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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Summary of resistance movements by territory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Summary_of_resistance_movements_by_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Far_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Far_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Far East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Far_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Forms of resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Resistance operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Resistance_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Resistance operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Resistance_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1939–1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1939–1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>1939–1940</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1939–1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>1941</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>1942</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>1943</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>1944</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance_movements_during_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance_movements_during_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Resistance movements during World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance_movements_during_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable individuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Documentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dramatisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dramatisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Dramatisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dramatisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Resistance during World War II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المقاومة خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المقاومة خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%9E_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Рух Супраціўлення ў Другой сусветнай вайне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рух Супраціўлення ў Другой сусветнай вайне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Съпротива (Втора световна война) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съпротива (Втора световна война)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resist%C3%A8ncia_durant_la_Segona_Guerra_Mundial" title="Resistència durant la Segona Guerra Mundial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Resistència durant la Segona Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BA%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%85%C4%83%D1%82%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%C4%95%C3%A7%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D1%85%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%95" title="Иккĕмĕш Тĕнче вăрçи вăхăтĕнчи Хирĕçтăни юхăмĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иккĕмĕш Тĕнче вăрçи вăхăтĕнчи Хирĕçтăни юхăмĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odboj_b%C4%9Bhem_druh%C3%A9_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A9_v%C3%A1lky" title="Odboj během druhé světové války – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Odboj během druhé světové války" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widerstand_gegen_den_Nationalsozialismus" title="Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistencia_durante_la_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Resistencia durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Resistencia durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezistmovado_dum_la_Dua_Mondmilito" title="Rezistmovado dum la Dua Mondmilito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rezistmovado dum la Dua Mondmilito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="جنبش‌های مقاومت در جنگ جهانی دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش‌های مقاومت در جنگ جهانی دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9sistance_dans_l%27Europe_occup%C3%A9e_par_les_nazis" title="Résistance dans l'Europe occupée par les nazis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Résistance dans l'Europe occupée par les nazis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferset_yn_de_Twadde_Wr%C3%A2ldkriich" title="Ferset yn de Twadde Wrâldkriich – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ferset yn de Twadde Wrâldkriich" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%A0%80%ED%95%AD%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="제2차 세계 대전의 저항운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 세계 대전의 저항운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հակաֆաշիստական դիմադրության շարժում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հակաֆաշիստական դիմադրության շարժում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlawanan_selama_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perlawanan selama Perang Dunia II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perlawanan selama Perang Dunia II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistenza_nella_seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Resistenza nella seconda guerra mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Resistenza nella seconda guerra mondiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="התנגדות בתקופת מלחמת העולם השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התנגדות בתקופת מלחמת העולם השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Қарсыласу қозғалысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қарсыласу қозғалысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verzet_(Tweede_Wereldoorlog)" title="Verzet (Tweede Wereldoorlog) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verzet (Tweede Wereldoorlog)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%90_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%90_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%DB%90_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="د دویمې نړیوالې جګړې په بهیر کې مقاومت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د دویمې نړیوالې جګړې په بهیر کې مقاومت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resist%C3%AAncia_durante_a_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Resistência durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Resistência durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Irregular forces in World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timelines of World War II</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Chronological</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_preceding_World_War_II" title="Timeline of events preceding World War II">Prelude</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">in Europe</a>)</li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945 onwards</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By topic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_Battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World War II Battles">Battles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By theatre</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">Battle of Europe air operations</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Eastern_Front_of_World_War_II" title="Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II">Eastern Front</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project" title="Timeline of the Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_surrender_of_Axis_forces_at_the_end_of_World_War_II" title="Timeline of the surrender of Axis forces at the end of World War II">Surrender of the Axis armies</a></li></ul> </div></td> 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-fascism" title="Category:Anti-fascism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg/100px-Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg/150px-Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg/200px-Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="1781" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interwar</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lions" title="Black Lions">Black Lions</a></li></ul> <p>Central Europe </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbeiter-Schutzbund" title="Arbeiter-Schutzbund">Arbeiter-Schutzbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republikanischer_Schutzbund" title="Republikanischer Schutzbund">Republikanischer Schutzbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(Poland)" title="Socialist Action (Poland)">Socialist Action</a></li></ul> <p>Germany </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion" title="Antifaschistische Aktion">Antifaschistische Aktion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Band_(resistance_group)" title="Black Band (resistance group)">Black Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_resistance_to_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany">Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Front" title="Iron Front">Iron Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold" title="Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold">Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roter_Frontk%C3%A4mpferbund" title="Roter Frontkämpferbund">Roter Frontkämpferbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Arrows" title="Three Arrows">Three Arrows</a></li></ul> <p>Italy </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Italian_general_strike" title="1922 Italian general strike">1922 Italian general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrazione_Antifascista_Italiana" title="Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana">Concentrazione Antifascista<br />Italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Giustizia e Libertà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Anti-Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIGR" title="TIGR">TIGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volante_Rossa" title="Volante Rossa">Volante Rossa</a></li></ul> <p>Spain (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>) </p> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Antifascist_Worker_and_Peasant_Militias" title="Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias">Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederal_militias" title="Confederal militias">Confederal militias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln Brigade">Abraham Lincoln Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Battalion" title="British Battalion">British Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabrowski_Battalion" title="Dabrowski Battalion">Dabrowski Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILP_Contingent" title="ILP Contingent">ILP Contingent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie-Papineau_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palafox_Battalion" title="Palafox Battalion">Palafox Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A4lmann_Battalion" title="Thälmann Battalion">Thälmann Battalion</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Resistance during World War II</a> <p>Albania </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)" title="National Liberation Movement (Albania)">National Liberation Movement</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Austria </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austrian resistance</a></li></ul> <p>Baltic states </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonian resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45">Latvian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuanian resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a></li></ul> <p>Belgium </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgian Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_National_Movement" title="Belgian National Movement">Belgian National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_de_l%27Ind%C3%A9pendance" title="Front de l'Indépendance">Front de l'Indépendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Army_(Belgium)" title="Secret Army (Belgium)">Secret Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witte_Brigade" title="Witte Brigade">Witte Brigade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Bulgaria </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian resistance movement">Bulgarian resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Bulgaria)" title="Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Insurgent_Army" title="People's Liberation Insurgent Army">People's Liberation Insurgent Army</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Burma </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Organisation">Anti-Fascist Organisation</a></li></ul> <p>Czechia </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDi%C5%BEka_partisan_brigade" title="Jan Žižka partisan brigade">Jan Žižka partisan brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Denmark </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Danish resistance movement</a></li></ul> <p>France </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">Maquis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_Juive" title="Armée Juive">Armée Juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Armée secrète">Armée secrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_(French_Resistance)" title="Combat (French Resistance)">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franc-Tireur_(movement)" title="Franc-Tireur (movement)">Franc-Tireur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francs-Tireurs_et_Partisans" title="Francs-Tireurs et Partisans">Francs-Tireurs et Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration-Nord" title="Libération-Nord">Libération-Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration-sud" title="Libération-sud">Libération-sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvements_Unis_de_la_R%C3%A9sistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvements Unis de la Résistance">Mouvements Unis<br />de la Résistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Resistance" title="National Council of the Resistance">National Council<br />of the Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(French_Resistance)" title="National Front (French Resistance)">National Front</a></li></ul> <p>Germany </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_resistance_to_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany">Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_German_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance">Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="National Committee for a Free Germany">National Committee for a Free Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany">AKFD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Orchestra_(espionage)" title="Red Orchestra (espionage)">Rote Kapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saefkow-Jacob-B%C3%A4stlein_Organization" title="Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization">Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarze_Kapelle" title="Schwarze Kapelle">Schwarze Kapelle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Greece </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_resistance" title="Cretan resistance">Cretan resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greek resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ELAS" title="ELAS">ELAS</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Italy </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a></li></ul> <p>Japan </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Chinese_resistance_to_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan">Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_People%27s_Emancipation_League" title="Japanese People's Emancipation League">Japanese People's Emancipation League</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Jewish </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Fascist_Committee" title="Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee">Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish<br />partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_during_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish resistance during the Holocaust">Jewish resistance<br />during the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labor_Committee" title="Jewish Labor Committee">Jewish Labor Committee</a></li></ul> <p>Luxembourg </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg resistance">Luxembourg resistance</a></li></ul> <p>Netherlands </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Dutch resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binnenlandse_Strijdkrachten" title="Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten">Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Norway </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norwegian resistance movement</a></li></ul> <p>Poland </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement in World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Bloc" title="Anti-Fascist Bloc">Anti-Fascist<br />Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Armia Krajowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Armia<br />Ludowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Bataliony Chłopskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">Gwardia<br />Ludowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgruppe_Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampfgruppe Auschwitz">Kampfgruppe Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Armed_Forces" title="National Armed Forces">Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimp_(organization)" title="Olimp (organization)">Olimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialists" title="Polish Socialists">Polscy Socjaliści</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw<br />Ghetto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Żydowska<br />Organizacja Bojowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union">Zydowski<br />Zwiazek Walki</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Romania </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romanian resistance movement during World War II</a></li></ul> <p>Slovakia </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_partisans" title="Slovak partisans">Slovak partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Spain </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a></li></ul> <p>Soviet Union </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Moldovan resistance during World War II">Moldovan resistance movement</a></li></ul> <p>Yugoslavia </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslav resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Macedonia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia">Anti-fascist Assembly for the National<br />Liberation of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Serbia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia">Anti-fascist<br />Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia">Anti-Fascist Council for the National<br />Liberation of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Partisans" title="Croatian Partisans">Croatian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Front_of_the_Slovenian_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Front of the Slovenian People">Liberation Front of the Slovenian People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovene Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Postwar</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_anti-fascism" title="Post–World War II anti-fascism">Post–World War II anti-fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a>) <p>Germany </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifa_(Germany)" title="Antifa (Germany)">Antifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsch_huh,_Z%C3%A4ng_ussenander" title="Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander">Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander</a></li></ul> <p>Italy </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANPI" title="ANPI">ANPI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Italy)" title="Liberation Day (Italy)">Liberation Day</a></li></ul> <p>Netherlands </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_research_group_Kafka" title="Anti-fascist research group Kafka">Anti-fascist research group Kafka</a></li></ul> <p>Portugal </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Movement" title="Armed Forces Movement">Armed Forces Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation<br />Revolution</a></li></ul> <p>Spain </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a></li></ul> <p>Sweden </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifascistisk_Aktion" title="Antifascistisk Aktion">Antifascistisk Aktion</a></li></ul> <p>Switzerland </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Kinder_des_Holocaust" title="Aktion Kinder des Holocaust">Aktion Kinder des Holocaust</a></li></ul> <p>United Kingdom </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/43_Group" title="43 Group">43 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62_Group" title="62 Group">62 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Action" title="Anti-Fascist Action">Anti-Fascist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nazi_League" title="Anti-Nazi League">Anti-Nazi League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_Against_Fascism" title="Unite Against Fascism">Unite Against Fascism</a></li></ul> <p>United States </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Racist_Action" title="Anti-Racist Action">Anti-Racist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck_Revolt" title="Redneck Revolt">Redneck Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuse_Fascism" title="Refuse Fascism">Refuse Fascism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Music and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/%C2%A1Ay_Carmela!_(song)" title="¡Ay Carmela! (song)">¡Ay Carmela!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/First_they_came_..." title="First they came ...">First they came ...</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fischia_il_vento" title="Fischia il vento">Fischia il vento</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A2ndola,_Vila_Morena" title="Grândola, Vila Morena">Grândola, Vila Morena</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Punks_Fuck_Off" title="Nazi Punks Fuck Off">Nazi Punks Fuck Off</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock Against Racism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rock_gegen_Rechts" title="Rock gegen Rechts">Rock gegen Rechts</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinheads_Against_Racial_Prejudice" title="Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice">Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/This_machine_kills_fascists" title="This machine kills fascists">This machine kills fascists</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/(We_Don%27t_Need_This)_Fascist_Groove_Thang" title="(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang">(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_and_anarchist_black_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Red and anarchist black metal">Red and anarchist black metal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Tactics and methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_tactics" title="Diversity of tactics">Diversity of tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkshaking" title="Milkshaking">Milkshaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadism" title="Squadism">Squadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">United front</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Germans_(political_current)" title="Anti-Germans (political current)">Anti-Germans (political current)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japaneseism" title="Anti-Japaneseism">Anti-Japaneseism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-fascism_sidebar" title="Template:Anti-fascism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-fascism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anti-fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-fascism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movements</a> operated in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation to propaganda, hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns. In many countries, resistance movements were sometimes also referred to as <b>The Underground</b>. </p><p>The resistance movements in World War II can be broken down into two primary politically polarized camps: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalist</a> and usually <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party">Communist Party</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> resistance that existed in nearly every country in the world; and</li> <li>the various <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> groups in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German</a>- or Soviet-<a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupied</a> countries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Republic of Poland</a>, that opposed both <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the Communists.