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Toggle Structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Operations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subversion_and_propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subversion_and_propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Subversion and propaganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subversion_and_propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Major operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_of_Nazi_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_of_Nazi_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Assassination of Nazi leaders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_of_Nazi_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Weapons and equipment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Relations with ethnic groups </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations_with_ethnic_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relations with ethnic groups subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Daily_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daily_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Daily operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daily_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Holocaust </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitude_to_fugitives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitude_to_fugitives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Attitude to fugitives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitude_to_fugitives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuanians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuanians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Lithuanians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuanians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukrainians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Ukrainians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Relations with the Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Postwar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Home Army</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Armia Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86_(%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7)" title="جيش الوطن (بولندا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيش الوطن (بولندا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Armia Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Армія Краёва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Армія Краёва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Армія Краёва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Армія Краёва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Армия Крайова – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Армия Крайова" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Armia Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemsk%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da" title="Zemská armáda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zemská armáda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polnische_Heimatarmee" title="Polnische Heimatarmee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polnische Heimatarmee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Armia Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%95%CF%83%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Πολωνικός Εσωτερικός Στρατός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολωνικός Εσωτερικός Στρατός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Armia Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pola_Enlanda_Armeo" title="Pola Enlanda Armeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pola Enlanda Armeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ارتش میهنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتش میهنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Armia Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Armia Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C_%EA%B5%AD%EB%82%B4%EA%B5%B0" title="폴란드 국내군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴란드 국내군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Armia Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeo_Statala" title="Armeo Statala – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Armeo Statala" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Armia Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Armia Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" title="ארמייה קריובה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארמייה קריובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Armia Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armija_Krajova" title="Armija Krajova – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Armija Krajova" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honi_Hadsereg" title="Honi Hadsereg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Honi Hadsereg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Армија Крајова – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Армија Крајова" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88)" title="Армия Крайова (Польш) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Армия Крайова (Польш)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Armia Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E8%BB%8D_(%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89)" title="国内軍 (ポーランド) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国内軍 (ポーランド)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Armia Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_polske_Heimeh%C3%A6ren" title="Den polske Heimehæren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den polske Heimehæren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Armia Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Armia Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Armia Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" title="Armia Krajowa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Armia Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Армия Крайова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Армия Крайова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Polish resistance movement in World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Home_guard" title="Home guard">Home guard</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Home Army</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Armia Krajowa (AK)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_PPP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/260px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/390px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/520px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Polish red-and-white flag with superposed <a href="/wiki/Kotwica" title="Kotwica">Kotwica</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'anchor') emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> and Home Army</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">14 February 1942 – 19 January 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">German-occupied Poland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data">Armed forces of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400,000 (1944)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Komorowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadeusz Komorowski">Tadeusz Komorowski</a> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Rowecki" title="Stefan Rowecki">Stefan Rowecki</a> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Okulicki" title="Leopold Okulicki">Leopold Okulicki</a> <a href="/wiki/Emil_August_Fieldorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil August Fieldorf">Emil August Fieldorf</a> <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Chru%C5%9Bciel" title="Antoni Chruściel">Antoni Chruściel</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> The Home Army (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Armia Krajowa, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈarmja kraˈjɔva]</a>; abbreviated AK) was the dominant <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">resistance movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">German-occupied Poland</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The Home Army was formed in February 1942 from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Walki_Zbrojnej" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Walki Zbrojnej">Związek Walki Zbrojnej</a> (Armed Resistance) established in the aftermath of the German and Soviet invasions in September 1939. Over the next two years, the Home Army absorbed most of the other <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish partisans</a> and underground forces. Its allegiance was to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> in London, and it constituted the armed wing of what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a>. Estimates of the Home Army's 1944 strength range between 200,000 and 600,000. The latter number made the Home Army not only Poland's largest underground resistance movement but, along with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav</a> partisans, one of Europe's largest World War II underground movements.