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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Giustizia e Libertà</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Logo_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg/150px-Logo_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Logo_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg/225px-Logo_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign (World War II)</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Bauer" title="Riccardo Bauer">Riccardo Bauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Carlo Rosselli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri" title="Ferruccio Parri">Ferruccio Parri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Bocca" title="Giorgio Bocca">Giorgio Bocca</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-fascism" title="Category:Anti-fascism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg/100px-Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg/150px-Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg/200px-Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="1781" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interwar</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lions" title="Black Lions">Black Lions</a></li></ul> <p>Central Europe </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbeiter-Schutzbund" title="Arbeiter-Schutzbund">Arbeiter-Schutzbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republikanischer_Schutzbund" title="Republikanischer Schutzbund">Republikanischer Schutzbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(Poland)" title="Socialist Action (Poland)">Socialist Action</a></li></ul> <p>Germany </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion" title="Antifaschistische Aktion">Antifaschistische Aktion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Band_(resistance_group)" title="Black Band (resistance group)">Black Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_resistance_to_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany">Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Front" title="Iron Front">Iron Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold" title="Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold">Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roter_Frontk%C3%A4mpferbund" title="Roter Frontkämpferbund">Roter Frontkämpferbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Arrows" title="Three Arrows">Three Arrows</a></li></ul> <p>Italy </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Italian_general_strike" title="1922 Italian general strike">1922 Italian general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrazione_Antifascista_Italiana" title="Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana">Concentrazione Antifascista<br />Italiana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Giustizia e Libertà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Anti-Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIGR" title="TIGR">TIGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volante_Rossa" title="Volante Rossa">Volante Rossa</a></li></ul> <p>Spain (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>) </p> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Antifascist_Worker_and_Peasant_Militias" title="Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias">Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederal_militias" title="Confederal militias">Confederal militias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln Brigade">Abraham Lincoln Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Battalion" title="British Battalion">British Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabrowski_Battalion" title="Dabrowski Battalion">Dabrowski Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILP_Contingent" title="ILP Contingent">ILP Contingent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie-Papineau_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palafox_Battalion" title="Palafox Battalion">Palafox Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A4lmann_Battalion" title="Thälmann Battalion">Thälmann Battalion</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a> <p>Albania </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)" title="National Liberation Movement (Albania)">National Liberation Movement</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Austria </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austrian resistance</a></li></ul> <p>Baltic states </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonian resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45">Latvian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuanian resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a></li></ul> <p>Belgium </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgian Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_National_Movement" title="Belgian National Movement">Belgian National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_de_l%27Ind%C3%A9pendance" title="Front de l'Indépendance">Front de l'Indépendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Army_(Belgium)" title="Secret Army (Belgium)">Secret Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witte_Brigade" title="Witte Brigade">Witte Brigade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Bulgaria </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian resistance movement">Bulgarian resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Bulgaria)" title="Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Insurgent_Army" title="People's Liberation Insurgent Army">People's Liberation Insurgent Army</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Burma </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Organisation">Anti-Fascist Organisation</a></li></ul> <p>Czechia </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDi%C5%BEka_partisan_brigade" title="Jan Žižka partisan brigade">Jan Žižka partisan brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Denmark </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Danish resistance movement</a></li></ul> <p>France </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">Maquis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_Juive" title="Armée Juive">Armée Juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Armée secrète">Armée secrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_(French_Resistance)" title="Combat (French Resistance)">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franc-Tireur_(movement)" title="Franc-Tireur (movement)">Franc-Tireur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francs-Tireurs_et_Partisans" title="Francs-Tireurs et Partisans">Francs-Tireurs et Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration-Nord" title="Libération-Nord">Libération-Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration-sud" title="Libération-sud">Libération-sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvements_Unis_de_la_R%C3%A9sistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvements Unis de la Résistance">Mouvements Unis<br />de la Résistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Resistance" title="National Council of the Resistance">National Council<br />of the Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(French_Resistance)" title="National Front (French Resistance)">National Front</a></li></ul> <p>Germany </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_resistance_to_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany">Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_German_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance">Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="National Committee for a Free Germany">National Committee for a Free Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany">AKFD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Orchestra_(espionage)" title="Red Orchestra (espionage)">Rote Kapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saefkow-Jacob-B%C3%A4stlein_Organization" title="Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization">Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarze_Kapelle" title="Schwarze Kapelle">Schwarze Kapelle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Greece </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_resistance" title="Cretan resistance">Cretan resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greek resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ELAS" title="ELAS">ELAS</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Italy </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a></li></ul> <p>Japan </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Chinese_resistance_to_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan">Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_People%27s_Emancipation_League" title="Japanese People's Emancipation League">Japanese People's Emancipation League</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Jewish </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Fascist_Committee" title="Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee">Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish<br />partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_during_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish resistance during the Holocaust">Jewish resistance<br />during the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labor_Committee" title="Jewish Labor Committee">Jewish Labor Committee</a></li></ul> <p>Luxembourg </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg resistance">Luxembourg resistance</a></li></ul> <p>Netherlands </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Dutch resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binnenlandse_Strijdkrachten" title="Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten">Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Norway </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norwegian resistance movement</a></li></ul> <p>Poland </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement in World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Bloc" title="Anti-Fascist Bloc">Anti-Fascist<br />Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Armia Krajowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Armia<br />Ludowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Bataliony Chłopskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">Gwardia<br />Ludowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgruppe_Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampfgruppe Auschwitz">Kampfgruppe Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Armed_Forces" title="National Armed Forces">Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimp_(organization)" title="Olimp (organization)">Olimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialists" title="Polish Socialists">Polscy Socjaliści</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw<br />Ghetto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Żydowska<br />Organizacja Bojowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union">Zydowski<br />Zwiazek Walki</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Romania </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romanian resistance movement during World War II</a></li></ul> <p>Slovakia </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_partisans" title="Slovak partisans">Slovak partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Spain </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a></li></ul> <p>Soviet Union </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Moldovan resistance during World War II">Moldovan resistance movement</a></li></ul> <p>Yugoslavia </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslav resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Macedonia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia">Anti-fascist Assembly for the National<br />Liberation of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Serbia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia">Anti-fascist<br />Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia">Anti-Fascist Council for the National<br />Liberation of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Partisans" title="Croatian Partisans">Croatian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Front_of_the_Slovenian_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Front of the Slovenian People">Liberation Front of the Slovenian People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovene Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Postwar</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_anti-fascism" title="Post–World War II anti-fascism">Post–World War II anti-fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a>) <p>Germany </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifa_(Germany)" title="Antifa (Germany)">Antifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsch_huh,_Z%C3%A4ng_ussenander" title="Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander">Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander</a></li></ul> <p>Italy </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANPI" title="ANPI">ANPI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Italy)" title="Liberation Day (Italy)">Liberation Day</a></li></ul> <p>Netherlands </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_research_group_Kafka" title="Anti-fascist research group Kafka">Anti-fascist research group Kafka</a></li></ul> <p>Portugal </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Movement" title="Armed Forces Movement">Armed Forces Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation<br />Revolution</a></li></ul> <p>Spain </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a></li></ul> <p>Sweden </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifascistisk_Aktion" title="Antifascistisk Aktion">Antifascistisk Aktion</a></li></ul> <p>Switzerland </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Kinder_des_Holocaust" title="Aktion Kinder des Holocaust">Aktion Kinder des Holocaust</a></li></ul> <p>United Kingdom </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/43_Group" title="43 Group">43 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62_Group" title="62 Group">62 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Action" title="Anti-Fascist Action">Anti-Fascist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nazi_League" title="Anti-Nazi League">Anti-Nazi League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_Against_Fascism" title="Unite Against Fascism">Unite Against Fascism</a></li></ul> <p>United States </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Racist_Action" title="Anti-Racist Action">Anti-Racist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck_Revolt" title="Redneck Revolt">Redneck Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuse_Fascism" title="Refuse Fascism">Refuse Fascism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Music and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/%C2%A1Ay_Carmela!_(song)" title="¡Ay Carmela! (song)">¡Ay Carmela!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/First_they_came_..." title="First they came ...">First they came ...</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fischia_il_vento" title="Fischia il vento">Fischia il vento</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A2ndola,_Vila_Morena" title="Grândola, Vila Morena">Grândola, Vila Morena</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Punks_Fuck_Off" title="Nazi Punks Fuck Off">Nazi Punks Fuck Off</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock Against Racism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rock_gegen_Rechts" title="Rock gegen Rechts">Rock gegen Rechts</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinheads_Against_Racial_Prejudice" title="Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice">Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/This_machine_kills_fascists" title="This machine kills fascists">This machine kills fascists</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/(We_Don%27t_Need_This)_Fascist_Groove_Thang" title="(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang">(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_and_anarchist_black_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Red and anarchist black metal">Red and anarchist black metal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Tactics and methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_tactics" title="Diversity of tactics">Diversity of tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkshaking" title="Milkshaking">Milkshaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadism" title="Squadism">Squadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">United front</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Germans_(political_current)" title="Anti-Germans (political current)">Anti-Germans (political current)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japaneseism" title="Anti-Japaneseism">Anti-Japaneseism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-fascism_sidebar" title="Template:Anti-fascism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-fascism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anti-fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-fascism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Giustizia e Libertà</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[dʒusˈtittsja<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>lliberˈta]</a></span>; English: <span lang="en">Justice and Freedom</span>) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a>, active from 1929 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-jam_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement was cofounded by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Carlo Rosselli</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-jam_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri" title="Ferruccio Parri">Ferruccio Parri</a>, who later became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Lussu" title="Emilio Lussu">Emilio Lussu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini">Sandro Pertini</a>, who became <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of Italy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other Italian anti-fascist refugees. </p><p>The movement's members held various political beliefs but shared a belief in active, effective opposition to fascism, compared to the older Italian anti-fascist parties. <i>Giustizia e Libertà</i> also made the international community aware of the realities of fascism in Italy, thanks to the work of <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italian_anti-fascist_organization_(1929–1940)"><span id="Italian_anti-fascist_organization_.281929.E2.80.931940.29"></span>Italian anti-fascist organization (1929–1940)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Italian anti-fascist organization (1929–1940)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg/220px-Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg/330px-Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg/440px-Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Flag of <i>Giustizia e Libertà</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandiera_giustizia_e_liberta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Bandiera_giustizia_e_liberta.