</li></ul> <p>While historians and governments of some European countries have attempted to portray resistance to Nazi occupation as widespread among their populations,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only a small minority of people participated in organized resistance, estimated at one to three percent of the population of countries in western Europe. In eastern Europe where Nazi rule was more oppressive, a larger percentage of people were in organized resistance movements, for example, an estimated 10-15 percent of the Polish population. Passive resistance by non-cooperation with the occupiers was much more common.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_of_resistance_movements_by_territory">Summary of resistance movements by territory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary of resistance movements by territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the most notable resistance movements were: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Resistance">Albanian Resistance</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgian Resistance</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgarian Resistance</a> (led by the <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Bulgaria)" title="Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)">Fatherland Front</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Czech_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Resistance">Czech Resistance</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Danish Resistance</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Resistance">Dutch Resistance</a> (especially the "LO" (national hiding organisation))</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greek Resistance</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian <i>Resistenza</i></a> (led mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Comitato_di_Liberazione_Nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale">Italian CLN</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jewish Resistance</a> in various German-occupied territories</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norwegian Resistance</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish Resistance</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Home_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Home Army">Polish Home Army</a> and the greater <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">government-in-exile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_(Poland)" title="People's Army (Poland)">People's Army</a> loyal to the <a href="/wiki/State_National_Council" title="State National Council">Soviet-backed government</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_anone"><a href="#endnote_anone">[a]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a></li></ul> <p>And the <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">politically persecuted</a> <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">opposition in Germany itself</a> (there were 16 main resistance groups and at least 27 failed <a href="/wiki/List_of_assassination_attempts_on_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler">attempts to assassinate Hitler</a> with many more planned, and defectors to the Soviet Union and the anti-Axis resistance in Greece and France). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Far_East">Far East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Far East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_resistance_volunteers_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Japanese resistance volunteers in China">Chinese resistance</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Korean Resistance</a> in the Japan Occupied Korea and the Chinese Zone</li></ul> <p>Many countries had resistance movements dedicated to fighting or undermining the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis invaders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> itself also had an <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">anti-Nazi movement</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> was not occupied during the war, the British made complex preparations for a British resistance movement. The main organisation was created by the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, aka <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a>) and is now known as Section VII.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition there was a short-term secret commando force called the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Units" title="Auxiliary Units">Auxiliary Units</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-coleshillhouse.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coleshillhouse.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various organizations were also formed to establish foreign resistance cells or support existing resistance movements, like the British <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> and the American <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>). There were also resistance movements fighting against <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> invaders. In <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>, after the Italians were defeated during the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a>, some Italian soldiers and settlers participated in a <a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">guerrilla war against the Allies</a> from 1941 to 1943. Though the <a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a> Nazi German resistance movement never amounted to much, the German <a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a> played an extensive role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a>. The "<a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Brothers">Forest Brothers</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> included many fighters who operated against the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet occupation of the Baltic States</a> into the 1960s. During or after the war, similar anti-Soviet resistance rose up in places like <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the first shock following the <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a>, people slowly started organizing, both locally and on a larger scale, especially when <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and other groups began to be deported and used as <i><a href="/wiki/Arbeitseinsatz" title="Arbeitseinsatz">Arbeitseinsatz</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a> for the Germans). Organization was dangerous, so most resistance actions was performed by individuals. The possibilities depended much on the terrain; where there were large tracts of uninhabited land, especially hills and forests, resistance could more easily organise undetected; this favoured in particular <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. In the more densely populated countries such as the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Biesbosch" class="mw-redirect" title="Biesbosch">Biesbosch</a> wilderness was used. In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>, both the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a> offered shelter to partisan brigades, though many groups operated directly inside the major cities. </p><p>There were many different types of groups, ranging in activity from <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a> to armed resistance, and sometimes cooperated in varying degrees. Resistance usually arose spontaneously, but was encouraged and helped from London and Moscow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Size">Size</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greece, Yugoslavia, Poland, and Ukraine had large numbers of resistors to the German occupation. In western Europe, where the German hand was less oppressive, the resistors were fewer. However, in the west, according to historian Tony Judt, the "myth of resistance mattered most."<sup id="cite_ref-Judt_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of sources note that the Polish <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> was the largest resistance movement in Nazi-occupied Europe. <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a> writes that the "Armia Krajowa (Home Army), the AK,... could fairly claim to be the largest of European resistance [organizations]."<sup id="cite_ref-Davies2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregor_Dallas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregor Dallas (page does not exist)">Gregor Dallas</a> writes that the "Home Army (Armia Krajowa or AK) in late 1943 numbered around 400,000, making it the largest resistance organization in Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-Google_Print,_p.79_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_Print,_p.79-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Wyman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Wyman (page does not exist)">Mark Wyman</a> writes that the "Armia Krajowa was considered the largest underground resistance unit in wartime Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the numbers of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a> were very similar to those of the Polish resistance,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as were the numbers of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For the French Resistance, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Marcot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Marcot (page does not exist)">François Marcot</a> ventured an estimate of 200,000 activists and a further 300,000 with substantial involvement in Resistance operations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Resistance in Italy, Giovanni di Capua estimates that, by August 1944, the number of partisans reached around 100,000, and it escalated to more than 250,000 with the final insurrection in April 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_resistance">Forms of resistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Forms of resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various forms of resistance were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-violent" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-violent">Non-violent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a> – the <i><a href="/wiki/Arbeitseinsatz" title="Arbeitseinsatz">Arbeitseinsatz</a></i> ("Work Contribution") forced locals to work for the Germans, but work was often done slowly or intentionally badly</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strikes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">demonstrations</a></li> <li>Based on existing organizations, such as the churches, students, communists and doctors (professional resistance)</li></ul></li> <li>Armed <ul><li>raids on distribution offices to get food coupons or various documents such as <i><a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">Ausweise</a></i> or on birth registry offices to get rid of information about <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and others to whom the Nazis paid special attention</li> <li>temporary liberation of areas, such as in <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>, occasionally in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a></li> <li>uprisings such as in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">1943</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">1944</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> such as in <a href="/wiki/Sobibor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobibor">Sobibor</a> in 1943 and <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> in 1944</li> <li>continuing battle and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>, such as the partisans in the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> and Yugoslavia and the <a href="/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">Maquis</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a>, including sending reports of military importance (e.g. troop movements, weather reports etc.)</li> <li>Illegal press to counter <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a></li> <li>Anti-Nazi propaganda including movies for example anti-Nazi color film <i>Calling Mr. Smith</i> (1943) about current Nazi crimes in German-occupied Poland.</li> <li>Covert listening to <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> broadcasts for news bulletins and coded messages</li> <li>Political resistance to prepare for the reorganization after the war</li> <li>Helping people to go into hiding (e.g., to escape the <i>Arbeitseinsatz</i> or <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a>)—this was one of the main activities in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, due to the large number of Jews and the high level of administration, which made it easy for the Germans to identify Jews.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_and_evasion_lines_(World_War_II)" title="Escape and evasion lines (World War II)">Escape and evasion lines</a> to help Allied military personnel caught behind <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> lines</li> <li>Helping <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POWs</a> with illegal supplies, breakouts, communication, etc.</li> <li>Forgery of documents</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resistance_operations">Resistance operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Resistance operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1939–1940"><span id="1939.E2.80.931940"></span>1939–1940</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1939–1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubal-with-soldiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hubal-with-soldiers.jpg/220px-Hubal-with-soldiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hubal-with-soldiers.jpg/330px-Hubal-with-soldiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hubal-with-soldiers.jpg/440px-Hubal-with-soldiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>The first partisan of World War II <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Dobrzański">Hubal</a> and his unit in Poland in winter 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 September 1939, a member of the Czech resistance movement, Ctibor Novák, planted explosive devices in Berlin. His first bomb detonated in front of the Ministry of Aeronautics, and the second detonated in front of police headquarters. Both buildings were damaged and many Germans were injured. </p><p>On 28 October 1939 (the anniversary of the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918), there were large demonstrations against Nazi occupation in Prague, with about 100,000 Czechs. Demonstrators crowded the streets in the city. German police had to disperse the demonstrators, and began shooting in the evening. The first victim was baker Václav Sedláček, who was shot dead. The second victim was student Jan Opletal, who was critically injured, and died on 11 November. Another 15 people were badly injured and hundreds of people sustained minor injuries. About 400 people were arrested. </p><p>In March 1940, a <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisan</a> unit of the first <a href="/wiki/Guerilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerilla warfare">guerilla</a> organization of the Second World War in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Detached_Unit_of_the_Polish_Army" title="Detached Unit of the Polish Army">Detached Unit of the Polish Army</a>, led by Major <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Dobrzański">Henryk Dobrzański</a> (Hubal), defeated a <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> of German infantry in a skirmish near the Polish village of <a href="/wiki/Hucisko,_Przysucha_County" title="Hucisko, Przysucha County">Hucisko</a>. A few days later in an ambush near the village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sza%C5%82asy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szałasy (page does not exist)">Szałasy</a> it inflicted heavy casualties upon another German unit. As time progressed, resistance forces grew in size and number. To counter this threat, the German authorities formed a special 1,000 man-strong anti-partisan unit of combined <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>-<i>Wehrmacht</i> forces, including a <a href="/wiki/Panzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer">Panzer</a> group. Although Dobrzański's unit never exceeded 300 men, the Germans fielded at least 8,000 men in the area to secure it.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940, <a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a>, presented to his superiors a plan to enter Germany's <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>, gather intelligence on the camp from the inside, and organize inmate resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> approved this plan and provided him with a false identity card, and on 19 September 1940 he deliberately went out during a street roundup in Warsaw-<a href="/wiki/%C5%81apanka" title="Łapanka">łapanka</a>, and was caught by the Germans along with other civilians and sent to Auschwitz. In the camp he organized the underground organization <a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Organizacji_Wojskowej" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Organizacji Wojskowej">Związek Organizacji Wojskowej</a> (ZOW).<sup id="cite_ref-hoh_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoh-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From October 1940, ZOW sent the first reports about the camp and its <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> to Home Army Headquarters in Warsaw through the resistance network organized in Auschwitz.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of January 21–22, 1940, in the Soviet-occupied <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Czortk%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Czortków">Czortków</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czortk%C3%B3w_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Czortków Uprising">Czortków Uprising</a> started. It was the first Polish uprising and the first anti-Soviet uprising of World War II. Anti-Soviet Poles, most of them teenagers from local high schools, stormed the local <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> barracks and a prison, in order to release Polish soldiers kept there. </p><p>1940 was the year of establishing the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a> and the infamous <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a> death camp by the German Nazis in occupied Poland. Among the many activities of Polish resistance and Polish people was helping endangered Jews. Polish citizens have the world's highest count of individuals who have been recognized as <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a> by <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> as non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews from extermination during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the events that helped the growth of the French Resistance was the targeting of the French Jews, Communists, Romani, homosexuals, Catholics, and others, forcing many into hiding. This in turn gave the French Resistance new people to incorporate into their political structures. </p><p>Around May 1940, a resistance group formed around the Austrian priest <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Maier" title="Heinrich Maier">Heinrich Maier</a>, who until 1944 very successfully passed on the plans and production locations for <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rockets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_tank" title="Tiger tank">Tiger tanks</a> and airplanes (<a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163_Komet" title="Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet">Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet</a>, etc.) to the Allies, so that they could target these important factories for destruction and on the other hand, for the after the war Central European states planned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Very early on they passed on information about the mass murder of the Jews to the Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE) was a British <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> organisation. With <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> approval, it was officially formed by <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Economic_Warfare" title="Minister of Economic Warfare">Minister of Economic Warfare</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Hugh Dalton</a> on 22 July 1940, to develop a spirit of resistance in the occupied countries and to prepare a <a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a> of resistance fighters to engage in open opposition to the occupiers when the United Kingdom was able to return to the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To aid in the transport of agents and the supply of the resistance fighters, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Special_Duty_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Air Force Special Duty Service">Royal Air Force Special Duty Service</a> was developed. Whereas the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">SIS</a> was primarily involved in <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>, the SOE and the resistance fighters were geared toward <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> of German defenses and <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a>. In England the SOE was also involved in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Units" title="Auxiliary Units">Auxiliary Units</a>, a top secret <a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">stay-behind</a> resistance organisation which would have been activated in the event of a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sealion" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Sealion">German invasion of Britain</a>. The SOE operated in all countries or former countries occupied by or attacked by the Axis forces, except where demarcation lines were agreed with Britain's principal allies (the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>). </p><p>The organisation was officially dissolved on 15 January 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1941">1941</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1941"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ussr0460.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ussr0460.jpg/220px-Ussr0460.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ussr0460.jpg/330px-Ussr0460.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ussr0460.jpg/440px-Ussr0460.