<a href="#cite_note-a-1">[a]</a> The Home Army sabotaged German transports bound for the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> in the Soviet Union, destroying German supplies and tying down substantial German forces. It also fought pitched battles against the Germans, particularly in 1943 and in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a> from January 1944. The Home Army's most widely known operation was the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> of August–October 1944. The Home Army also defended Polish civilians against <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">atrocities</a> by Germany's Ukrainian and Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborators</a>. Its attitude toward Jews remains a controversial topic. As <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Soviet relations">Polish–Soviet relations</a> deteriorated, conflict grew between the Home Army and Soviet forces. The Home Army's allegiance to the Polish government-in-exile caused the Soviet government to consider the Home Army to be an impediment to the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">communist</a>-friendly government in Poland, which hindered cooperation and in some cases led to outright conflict. On 19 January 1945, after the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> had cleared most Polish territory of German forces, the Home Army was disbanded. After the war, particularly in the 1950s and 1960s, communist government propaganda portrayed the Home Army as an oppressive and reactionary force. Thousands of ex-Home Army personnel were deported to <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulags</a> and Soviet prisons, while other ex-members, including a number of senior commanders, were executed. After the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">fall of communism</a> in Central and Eastern Europe, the portrayal of the Home Army was no longer subject to government censorship and propaganda. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:17.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_Underground_State" title="Category:Polish Underground State">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="line-height:1.0em;font-size:150%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parasol Regiment, Warsaw, 1944"><img alt="Parasol Regiment, Warsaw, 1944" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg/136px-AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg/204px-AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg/272px-AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="750" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">History of Poland 1939–1945</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Authorities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Delegate%27s_Office_at_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Delegate's Office at Home">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_National_Unity" title="Council of National Unity">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Civil_Resistance" title="Directorate of Civil Resistance">Courts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Political organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><hr />Major parties<hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="People's Party (Poland)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Poland)" title="National Party (Poland)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Faction_(1937)" title="Labour Faction (1937)">Labour Party</a></li></ul> <hr />Minor parties<hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_National_Unity" title="Camp of National Unity">Camp of National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Poland)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Jewish Labour Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betar" title="Betar">Betar (Zionist youth)</a></li></ul> <hr />Opposition<hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Radical Camp (1934)">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Military organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><hr /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Home Army (AK)</a><hr /> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Service_for_Poland%27s_Victory" title="Service for Poland's Victory">Service for Poland's Victory (SZP)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Armed_Struggle" title="Union of Armed Struggle">Armed Resistance (ZWZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray Ranks">Gray Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Corps" title="National Security Corps">National Security Corps (PKB)</a></li></ul> <hr /><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mostly integrated with <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Armed_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for Armed Struggle">Armed Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army</a></div><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa_WRN" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa WRN">Gwardia Ludowa WRN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Peasant Battalions</a></li></ul> <hr /><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Partially integrated with <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Armed_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for Armed Struggle">Armed Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army</a></div><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Military_Organization" title="National Military Organization">National Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Armed_Forces" title="National Armed Forces">National Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Fighting_Poland" title="Camp of Fighting Poland">Camp of Fighting Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Griffin" title="Pomeranian Griffin">Pomeranian Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Nation" title="Confederation of the Nation">Confederation of the Nation</a></li></ul> <hr /><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-integrated but recognizing authority of <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Armed_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for Armed Struggle">Armed Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army</a></div><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Jewish Combat Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union">Jewish Military Union</a></li></ul> <hr />Opposition<hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Armia Ludowa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_culture_during_World_War_II" title="Polish culture during World War II">Cultural activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Education in Poland during World War II">Education</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">History of Poland during 1939–1945</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polish_Underground_State_sidebar" title="Template:Polish Underground State sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polish_Underground_State_sidebar" title="Template talk:Polish Underground State sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polish_Underground_State_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polish Underground State sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Home Army originated in the <a href="/wiki/Service_for_Poland%27s_Victory" title="Service for Poland's Victory">Service for Poland's Victory</a> (Służba Zwycięstwu Polski), which General <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski">Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski</a> set up on 27 September 1939, just as the coordinated <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Poland">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)">Soviet invasions of Poland</a> neared completion.