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="106" /></a><figcaption>Sleeve emblem <i>Giustizia e Libertà</i> Partisans</figcaption></figure> <p>The anti-fascist organisation <i>Giustizia e Libertà</i> was established in 1929 by the Italian refugees <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Bauer" title="Riccardo Bauer">Riccardo Bauer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Carlo Rosselli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Lussu" title="Emilio Lussu">Emilio Lussu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Tarchiani" title="Alberto Tarchiani">Alberto Tarchiani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Rossi_(politician)" title="Ernesto Rossi (politician)">Ernesto Rossi</a>. They had been imprisoned on <a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipari</a> and escaped together on 27 July 1929. Once they reached Paris in August,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they began to organise resistance against <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a>, forming clandestine groups in Italy and setting up an intense propaganda campaign, publishing under Lussu's maxim: "Insorgere! Risorgere!" (Rebel! Revive!).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Levi" title="Carlo Levi">Carlo Levi</a> was named a director of the Italian branch along with <a href="/wiki/Leone_Ginzburg" title="Leone Ginzburg">Leone Ginzburg</a>, a Russian Jew from Odessa who had emigrated with his parents to <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>. The group's logo, a flame placed between a G and L was designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gioacchino_Dolci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gioacchino Dolci (page does not exist)">Gioacchino Dolci</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioacchino_Dolci" class="extiw" title="it:Gioacchino Dolci">it</a>]</span>, another exile that had escaped from Lipari.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group's members included the exiles <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Rossetti" title="Raffaele Rossetti">Raffaele Rossetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Cianca" title="Alberto Cianca">Alberto Cianca</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vincenzo Nitti, and Francesco Fausto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_objectives">Early objectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Giustizia e Libertà</i> was committed to militant action to fight the Fascist regime—it tried to be not a political party, but a revolutionary movement. The movement saw <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> as a ruthless murderer who himself deserved to be killed as punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-spen_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various early schemes were designed by the movement in the 1930s to assassinate Mussolini, including one dramatic plan of using an aircraft to drop a bomb on <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Venezia" title="Piazza Venezia">Piazza Venezia</a> where Mussolini resided.<sup id="cite_ref-spen_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a series of arrests and trials, (including the conviction of Carlo Levi) the movement was forced in 1930 to curb this activity. In 1931, the organisation joined the <i><a href="/wiki/Concentrazione_Antifascista_Italiana" title="Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana">Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana</a></i> (Anti-Fascist Concentration), and in 1932 began promoting a plan that aimed not for the restoration of the pre-fascist political order but for a new <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> centered around a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republican state</a>. It called for economic rights and administrative decentralisation. The group produced its own journal, on which Salvatorelli, De Ruggiero and others collaborated. This journal reflected the politics of the group's leaders, who sought to distance themselves from <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Civil_War">Spanish Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spanish Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> in 1936, the organisation formed its own volunteer brigades to support the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish Republic</a>. Carlo Rosselli and <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Berneri" title="Camillo Berneri">Camillo Berneri</a> headed a mixed volunteer unit of anarchist, liberal, socialist, and communist Italians on the <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> front, whose military successes included a victory against Francoist forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Pelado" title="Battle of Monte Pelado">Battle of Monte Pelado</a>. They popularised the slogan: "Oggi in Spagna, domani in Italia" (Today in Spain, tomorrow in Italy). In 1937, Camillo Berneri was killed by communist forces during a purge of anarchists in Barcelona. With the fall of the Spanish Republic in 1939, <i>Giustizia e Libertà</i> partisans were forced to flee back to France. </p><p>Several members of Giustizia e Libertà, including Aldo Garosci, Alberto Cianca, and Alberto Tarchiani, then emigrated to the United States, where they helped form the antifascist <a href="/wiki/Mazzini_Society" title="Mazzini Society">Mazzini Society</a> to promote a liberal democratic republic for Italy. They sailed to England in 1943 and set in operation the clandestine Giustizia e Libertà radio to denounce both Fascism and the monarchy for its complicity in Fascism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_military_arm_of_Partito_d'Azione_(1942–1945)"><span id="The_military_arm_of_Partito_d.27Azione_.281942.E2.80.931945.29"></span>The military arm of Partito d'Azione (1942–1945)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The military arm of Partito d'Azione (1942–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Giustizia e Libertà</i> was forced to cease public operations when German troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">occupied France</a> in 1940. Its members were dispersed, but largely reconstituted themselves as the <a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)">Action Party</a> (<i>Partito d'Azione</i>) in German-occupied Italy following the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Italy">Armistice of 1943</a>. The military arms of the organisation, the partisan brigades, were still referred to as <i>Giustizia e Libertà</i>. </p><p>After 8 September 1943, partisan units under the <i>Giustizia e Libertà</i> banner formed after the Italian capitulation to Allied forces and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of Nazi Germany. As the largest non-Communist partisan groups, they