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A 1941 Soviet poster, inviting disruption of the enemy rear and active resistance at the German-occupied territories</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Netherlands" title="Communist Party of the Netherlands">Dutch Communist Party</a> organized a general strike in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and surrounding cities, known as the <a href="/wiki/February_strike" title="February strike">February strike</a>, in protest against <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Jewish</a> measures by the Nazi occupying force and violence by fascist street fighters against Jews. Several hundreds of thousands of people participated in the strike. The strike was put down by the Nazis and some participants were executed. </p><p>In April 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Front_of_the_Slovene_Nation" title="Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation">Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation</a> was established in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana" title="Province of Ljubljana">Province of Ljubljana</a>. Its armed wing were the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovene Partisans</a>. It represented both the working class and the Slovene ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From April 1941, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Information_and_Propaganda" title="Bureau of Information and Propaganda">Bureau of Information and Propaganda</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Armed_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for Armed Struggle">Union for Armed Struggle</a> started in Poland <a href="/wiki/Operation_N" title="Operation N">Operation N</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_%C5%BBenczykowski" title="Tadeusz Żenczykowski">Tadeusz Żenczykowski</a>. Action consisted of <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subversion_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversion (politics)">subversion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">black-propaganda</a> activities carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a> against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Poland">occupation forces</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in March 1941, Witold Pilecki's reports were being forwarded via the <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government in exile">Polish government in exile</a> and through it, to the British government in London and other Allied governments. These reports were the first information about the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and the principal source of intelligence on Auschwitz for the Western Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1941, the Resistance Team "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elevtheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elevtheria (page does not exist)">Elevtheria</a>" (Freedom) was established in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> by politicians Paraskevas Barbas, Apostolos Tzanis, Ioannis Passalidis, Simos Kerasidis, Athanasios Fidas, Ioannis Evthimiadis and military officer <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Psarros" title="Dimitrios Psarros">Dimitrios Psarros</a>. Its armed wing comprised two armed forces; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasios_Diakos_(Resistance_Band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athanasios Diakos (Resistance Band) (page does not exist)">Athanasios Diakos</a> led by Christodoulos Moschos <i>(captain "Petros")</i>, operating in <a href="/wiki/Kroussa" title="Kroussa">Kroussia</a>; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odysseas_Androutsos_(Resistance_Band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odysseas Androutsos (Resistance Band) (page does not exist)">Odysseas Androutsos</a> led by Athanasios Genios <i>(captain "Lassanis")</i>, operating in <a href="/wiki/Visaltia" title="Visaltia">Visaltia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">The first anti-soviet uprising</a> during World War II began on June 22, 1941 (the start-date of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. On the same day, the <a href="/wiki/Sisak_People%27s_Liberation_Partisan_Detachment" title="Sisak People's Liberation Partisan Detachment">Sisak People's Liberation Partisan Detachment</a> was formed in Croatia, near the town of Sisak. It was the first armed partisan unit in Croatia. </p><p>Communist-initiated <a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Serbia_(1941)" title="Uprising in Serbia (1941)">uprising</a> against Axis started in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="German-occupied Serbia">German-occupied Serbia</a> on July 7, 1941, and six days later in <a href="/wiki/13_July_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="13 July Uprising">Montenegro</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Republic of Užice</a> (Ужичка република) was a short-lived liberated Yugoslav territory, the first part of occupied Europe to be liberated. Organized as a military mini-state it existed throughout the autumn of 1941 in the western part of Serbia. The Republic was established by the Partisan resistance movement and its administrative center was in the town of Užice. The government was made of "people's councils" (<i><span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr">odbors</i></span></i>), and the Communists opened schools and published a newspaper, <i>Borba</i> (meaning "Struggle"). They even managed to run a postal system and around 145 km (90 mi) of railway and operated an ammunition factory from the vaults beneath the bank in Užice. </p><p>In July 1941, <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Zygfryd_S%C5%82owikowski" title="Mieczysław Zygfryd Słowikowski">Mieczysław Słowikowski</a> (using the codename <i>"Rygor"</i>—Polish for "Rigor") set up "<a href="/wiki/Agency_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency Africa">Agency Africa</a>," one of World War II's most successful intelligence organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Polish allies in these endeavors included Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Gwido_Langer" title="Gwido Langer">Gwido Langer</a> and Major <a href="/wiki/Maksymilian_Ci%C4%99%C5%BCki" title="Maksymilian Ciężki">Maksymilian Ciężki</a>. The information gathered by the Agency was used by the Americans and British in planning the amphibious November 1942 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a><sup id="cite_ref-WSC_Closing_the_Ring_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSC_Closing_the_Ring-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> landings in North Africa. </p><p>On 13 July 1941, in Italian-occupied <a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, Montenegrin separatist <a href="/wiki/Sekula_Drljevi%C4%87" title="Sekula Drljević">Sekula Drljević</a> proclaimed an independent Kingdom of Montenegro as an Italian governorate, upon which a nationwide rebellion escalated raised by Partisans, Yugoslav Royal officers and various other armed personnel. It was the first organized armed uprising in then occupied Europe, and involved 32,000 people. Most of Montenegro was quickly liberated, except major cities where Italian forces were well fortified. On 12 August — after a major Italian offensive involving 5 divisions and 30,000 soldiers — the uprising collapsed as units were disintegrating; poor leadership occurred as well as collaboration. The final toll of July 13 uprising in Montenegro was 735 dead, 1120 wounded and 2070 captured Italians and 72 dead and 53 wounded Montenegrins.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loznica_(1941)" title="Battle of Loznica (1941)">Battle of Loznica</a>, 31 August 1941, <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a> attacked and freed the town of <a href="/wiki/Loznica" title="Loznica">Loznica</a> in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="German-occupied Serbia">German-occupied Serbia</a> from the Germans. Several Germans were killed and wounded; 93 were captured. </p><p>On 11 October 1941, in Bulgarian-occupied Prilep, Macedonians attacked post of the Bulgarian occupation police, which was the start of Macedonian resistance against the fascists who occupied Macedonia: Germans, Italians, Bulgarians and Albanians. The resistance finished successfully in August–November 1944 when the independent <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Macedonian state</a> was formed, which was later added to the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia</a>. </p><p>At the time Hitler gave his anti-resistance <i><a href="/wiki/Nacht_und_Nebel" title="Nacht und Nebel">Nacht und Nebel</a></i> decree – the very day of the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in the Pacific – the planning for Britain's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Anthropoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Anthropoid">Operation Anthropoid</a> was underway, as a resistance move to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Deputy Protector of Bohemia and Moravia</a> and the chief of the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Czech_resistance_to_Nazi_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech resistance to Nazi occupation">Czech resistance</a> in Prague. Over fifteen thousand Czechs were killed in reprisals, with the most infamous incidents being the complete destruction of the towns of <a href="/wiki/Lidice" title="Lidice">Lidice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le%C5%BE%C3%A1ky" title="Ležáky">Ležáky</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1942">1942</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1942"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 16, 1942, the Greek Communist Party (<a href="/wiki/KKE" class="mw-redirect" title="KKE">KKE</a>)-led <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Greece)" title="National Liberation Front (Greece)">National Liberation Front</a> gave permission to a communist veteran, Athanasios (Thanasis) Klaras (later known as <a href="/wiki/Aris_Velouchiotis" title="Aris Velouchiotis">Aris Velouchiotis</a>) to examine the possibilities of an armed resistance movement, which led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek People's Liberation Army">Greek People's Liberation Army</a> (ELAS). ELAS initiated actions against the German and Italian forces of occupation in Greece on 7 June 1942. The ELAS grew to become the largest resistance movement against the fascists in Greece. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1942_Luxembourgish_general_strike" title="1942 Luxembourgish general strike">Luxembourgish general strike of 1942</a> was a passive resistance movement organised within a short time period to protest against a directive that incorporated the Luxembourg youth into the Wehrmacht. A national general strike, originating mainly in Wiltz, paralysed the country and forced the occupying German authorities to respond violently by sentencing 21 strikers to death. </p><p>On 27 May 1942 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Anthropoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Anthropoid">Operation Anthropoid</a> took place. Two armed Czechoslovak members of the army in exile (<a href="/wiki/Jan_Kubi%C5%A1" title="Jan Kubiš">Jan Kubiš</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADk" title="Jozef Gabčík">Jozef Gabčík</a>) attempted to assassinate the SS-<a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">obergruppenführer</a> <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>. Heydrich was not killed on the spot but died later at the hospital from his wounds. He is the highest ranked Nazi to have been assassinated during the war. </p><p>In September 1942, the Council to Aid Jews (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></i></span>) was founded by <a href="/wiki/Zofia_Kossak-Szczucka" title="Zofia Kossak-Szczucka">Zofia Kossak-Szczucka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Krahelska-Filipowicz" title="Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz">Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz</a> ("Alinka") and made up of Polish Democrats as well as other <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholic</a> activists. Poland was the only country in occupied Europe where there existed such a dedicated secret organization. Half of the Jews who survived the war (thus over 50,000) were aided in some shape or form by Żegota.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski118_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski118-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most known activist of Żegota was <a href="/wiki/Irena_Sendler" title="Irena Sendler">Irena Sendler</a> head of the children's division who saved 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> children by smuggling them out of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a>, providing them false documents, and sheltering them in individual and group children's homes outside the ghetto.<sup id="cite_ref-Baczynska_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baczynska-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of 7–8 October 1942, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wieniec" title="Operation Wieniec">Operation Wieniec</a> started. It targeted rail infrastructure near <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>. Similar operations aimed at disrupting German transport and communication in <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a> occurred in the coming months and years. It targeted railroads, bridges and supply depots, primarily near transport hubs such as Warsaw and <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>. </p><p>On 25 November, Greek guerrillas with the help of twelve British saboteurs<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> carried out a successful operation which disrupted the German ammunition transportation to the German Africa Corps under <a href="/wiki/Rommel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rommel">Rommel</a>—the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Gorgopotamos" title="Gorgopotamos">Gorgopotamos</a> bridge (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Harling" title="Operation Harling">Operation Harling</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 June 1942, the most spectacular escape from <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a> took place. Four Poles, Eugeniusz Bendera,<sup id="cite_ref-PSB_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSB-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Piechowski" title="Kazimierz Piechowski">Kazimierz Piechowski</a>, Stanisław Gustaw Jaster and Józef Lempart made a daring escape.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The escapees were dressed as members of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_SS_Division_Totenkopf" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd SS Division Totenkopf">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a>, fully armed and in an SS staff car. They drove out the main gate in a stolen <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hoss" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Hoss">Rudolf Hoss</a> automobile <a href="/wiki/Steyr_automobile" title="Steyr automobile">Steyr</a> 220 with a smuggled report from <a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>. The Germans never recaptured any of them.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamość Uprising">Zamość Uprising</a> was an armed uprising of <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Bataliony Chłopskie</a> against the forced <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Germany" title="Expulsion of Poles by Germany">expulsion of Poles</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a> region (Zamość Lands, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamojszczyzna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zamojszczyzna (page does not exist)">Zamojszczyzna</a></i>) under the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>. Nazi Germans attempting to remove the local Poles from the Greater Zamosc area (through forced removal, transfer to forced labor camps, or, in rare cases, mass murder) to get it ready for German colonization. It lasted from 1942 to 1944, and despite heavy casualties suffered by the Underground, the Germans failed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1943">1943</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1943"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By the middle of 1943 partisan resistance to the Germans and their allies had grown from the dimensions of a mere nuisance to those of a major factor in the general situation. In many parts of occupied Europe Germany was suffering losses at the hands of partisans that he could ill afford. Nowhere were these losses heavier than in Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Basil_Davidson" title="Basil Davidson">Basil Davidson</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1943_Belorussia_Jewish_resistance_group.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1943_Belorussia_Jewish_resistance_group.jpg/150px-1943_Belorussia_Jewish_resistance_group.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1943_Belorussia_Jewish_resistance_group.jpg/225px-1943_Belorussia_Jewish_resistance_group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1943_Belorussia_Jewish_resistance_group.jpg/300px-1943_Belorussia_Jewish_resistance_group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Belorussia, 1943. A <a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish partisan">Jewish partisan</a> group of the <a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a> Brigade</figcaption></figure> <p>In early January 1943, the 20,000 strong main operational group of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a>, stationed in western <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a>, came under ferocious attack by over 150,000 German and Axis troops, supported by about 200 <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Neretva" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Neretva">Battle of the Neretva</a> (the German codename was <i>"Fall Weiss"</i> or <i>"Case White"</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Vojska.net_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vojska.net-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Axis rallied eleven divisions, six German, three Italian, and two divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (supported by <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> formations) as well as a number of <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetnik</a> brigades.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal was to destroy the Partisan HQ and main field hospital (all Partisan wounded and prisoners faced certain execution), but this was thwarted by the diversion and retreat across the <a href="/wiki/Neretva" title="Neretva">Neretva river</a>, planned by the Partisan supreme command led by Marshal <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>. The main Partisan force escaped into <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. </p><p>On 19 April 1943, three members of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian resistance">Belgian resistance</a> movement were able to stop the <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_convoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth convoy">Twentieth convoy</a>, which was the 20th prisoner transport in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> organised by the Germans during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The exceptional action by members of the Belgian resistance occurred to free <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> ("Gypsy") civilians who were being transported by train from the Dossin army base located in <a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> to the concentration camp <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>. The 20th train convoy transported 1,631 Jews (men, women and children). Some of the prisoners were able to escape and marked this particular kind of liberation action by the Belgian resistance movement as unique in the European history of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>. </p><p>One of the bravest and most significant displays of public defiance against the Nazis is <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">the rescue of the Danish Jews</a> in October 1943. Nearly all of the Danish Jews were saved from concentration camps by the <a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Danish resistance</a>. However, the action was largely due to the personal intervention of German diplomat <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ferdinand_Duckwitz" title="Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz">Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz</a>, who both leaked news of the intended round up of the Jews to both the Danish opposition and Jewish groups and negotiated with the Swedes to ensure Danish Jews would be accepted in Sweden. </p><p>On 13 June 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> (UPA), organized mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Banderite" title="Banderite">Banderite</a> faction of the far-right <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" title="Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists</a> which collaborated with the Nazis until July 1941, liberated a territory in Volyn from the Nazis and established the so-called <a href="/wiki/Kolky_Republic" title="Kolky Republic">Kolky Republic</a>. The UPA reopened the local power station, bakery, dairy, post office, school, and set up an administration. The "republic" existed until 3 November 1943, when it was liquidated by the Nazis with the help of paratroopers, aircraft and armored vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upa_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Upa_1947.jpg/220px-Upa_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Upa_1947.jpg/330px-Upa_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Upa_1947.jpg/440px-Upa_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> in December 1943<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sutjeska" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sutjeska">Battle of Sutjeska</a> from 15 May – 16 June 1943 was a joint attack of the Axis forces that once again attempted to destroy the main Yugoslav Partisan force, near the <a href="/wiki/Sutjeska_(river)" title="Sutjeska (river)">Sutjeska</a> river in southeastern Bosnia. The Axis rallied 127,000 troops for the offensive, including German, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">NDH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> units, as well as over 300 airplanes (under German operational command), against 18,000 soldiers of the primary Yugoslav Partisans operational group organised in 16 brigades. Facing almost exclusively German troops in the final encirclement, the Yugoslav Partisans finally succeeded in breaking out across the Sutjeska river through the lines of the German <i><a href="/wiki/118th_J%C3%A4ger_Division" title="118th Jäger Division">118th Jäger Division</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/104th_J%C3%A4ger_Division" title="104th Jäger Division">104th Jäger Division</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/369th_(Croatian)_Infantry_Division" title="369th (Croatian) Infantry Division">369th (Croatian) Infantry Division</a></i> in the northwestern direction, towards eastern Bosnia. Three brigades and the central hospital with over 2,000 wounded remained surrounded and, following Hitler's instructions, German commander-in-chief General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_L%C3%B6hr" title="Alexander Löhr">Alexander Löhr</a> ordered and carried out their annihilation, including the wounded and unarmed medical personnel. In addition, Partisan troops suffered from a severe lack of food and medical supplies, and many were struck down by <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a>. However, the failure of the offensive marked a turning point for <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> during World War II. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Heads" title="Operation Heads">Operation Heads</a> started—an action of serial <a href="/wiki/Assassinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassinations">assassinations</a> of the Nazi personnel sentenced to death by the <a href="/wiki/Underground_court" title="Underground court">Underground court</a> for crimes against Polish citizens in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupied Poland</a>. The Resistance fighters of Polish <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army</a>'s unit <a href="/wiki/Batalion_Parasol" class="mw-redirect" title="Batalion Parasol">Agat</a> killed <a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%BCrkl" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Bürkl">Franz Bürkl</a> during <a href="/wiki/Operation_B%C3%BCrkl" title="Operation Bürkl">Operation Bürkl</a>. Bürkl was a high-ranking Nazi German <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> and secret police officer responsible for the murder and brutal interrogation of thousands of Polish Jews and Polish resistance fighters and supporters. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a> by the Jews of the Warsaw Ghetto lasted from 19 April-16 May, and cost the Nazi forces 17 dead and 93 wounded by their own count, though some Jewish resistance figures claimed that German casualties were far higher. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quattrogiornate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Quattrogiornate.jpg/150px-Quattrogiornate.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Quattrogiornate.jpg/225px-Quattrogiornate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Quattrogiornate.jpg/300px-Quattrogiornate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, 1943. <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian partisans</a> celebrating the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 September the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> forces occupying the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> were forced out by the townsfolk and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Resistance">Italian Resistance</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy#Further_Allied_advances" title="Allied invasion of Italy">arrival of the first Allied forces</a> in the city on 1 October. This popular uprising is known as the <a href="/wiki/Four_days_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Four days of Naples">Four days of Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 9, 1943, the Kinabalu guerillas launched the <a href="/wiki/Jesselton_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesselton Revolt">Jesselton Revolt</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation of British Borneo</a>. </p><p>From November 1943, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Most_III" title="Operation Most III">Operation Most III</a> started. The Armia Krajowa provided the Allies with crucial intelligence on the German <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a>. In effect, some 50 kg (110 lb) of the most important parts of the captured V-2, as well as the final report, analyses, sketches and photos, were transported to <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Dakota">Douglas Dakota</a> aircraft. In late July 1944, the V-2 parts were delivered to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1944">1944</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1944"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uprising_defender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Uprising_defender.jpg/150px-Uprising_defender.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Uprising_defender.jpg/225px-Uprising_defender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Uprising_defender.jpg/300px-Uprising_defender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Member of the Polish Home Army</a> defending a barricade in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw's</a> Powiśle district during the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>, August 1944</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Warsaw_1944.jpg/150px-Warsaw_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Warsaw_1944.jpg/225px-Warsaw_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Warsaw_1944.jpg/300px-Warsaw_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>Warsaw Uprising, August 1944</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg/150px-Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg/225px-Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg/300px-Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/French_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="French resistance">French resistance</a> group <a href="/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">Maquis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wimille" title="Wimille">La Tresorerie</a>, 14 September 1944, <a href="/wiki/Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulogne">Boulogne</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg/150px-101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg/225px-101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg/300px-101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Dutch Resistance</a> with troops of the US <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a> in front of the Lambertus church in Veghel during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a>, September 1944</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VemorkHydroelectricPlant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/VemorkHydroelectricPlant.jpg/150px-VemorkHydroelectricPlant.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/VemorkHydroelectricPlant.jpg/225px-VemorkHydroelectricPlant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/VemorkHydroelectricPlant.jpg/300px-VemorkHydroelectricPlant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>The Vemork hydroelectric plant in Norway, site of the <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a> production, and a part of the German nuclear program, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_heavy_water_sabotage" title="Norwegian heavy water sabotage">sabotaged by Norwegians</a> between 1942 and 1944</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg/150px-AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg/225px-AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg/300px-AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Polish resistance soldiers during 1944 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg/150px-Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg/225px-Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg/300px-Stjepan_Stevo_Filipovi%C4%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1897" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisan</a> fighter <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Filipovi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Filipović">Stjepan "Stevo" Filipović</a> shouting "Smrt fašizmu sloboda narodu!" ("Death to fascism, freedom to the people!") (the Partisan slogan) seconds before plunging to his death</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgarian_partisans_Khaldei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bulgarian_partisans_Khaldei.jpg/220px-Bulgarian_partisans_Khaldei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bulgarian_partisans_Khaldei.jpg/330px-Bulgarian_partisans_Khaldei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bulgarian_partisans_Khaldei.jpg/440px-Bulgarian_partisans_Khaldei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1007" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgarian partisans</a> entering Sofia on 9 September 1944</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedenktafel_H%C3%BCnensteig_6_(Stegl)_Leo_Borchard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gedenktafel_H%C3%BCnensteig_6_%28Stegl%29_Leo_Borchard.jpg/150px-Gedenktafel_H%C3%BCnensteig_6_%28Stegl%29_Leo_Borchard.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gedenktafel_H%C3%BCnensteig_6_%28Stegl%29_Leo_Borchard.jpg/225px-Gedenktafel_H%C3%BCnensteig_6_%28Stegl%29_Leo_Borchard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gedenktafel_H%C3%BCnensteig_6_%28Stegl%29_Leo_Borchard.jpg/300px-Gedenktafel_H%C3%BCnensteig_6_%28Stegl%29_Leo_Borchard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="1810" /></a><figcaption>Berlin memorial plaque, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Andreas-Friedrich" title="Ruth Andreas-Friedrich">Ruth Andreas-Friedrich</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Onkel_Emil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onkel Emil (page does not exist)">Onkel Emil</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkel_Emil" class="extiw" title="de:Onkel Emil">de</a>]</span>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence,_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg/150px-An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg/225px-An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg/300px-An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="5141" /></a><figcaption> An <a href="/wiki/Italian_partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian partisan">Italian partisan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> on August 14, 1944</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_%22tre_Martiri%22_(Mario_Cappelli,_Luigi_Nicol%C3%B2,_Adelio_Pagliarani).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/I_%22tre_Martiri%22_%28Mario_Cappelli%2C_Luigi_Nicol%C3%B2%2C_Adelio_Pagliarani%29.jpg/150px-I_%22tre_Martiri%22_%28Mario_Cappelli%2C_Luigi_Nicol%C3%B2%2C_Adelio_Pagliarani%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/I_%22tre_Martiri%22_%28Mario_Cappelli%2C_Luigi_Nicol%C3%B2%2C_Adelio_Pagliarani%29.jpg/225px-I_%22tre_Martiri%22_%28Mario_Cappelli%2C_Luigi_Nicol%C3%B2%2C_Adelio_Pagliarani%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/I_%22tre_Martiri%22_%28Mario_Cappelli%2C_Luigi_Nicol%C3%B2%2C_Adelio_Pagliarani%29.jpg/300px-I_%22tre_Martiri%22_%28Mario_Cappelli%2C_Luigi_Nicol%C3%B2%2C_Adelio_Pagliarani%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>Three Italian partisans executed by public hanging in <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>, August 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 February 1944, the Resistance fighters of the Polish <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army</a>'s unit <a href="/wiki/Batalion_Parasol" class="mw-redirect" title="Batalion Parasol">Agat</a> executed <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kutschera" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a>'s Police Chief in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> in an action known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Kutschera" title="Operation Kutschera">Operation Kutschera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1944, a plan was laid out by the Allies to kidnap General Müller, whose harsh repressive measures had earned him the nickname "the Butcher of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>". The operation was led by Major <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor" title="Patrick Leigh Fermor">Patrick Leigh Fermor</a>, together with Captain <a href="/wiki/W._Stanley_Moss" title="W. Stanley Moss">W. Stanley Moss</a>, Greek <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">SOE</a> agents and <a href="/wiki/Cretan_resistance" title="Cretan resistance">Cretan resistance fighters</a>. However, Müller left the island before the plan could be carried out. Undeterred, Fermor decided to abduct <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kreipe" title="Heinrich Kreipe">General Heinrich Kreipe</a> instead. </p><p>On the night of 26 April, General Kreipe left his headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Archanes" title="Archanes">Archanes</a> and headed without escort to his well-guarded residence, "Villa Ariadni", approximately 25 km outside <a href="/wiki/Heraklion" title="Heraklion">Heraklion</a>. Major Fermor and Captain Moss, dressed as German military policemen, waited for him 1 km (0.62 mi) before his residence. They asked the driver to stop and asked for their papers. As soon as the car stopped, Fermor quickly opened Kreipe's door, rushed in and threatened him with his guns while Moss took the driver's seat. After driving some distance the British left the car, with suitable decoy material being planted that suggesting an escape off the island had been made by <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a>, and with the General began a cross-country march. Hunted by German patrols, the group moved across the mountains to reach the southern side of the island, where a British <a href="/wiki/Motor_launch_(naval)" title="Motor launch (naval)">Motor Launch</a> (<i>ML 842</i>, commanded by Brian Coleman) was to pick them up. Eventually, on 14 May 1944, they were picked up (from Peristeres beach near Rhodakino) and transferred to Egypt. </p><p>In April–May 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> launched the daring airborne <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Drvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Drvar">Raid on Drvar</a> aimed at capturing Marshal <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>, the commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a>, as well as disrupting their leadership and command structure. The Partisan headquarters were in the hills near <a href="/wiki/Drvar" title="Drvar">Drvar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a> at the time. The representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Churchill" title="Randolph Churchill">Randolph Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a>, were also present. Elite German SS parachute commando units fought their way to Tito's <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">cave</a> headquarters and exchanged heavy gunfire resulting in numerous casualties on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a> under <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a> also flocked to the firefight in their own attempt to capture Tito. By the time German forces had penetrated to the cave, however, Tito had already fled the scene. He had a train waiting for him that took him to the town of <a href="/wiki/Jajce" title="Jajce">Jajce</a>. It would appear that Tito and his staff were well prepared for emergencies. The commandos were only able to retrieve Tito's marshal's uniform, which was later displayed in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. After fierce fighting in and around the villager's cemetery, the Germans were able to link up with mountain troops. By that time, Tito, his British guests and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisan</a> survivors were fêted aboard the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Blackmore_(L43)" title="HMS Blackmore (L43)">HMS <i>Blackmore</i></a> and her captain Lt. Carson, RN. </p><p>An intricate series of resistance operations were launched in France prior to, and during, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>. On June 5, 1944, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> broadcast a group of unusual sentences, which the Germans knew were code words—possibly for the invasion of Normandy. The BBC would regularly transmit hundreds of personal messages, of which only a few were really significant. A few days before D-Day, the commanding officers of the Resistance heard the first line of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Verlaine's</a> poem, "<a href="/wiki/Chanson_d%27automne" title="Chanson d'automne">Chanson d'automne</a>", <i>"Les sanglots longs des violons de l'automne"</i> (<i>Long sobs of autumn violins</i>) which meant that the "day" was imminent. When the second line <i>"Blessent mon cœur d'une langueur monotone"</i> (<i>wound my heart with a monotonous languor</i>) was heard, the Resistance knew that the invasion would take place within the next 48 hours. They then knew it was time to go about their respective pre-assigned missions. All over France resistance groups had been coordinated, and various groups throughout the country increased their sabotage. Communications were cut, trains derailed, roads, water towers and ammunition depots destroyed and German garrisons were attacked. Some relayed info about German defensive positions on the beaches of Normandy to American and British commanders by radio, just prior to 6 June. Victory did not come easily; in June and July, in the <a href="/wiki/Vercors_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Vercors plateau">Vercors plateau</a> a newly reinforced maquis group fought more than 10,000 German soldiers (no Waffen-SS) under General Karl Pflaum and was defeated, with 840 casualties (639 fighters and 201 civilians). Following the <a href="/wiki/Tulle_Murders" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulle Murders">Tulle Murders</a>, Major Otto Diekmann's Waffen-SS company wiped out the village of <a href="/wiki/Oradour-sur-Glane" title="Oradour-sur-Glane">Oradour-sur-Glane</a> on 10 June. The resistance also assisted the later Allied invasion in the south of France (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Operation Dragoon</a>). They started insurrections in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a> when allied forces came close. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Halyard" title="Operation Halyard">Operation Halyard</a>, which took place between August and December 1944,<sup id="cite_ref-Pešić2004_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pešić2004-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Allied <a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">airlift</a> operation behind enemy lines during World War II conducted by <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a> in occupied Yugoslavia. In July 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS) drew up plans to send a team to Chetniks led by General <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a>-occupied <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</a> for the purpose of evacuating Allied airmen shot down over that area.<sup id="cite_ref-Leary_1995_p._30_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leary_1995_p._30-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This team, known as the Halyard team, was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Lieutenant</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Musulin" title="George Musulin">George Musulin</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Master_Sergeant" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Sergeant">Master Sergeant</a> Michael Rajacich, and Specialist Arthur Jibilian, the radio operator. The team was detailed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Air_Force" title="Fifteenth Air Force">Fifteenth Air Force</a> and designated as the 1st Air Crew Rescue Unit.<sup id="cite_ref-Ford_1992_p._100_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford_1992_p._100-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the largest rescue operation of American Airmen in history.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Professor <a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Jozo Tomasevich</a>, a report submitted to the OSS showed that 417<sup id="cite_ref-Tomasevich_1975_p._378_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomasevich_1975_p._378-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allied airmen who had been downed over occupied Yugoslavia were rescued by Mihailović's Chetniks,<sup id="cite_ref-Leary_1995_p._32_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leary_1995_p._32-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and airlifted out by the Fifteenth Air Force.<sup id="cite_ref-Leary_1995_p._30_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leary_1995_p._30-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lt. Cmdr. Richard M. Kelly (OSS) grand total of 432 U.S. and 80 Allied personnel were airlifted during the Halyard Mission.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_p._62_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly_p._62-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a> launched in Poland in 1944 would lead to several major actions by <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a>, most notable of them being the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> that took place in between August 1 and October 2, and failed due to the Soviet refusal, due to differences in ideology, to help;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> another one was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ostra_Brama" title="Operation Ostra Brama">Operation Ostra Brama</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> turned the weapons given to them by the Nazi Germans (in hope that they would fight the incoming Soviets) against the Nazi Germans—in the end the Home Army together with the Soviet troops took over the Greater <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> area to the dismay of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanians</a>. </p><p>On 25 June 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osuchy" title="Battle of Osuchy">Battle of Osuchy</a> started—one of the largest battles between the Polish resistance and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, essentially a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Zamosc_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamosc Uprising">Zamosc Uprising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Operation_Most_III" title="Operation Most III">Operation Most III</a>, in 1944, the Polish <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> or <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> provided the British with the parts of the <a href="/wiki/V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2">V-2</a> rocket. </p><p>Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_heavy_water_sabotage" title="Norwegian heavy water sabotage">sabotages</a> of the German nuclear program drew to a close after three years on 20 February 1944, with the saboteur bombing of the ferry <a href="/wiki/SF_Hydro" title="SF Hydro">SF Hydro</a>. The ferry was to carry railway cars with <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a> drums from the <a href="/wiki/Vemork" title="Vemork">Vemork</a> hydroelectric plant, where they were produced, across <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Tinn">Lake Tinn</a> so they could be shipped to Germany. Its sinking effectively ended Nazi nuclear ambitions. The series of raids on the plant was later dubbed by the British <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">SOE</a> as the most successful act of sabotage in all of World War II, and was used as a basis for the US war movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Heroes_of_Telemark" title="The Heroes of Telemark">The Heroes of Telemark</a></i>. </p><p>As an initiation of their uprising, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakian rebels</a> entered Banská Bystrica on the morning of 30 August 1944, the second day of the rebellion, and made it their headquarters. By 10 September, the insurgents gained control of large areas of central and eastern Slovakia. That included two captured airfields. As a result of the two-week-old insurgency, the Soviet Air Force was able to begin flying in equipment to Slovakian and Soviet partisans. </p><p>On 9 September 1944, the Communist-led <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">partisan movement in Bulgaria</a> organized to fight the Bulgarian pro-Axis authorities and the <i>Wehrmacht</i> <a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">overthrew the pro-Axis government of Bulgaria</a>. This led to Bulgaria switching sides in World War II from the Axis to the Allies and to the Soviet invasion of Bulgaria which resulted in the establishment of the Stalinist regime in Bulgaria after the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945">1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NKFD_armband.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/NKFD_armband.jpg/220px-NKFD_armband.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/NKFD_armband.jpg/330px-NKFD_armband.