<a href="#cite_note-MNK-2">[1]</a> Seven weeks later, on 17 November 1939, on orders from General <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a>, the Service for Poland's Victory was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Armed_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for Armed Struggle">Armed Resistance</a> (Związek Walki Zbrojnej), which in turn, a little over two years later, on 14 February 1942, became the Home Army.<a href="#cite_note-MNK-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enc._PWN:_AK-3">[2]</a> During that time, many other resistance organisations remained active in Poland,<a href="#cite_note-Strzembosz_1996-4">[3]</a> although most of them, merged with the Armed Resistance or with its successor, the Home Army, and substantially augmented its numbers between 1939 and 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Enc._PWN:_AK-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strzembosz_1996-4">[3]</a> The Home Army was loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> and to its agency in occupied Poland, the <a href="/wiki/Government_Delegation_for_Poland" title="Government Delegation for Poland">Government Delegation for Poland</a> (Delegatura). The Polish civilian government envisioned the Home Army as an apolitical, nationwide resistance organisation. The supreme command defined the Home Army's chief tasks as partisan warfare against the German occupiers, the re-creation of armed forces underground and, near the end of the German occupation, a general armed rising to be prosecuted until victory. Home Army plans envisioned, at war's end, the restoration of the pre-war government following the return of the government-in-exile to Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Prazmowska2004-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-MNK-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enc._PWN:_AK-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wróbel2014-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-RozettSpector2013-8">[7]</a> The Home Army, though in theory subordinate to the civil authorities and to the government-in-exile, often acted somewhat independently, with neither the Home Army's commanders in Poland nor the "London government" fully aware of the other's situation.<a href="#cite_note-Leslie-9">[8]</a>: 235–236  After <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Germany started its invasion of the Soviet Union</a> on 22 June 1941, the Soviet Union joined the <a href="/wiki/Allies_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Allies in World War II">Allies</a> and signed the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_Agreement" title="Anglo-Soviet Agreement">Anglo-Soviet Agreement</a> on 12 July 1941. This put the Polish government in a difficult position since it had previously pursued a policy of "two enemies". Although a <a href="/wiki/Sikorski%E2%80%93Mayski_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikorski–Mayski Agreement">Polish–Soviet agreement</a> was signed in August 1941, cooperation continued to be difficult and deteriorated further after 1943 when Nazi Germany publicised the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a> of 1940.<a href="#cite_note-Michta_1990-10">[9]</a> Until the major rising in 1944, the Home Army concentrated on self-defense (the freeing of prisoners and hostages, defense against German pacification operations) and on attacks against German forces. Home Army units carried out thousands of armed raids and intelligence operations, sabotaged hundreds of railway shipments, and participated in many <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisan</a> clashes and battles with German police and <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> units. The Home Army also assassinated prominent <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaboration during World War II">Nazi collaborators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> officials in retaliation against Nazi terror inflicted on Poland's civilian population; prominent individuals assassinated by the Home Army included <a href="/wiki/Igo_Sym" title="Igo Sym">Igo Sym</a> (1941) and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kutschera" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a> (1944).<a href="#cite_note-MNK-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3></div> In February 1942, when the Home Army was formed from the Armed Resistance, it numbered around 100,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a> Less than a year later, at the start of 1943, it had reached a strength of around 200,000.<a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a> In the summer of 1944, when <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a> began, the Home Army reached its highest membership:<a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a> estimates of membership in the first half and summer of 1944 range from 200,000,<a href="#cite_note-Leslie-9">[8]</a>: 234  through 300,000,<a href="#cite_note-Embassy_PR_2006-11">[10]</a> 380,000<a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a> and 400,000<a href="#cite_note-Laqueur_2019-12">[11]</a> to 450,000–500,000,<a href="#cite_note-Salm_1994-13">[12]</a> though most estimates average at about 400,000; the strength estimates vary due to the constant integration of other resistance organisations into the Home Army, and that while the number of members was high and that of sympathizers was even higher, the number of armed members participating in operations at any given time was smaller—as little as one per cent in 1943, and as many as five to ten per cent in 1944<a href="#cite_note-Laqueur_2019-12">[11]</a>—due to an insufficient number of weapons.<a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laqueur-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leslie-9">[8]</a>: 234  Home Army numbers in 1944 included a cadre of over 10,000–11,000 officers, 7,500 officers-in-training (singular: <a href="/wiki/Podchor%C4%85%C5%BCy" class="mw-redirect" title="Podchorąży">podchorąży</a>) and 88,000 <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a> (NCOs).<a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a> The officer cadre was formed from prewar officers and NCOs, graduates of underground courses, and elite operatives usually parachuted in from the West (the <a href="/wiki/Silent_Unseen" title="Silent Unseen">Silent Unseen</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a> The basic organizational unit was the platoon, numbering 35–50 people, with an unmobilized skeleton version of 16–25; in February 1944, the Home Army had 6,287 regular and 2,613 skeleton platoons operational.<a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a> Such numbers made the Home Army not only the largest Polish resistance movement, but one of the two largest in World War II Europe.<a href="#cite_note-a-1">[a]</a> Casualties during the war are estimated at 34,000<a href="#cite_note-Embassy_PR_2006-11">[10]</a> to 100,000,<a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a> plus some 20,000<a href="#cite_note-Embassy_PR_2006-11">[10]</a>–50,000<a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a> after the war (casualties and imprisonment). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3></div> The Home Army was intended to be a mass organisation that was founded by a core of prewar officers.