benefited from provisions and training that were denied to other units by the western Allies. Among the group's best known commanders was <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri" title="Ferruccio Parri">Ferruccio Parri</a>, who, using the nom-de-guerre "Maurizio," represented the Action Party in the Military Committee of the National Liberation Committee of Northern Italy (<a href="/wiki/CLNAI" class="mw-redirect" title="CLNAI">CLNAI</a>). Centres of activity included Turin, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, where a resistance cell was headed by <a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">Ugo La Malfa</a>, Ferruccio Parri, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolfo_Tino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolfo Tino (page does not exist)">Adolfo Tino</a>. Parri was arrested in Milan and turned over to the Germans, but he was later exchanged for German officials imprisoned by the partisans. He returned in time to take part in the conclusive phase of the resistance and in the Milan uprising. </p><p>The writer <a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a> was a member of the Action Party partisan group in <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>. He was captured by fascist forces in 1943, handed over to the Germans in 1944, and deported to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz III (Monowitz)</a>. </p><p><i>Giustizia e Libertà</i> brigades were regarded as professional military units, which drew fighters from every social class. In the twenty months of the war, their units sustained 4,500 overall casualties, among them the greater portion of their leaders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0_(magazine)" title="Giustizia e Libertà (magazine)">Giustizia e Libertà</a></i>, publication of the group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Liberalism and radicalism in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovetta_massacre" title="Rovetta massacre">Rovetta massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jam-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jam_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jam_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James D. Wilkinson (1981). <i>The Intellectual Resistance Movement in Europe</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnonimo" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anonimo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anpi.it/libri/giustizia-e-liberta">"Giustizia e Libertà | ANPI"</a>. <i>www.anpi.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.anpi.it&rft.atitle=Giustizia+e+Libert%C3%A0+%7C+ANPI&rft.au=Anonimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anpi.it%2Flibri%2Fgiustizia-e-liberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiustizia+e+Libert%C3%A0" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanislao G. Pugliese (1999). <i>Carlo Rosselli: socialist heretic and antifascist exile</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital-library.cdec.it/cdec-web/persone/detail/person-cdec201-1517/bauer-riccardo.html?persone=%22Bauer%2C+Riccardo%22">"Bauer, Riccardo"</a> (in Italian). Digital Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bauer%2C+Riccardo&rft.pub=Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital-library.cdec.it%2Fcdec-web%2Fpersone%2Fdetail%2Fperson-cdec201-1517%2Fbauer-riccardo.html%3Fpersone%3D%2522Bauer%252C%2BRiccardo%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiustizia+e+Libert%C3%A0" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManfrin2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Manfrin, Giuseppe (18 November 2001). "La romanzesca evasione da Lipari". <i>Avanti della Domenica</i> (in Italian). <b>4</b> (42).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Avanti+della+Domenica&rft.atitle=La+romanzesca+evasione+da+Lipari&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=42&rft.date=2001-11-18&rft.aulast=Manfrin&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiustizia+e+Libert%C3%A0" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiori1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fiori, Giuseppe (1997). <i>Una storia italiana: Vita di Ernesto Rossi</i> (in Italian). Turin: Einaudi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Una+storia+italiana%3A+Vita+di+Ernesto+Rossi&rft.place=Turin&rft.pub=Einaudi&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Fiori&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiustizia+e+Libert%C3%A0" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juan Francisco Dolci, November 1st, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anpi.it/donne-e-uomini/1548/alberto-cianca">"Alberto Cianca"</a> (in Italian). ANPI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alberto+Cianca&rft.pub=ANPI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anpi.it%2Fdonne-e-uomini%2F1548%2Falberto-cianca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiustizia+e+Libert%C3%A0" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spen-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spen_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spen_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spencer Di Scala (1996). <i>Italian socialism: between politics and history</i>. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 87.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170212164941/http://www.pbmstoria.it/dizionari/storia_mod/g/g096.htm">Historical Dictionary entry from Paravia Mondadori Editori</a>, an Italian Educational publishing house</li> <li>Mario Giovana, <i>Giustizia e Libertà in Italia. Storia di una cospirazione antifascista, 1929-1937</i>, Torino, Bollati Boringhieri, 2005.