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/NKFD_armband.jpg/440px-NKFD_armband.jpg 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Variation of an armband worn by members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="National Committee for a Free Germany">National Committee for a Free Germany</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Since January 1945, members of the anti-fascist <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="National Committee for a Free Germany">National Committee for a Free Germany</a> (NKFD) had been allowed to form <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">companies</a> which would participate as an as an auxilary force of the Red Army in its military operations. The NKFD was formed in 1943 mostly of the German prisoners of war in the USSR which agreed to side the Red Army. While its leadership participated only in non-violent activities such as appeal to the German troops to surrender like during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy</a>, in December 1943, its members of lower ranks began forming Combat Groups (or Combat Units, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kampfgruppen</i>) were sent to the <i>Wehrmacht</i> rear areas where they combined propaganda with collecting intelligence, performing military reconnaissance, sabotage and combat against the <i>Wehrmacht</i>. Although until 1945 <i>Kampfgruppen</i> had been only small <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commandos</a>, in 1945, it was allowed for NKFD to form companies which would be sent at the front. They pretended to be scattered <i>Wehrmacht</i> soldiers and attempted to enter behind the German lines, and if the latter was successful, they persuaded the troops besieged by the Red Army to surrender, and if the latter refused, they participated in combat and withdrew. There are clear evidences of the NKFD units participating in combat against the <i>Wehrmacht</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Battle of Königsberg">Battle of Königsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">siege of Breslau</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Courland_Pocket" title="Courland Pocket">Courland Pocket</a>, as well as in the rather minor battles for Thorn and Graudenz and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1945)" title="Siege of Danzig (1945)">siege of Danzig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Otto_Lasch" title="Otto Lasch">Otto Lasch</a> wrote, "We could no longer think of a useful recipe for how our own soldiers should behave in such cases. The fight seemed to had become pointless if Germans were now fighting against Germans."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several testimonies of the Germans who participated in the war that they saw members of the NKFD fighting alongside the Red Army during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a>, however, there is no documentary evidence, at least yet, to support these claims.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a> of the Red Army between March and April 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austrian resistance</a> groups in the army launched the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Radetzky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Radetzky (page does not exist)">Operation Radetzky</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Radetzky" class="extiw" title="de:Operation Radetzky">de</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Radetzky" class="extiw" title="es:Operación Radetzky">es</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Radetzky" class="extiw" title="fr:Opération Radetzky">fr</a>]</span> led by major <a href="/wiki/Carl_Szokoll" title="Carl Szokoll">Carl Szokoll</a>, a plot to surrender Vienna to the Red Army and therefore save it from destruction. Although the plot had failed, Szokoll survived, and the city only saw moderate fighting and the inner districts saw practically no fighting. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD,_tanky_AMR_35_v_Bartolom%C4%9Bjsk%C3%A9_ulici.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD%2C_tanky_AMR_35_v_Bartolom%C4%9Bjsk%C3%A9_ulici.jpg/170px-Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD%2C_tanky_AMR_35_v_Bartolom%C4%9Bjsk%C3%A9_ulici.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD%2C_tanky_AMR_35_v_Bartolom%C4%9Bjsk%C3%A9_ulici.jpg/255px-Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD%2C_tanky_AMR_35_v_Bartolom%C4%9Bjsk%C3%A9_ulici.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD%2C_tanky_AMR_35_v_Bartolom%C4%9Bjsk%C3%A9_ulici.jpg/340px-Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD%2C_tanky_AMR_35_v_Bartolom%C4%9Bjsk%C3%A9_ulici.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Captured <a href="/wiki/AMR_35" title="AMR 35">AMR 35</a> tanks during the <a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the last days of the war, on 5 May 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech resistance">Czech resistance</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a> as the Allied forces advanced to Prague. The uprising was supported by the 1st Division of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army" title="Russian Liberation Army">Russian Liberation Army</a> (ROA), a collaborationist unit formed mainly of ethnic Russian POWs in Germany. The ROA and the political movement behind it led by the Soviet defector general <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vlasov" title="Andrey Vlasov">Andrey Vlasov</a> was itself, as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Malia" title="Martin Malia">Martin Malia</a> calls it, a "resistance" movement to Stalinism,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it achieved little but a <i>de-jure</i> independent small Nazi-sponsored army headed by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia">Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia</a>, a political organization which presented a democratic political program despite the Nazi control of the Vlasov movement. Initially, the <a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a> of the Red Army which would liberate Czechoslovakia concurrently with the uprising, was set on 7 May,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as the uprising began the Red Army was ordered to advance the launch of its offensive to 6 May.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western Allies did not participate in the liberation of Prague, and after the war the Stalinist regime was set up in Czechoslovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resistance_movements_during_World_War_II">Resistance movements during World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Resistance movements during World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_resistance_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian resistance during World War II">Albanian resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)" title="National Liberation Movement (Albania)">National Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a> (anti-Italian and later anti-communist and anti-Yugoslav resistance movements)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_Movement" title="Legality Movement">Legality Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austrian resistance movement (e.g. O5)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Freiheitsfront" title="Österreichische Freiheitsfront">Österreichische Freiheitsfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vierergruppe_(German_Resistance)" title="Vierergruppe (German Resistance)">Vierergruppen in Hamburg, Munich and Vienna</a></li></ul></li> <li>Belarusian nationalist resistance movements: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Soviet_resistance_in_Belarus_(1944%E2%80%931950s)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Soviet resistance in Belarus (1944–1950s) (page does not exist)">Anti-Soviet resistance in Belarus (1944–1950s)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="extiw" title="ru:Послевоенное антисоветское движение в БССР">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belarusian_People%27s_Partisans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belarusian People's Partisans (page does not exist)">Belarusian People's Partisans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Белорусское народное партизанское движение">ru</a>]</span>, anti-Soviet and anti-Nazi<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgian Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_Belge_Reconstitu%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée Belge Reconstituée">Armée Belge Reconstituée</a> (ABR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée secrète (Belgium)">Armée secrète</a> (AS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Line" title="Comet Line">Comet Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_de_D%C3%A9fense_des_Juifs" class="mw-redirect" title="Comité de Défense des Juifs">Comité de Défense des Juifs</a> (CDJ, Jewish resistance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_de_l%27Ind%C3%A9pendance" title="Front de l'Indépendance">Front de l'Indépendance</a> (FI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_G" title="Groupe G">Groupe G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempische_Legioen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kempische Legioen">Kempische Legioen</a> (KL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_Belge_(resistance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion Belge (resistance)">Légion Belge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milices_Patriotiques" title="Milices Patriotiques">Milices Patriotiques</a> (MP-PM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_National_Movement" title="Belgian National Movement">Mouvement National Belge</a> (MNB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_National_Royaliste" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement National Royaliste">Mouvement National Royaliste</a> (MNR-NKB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Militaire_Belge_de_R%C3%A9sistance" title="Organisation Militaire Belge de Résistance">Organisation Militaire Belge de Résistance</a> (OMBR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisans_Arm%C3%A9s" title="Partisans Armés">Partisans Armés</a> (PA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_D" title="Service D">Service D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witte_Brigade" title="Witte Brigade">Witte Brigade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo#Resistance_movement" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo resistance movement</a></li> <li>British resistance movements<sup id="cite_ref-coleshillhouse.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coleshillhouse.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>SIS Section D and Section VII (planned Resistance organisations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Units" title="Auxiliary Units">Auxiliary Units</a> (planned hidden commando force to operate during military anti-invasion campaign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_to_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance to German occupation of the Channel Islands">Resistance to German occupation of the Channel Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bulgarian resistance movements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian resistance movement">Bulgarian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Goryani</a> (anti-communist resistance from 1944)</li></ul></li> <li>Burman resistance movements: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burma_Independence_Army" title="Burma Independence Army">Burma Independence Army</a> (anti-British)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_People%27s_Freedom_League" title="Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League">Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechen resistance movement</a> (anti-Soviet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_resistance_volunteers_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Japanese resistance volunteers in China">Chinese resistance movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_Army_For_The_Salvation_Of_The_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Japanese Army For The Salvation Of The Country">Anti-Japanese Army For The Salvation Of The Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_National_Salvation_Army" title="Chinese People's National Salvation Army">Chinese People's National Salvation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilungkiang_National_Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Heilungkiang National Salvation Army">Heilungkiang National Salvation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin_Self-Defence_Army" title="Jilin Self-Defence Army">Jilin Self-Defence Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_National_Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese National Salvation Army">Northeast Anti-Japanese National Salvation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_People%27s_Anti-Japanese_Volunteer_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast People's Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army">Northeast People's Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Loyal_and_Brave_Army" title="Northeastern Loyal and Brave Army">Northeastern Loyal and Brave Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army" title="Northeastern People's Revolutionary Army">Northeastern People's Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Volunteer_Righteous_%26_Brave_Fighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Volunteer Righteous & Brave Fighters">Northeastern Volunteer Righteous & Brave Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong resistance movements</a> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Gangjiu dadui</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Hong_Kong_Kowloon_brigade" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong-Kowloon brigade</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_River_Column" title="East River Column">East River Column</a> (Dongjiang Guerrillas, Southern China and Hong Kong organisation)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War">Islamic resistance movement against Japan</a> <ul><li>Muslim Detachment (回民義勇隊 Huimin Zhidui)</li> <li>Muslim corps</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_resistance_to_Nazi_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech resistance to Nazi occupation">Czech resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDi%C5%BEka_partisan_brigade" title="Jan Žižka partisan brigade">Jan Žižka partisan brigade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Danish resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BOPA" title="BOPA">BoPa</a> (Communist "Civil Partisans")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_Kolonne" title="5 Kolonne">5 Kolonne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Dutch resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binnenlandse_Strijdkrachten" title="Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten">Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stijkel_Group" title="The Stijkel Group">The Stijkel Group</a>, a Dutch resistance movement, which mainly operated around the S-Gravenhage area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkenburg_resistance" title="Valkenburg resistance">Valkenburg resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-German_resistance_movement_in_Finland" title="Pro-German resistance movement in Finland">Pro-German resistance movement in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_Central_de_Renseignements_et_d%27Action" title="Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action">Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action</a> (BCRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conseil_National_de_la_R%C3%A9sistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil National de la Résistance">Conseil National de la Résistance</a> (CNR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francs-Tireurs_et_Partisans" title="Francs-Tireurs et Partisans">Francs-Tireurs et Partisans</a> (FTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French Forces</a> (FFL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">French Forces of the Interior</a> (FFI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_(WW2)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maquis (WW2)">Maquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_O%27Leary_Line" title="Pat O'Leary Line">Pat O'Leary Line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Resistance_to_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="German Resistance to Nazism">German anti-Nazi resistance movements</a> <ul><li>Communist underground groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4stlein-Jacob-Abshagen_Group" title="Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group">Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neu_Beginnen" title="Neu Beginnen">Neu Beginnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saefkow-Jacob-B%C3%A4stlein_Organization" title="Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization">Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarze_Kapelle" title="Schwarze Kapelle">Black Orchestra</a></li> <li>Non-violent resistance and dissidents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(resistance_group)" title="European Union (resistance group)">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreisau_Circle" title="Kreisau Circle">Kreisau Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solf_Circle" title="Solf Circle">Solf Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vierergruppe_(German_Resistance)" title="Vierergruppe (German Resistance)">Vierergruppen in Hamburg, Munich and Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edelweiss_Pirates" title="Edelweiss Pirates">Edelweiss Pirates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ehrenfeld_Group" title="Ehrenfeld Group">Ehrenfeld Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Movement_for_a_Free_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Movement for a Free Germany (page does not exist)">Movement for a Free Germany</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Deutsche_Bewegung" class="extiw" title="de:Freie Deutsche Bewegung">de</a>]</span> formed by the <i>emigres</i> from Germany and German defectors to the Allied and Resistance forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany">Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany</a> (AKFD), on the side of the Greek resistance</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_%22Free_Germany%22_for_the_West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee "Free Germany" for the West (page does not exist)">Committee "Free Germany" for the West</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitee_Freies_Deutschland_f%C3%BCr_den_Westen" class="extiw" title="de:Komitee Freies Deutschland für den Westen">de</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Allemagne_libre_pour_l%E2%80%99Ouest" class="extiw" title="fr:Comité Allemagne libre pour l’Ouest">fr</a>]</span> (CALPO/KFDW), on the side of the French resistance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="National Committee for a Free Germany">National Committee for a Free Germany</a> (NKFD) and its Combat Units, participated in military operations of the Red Army and attempted to launch guerilla warfare in Germany</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Orchestra_(spy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Orchestra (spy)">Red Orchestra</a></li></ul></li> <li>German pro-Nazi resistance in Allied-occupied areas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a> – a German resistance group and militia created by the NSDAP near the end of World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a> – Nazi German resistance movement against the Allied occupation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greek Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Resistance_organizations" title="List of Greek Resistance organizations">List of Greek Resistance organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_resistance" title="Cretan resistance">Cretan resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Greece)" title="National Liberation Front (Greece)">National Liberation Front</a> (EAM) and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek People's Liberation Army">Greek People's Liberation Army</a> (ELAS), EAM's guerrilla forces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Greek_League" class="mw-redirect" title="National Republican Greek League">National Republican Greek League</a> (EDES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_Social_Liberation" title="National and Social Liberation">National and Social Liberation</a> (EKKA)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_resistance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian resistance movement">Hungarian resistance movement</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Движение Сопротивления (Венгрия)">ru</a>]</span>, anti-fascist anti-Axis movement against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Horthy regime</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Government of National Unity</a> <ul><li>10 Communist partisan detachments sent from the Soviet Union</li> <li>Pro-Soviet <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Mikl%C3%B3s" title="Béla Miklós">Béla Miklós</a> government of Hungary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Regiment_of_Buda" title="Volunteer Regiment of Buda">Volunteer Regiment of Buda</a> of the Red Army</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian resistance movements</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a>, is an armed force who fought for India's Independence with <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> fighting against Allied forces (mainly against <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">Britain</a>) in Southeast Asia and along India's easternmost borderlands</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Indonesian resistance movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisi_Network" title="Assisi Network">Assisi Network</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brigate_Fiamme_Verdi" title="Brigate Fiamme Verdi">Brigate Fiamme Verdi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comitato_di_Liberazione_Nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale">Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concentrazione_Antifascista_Italiana" title="Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana">Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DELASEM" title="DELASEM">DELASEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)"><i>Democrazia Cristiana</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_days_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Four days of Naples">Four days of Naples</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Giustizia e Libertà</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Co-Belligerent Army">Italian Co-Belligerent Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Co-Belligerent Navy">Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party (PCI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_partisan_republics" title="Italian partisan republics">Italian partisan republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party (PSI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Democratic_Party" title="Labour Democratic Party">Labour Democratic Party (PDL)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Movimento_Comunista_d%27Italia" title="Movimento Comunista d'Italia">Movimento Comunista d'Italia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee_for_Northern_Italy" title="National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy">National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)"><i>Partito d'Azione</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scintilla_(communist_group)" title="Scintilla (communist group)">Scintilla</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italian resistance against the Allies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dissidence_in_20th-century_Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese dissidence in 20th-century Imperial Japan">Japanese anti-imperial resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissent_in_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Dissent in the Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan">Dissent in the Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Chinese_resistance_to_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan">Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">Japanese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_People%27s_Emancipation_League" title="Japanese People's Emancipation League">Japanese People's Emancipation League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_People%27s_Anti-war_Alliance" title="Japanese People's Anti-war Alliance">Japanese People's