<a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a> Home Army soldiers fell into three groups. The first two consisted of "full-time members": undercover operatives, living mostly in urban settings under false identities (most senior Home Army officers belonged to this group); and uniformed (to a certain extent) partisans, living in forested regions (leśni, or "forest people"), who openly fought the Germans (the forest people are estimated at some 40 groups, numbering 1,200–4,000 persons in early 1943, but their numbers grew substantially during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Leslie-9">[8]</a>: 234–235  The third, largest group were "part-time members": sympathisers who led "double lives" under their real names in their real homes, received no payment for their services, and stayed in touch with their undercover unit commanders but were seldom mustered for operations, as the Home Army planned to use them only during a planned nationwide rising.<a href="#cite_note-Leslie-9">[8]</a>: 234–235  The Home Army was intended to be representative of the Polish nation, and its members were recruited from most parties and social classes.<a href="#cite_note-Leslie-9">[8]</a>: 235–236  Its growth was largely based on integrating scores of smaller resistance organisations into its ranks; most of the other Polish underground armed organizations were incorporated into the Home Army, though they retained varying degrees of autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-Enc._PWN:_AK-3">[2]</a> The largest organization that merged into the Home Army was the leftist Peasants' Battalions (<a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Bataliony Chłopskie</a>) around 1943–1944,<a href="#cite_note-WPH-15">[14]</a> and parts of the National Armed Forces (<a href="/wiki/Narodowe_Si%C5%82y_Zbrojne" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowe Siły Zbrojne">Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</a>) became subordinate to the Home Army.<a href="#cite_note-KonopkaKonopka1999-16">[15]</a> In turn, individual Home Army units varied substantially in their political outlooks, notably in their attitudes toward ethnic minorities and toward the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-Leslie-9">[8]</a>: 235–236  The largest group that completely refused to join the Home Army was the pro-Soviet, communist People's Army (<a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Armia Ludowa</a>), which numbered 30,000 people at its height in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Enc._PWN:_AL-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_Boy_Scouts_fighting_in_the_Warsaw_Uprising.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Polish_Boy_Scouts_fighting_in_the_Warsaw_Uprising.jpg/220px-Polish_Boy_Scouts_fighting_in_the_Warsaw_Uprising.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Polish_Boy_Scouts_fighting_in_the_Warsaw_Uprising.jpg/330px-Polish_Boy_Scouts_fighting_in_the_Warsaw_Uprising.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Polish_Boy_Scouts_fighting_in_the_Warsaw_Uprising.jpg/440px-Polish_Boy_Scouts_fighting_in_the_Warsaw_Uprising.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2561" /></a><figcaption>Young <a href="/wiki/Rados%C5%82aw_Group" title="Radosław Group">Radosław Group</a> soldiers, 2 September 1944, a month into the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>. They had just marched several hours through Warsaw sewers.</figcaption></figure> Home Army ranks included a number of female operatives.<a href="#cite_note-zbiorowy2015-18">[17]</a> Most women worked in the communications branch, where many held leadership roles or served as couriers.<a href="#cite_note-drap-19">[18]</a> Approximately a seventh to a tenth of the Home Army insurgents were female.<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-drap-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[20]</a> Notable women in the Home Army included <a href="/wiki/El%C5%BCbieta_Zawacka" title="Elżbieta Zawacka">Elżbieta Zawacka</a>, an underground courier who was sometimes called the only female <a href="/wiki/Cichociemna" class="mw-redirect" title="Cichociemna">Cichociemna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gra%C5%BCyna_Lipi%C5%84ska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grażyna Lipińska (page does not exist)">Grażyna Lipińska</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C5%BCyna_Lipi%C5%84ska" class="extiw" title="pl:Grażyna Lipińska">pl</a>] organised an intelligence network in German-occupied <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> in 1942–1944.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turonek1992-24">[23]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Janina_Karasi%C3%B3wna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janina Karasiówna (page does not exist)">Janina Karasiówna</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janina_Karasi%C3%B3wna" class="extiw" title="pl:Janina Karasiówna">pl</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Emilia_Malessa" title="Emilia Malessa">Emilia Malessa</a> were high-ranking officers described as "holding top posts" within the communication branch of the organisation.<a href="#cite_note-drap-19">[18]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanda_Kraszewska-Ancerewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wanda Kraszewska-Ancerewicz (page does not exist)">Wanda Kraszewska-Ancerewicz</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda_Kraszewska-Ancerewicz" class="extiw" title="pl:Wanda Kraszewska-Ancerewicz">pl</a>] headed the distribution branch.<a href="#cite_note-drap-19">[18]</a> Several all-female units existed within the AK structures, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysk (page does not exist)">Dysk</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddzia%C5%82_Dysk" class="extiw" title="pl:Oddział Dysk">pl</a>], an entirely female sabotage unit led by <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Gertz" title="Wanda Gertz">Wanda Gertz</a>, who carried out assassinations of female <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> informants in addition to sabotage.<a href="#cite_note-drap-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>, two all-female units were created—a demolition unit and a sewer system unit.<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[19]</a> Many women participated in the Warsaw Uprising, particularly as medics or scouts;<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fidelis2010-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[19]</a> they were estimated to form about 75% of the insurgent medical personnel.<a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[20]</a> By the end of the uprising, there were about 5,000 female casualties among the insurgents, with over 2,000 female soldiers taken captive; the latter number reported in contemporary press caused a "European sensation".<a href="#cite_note-drap-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armia_krajowa_1_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Armia_krajowa_1_en.png/220px-Armia_krajowa_1_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Armia_krajowa_1_en.png/330px-Armia_krajowa_1_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Armia_krajowa_1_en.png/440px-Armia_krajowa_1_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2078" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Regional organization, 1944</figcaption></figure> Home Army Headquarters was divided into five sections, two bureaus and several other specialized units:<a href="#cite_note-MNK-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ney-Krwawicz1993-1825-28">[27]</a> <ul><li>Section I: Organization – personnel, justice, religion</li> <li>Section II: Intelligence and Counterintelligence</li> <li>Section III: Operations and Training – coordination, planning, preparation for a nationwide uprising</li> <li>Section IV: Logistics</li> <li>Section V: Communication – including with the Western Allies; air drops</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Information_and_Propaganda" title="Bureau of Information and Propaganda">Bureau of Information and Propaganda</a> (sometimes called "Section VI") – information and propaganda</li> <li>Bureau of Finances (sometimes called "Section VII") – finances</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedyw" title="Kedyw">Kedyw</a> (acronym for Kierownictwo Dywersji, Polish for "Directorate of Diversion") – special operations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Underground_Resistance" title="Directorate of Underground Resistance">Directorate of Underground Resistance</a></li></ul> The Home Army's commander was subordinate in the military <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of command">chain of command</a> to the Polish Commander-in-Chief (<a href="/wiki/General_Inspector_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="General Inspector of the Armed Forces">General Inspector of the Armed Forces</a>) of the Polish government-in-exile and answered in the civilian chain of command to the Government Delegation for Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prazmowska2004-5">[4]</a> The Home Army's first commander, until his arrest by the Germans in 1943, was <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Rowecki" title="Stefan Rowecki">Stefan Rowecki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">nom de guerre</a> "Grot", "Spearhead"). <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_B%C3%B3r-Komorowski" title="Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski">Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski</a> (Tadeusz Komorowski, nom de guerre "Bór", "Forest") commanded from July 1943 until his surrender to the Germans when the Warsaw Uprising was suppressed in October 1944. <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Okulicki" title="Leopold Okulicki">Leopold Okulicki</a>, nom de guerre Niedzwiadek ("Bear"), led the Home Army in its final days.<a href="#cite_note-MNK-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-LerskiLerski1996-31">[30]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Home Army commander </th> <th>Codename </th> <th>Period </th> <th>Replaced because </th> <th>Fate </th> <th>Photo </th></tr> <tr> <td>General <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski">Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski</a> Technically, commander of <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Zwyci%C4%99stwu_Polski" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Zwycięstwu Polski">Służba Zwycięstwu Polski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Walki_Zbrojnej" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Walki Zbrojnej">Związek Walki Zbrojnej</a> as Armia Krajowa was not named such until 1942 </td> <td>Torwid </td> <td>27 September 1939 – March 1940 </td> <td>Arrested by the Soviets </td> <td>Joined the <a href="/wiki/Anders_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Anders Army">Anders Army</a>, fought in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West" title="Polish Armed Forces in the West">Polish Armed Forces in the West</a>. Emigrated to United Kingdom. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:M._Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/M._Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski.jpg/100px-M._Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/M._Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski.jpg/150px-M._Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/M._Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski.jpg/200px-M._Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="462" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>General <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Rowecki" title="Stefan Rowecki">Stefan Rowecki</a> </td> <td>Grot </td> <td>18 June 1940 – 30 June 1943 </td> <td>Discovered and arrested by German <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> </td> <td>Imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen concentration camp</a>. Executed by personal decree of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> after <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> had begun. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Stefan_Rowecki_-_1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Stefan_Rowecki_-_1930s.jpg/100px-Stefan_Rowecki_-_1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Stefan_Rowecki_-_1930s.jpg/150px-Stefan_Rowecki_-_1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Stefan_Rowecki_-_1930s.jpg/200px-Stefan_Rowecki_-_1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="763" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>General <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Komorowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadeusz Komorowski">Tadeusz Komorowski</a> </td> <td>Bór </td> <td>July 1943 – 2 September 1944 </td> <td>Surrendered after end of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>. </td> <td>Emigrated to United Kingdom. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tadeusz_Bor_Komorowski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tadeusz_Bor_Komorowski.jpg/100px-Tadeusz_Bor_Komorowski.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tadeusz_Bor_Komorowski.jpg/150px-Tadeusz_Bor_Komorowski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tadeusz_Bor_Komorowski.jpg/200px-Tadeusz_Bor_Komorowski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="771" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>General <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Okulicki" title="Leopold Okulicki">Leopold Okulicki</a> </td> <td>Niedźwiadek </td> <td>3 October 1944 – 17 January 1945 </td> <td>Dissolved AK trying to lessen the Polish-Soviet tensions. </td> <td>Arrested by the Soviets, sentenced to imprisonment in the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Sixteen" title="Trial of the Sixteen">Trial of the Sixteen</a>. Likely executed in 1946. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Okulicki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Okulicki.jpg/100px-Okulicki.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Okulicki.jpg/150px-Okulicki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Okulicki.jpg/200px-Okulicki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions">Regions</h3></div> The Home Army was divided geographically into regional branches or areas (obszar),<a href="#cite_note-MNK-2">[1]</a> which were subdivided into subregions or subareas (podokręg) or independent areas (okręgi samodzielne). There were 89 inspectorates (inspektorat) and 280 (as of early 1944) districts (obwód) as smaller organisational units.<a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a> Overall, the Home Army regional structure largely resembled Poland's interwar administration division, with an okręg being similar to a <a href="/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland" title="Voivodeships of Poland">voivodeship</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division_of_Second_Polish_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative division of Second Polish Republic">Administrative division of Second Polish Republic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a> There were three to five areas: <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> (Obszar Warszawski, with some sources differentiating between left- and right-bank areas – Obszar Warszawski prawo- i lewobrzeżny), Western (Obszar Zachodni, in the <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> regions), and Southeastern (Obszar Południowo-Wschodni, in the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a> area); sources vary on whether there was a Northeastern Area (centered in <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a> – Obszar Białystocki) or whether Białystok was classified as an independent area (Okręg samodzielny Białystok).<a href="#cite_note-Wiąk2003-32">[31]</a> <table style="font-size: 90%" class="wikitable collapsible sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Area </th> <th>Districts </th> <th>Codenames </th> <th>Units (re)created during the reconstruction of the Polish Army in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Warsaw area Codenames: Cegielnia (Brickworks), Woda (Water), Rzeka (River) <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albin_Skroczy%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albin Skroczyński (page does not exist)">Albin Skroczyński</a> Łaszcz </td> <td>Eastern Warsaw-<a href="/wiki/Praga" title="Praga">Praga</a> Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hieronim_Suszczy%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hieronim Suszczyński (page does not exist)">Hieronim Suszczyński</a> Szeliga </td> <td>Struga (stream), Krynica (source), Gorzelnia (distillery) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_10th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 10th Infantry Division">10th Infantry Division</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Western Warsaw Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Jachie%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franciszek Jachieć (page does not exist)">Franciszek Jachieć</a> Roman </td> <td>Hallerowo (<a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Haller" title="Stanisław Haller">Hallertown</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hajduk" title="Hajduk">Hajduki</a>, Cukrownia (Sugar factory) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_28th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 28th Infantry Division">28th Infantry Division</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern Warsaw Lt. Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygmunt_Marszewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zygmunt Marszewski (page does not exist)">Zygmunt Marszewski</a> Kazimierz </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuchola" title="Tuchola">Tuchola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Królewiec</a>, Garbarnia (tannery) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_8th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 8th Infantry Division">8th Infantry Division</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Southeastern area Codenames: Lux, Lutnia (Lute), Orzech (Nut) <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a> Col. <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Filipkowski" title="Władysław Filipkowski">Władysław Filipkowski</a> Janka </td> <td>Lwów <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a> – divided into two areas Okręg Lwów Zachód (West) and Okręg Lwów Wschód (East) Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Czerwi%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan Czerwiński (page does not exist)">Stefan Czerwiński</a> Luśnia </td> <td>Dukat (ducat), Lira (lire), Promień (ray) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_5th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 5th Infantry Division">5th Infantry Division</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stanisławów <a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk" title="Ivano-Frankivsk">Stanisławów</a> Capt. <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Herman" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław Herman">Władysław Herman</a> Żuraw </td> <td>Karaś (<a href="/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian carp</a>), Struga (stream), Światła (lights) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_11th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 11th Infantry Division">11th Infantry Division</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tarnopol <a href="/wiki/Tarnopol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarnopol">Tarnopol</a> Maj. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronis%C5%82aw_Zawadzki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bronisław Zawadzki (page does not exist)">Bronisław Zawadzki</a> </td> <td>Komar (mosquito), Tarcza (shield), Ton (tone) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_12th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 12th Infantry Division">12th Infantry Division</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Western area Codename: Zamek (Castle) <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> Col. <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Mi%C5%82kowski" title="Zygmunt Miłkowski">Zygmunt Miłkowski</a> Denhoff </td> <td>Pomerania <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a> Col. <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Pa%C5%82ubicki" title="Janusz Pałubicki">Janusz Pałubicki</a> Piorun </td> <td>Borówki (berries), Pomnik (monument) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poznań <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_Kowal%C3%B3wka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henryk Kowalówka (page does not exist)">Henryk Kowalówka</a> </td> <td>Pałac (palace), Parcela (lot) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11">Independent areas </td> <td>Wilno <a href="/wiki/Wilno" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno">Wilno</a> Col. <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Krzy%C5%BCanowski" title="Aleksander Krzyżanowski">Aleksander Krzyżanowski</a> Wilk </td> <td>Miód (honey), Wiano (dowry) (subunit "Kaunas Lithuania") </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nowogródek <a href="/wiki/Nowogr%C3%B3dek" class="mw-redirect" title="Nowogródek">Nowogródek</a> Lt.Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Janusz_Szlaski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janusz Szlaski (page does not exist)">Janusz Szlaski</a> Borsuk </td> <td>Cyranka (garganey), Nów (new moon) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zgrupowanie_Okr%C4%99gu_AK_Nowogr%C3%B3dek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zgrupowanie Okręgu AK Nowogródek (page does not exist)">Zgrupowanie Okręgu AK Nowogródek</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/District_of_Warsaw_(of_Armia_Krajowa)" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Warsaw (of Armia Krajowa)">Warsaw</a> Warsaw Col. <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Chru%C5%9Bciel" title="Antoni Chruściel">Antoni Chruściel</a> Monter </td> <td>Drapacz (sky-scraper), Przystań (harbour), Wydra (otter), Prom (shuttle) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polesie" class="mw-redirect" title="Polesie">Polesie</a> <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%84sk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pińsk">Pińsk</a> Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_Krajewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henryk Krajewski (page does not exist)">Henryk Krajewski</a> Leśny </td> <td>Kwadra (quarter), Twierdza (keep), Żuraw (crane) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_30th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 30th Infantry Division">30th Infantry Division</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wo%C5%82y%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Wołyń">Wołyń</a> <a href="/wiki/Rivne" title="Rivne">Równe</a> Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_B%C4%85bi%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazimierz Bąbiński (page does not exist)">Kazimierz Bąbiński</a> Luboń </td> <td>Hreczka (buckwheat), Konopie (hemp) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_27th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 27th Infantry Division">27th Infantry Division</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Białystok <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a> Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Liniarski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Władysław Liniarski (page does not exist)">Władysław Liniarski</a> Mścisław </td> <td>Lin (tench), Czapla (aigrette), Pełnia (full moon) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_29th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 29th Infantry Division">29th Infantry Division</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lublin <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_Tumidajski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazimierz Tumidajski (page does not exist)">Kazimierz Tumidajski</a> Marcin </td> <td>Len (linnen), Salon (saloon), Żyto (rye) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_3rd_Legions%27_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 3rd Legions' Infantry Division">3rd Legions' Infantry Division</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_9th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 9th Infantry Division">9th Infantry Division</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kraków <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> various commanders, incl. Col. <a href="/wiki/Julian_Filipowicz" title="Julian Filipowicz">Julian Filipowicz</a> Róg </td> <td>Gobelin, Godło (coat of arms), Muzeum (museum) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_6th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 6th Infantry Division">6th Infantry Division</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_106th_Infantry_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish 106th Infantry Division (page does not exist)">106th Infantry Division</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_21st_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 21st Infantry Division">21st Infantry Division</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_22nd_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 22nd Infantry Division">22nd Infantry Division</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_24th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 24th Infantry Division">24th Infantry Division</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w_Motorized_Cavalry_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kraków Motorized Cavalry Brigade (page does not exist)">Kraków Motorized Cavalry Brigade</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> various commanders, incl. Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygmunt_Janke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zygmunt Janke (page does not exist)">Zygmunt Janke</a> Zygmunt </td> <td>Kilof (pick), Komin (chimney), Kuźnia (foundry), Serce (heart) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kielce-Radom <a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radom" title="Radom">Radom</a> Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Zientarski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Zientarski (page does not exist)">Jan Zientarski</a> Mieczysław </td> <td>Rolnik (farmer), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jod%C5%82a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jodła (page does not exist)">Jodła</a> (fir) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_2nd_Legions%27_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 2nd Legions' Infantry Division">2nd Legions' Infantry Division</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_7th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 7th Infantry Division">7th Infantry Division</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Łódź <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micha%C5%82_Stempkowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michał Stempkowski (page does not exist)">Michał Stempkowski</a> Grzegorz </td> <td>Arka (ark), Barka (barge), Łania (bath) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_25th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 25th Infantry Division">25th Infantry Division</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_26th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 26th Infantry Division">26th Infantry Division</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Foreign areas </td> <td>Hungary <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> Lt.Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Korkozowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Korkozowicz (page does not exist)">Jan Korkozowicz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </td> <td>Blok (block) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> In 1943 the Home Army began recreating the organization of the prewar Polish Army, its various units now being designated as platoons, battalions, regiments, brigades, divisions, and <a href="/wiki/Operational_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational group">operational groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Polish_intelligence_services#1939–1945" title="History of Polish intelligence services">History of Polish intelligence services § 1939–1945</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Third_Reich_-_polish_resistance_poster,_German-occupied_Poland,_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/The_Third_Reich_-_polish_resistance_poster%2C_German-occupied_Poland%2C_1943.jpg/220px-The_Third_Reich_-_polish_resistance_poster%2C_German-occupied_Poland%2C_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3a/The_Third_Reich_-_polish_resistance_poster%2C_German-occupied_Poland%2C_1943.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Der Klabautermann (an <a href="/wiki/Operation_N" title="Operation N">Operation N</a> magazine), 3 January 1943 issue, satirizing Nazi terror and genocide. From the right, emerging from the "III" (Roman numeral three", of the "<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a>"): <a href="/wiki/Himmler" class="mw-redirect" title="Himmler">Himmler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Home Army supplied valuable <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(information_gathering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence (information gathering)">intelligence</a> to the Allies; 48 per cent of all reports received by the <a href="/wiki/British_secret_services" class="mw-redirect" title="British secret services">British secret services</a> from continental Europe between 1939 and 1945 came from Polish sources.<a href="#cite_note-Kochanski2012-33">[32]</a> The total number of those reports is estimated at 80,000, and 85 per cent of them were deemed to be high quality or better.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> The Polish intelligence network grew rapidly; near the end of the war, it had over 1,600 registered agents.<a href="#cite_note-Kochanski2012-33">[32]</a> The Western Allies had limited intelligence assets in Central and Eastern Europe. The extensive in-place Polish intelligence network proved a major resource; between the French capitulation and other Allied networks that were undeveloped at the time, it was even described as "the only [A]llied intelligence assets on the Continent".<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kochanski2012-33">[32]</a> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marek_Ney-Krwawicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marek Ney-Krwawicz (page does not exist)">Marek Ney-Krwawicz</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Ney-Krwawicz" class="extiw" title="pl:Marek Ney-Krwawicz">pl</a>], for the Western Allies, the intelligence provided by the Home Army was considered to be the best source of information on the Eastern Front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENey-Krwawicz200198-37">[36]</a> Home Army intelligence provided the Allies with information on <a href="/wiki/German_concentration_camps" title="German concentration camps">German concentration camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">the Holocaust in Poland</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Karski%27s_reports" title="Karski's reports">the first reports</a> on this subject received by the Allies<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman201554-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Engel-39">[38]</a>), German submarine operations, and, most famously, <a href="/wiki/Home_Army_and_V1_and_V2" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Army and V1 and V2">the V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MNK-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENey-Krwawicz200198-37">[36]</a> In one <a href="/wiki/Project_Big_Ben" title="Project Big Ben">Project Big Ben</a> mission (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Most_III" title="Operation Most III">Operation Wildhorn III</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Wildhorn-40">[39]</a> Polish <a href="/wiki/Cryptonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptonym">cryptonym</a>, Most III, "Bridge III"), a stripped-for-lightness RAF twin-engine <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Dakota">Dakota</a> flew from <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, to an abandoned German airfield in Poland to pick up intelligence prepared by Polish aircraft-designer <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Kocjan" title="Antoni Kocjan">Antoni Kocjan</a>, including 100 lb (45 kg) of <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a> wreckage from a <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a> launch, a Special Report 1/R, no. 242, photographs, eight key V-2 parts, and drawings of the wreckage.<a href="#cite_note-Kocjan-41">[40]</a> Polish agents also provided reports on the German war production, morale, and troop movements.<a href="#cite_note-Kochanski2012-33">[32]</a> The Polish intelligence network extended beyond Poland and even beyond Europe: for example, the intelligence network organized by Mieczysław Zygfryd Słowikowski in North Africa has been described as "the only [A]llied ... network in North Africa".