: Modern Germany, Military Conscription and Civil Society.</i> Berg, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85973-886-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85973-886-9">1-85973-886-9</a></li> <li>Huntington, Samuel P.. <i>Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations.</i> Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1981.</li> <li>Ito, Tomohide: <i>Militarismus des Zivilen in Japan 1937–1940: Diskurse und ihre Auswirkungen auf politische Entscheidungsprozesse</i> (Reihe zur Geschichte Asiens; Bd. 19). Iudicium Verlag, München 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3862052202" title="Special:BookSources/978-3862052202">978-3862052202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter, Gerhard</a>. <i>The Sword and the Scepter; the Problem of Militarism in Germany</i>, translated from the German by Heinz Norden, Coral Gables, Fla., University of Miami Press 1969–73.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vagts" title="Alfred Vagts">Vagts, Alfred</a>. <i>A History of Militarism.</i> Meridian Books, 1959.</li> <li>Western, Jon. <i>Selling Intervention and War.</i> Johns Hopkins University . 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-8108-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-8108-0">0-8018-8108-0</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85085126">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Militarisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976800z">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Militarisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976800z">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562600">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="militarismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122871&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" 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