Anti-war Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_to_Raise_the_Political_Consciousness_of_Japanese_Troops" title="League to Raise the Political Consciousness of Japanese Troops">League to Raise the Political Consciousness of Japanese Troops</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese pro-imperial resistance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Fighting_Corps" title="Volunteer Fighting Corps">Volunteer Fighting Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe</a> (transnational) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement_in_Auschwitz" title="Resistance movement in Auschwitz">Resistance movement in Auschwitz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Korean resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonian</a> anti-<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> resistance movements ("<a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Brothers">Forest Brothers</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_resistance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian resistance movement">Latvian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_resistance_movement" title="Libyan resistance movement">Libyan resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_resistance_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian resistance during World War II">Lithuanian resistance during World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Activist_Front" title="Lithuanian Activist Front">Lithuanian Activist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Liberty_Army" title="Lithuanian Liberty Army">Lithuanian Liberty Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourgish resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_People%E2%80%99s_Anti-Japanese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan resistance movemment</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Askar_Melayu_Setia_(Loyal_Malay_Soldier/Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Askar Melayu Setia (Loyal Malay Soldier/Army) (page does not exist)">Askar Melayu Setia (Loyal Malay Soldier/Army)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wataniah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wataniah (page does not exist)">Wataniah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasukan_Gerlia_Kinabalu_(Kinabalu_Guerilla_Force)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasukan Gerlia Kinabalu (Kinabalu Guerilla Force) (page does not exist)">Pasukan Gerlia Kinabalu (Kinabalu Guerilla Force)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force_136_Malay_Warrior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Force 136 Malay Warrior (page does not exist)">Force 136 Malay Warrior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Moldovan resistance during World War II">Moldovan resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norwegian resistance movement</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Milorg" title="Milorg">Milorg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nortraship" title="Nortraship">Nortraship</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Independent_Company_1" title="Norwegian Independent Company 1">Norwegian Independent Company 1</a> (Kompani Linge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osvald_Group" title="Osvald Group">Osvald Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XU" title="XU">XU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippine resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Guerilla_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerilla Warfare">guerrillas</a> (composed of unsurrendered <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Armed_Forces_in_the_Far_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Armed Forces in the Far East (page does not exist)">USAFFE</a> troops including <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipino</a> civilians).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan#Moro_resistance_in_Mindanao" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Moro Muslim resistance movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government in exile">Polish government in exile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West" title="Polish Armed Forces in the West">Polish Armed Forces in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> (Home Army—mainstream: Authoritarian/Western Democracy)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa_WRN" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa WRN">Gwardia Ludowa WRN</a></i> (The People's Guard Freedom Equality Independence—mainstream Polish Socialist Party's underground, progressive, anti—Nazi and anti—Soviet)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narodowe_Si%C5%82y_Zbrojne" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowe Siły Zbrojne">Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</a></i> (National Armed Forces – Anti-Nazi, Anti-Communist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a> (Anti-Communist)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Leśni</a></i> (various "forest People")</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Bataliony Chłopskie</a></i> (Peasant Battalions — mainstream, apolitical, stress on private property)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Polish Committee of National Liberation">Polish Committee of National Liberation</a>, supported by the USSR <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Polish_Patriots" title="Union of Polish Patriots">Union of Polish Patriots</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Armia Ludowa</a></i> (People's Army)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">Gwardia Ludowa</a></i> (People's Guard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_East" title="Polish Armed Forces in the East">Polish Armed Forces in the East</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jewish organizations <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydowska_Organizacja_Bojowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa">Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa</a></i> (ŻOB, Jewish Fighting Organisation in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Poland" title="German-occupied Poland">Poland</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zydowski_Zwiazek_Walki" class="mw-redirect" title="Zydowski Zwiazek Walki">Żydowski Związek Walki</a></i> (ŻZW, Jewish Fighting Union in Poland)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romanian anti-fascist anti-Axis resistance and political opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu_Division" title="Tudor Vladimirescu Division">Tudor Vladimirescu Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horea,_Clo%C8%99ca_%C8%99i_Cri%C8%99an_Division" title="Horea, Cloșca și Crișan Division">Horea, Cloșca și Crișan Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li></ul></li> <li>The "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Rossony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republic of Rossony (page does not exist)">Republic of Rossony</a>" formed by a group of Soviet partisans, described as "neither for the Soviets nor the Germans"<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Liberation Movement">Russian Liberation Movement</a>" attempted to create an independent (either allied with Germany or opposing both sides) Russian anti-Communist force by means of <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_the_German-occupied_Soviet_Union" title="Collaboration in the German-occupied Soviet Union">collaboration with the Nazis</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia">Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army" title="Russian Liberation Army">Russian Liberation Army</a> within the Wehrmacht, formally released from German command in January 1945, switched sides in May 1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GULAG_Operation" title="GULAG Operation">GULAG Operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaminski_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaminski Brigade">Russian People's Liberation Army</a>, pro-Nazi militia of the <a href="/wiki/Lokot_Autonomy" title="Lokot Autonomy">Lokot Autonomy</a>, later absorbed as a part of the Waffen-SS, reformed as an anti-Soviet partisan movement after the war</li></ul></li> <li>Singaporean resistance movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalforce" title="Dalforce">Dalforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_136" title="Force 136">Force 136</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_partisans" title="Slovak partisans">Slovak resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisan movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Belarusian resistance during World War II">Belarusian Soviet partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Estonia" title="Soviet partisans in Estonia">Estonian Soviet partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Latvia" title="Soviet partisans in Latvia">Latvian Soviet partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Moldovan resistance during World War II">Moldovan Soviet partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Finland" title="Soviet partisans in Finland">Soviet partisans in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Poland" title="Soviet partisans in Poland">Soviet partisans in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Guard_(Soviet_resistance)" title="Young Guard (Soviet resistance)">Young Guard (Soviet resistance)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thai resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Tigrayan resistance movement</a> (anti-Ethiopian)</li> <li>Ukrainian resistance movements: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> (anti-German, anti-Soviet and anti-Polish resistance movement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army" title="Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army">Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army</a> (anti-German, anti-Soviet and anti-Polish resistance movement)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> – Croatian nationalist and fascist resistance movement against the Kingdom of Yugoslavia/Chetniks and Yugoslav communists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusaders_(guerrilla)" title="Crusaders (guerrilla)">Crusaders</a> – Croatian <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> guerrilla movement fighting against Yugoslav communist forces</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></i> (Vietnamese resistance organization that fought Vichy France and the Japanese, and later against the French attempt to re-occupy Vietnam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia#Early_resistance" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslav resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> (People's Liberation Army — pro-<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav communist</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> anti-<a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a>, and anti-<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav royalist</a> anti-<a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a> resistance movement) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Partisans" title="Croatian Partisans">Croatian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Partisans" title="Macedonian Partisans">Macedonian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Partisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Partisans">Serbian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovene Partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a> (Yugoslav Army in the Homeland — <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav royalist</a>, anti-<a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a>, anti-<a href="/wiki/Nazi_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi German">Nazi German</a>, anti-<a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a>, anti-Albanian and anti-<a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Communist">Yugoslav Communist</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisans</a> resistance movement)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Guard_(Slovene)" title="Blue Guard (Slovene)">Blue Guard</a> – Slovenian Chetniks</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIGR" title="TIGR">TIGR</a> (Slovene and Croat anti-Italian resistance movement, active between 1927 and 1941. Gradually absorbed into the Yugoslav Partisans throughout WWII.)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_individuals">Notable individuals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_De_Gaulle" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles De Gaulle">Charles De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%8Da_Popovi%C4%87" title="Koča Popović">Koča Popović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sava_Kova%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Sava Kovačević">Sava Kovačević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Amendola" title="Giorgio Amendola">Giorgio Amendola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvia_Bielski" title="Tuvia Bielski">Tuvia Bielski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechaj_Anielewicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordechaj Anielewicz">Mordechaj Anielewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawid_Apfelbaum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawid Apfelbaum">Dawid Apfelbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Arad" title="Yitzhak Arad">Yitzhak Arad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Audisio" title="Walter Audisio">Walter Audisio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Georges Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogen" title="Alexander Bogen">Alexander Bogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Bor-Komorowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadeusz Bor-Komorowski">Tadeusz Bor-Komorowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Braiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Petr Braiko">Petr Braiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Brossolette" title="Pierre Brossolette">Pierre Brossolette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masha_Bruskina" title="Masha Bruskina">Masha Bruskina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Bulba-Borovets" title="Taras Bulba-Borovets">Taras Bulba-Borovets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pavlovich_Chekalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Pavlovich Chekalin">Alexander Chekalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Casanova" title="Danielle Casanova">Danielle Casanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_Edelman" title="Marek Edelman">Marek Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Honor%C3%A9_d%27Estienne_d%27Orves" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves">Henri Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Arcy_Osborne,_12th_Duke_of_Leeds" title="D'Arcy Osborne, 12th Duke of Leeds">D'Arcy Osborne, 12th Duke of Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Eluard" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Eluard">Paul Eluard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksiy_Fedorov" title="Oleksiy Fedorov">Oleksiy Fedorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolis_Glezos" title="Manolis Glezos">Manolis Glezos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Golz" title="Marianne Golz">Marianne Golz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Grot-Rowecki" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Grot-Rowecki">Stefan Grot-Rowecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Hauge" title="Jens Christian Hauge">Jens Christian Hauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aris_Velouchiotis" title="Aris Velouchiotis">Aris Velouchiotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasan_Israilov" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasan Israilov">Khasan Israilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Karski" title="Jan Karski">Jan Karski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Aronson" title="Stanisław Aronson">Stanisław Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassili_Kononov" title="Vassili Kononov">Vassili Kononov</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Koshevoy" title="Oleg Koshevoy">Oleg Koshevoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoya_Kosmodemyanskaya" title="Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya">Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydir_Kovpak" title="Sydir Kovpak">Sydir Kovpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ivanovich_Kuznetsov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov">Nikolai Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kwok" title="Albert Kwok">Albert Kwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Litten" title="Hans Litten">Hans Litten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Pierre" title="Abbé Pierre">Abbé Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Linge" title="Martin Linge">Martin Linge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivia_Lubetkin" title="Zivia Lubetkin">Zivia Lubetkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juozas_Luk%C5%A1a" title="Juozas Lukša">Juozas Lukša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Luspekayev" title="Pavel Luspekayev">Pavel Luspekayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Manus" title="Max Manus">Max Manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Masherov" title="Pyotr Masherov">Pyotr Masherov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ku" title="Kim Ku">Kim Ku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Bong-chang" title="Lee Bong-chang">Lee Bong-chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yun_Bong-gil" title="Yun Bong-gil">Yun Bong-gil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustapha_bin_Harun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustapha bin Harun">Mustapha bin Harun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Benzhai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Benzhai (page does not exist)">Ma Benzhai</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%9C%AC%E9%BD%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:馬本齋">zh:馬本齋</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missak_Manouchian" title="Missak Manouchian">Missak Manouchian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin" title="Jean Moulin">Jean Moulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Mukhtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Mukhtar">Omar Mukhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomars_O%C5%A1kalns" class="mw-redirect" title="Otomars Oškalns">Otomars Oškalns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri" title="Ferruccio Parri">Ferruccio Parri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pechersky" title="Alexander Pechersky">Alexander Pechersky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motiejus_Pe%C4%8Diulionis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motiejus Pečiulionis (page does not exist)">Motiejus Pečiulionis</a> (<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motiejus_Pe%C4%8Diulionis" class="extiw" title="lt:Motiejus Pečiulionis">lt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salipada_Pendatun" title="Salipada Pendatun">Salipada Pendatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini">Sandro Pertini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbay_Piang" title="Gumbay Piang">Gumbay Piang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Pineau" title="Christian Pineau">Christian Pineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Panteleimon Ponomarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinaida_Portnova" title="Zinaida Portnova">Zinaida Portnova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_Radi%C4%87" title="Lepa Radić">Lepa Radić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfas_Ramanauskas" title="Adolfas Ramanauskas">Adolfas Ramanauskas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Rudniev" class="mw-redirect" title="Semyon Rudniev">Semyon Rudniev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Saburov" title="Alexander Saburov">Alexander Saburov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannie_Schaft" title="Hannie Schaft">Hannie Schaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schunck" title="Pierre Schunck">Pierre Schunck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Scholl" title="Sophie Scholl">Sophie Scholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Selys_Longchamps" title="Jean de Selys Longchamps">Baron Jean de Selys Longchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Shukhevych" title="Roman Shukhevych">Roman Shukhevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henk_Sneevliet" title="Henk Sneevliet">Henk Sneevliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturs_Spro%C4%A3is" title="Arturs Sproģis">Arturs Sproģis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Starinov" title="Ilya Starinov">Ilya Starinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">Claus von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imants_Sudmalis" title="Imants Sudmalis">Imants Sudmalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay" title="Ramon Magsaysay">Ramon Magsaysay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_S%C3%B8nsteby" title="Gunnar Sønsteby">Gunnar Sønsteby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Taruc" title="Luis Taruc">Luis Taruc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aris_Velouchiotis" title="Aris Velouchiotis">Aris Velouchiotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vershigora" title="Pyotr Vershigora">Pyotr Vershigora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Wake" title="Nancy Wake">Nancy Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Zervas" title="Napoleon Zervas">Napoleon Zervas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romain_Gary" title="Romain Gary">Romain Gary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simcha_Zorin" title="Simcha Zorin">Simcha Zorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_%C5%BDemaitis" title="Jonas Žemaitis">Jonas Žemaitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaji_Wataru" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaji Wataru">Kaji Wataru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanzo_Nosaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanzo Nosaka">Sanzo Nosaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gijs_van_Hall" title="Gijs van Hall">Gijs van Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walraven_van_Hall" title="Walraven van Hall">Walraven van Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Hazelhoff_Roelfzema" title="Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema">Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velimir_%C4%90uri%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velimir Đurić (page does not exist)">Velimir Đurić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Zuckerman" title="Yitzhak Zuckerman">Yitzhak Zuckerman</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentaries">Documentaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Documentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Confusion was their business</i> from the BBC series <i>Secrets of World War II</i> is a documentary about the SOE (Special Operations Executive) and its operations.</li> <li><i>The Real Heroes of Telemark</i> is a book and documentary by survival expert <a href="/wiki/Ray_Mears_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Mears (author)">Ray Mears</a> about the Norwegian sabotage of the German nuclear program (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_heavy_water_sabotage" title="Norwegian heavy water sabotage">Norwegian heavy water sabotage</a>)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ihffilm.com/22921.html">Making Choices: The Dutch Resistance during World War II</a></i> (2005) This award-winning, hour-long documentary tells the stories of four participants in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Dutch Resistance</a> and the miracles that saved them from certain death at the hands of the Nazis.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dramatisations">Dramatisations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dramatisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%27Allo_%27Allo!" title="'Allo 'Allo!">'Allo 'Allo!