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Biblioteca Gino Bianco, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotecaginobianco.it/?e=flip&id=4&t=elenco-flipping-Giustizia+e+Libert%C3%A0">Digital collection of <i>Giustizia e Libertà</i> 1934–1940</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotecaginobianco.it/?e=flip&id=69&t=elenco-flipping-Quaderni+di+Giustizia+e+Libert%C3%A0"><i>Giustizia e Libertà</i> notebooks from 1932 to 1935</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)">Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Democratic_Party" title="Labour Democratic Party">Labour Democratic Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armed forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Brigades&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autonomous Brigades (page does not exist)">Autonomous Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigate_Garibaldi" title="Brigate Garibaldi">Garibaldi Brigades</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Justice and Liberty Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigate_Fiamme_Verdi" title="Brigate Fiamme Verdi">Green Flame Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matteotti_Brigades&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matteotti Brigades (page does not exist)">Matteotti Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigate_Osoppo" title="Brigate Osoppo">Osoppo Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Brigades&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Brigades (page does not exist)">People's Brigades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prime Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivanoe_Bonomi" title="Ivanoe Bonomi">Ivanoe Bonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri" title="Ferruccio Parri">Ferruccio Parri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italian_antifascism_(1919–1943)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_antifascism" title="Template:Italian antifascism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_antifascism" title="Template talk:Italian antifascism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_antifascism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian antifascism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italian_antifascism_(1919–1943)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Italian antifascism (1919–1943)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Christmas_(1920)" title="Bloody Christmas (1920)">Bloody Christmas (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_and_anti-Fascist_violence_in_Italy_(1919%E2%80%931926)" title="Fascist and anti-Fascist violence in Italy (1919–1926)">Fascist and anti-Fascist violence in Italy (1919–1926)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strage_di_Palazzo_d%27Accursio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strage di Palazzo d'Accursio (page does not exist)">Massacre of Palazzo d'Accursio</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strage_di_Palazzo_d%27Accursio" class="extiw" title="it:Strage di Palazzo d'Accursio">it</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatti_di_Sarzana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatti di Sarzana (page does not exist)">Massacre of Sarzana</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatti_di_Sarzana" class="extiw" title="it:Fatti di Sarzana">it</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatti_di_Empoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatti di Empoli (page does not exist)">Massacre of Empoli</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatti_di_Empoli" class="extiw" title="it:Fatti di Empoli">it</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parma_Barricades" title="Parma Barricades">Parma Barricades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Italian_general_strike" title="1922 Italian general strike">1922 Italian general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatti_di_Parma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatti di Parma (page does not exist)">Massacre of Parma</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatti_di_Parma" class="extiw" title="it:Fatti di Parma">it</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Turin_massacre" title="1922 Turin massacre">1922 Turin massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Anti-Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Benito_Mussolini" title="Assassination attempts on Benito Mussolini">Assassination attempts on Benito Mussolini</a> (1925–1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non_abbiamo_bisogno" title="Non abbiamo bisogno">Non abbiamo bisogno</a></i> (1931)</li> <li>Italian antifascists in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalajara" title="Battle of Guadalajara">Battle of Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivolta_del_1940_a_San_Mauro_Forte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rivolta del 1940 a San Mauro Forte (page does not exist)">1940 San Mauro Forte revolt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolta_del_1940_a_San_Mauro_Forte" class="extiw" title="it:Rivolta del 1940 a San Mauro Forte">it</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eccidio_di_Bari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eccidio di Bari (page does not exist)">Massacre of Bari</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccidio_di_Bari" class="extiw" title="it:Eccidio di Bari">it</a>]</span> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Repression in <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squadrismo" title="Squadrismo">Squadrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunale_speciale_per_la_difesa_dello_Stato_(1926%E2%80%931943)" title="Tribunale speciale per la difesa dello Stato (1926–1943)">Tribunale speciale per la difesa dello Stato (1926–1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casellario_politico_centrale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casellario politico centrale (page does not exist)">Casellario politico centrale</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casellario_politico_centrale" class="extiw" title="it:Casellario politico centrale">it</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OVRA" title="OVRA">OVRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy#Censorship_in_Italy_under_Fascism_(1922-1943)" title="Censorship in Italy">Italian fascist censorship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antifascist martyrs, prisoners and refugees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Acquacalda" title="Alberto Acquacalda">Alberto Acquacalda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Amendola" title="Giovanni Amendola">Giovanni Amendola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Berneri" title="Camillo Berneri">Camillo Berneri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselmo_Cessi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anselmo Cessi (page does not exist)">Anselmo Cessi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmo_Cessi" class="extiw" title="it:Anselmo Cessi">it</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Di_Vagno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Di Vagno (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Di Vagno</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Vagno" class="extiw" title="it:Giuseppe Di Vagno">it</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Ferrero" title="Pietro