</a></i> (1982–1992) a <a href="/wiki/Situation_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Situation comedy">situation comedy</a> about the French resistance movement (a parody of <i>Secret Army</i>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/L%E2%80%99Arm%C3%A9e_des_ombres" class="mw-redirect" title="L’Armée des ombres">L’Armée des ombres</a></i></span> (1969) internal and external battles of the French resistance. Directed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Melville" title="Jean-Pierre Melville">Jean-Pierre Melville</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neretva_(film)" title="Battle of Neretva (film)">Battle of Neretva (film)</a></i> (1969) is a movie depicting events that took place during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_anti-Partisan_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth anti-Partisan Offensive">Fourth anti-Partisan Offensive</a> (<i>Fall Weiss</i>), also known as The Battle for the Wounded</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Book_(film)" title="Black Book (film)">Black Book (film)</a></i> (2006) depicts double and triple crosses amongst the Dutch Resistance</li> <li><i>Bonhoeffer</i> (2004 premier at the Acacia Theatre) is a play about <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a>, a pastor in the <a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a> executed for his participation in the German resistance.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%A1ko_Buha" title="Boško Buha">Boško Buha</a></i> (1978) tells the tale of a boy who conned his way into partisan ranks aged 15 and became legendary for his talent of destroying enemy bunkers</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Gray_(film)" title="Charlotte Gray (film)">Charlotte Gray</a> (2001)</i> – thought to be based on <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Wake" title="Nancy Wake">Nancy Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks!_The_Fighting_Guerrillas" title="Chetniks! The Fighting Guerrillas">Chetniks! The Fighting Guerrillas</a> (1943) - war film about Serbian chetniks leader <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draza Mihailovic</a> and his antinazi fight in Yugoslavia, made by <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Century Fox">Twentieth Century Fox</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Come_and_See" title="Come and See">Come and See</a></i> (1985) is a Soviet made film about partisans in Belarus, as well as war crimes committed by the war's various factions.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Defiance_(2008_film)" title="Defiance (2008 film)">Defiance</a></i> (2008) tells the story of the <a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a>, a group of Jewish resistance fighters operating in <a href="/wiki/Belorussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Belorussia">Belorussia</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flame_%26_Citron" title="Flame & Citron">Flame & Citron</a></i> (2008) is a movie based on two Danish resistance fighters who were in the <a href="/wiki/Holger_Danske_(resistance_group)" title="Holger Danske (resistance group)">Holger Danske (resistance group)</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Days_of_Naples_(film)" title="The Four Days of Naples (film)">The Four Days of Naples</a></i> (1962) is a movie based on the popular uprising against the German forces occupying the Italian city of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Generation" title="A Generation">A Generation</a></i> (1955) (Polish) two young men involved in resistance by <a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">GL</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Heroes_of_Telemark" title="The Heroes of Telemark">The Heroes of Telemark</a></i> (1965) is very loosely based on the Norwegian sabotage of the German nuclear program (the later <i>Real Heroes of Telemark</i> is more accurate)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Het_meisje_met_het_rode_haar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Het meisje met het rode haar (page does not exist)">Het meisje met het rode haar</a></i> (1982) (Dutch) is about Dutch resistance fighter <a href="/wiki/Hannie_Schaft" title="Hannie Schaft">Hannie Schaft</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kana%C5%82_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanał (film)">Kanał</a></i> (1956) (Polish) first film ever to depict <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Longest_Day_(film)" title="The Longest Day (film)">The Longest Day</a></i> (1962) features scenes of the resistance operations during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Rome" title="Massacre in Rome">Massacre in Rome</a></i> (1973) is based on a true story about Nazi retaliation after a resistance attack in Rome</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Opposition:_the_Diaries_of_Friedrich_Kellner" class="mw-redirect" title="My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner">My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner</a> (2007)</i> is a Canadian film about Justice Inspector <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kellner" title="Friedrich Kellner">Friedrich Kellner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Laubach" title="Laubach">Laubach</a> who challenged the Nazis before and during the war</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Resistance_(2003_film)" title="Resistance (2003 film)">Resistance</a></i> (2003): a film based on a 1995 book of the same title by <a href="/wiki/Anita_Shreve" title="Anita Shreve">Anita Shreve</a>. The plot revolves around a downed American pilot who is sheltered by the Belgian resistance.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secret_Army_(television)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Army (television)">Secret Army</a></i> (1977) a television series about the Belgian resistance movement, based on real events</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Blood" title="Sea of Blood">Sea Of Blood</a></i> (1971) a North Korean opera depicting Anti-Japanese resistance</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soldaat_van_Oranje" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldaat van Oranje">Soldaat van Oranje</a></i> (1977) (Dutch) is about some Dutch students who enter the resistance in cooperation with England</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Scholl_%E2%80%93_Die_letzten_Tage" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage">Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage</a></i> (2005) is about the last days in the life of <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Scholl" title="Sophie Scholl">Sophie Scholl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A4rker_als_die_Nacht" title="Stärker als die Nacht">Stärker als die Nacht</a></i> (1954) (East German) follows the story of a group of German Communist resistance fighters</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Sutjeska_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of Sutjeska (film)">The Battle of Sutjeska</a></i> (1973) is a movie based on the events that took place during the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_anti-Partisan_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth anti-Partisan Offensive">Fifth anti-Partisan Offensive</a> (<i>Fall Schwartz</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_in_Wartime" title="Winter in Wartime"><i>Winter in Wartime</i> (film)</a>, 2008 adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Terlouw" title="Jan Terlouw">Jan Terlouw</a>'s 1972 novel, about a Dutch youth whose favors for members of the Dutch Resistance during the last winter of World War II have a devastating impact on his family</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Resistance_Banker" title="The Resistance Banker">The Resistance Banker</a> <i>Bankier van het verzet</i> (film), is a 2018 Dutch World-War-II-period drama film directed by Joram Lürsen. The film is based on the life of banker Walraven van Hall, who financed the Dutch resistance during the Second World War.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-partisan_operations_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-partisan operations in World War II">Anti-partisan operations in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_partisans" title="Anti-Soviet partisans">Anti-Soviet partisans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>a</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_anone"><a href="#ref_anone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> Sources vary with regard to what was the largest resistance movement during World War II. The confusion often stems from the fact that as war progressed, some resistance movements grew larger – and other diminished. In particular, Polish and Soviet territories were mostly freed from Nazi German control in the years 1944–1945, eliminating the need for their respective (anti-Nazi) partisan forces (in Poland, <a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">cursed soldiers</a> continued to fight against the Soviets). Fighting in Yugoslavia, however, with Yugoslavian partisans fighting German units, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_in_World_War_II#Partisan_general_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslavia in World War II">continued till the end of the war</a>. The numbers for each of those three movements can be roughly estimated as approaching 100,000 in 1941, and 200,000 in 1942, with Polish and Soviet partisan numbers peaking around 1944 at 350,000-400,000, and Yugoslavian, growing till the very end till they reached the 800,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Vukšić2003_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vukšić2003-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ac_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several sources note that Polish <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> was the largest resistance movement in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">Nazi-occupied Europe</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a> wrote "Armia Krajowa (Home Army), the AK, which could fairly claim to be the largest of European resistance";<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregor_Dallas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregor Dallas (page does not exist)">Gregor Dallas</a> wrote "Home Army (Armia Krajowa or AK) in late 1943 numbered around 400,000, making it the largest resistance organization in Europe";<sup id="cite_ref-Google_Print,_p.79_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_Print,_p.79-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Wyman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Wyman (page does not exist)">Mark Wyman</a> wrote "Armia Krajowa was considered the largest underground resistance unit in wartime Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certainly, Polish resistance was the largest resistance till German <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invasion of Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of the Soviet Union">invasion of the Soviet Union</a> in 1941. </p><p>After that point, the numbers of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_partisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav partisans">Yugoslav partisans</a> began growing rapidly. The numbers of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a> quickly caught up and were very similar to that of the Polish resistance (a graph is also available <a href="/wiki/File:AK-Soviet_partisans_numbers.JPG" title="File:AK-Soviet partisans numbers.JPG">here</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Vukšić2003_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vukšić2003-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The numbers of Tito's <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_partisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav partisans">Yugoslav partisans</a> were roughly similar to those of the Polish and Soviet partisans in the first years of the war (1941–1942), but grew rapidly in the latter years, outnumbering the Polish and Soviet partisans by 2:1 or more (estimates give Yugoslavian forces about 800,000 in 1945, to Polish and Soviet forces of 400,000 in 1944).<sup id="cite_ref-Vukšić2003_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vukšić2003-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ac_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors also call it the largest resistance movement in Nazi-occupied Europe, for example, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_Malley-Morrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathleen Malley-Morrison (page does not exist)">Kathleen Malley-Morrison</a> wrote: "The Yugoslav partisan guerrilla campaign, which developed into the largest resistance army in occupied Western and Central Europe...".<sup id="cite_ref-Malley-Morrison2009_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malley-Morrison2009-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The numbers of <a href="/wiki/French_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="French resistance">French resistance</a> were smaller, around 10,000 in 1942, and swelling to 200,000 by 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-NadeauBarlow2003_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NadeauBarlow2003-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosbottom, Ronald C. (2014), <i>When Paris Went Dark,</i> New York: Little, Brown and Company, pp. 198–199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wieviorka, Olivier and Tebinka, Jacek, "Resisters: From Everyday Life to Counter-state," in <i>Surviving Hitler and Mussolini</i> (2006), eds: Robert Gildea, Olivier Wieviorka, and Anette Warring, Oxford: Berg, p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAtkin2015" class="citation book cs1">Atkin, Malcolm (2015). <i>Fighting Nazi Occupation: British Resistance 1939-1945</i>. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. pp. Chapter 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47383-377-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47383-377-7"><bdi>978-1-47383-377-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Nazi+Occupation%3A+British+Resistance+1939-1945&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pages=Chapter+11&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-47383-377-7&rft.aulast=Atkin&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coleshillhouse.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coleshillhouse.com_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coleshillhouse.com_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coleshillhouse.com/">"British Resistance Archive – Churchill's Auxiliary Units – A comprehensive online resource"</a>. <i>www.coleshillhouse.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.coleshillhouse.com&rft.atitle=British+Resistance+Archive+%E2%80%93+Churchill%27s+Auxiliary+Units+%E2%80%93+A+comprehensive+online+resource.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coleshillhouse.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judt-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Judt_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudt2005" class="citation book cs1">Judt, Tony (2005). <i>Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945</i>. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0143037757" title="Special:BookSources/0143037757"><bdi>0143037757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postwar%3A+A+History+of+Europe+since+1945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0143037757&rft.aulast=Judt&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies2005_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Davies2005" class="citation book cs1">Norman Davies (28 February 2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0"><i>God's Playground: 1795 to the present</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/344">344</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12819-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12819-3"><bdi>978-0-231-12819-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground%3A+1795+to+the+present&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12819-3&rft.au=Norman+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsplaygroundhi00norm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Google_Print,_p.79-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Google_Print,_p.79_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Google_Print,_p.79_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregor Dallas, <i>1945: The War That Never Ended</i>, Yale University Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10980-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10980-6">0-300-10980-6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1945warthatnever00dall_1/page/79">Google Print, p.79</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Wyman, <i>DPs: Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945–1951</i>, Cornell University Press, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8542-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8542-8">0-8014-8542-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lHNw7MnsmlYC&dq=%22Armia+Krajowa%22+largest&pg=PA34">Google Print, p. 34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Leonid D. Grenkevich, <i>The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–44: A Critical Historiographical Analysis</i>, p. 229, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a>, <i>The Guerilla Reader: A Historical Anthology</i>, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1990, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaffont2006" class="citation book cs1">Laffont, Robert (2006). <i>Dictionnaire historique de la Résistance</i>. Paris: Bouquins. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-221-09997-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-221-09997-1"><bdi>978-2-221-09997-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+historique+de+la+R%C3%A9sistance&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Bouquins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-221-09997-1&rft.aulast=Laffont&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4XqXnuKJphsC&pg=PA77"><i>Resistenzialismo versus resistenza</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marek Szymanski: <i>Oddzial majora Hubala</i>, Warszawa 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-912237-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-912237-0-3">978-83-912237-0-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Ziolkowska-Boehm" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm">Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm</a>: <i>Polish Hero Roman Rodziewicz Fate of a Hubal Soldier in Auschwitz, Buchenwald and Postwar England</i>, Lexington Books, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-8535-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-8535-3">978-0-7391-8535-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jozef Garlinski, Fighting Auschwitz: the Resistance Movement in the Concentration Camp, Fawcett, 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-449-22599-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-449-22599-8">978-0-449-22599-8</a>, reprinted by Time Life Education, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-8925-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-8925-1">978-0-8094-8925-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoh-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hoh_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hershel Edelheit, <i>History of the Holocaust: A Handbook and Dictionary</i>, Westview Press, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2240-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2240-7">978-0-8133-2240-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DkMHTRtQIYC&dq=Zwi%C4%85zek+Organizacji+Wojskowej&pg=PA413">Google Print, p.413</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Cyra" title="Adam Cyra">Adam Cyra</a>, <i>Ochotnik do Auschwitz – Witold Pilecki 1901–1948</i> ["Volunteer for Auschwitz"], Oświęcim 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-912000-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-912000-3-2">978-83-912000-3-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116101208/http://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/statistics">"Names of Righteous by Country"</a>. <i>www.yadvashem.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/statistics">the original</a> on 2017-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yadvashem.org&rft.atitle=Names+of+Righteous+by+Country&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Frighteous%2Fstatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer: <i>Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945.</i> Vienna 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902494-83-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902494-83-2">978-3-902494-83-2</a>, p 299–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Broucek "Die österreichische Identität im Widerstand 1938–1945" (2008), p 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansjakob Stehle "Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus (German: The spy from the rectory)" In: Die Zeit, 5 January 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoot2004" class="citation book cs1">Foot, M. R. D. (2004) [1966]. <i>SOE in France: An Account of the Work of the British Special Operations Executive in France, 1940–1944</i>. New York: Frank Cass. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5528-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5528-4"><bdi>978-0-7146-5528-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SOE+in+France%3A+An+Account+of+the+Work+of+the+British+Special+Operations+Executive+in+France%2C+1940%E2%80%931944&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5528-4&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=M.+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHribar2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Tine_Hribar" title="Tine Hribar">Hribar, Tine</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lolpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Euroslovenstvo</i></a> [<i>European Slovenehood</i>] (in Slovenian). Slovenska matica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/961-213-129-5" title="Special:BookSources/961-213-129-5"><bdi>961-213-129-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euroslovenstvo&rft.pub=Slovenska+matica&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=961-213-129-5&rft.aulast=Hribar&rft.aufirst=Tine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlolpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halina Auderska, Zygmunt Ziółek, <i>Akcja N. Wspomnienia 1939–1945</i> (<i>Action N. Memoirs 1939–1945</i>), Wydawnictwo Czytelnik, Warszawa, 1972 <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <i>Europe: A History</i>, Oxford University Presse, 1996, ISBN</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130702054007/http://www.avgi.gr/ArticleActionshow.action?articleID=723880">newspaper Αυγή (Avgi), <i>article:</i> 68 years from the liberation of Thessaloniki from the nazis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proti-selida.gr/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE/4377.html">newspaper Πρώτη Σελίδα (Proti Selida), <i>article:</i> 11th Reunion of Kilkisiotes, The Kilkisiotes of Athens honored the Holocaust of Kroussia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603120351/http://www.proti-selida.gr/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE/4377.html">Archived</a> 2013-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.rizospastis.gr/storyPlain.do?id=4749333&action=print">newspaper Ριζοσπάστης (Rizospastis), <i>article:</i> The murder of the members of the <i>Macedonian Bureau of the Communist Party of Greece</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tessa Stirling <i>et al.</i>, <i>Intelligence Co-operation between Poland and Great Britain during World War II</i>, vol. I: <i>The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee</i>, London, Vallentine Mitchell, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSC_Closing_the_Ring-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSC_Closing_the_Ring_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1951" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Winston Spencer (1951). <i>The Second World War: Closing the Ring</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. p. 643.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%3A+Closing+the+Ring&rft.pages=643&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company%2C+Boston&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston+Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Major General Rygor Slowikowski, "In the secret service – The lightning of the Torch", The Windrush Press, London 1988, s. 285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski118-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski118_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Piotrowski1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&q=Number+of+Jews+helped+by+Zegota&pg=PA118">"Assistance to Jews"</a>. <i>Poland's Holocaust</i>. McFarland & Company. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-0371-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assistance+to+Jews&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0371-4&rft.au=Tadeusz+Piotrowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhC0-dk7vpM8C%26q%3DNumber%2Bof%2BJews%2Bhelped%2Bby%2BZegota%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baczynska-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baczynska_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaczynskaJonBoyle2008" class="citation news cs1">Baczynska, Gabriela; JonBoyle (2008-05-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/12/AR2008051200522.html">"Sendler, savior of Warsaw Ghetto children, dies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sendler%2C+savior+of+Warsaw+Ghetto+children%2C+dies&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft.aulast=Baczynska&rft.aufirst=Gabriela&rft.au=JonBoyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F05%2F12%2FAR2008051200522.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher M. Woodhouse, "The struggle for Greece, 1941–1949", Hart-Davis Mc-Gibbon, 1977, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qYAwZFwyYdwC&q=Christopher+Montague+Woodhouse,+The+struggle+for+Greece,">Google print, p.37 </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Clogg, "A Short History of Modern Greece", Cambridge University Press, 1979 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuo8AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22harling+mission%22&pg=PA143">Google print, pp.142-143</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopis Papastratis, "British policy towards Greece during the Second World War, 1941-1944", Cambridge University Press, 1984 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKs8AAAAIAAJ&dq=Operation+Harling&pg=PA129">Google print, p.129</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSB-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PSB_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wojciech Zawadzki (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103214327/http://www.psbprzedborz.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50%3Abendera-eugeniusz">Eugeniusz Bendera (1906-po 1970).</a> Przedborski Słownik Biograficzny, via Internet Archive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Byłem Numerem: swiadectwa Z Auschwitz" by Kazimierz Piechowski, Eugenia Bozena Kodecka-Kaczynska, Michal Ziokowski, Hardcover, Wydawn. Siostr Loretanek, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7257-122-8" title="Special:BookSources/83-7257-122-8">83-7257-122-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=578&Itemid=8">En.auschwitz.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522044837/http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=578&Itemid=8">Archived</a> May 22, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://znaci.org/00001/3_1_0.htm">"Basil Davidson: PARTISAN PICTURE"</a>. <i>www.znaci.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.znaci.net&rft.atitle=Basil+Davidson%3A+PARTISAN+PICTURE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fznaci.org%2F00001%2F3_1_0.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vojska.net-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vojska.net_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vojska.net/eng/world-war-2/operation/weiss-1943/">Operation WEISS – The Battle of Neretva</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vojska.net/eng/world-war-2/battles-and-operations/">Battles & Campaigns during World War 2 in Yugoslavia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PpsDwAAQBAJ"><i>The WAR and MYTH: UNKNOWN WWII</i></a>. Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance. 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-136-558-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-136-558-1"><bdi>978-966-136-558-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+WAR+and+MYTH%3A+UNKNOWN+WWII&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Institute+of+National+Remembrance&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-966-136-558-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5PpsDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyivpost.com/post/8385">"Ukraine in World War II"</a>. 8 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine+in+World+War+II&rft.date=2015-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fpost%2F8385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tyzhden.ua/vijna-ukrainskyj-rakhunok/">"Війна. Український рахунок - Український тиждень"</a>. 7 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0.+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA+-+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C&rft.date=2010-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftyzhden.ua%2Fvijna-ukrainskyj-rakhunok%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbagallo, Corrado, <i>Napoli contro il terrore nazista</i>. Maone, Naples.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ordway, Frederick I., III. <i>The Rocket Team</i>. Apogee Books Space Series 36 (pp. 158, 173)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piotr Stachniewicz, "Akcja" "Kutschera", Książka i Wiedza, Warszawa 1982,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joachim Lilla (Bearb.): <i>Die Stellvertretenden Gauleiter und die Vertretung der Gauleiter der NSDAP im "Dritten Reich"</i>, Koblenz 2003, S. 52-3 (Materialien aus dem Bundesarchiv, Heft 13) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86509-020-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86509-020-1">978-3-86509-020-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 343-376, Eyre</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pešić2004-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pešić2004_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiodrag_D._Pešić2004" class="citation book cs1">Miodrag D. Pešić (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=305nAAAAMAAJ"><i>Misija Haljard: spasavanje savezničkih pilota od strane četnika Draže Mihailovića u Drugom svetskom ratu</i></a>. Pogledi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788682235408" title="Special:BookSources/9788682235408"><bdi>9788682235408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misija+Haljard%3A+spasavanje+savezni%C4%8Dkih+pilota+od+strane+%C4%8Detnika+Dra%C5%BEe+Mihailovi%C4%87a+u+Drugom+svetskom+ratu&rft.pub=Pogledi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788682235408&rft.au=Miodrag+D.+Pe%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D305nAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leary_1995_p._30-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leary_1995_p._30_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leary_1995_p._30_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Leary_1995">Leary (1995)</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ford_1992_p._100-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ford_1992_p._100_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ford_1992">Ford (1992)</a>, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usafe.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1009490/us-commemorates-serbian-support-during-wwii/">"US commemorates Serbian support during WWII"</a>. 21 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+commemorates+Serbian+support+during+WWII&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafe.af.mil%2FNews%2FArticle-Display%2FArticle%2F1009490%2Fus-commemorates-serbian-support-during-wwii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomasevich_1975_p._378-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tomasevich_1975_p._378_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tomasevich_1975">Tomasevich (1975)</a>, p. 378</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leary_1995_p._32-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leary_1995_p._32_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Leary_1995">Leary (1995)</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly_p._62-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_p._62_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kelly">Kelly (1946)</a>, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Gilbert, <i>Second World War A Complete History</i>, Holt Paperbacks, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7623-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7623-3">978-0-8050-7623-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xxdTZE2zREMC&q=osuchy&pg=RA4-PA542">Google Print, p.542</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang_BenzWalter_H._Pehle1997" class="citation book cs1">Wolfgang Benz; Walter H. Pehle, eds. (1997). <i>Encyclopedia of German resistance to the Nazi movement</i>. New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-0945-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-0945-8"><bdi>0-8264-0945-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34745997">34745997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+German+resistance+to+the+Nazi+movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34745997&rft.isbn=0-8264-0945-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKai_Schoenhals1989" class="citation book cs1">Kai Schoenhals (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freegermanymovem0000scho"><i>The Free Germany Movement: A Case of Patriotism Or Treason?</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313263903" title="Special:BookSources/9780313263903"><bdi>9780313263903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Free+Germany+Movement%3A+A+Case+of+Patriotism+Or+Treason%3F&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780313263903&rft.au=Kai+Schoenhals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreegermanymovem0000scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilly_Wolff1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Willy Wolff (1976) [1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://djvu.online/file/4OoaLzxp0kvKH"><i>An der Seite der Roten Armee</i> <bdi lang="ru">На стороне Красной армии</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+der+Seite+der+Roten+Armee+%D0%9D%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Willy+Wolff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdjvu.online%2Ffile%2F4OoaLzxp0kvKH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto_Lasch1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lasch" title="Otto Lasch">Otto Lasch</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f4MZAAAAIAAJ"><i>So fiel Königsberg: Kampf und Untergang von Ostpreussens Hauptstadt</i></a>. p. 85-86, 125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+fiel+K%C3%B6nigsberg%3A+Kampf+und+Untergang+von+Ostpreussens+Hauptstadt&rft.pages=85-86%2C+125&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Otto+Lasch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df4MZAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Tissier2005" class="citation book cs1">Le Tissier, Tony (2005). "Introduction". <i>Slaughter at Halbe</i>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752495347" title="Special:BookSources/9780752495347"><bdi>9780752495347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Slaughter+at+Halbe&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780752495347&rft.aulast=Le+Tissier&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5yFei5yVeSIC"><i>Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. 30 June 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-1854-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-1854-2"><bdi>978-1-4391-1854-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Tragedy%3A+A+History+of+Socialism+in+Russia&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-1854-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5yFei5yVeSIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Erickson_(historian)" title="John Erickson (historian)">Erickson, John</a> (1983). <i>The Road to Berlin</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297772385" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297772385"><bdi>978-0297772385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Berlin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0297772385&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantzHouse1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Glantz" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glantz">Glantz, David M.</a>; House, Jonathan M. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whentitansclashe00glan_0"><i>When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler</i></a></span>. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0899-7"><bdi>978-0-7006-0899-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Titans+Clashed%3A+How+the+Red+Army+Stopped+Hitler&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0899-7&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=House%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhentitansclashe00glan_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2012" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IyWKDQAAQBAJ"><i>The End: The Defiance and Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1944–1945</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143122135" title="Special:BookSources/9780143122135"><bdi>9780143122135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End%3A+The+Defiance+and+Destruction+of+Hitler%27s+Germany%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780143122135&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIyWKDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomiecko2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Pomiecko, Aleksandra (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/130845/3/Pomiecko_Aleksandra_201811_PhD_thesis.pdf"><i>Belarusian Transnational Networks and Armed Conflict, 1921-1956</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis). University of Toronto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Belarusian+Transnational+Networks+and+Armed+Conflict%2C+1921-1956&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Pomiecko&rft.aufirst=Aleksandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fbitstream%2F1807%2F130845%2F3%2FPomiecko_Aleksandra_201811_PhD_thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkin2015" class="citation book cs1">Atkin, Malcolm (2015). <i>Fighting Nazi Occupation: British Resistance 1939 – 1945</i>. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. pp. Chapters 4 and 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47383-377-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47383-377-7"><bdi>978-1-47383-377-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Nazi+Occupation%3A+British+Resistance+1939+%E2%80%93+1945&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pages=Chapters+4+and+11&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-47383-377-7&rft.aulast=Atkin&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Triumph/USA-P-Triumph-33.html">"HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Triumph in the Philippines [Chapter 33]"</a>. <i>www.ibiblio.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibiblio.org&rft.atitle=HyperWar%3A+US+Army+in+WWII%3A+Triumph+in+the+Philippines+%5BChapter+33%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2FUSA-P-Triumph%2FUSA-P-Triumph-33.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sKAeAQAAMAAJ"><i>The People's Avengers: Soviet Partisans, Stalinist Society and the Politics of Resistance, 1941-1944</i></a>. University of Michigan. 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Avengers%3A+Soviet+Partisans%2C+Stalinist+Society+and+the+Politics+of+Resistance%2C+1941-1944&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsKAeAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catherine Andreyev. Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chetnik">"Chetnik"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chetnik&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FChetnik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Milica_Kacin_Wohinz" title="Milica Kacin Wohinz">Milica Kacin Wohinz</a>, <i>Prvi antifašizem v Evropi. Primorska 1925-1935</i> (Koper: Lipa, 1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tigr-drustvo.si/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=99999999">Website of the TIGR Society</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vukšić2003-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vukšić2003_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vukšić2003_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vukšić2003_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelimir_Vukšić2003" class="citation book cs1">Velimir Vukšić (23 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLix5hc4WRgC&pg=PA11"><i>Tito's partisans 1941-45</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 11–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-675-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-675-1"><bdi>978-1-84176-675-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tito%27s+partisans+1941-45&rft.pages=11-&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003-07-23&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-675-1&rft.au=Velimir+Vuk%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLix5hc4WRgC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ac-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ac_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ac_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna M. Cienciala, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm">The coming of the War and Eastern Europe in World War II.</a>, History 557 Lecture Notes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <i>God's Playground: A History of Poland</i>, Columbia University Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12819-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12819-3">0-231-12819-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/344">Google Print p.344</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Wyman, <i>DPs: Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945-1951</i>, Cornell University Press, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8542-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8542-8">0-8014-8542-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lHNw7MnsmlYC&dq=%22Armia+Krajowa%22+largest&pg=PA34">Google Print, p.34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example: Leonid D. Grenkevich in The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941-44: A Critical Historiographical Analysis, p.229 or Walter Laqueur in The Guerilla Reader: A Historical Anthology, (New York, Charles Scribiner, 1990, p.233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malley-Morrison2009-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malley-Morrison2009_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathleen_Malley-Morrison2009" class="citation book cs1">Kathleen Malley-Morrison (30 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hV-y4BNWTt0C&pg=RA1-PA27"><i>State Violence and the Right to Peace: Western Europe and North America</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99651-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99651-2"><bdi>978-0-275-99651-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Violence+and+the+Right+to+Peace%3A+Western+Europe+and+North+America&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009-10-30&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99651-2&rft.au=Kathleen+Malley-Morrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhV-y4BNWTt0C%26pg%3DRA1-PA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NadeauBarlow2003-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NadeauBarlow2003_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Benoît_NadeauJulie_Barlow2003" class="citation book cs1">Jean-Benoît Nadeau; Julie Barlow (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixtymillionfren00nade_0"><i>Sixty million Frenchmen can't be wrong: why we love France but not the French</i></a></span>. Sourcebooks, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixtymillionfren00nade_0/page/89">89</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4022-0045-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4022-0045-8"><bdi>978-1-4022-0045-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+million+Frenchmen+can%27t+be+wrong%3A+why+we+love+France+but+not+the+French&rft.pages=89-&rft.pub=Sourcebooks%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4022-0045-8&rft.au=Jean-Beno%C3%AEt+Nadeau&rft.au=Julie+Barlow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsixtymillionfren00nade_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Resistance_during_World_War_II" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/combat-resistance/jewish-armed-resistance.html">Jewish Armed Resistance and Rebellions</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coleshillhouse.com">Home of the British Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resistance-archive.org/">European Resistance Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishpartisans.net/">Interviews from the Underground</a> Eyewitness accounts of Russia's Jewish resistance during World War II; website & documentary film.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/eadrbc.rb014002">Serials and Miscellaneous Publications of the Underground Movements in Europe During World War II, 1936-1945</a> From the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/">Rare Book and Special Collections Division</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/underground.html">Underground Movement Collection</a> From the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/">Rare Book and Special Collections Division</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mwatkin.com">"British Resistance in WW2"</a>. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Resistance+in+WW2&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mwatkin.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Template:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Template talk:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Resistance_during_World_War_II_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Resistance during World War II</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-communist resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Baltic States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvian partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">June Uprising in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-fascist resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_resistance_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian resistance during World War II">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_German-occupied_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_partisans" title="Slovak partisans">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Belarusian resistance during World War II">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Moldovan resistance during World War II">Moldova</a></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Crimean resistance during World War II">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taganrog_resistance_movement" title="Taganrog resistance movement">Taganrog</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Partisans" title="Croatian Partisans">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Partisans" title="Macedonian Partisans">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 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