Ferrero">Pietro Ferrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Ghinaglia" title="Ferruccio Ghinaglia">Ferruccio Ghinaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Gobetti" title="Piero Gobetti">Piero Gobetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Matteotti" title="Giacomo Matteotti">Giacomo Matteotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Minzoni" title="Giovanni Minzoni">Giovanni Minzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini">Sandro Pertini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Picelli" title="Guido Picelli">Guido Picelli</a></li> <li>Rosselli brothers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Carlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nello_Rosselli" title="Nello Rosselli">Nello</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastone_Sozzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gastone Sozzi (page does not exist)">Gastone Sozzi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastone_Sozzi" class="extiw" title="it:Gastone Sozzi">it</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formazioni_di_difesa_proletaria" title="Formazioni di difesa proletaria">Formazioni di difesa proletaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Italy)" title="Red Guards (Italy)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legione_Proletaria_Filippo_Corridoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legione Proletaria Filippo Corridoni (page does not exist)">Legione Proletaria Filippo Corridoni</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legione_Proletaria_Filippo_Corridoni" class="extiw" title="it:Legione Proletaria Filippo Corridoni">it</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battaglione_Matteotti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battaglione Matteotti (page does not exist)">Matteotti Battalion</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglione_Matteotti" class="extiw" title="it:Battaglione Matteotti">it</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Battalion" title="Garibaldi Battalion">Garibaldi Battalion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Maximalist Italian Socialist Party">Maximalist Italian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1919)" title="Italian People's Party (1919)">Italian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Italy">Communist Party of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_Action_Party" title="Sardinian Action Party">Sardinian Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unione_Nazionale_(Italia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unione Nazionale (Italia) (page does not exist)">Unione Nazionale</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Nazionale_(Italia)" class="extiw" title="it:Unione Nazionale (Italia)">it</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)">Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_Socialist_Party_(Italy,_1922)" title="Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922)">Unitary Socialist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia_Libera_(anti-fascist_organization)" title="Italia Libera (anti-fascist organization)">Italia Libera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alleanza_Nazionale_per_la_Libert%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alleanza Nazionale per la Libertà (page does not exist)">Alleanza Nazionale per la Libertà</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleanza_Nazionale_per_la_Libert%C3%A0" class="extiw" title="it:Alleanza Nazionale per la Libertà">it</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azione_Cattolica" title="Azione Cattolica">Azione Cattolica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In exile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Giustizia e Libertà</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrazione_Antifascista_Italiana" title="Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana">Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzini_Society" title="Mazzini Society">Mazzini Society</a> (USA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antifascist press</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Avanti!_(newspaper)" title="Avanti! (newspaper)">Avanti!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critica_Sociale" title="Critica Sociale">Critica Sociale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">L'Unità</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_Popolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Il Popolo (page does not exist)">Il Popolo</a> </i><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Popolo" class="extiw" title="it:Il Popolo">it</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ordine_Nuovo" title="L'Ordine Nuovo">L'Ordine Nuovo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Rivoluzione_liberale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Rivoluzione liberale (page does not exist)">La Rivoluzione liberale</a> </i><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rivoluzione_liberale" class="extiw" title="it:La Rivoluzione liberale">it</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non_Mollare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non Mollare (page does not exist)">Non Mollare</a> </i><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_Mollare" class="extiw" title="it:Non Mollare">it</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umanit%C3%A0_Nova" title="Umanità Nova">Umanità Nova</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_Mondo_(newspaper)" title="Il Mondo (newspaper)">Il Mondo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Italia_libera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Italia libera (page does not exist)">L'Italia libera</a> </i><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Italia_libera" class="extiw" title="it:L'Italia libera">it</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_Quarto_Stato_(periodico)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Il Quarto Stato (periodico) (page does not exist)">Il Quarto Stato</a> </i><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Quarto_Stato_(periodico)" class="extiw" title="it:Il Quarto Stato (periodico)">it</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giustizia_e_Libertà&oldid=1253497371">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giustizia_e_Libertà&oldid=1253497371</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-fascist_organisations_in_Italy" title="Category:Anti-fascist 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