<a href="#cite_note-Kochanski2012-33">[32]</a> The Polish network even had two agents in the German high command itself.<a href="#cite_note-Kochanski2012-33">[32]</a> The researchers who produced the first Polish–British in-depth monograph on Home Army intelligence (Intelligence Co-operation Between Poland and Great Britain During World War II: Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee, 2005) described contributions of Polish intelligence to the Allied victory as "disproportionally large"<a href="#cite_note-StirlingNałęcz2005-32-42">[41]</a> and argued that "the work performed by Home Army intelligence undoubtedly supported the Allied armed effort much more effectively than subversive and guerilla activities".<a href="#cite_note-StirlingNałęcz2005-410-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subversion_and_propaganda">Subversion and propaganda</h3></div> The Home Army also conducted <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Operation_N" title="Operation N">Operation N</a> created the illusion of a German movement opposing <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> within Germany itself.<a href="#cite_note-MNK-2">[1]</a> The Home Army published a weekly <a href="/wiki/Biuletyn_Informacyjny" title="Biuletyn Informacyjny">Biuletyn Informacyjny</a> (Information Bulletin), with a top circulation (on 25 November 1943) of 50,000 copies.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_operations">Major operations</h3></div> Sabotage was coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Retaliation" title="Union of Retaliation">Union of Retaliation</a> and later by <a href="/wiki/Wachlarz" title="Wachlarz">Wachlarz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kedyw" title="Kedyw">Kedyw</a> units.<a href="#cite_note-Enc._PWN:_AK-3">[2]</a> Major Home Army military and sabotage operations included: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamość Uprising">Zamość Rising</a> of 1942–1943, with the Home Army sabotaging German plans to <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Germany#Zamość" title="Expulsion of Poles by Germany">expel Poles</a> under <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a><a href="#cite_note-Enc._PWN:_AK-3">[2]</a></li> <li>the protection of the Polish population from the <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia">massacres of Poles in Volhynia</a> in 1943–1944<a href="#cite_note-Enc._PWN:_AK-3">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wieniec" title="Operation Wieniec">Operation Garland</a>, in 1942, sabotaging German rail transport<a href="#cite_note-Enc._PWN:_AK-3">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Belt" title="Operation Belt">Operation Belt</a> in 1943, a series of attacks on German border outposts on the frontier between the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> and the territories annexed by Germany</li> <li>Operation Jula, in 1944, another rail-sabotage operation<a href="#cite_note-Enc._PWN:_AK-3">[2]</a></li> <li>most notably <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a>; in 1944, a series of nationwide risings which aimed primarily to seize control of cities and areas where German forces were preparing defenses against the Soviet Red Army, so that Polish underground civil authorities could take power before the arrival of Soviet forces.<a href="#cite_note-Enc._PWN:_Burza-46">[45]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Uprising_poster_345.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Warsaw_Uprising_poster_345.jpg/220px-Warsaw_Uprising_poster_345.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Warsaw_Uprising_poster_345.jpg/330px-Warsaw_Uprising_poster_345.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Warsaw_Uprising_poster_345.jpg/440px-Warsaw_Uprising_poster_345.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="1654" /></a><figcaption>"To arms!" Home Army poster during the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></figcaption></figure> The largest and best-known of the Operation Tempest battles, the Warsaw Uprising, constituted an attempt to liberate Poland's capital and began on 1 August 1944. Polish forces took control of substantial parts of the city and resisted the German-led forces until 2 October (a total of 63 days). With the Poles receiving no aid from the approaching Red Army, the Germans eventually defeated the insurrectionists and burned the city, quelling the Uprising on 2 October 1944.<a href="#cite_note-MNK-2">[1]</a> Other major Home Army city risings included <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ostra_Brama" title="Operation Ostra Brama">Operation Ostra Brama</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wilno" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno">Wilno</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Uprising" title="Lwów Uprising">Lwów Uprising</a>. The Home Army also prepared for a <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Uprising_(1944)" title="Kraków Uprising (1944)">rising in Kraków</a> but aborted due to various circumstances. While the Home Army managed to liberate a number of places from German control—for example, the <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> area, where regional structures were able to set up a functioning government—they ultimately failed to secure sufficient territory to enable the government-in-exile to return to Poland due to Soviet hostility.<a href="#cite_note-MNK-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enc._PWN:_AK-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enc._PWN:_Burza-46">[45]</a> The Home Army also <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotaged</a> German rail- and road-transports to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Crampton_1994-47">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Crampton" title="Richard J. Crampton">Richard J. Crampton</a> estimated that an eighth of all German transports to the Eastern Front were destroyed or substantially delayed due to Home Army operations.<a href="#cite_note-Crampton_1994-47">[46]</a> <table align="center" class="wikitable collapsible sortable state=collapsed"> <caption>Confirmed sabotage and covert operations of the Armed Resistance (ZWZ) and Home Army (AK) from 1 January 1941 to 30 June 1944, listed by type<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENey-Krwawicz2001166-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ney-Krwawicz1993-214-49">[48]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sabotage / covert-operation type </th> <th>Total numbers </th></tr> <tr> <td>Damaged locomotives </td> <td align="right">6,930 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damaged railway wagons </td> <td align="right">19,058 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Delayed repairs to locomotives </td> <td align="right">803 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Derailed transports </td> <td align="right">732 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Transports set on fire </td> <td align="right">443 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blown-up railway bridges </td> <td align="right">38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Disruptions to electricity supply in the Warsaw grid </td> <td align="right">638 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damaged or destroyed army vehicles </td> <td align="right">4,326 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damaged aeroplanes </td> <td align="right">28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Destroyed fuel-tanks </td> <td align="right">1,167 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Destroyed fuel (in tonnes) </td> <td align="right">4,674 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blocked oil wells </td> <td align="right">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Destroyed <a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">wood wool</a> wagons </td> <td align="right">150 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burned down military stores </td> <td align="right">130 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Disruptions in factory production </td> <td align="right">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Built-in flaws in aircraft engines parts </td> <td align="right">4,710 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Built-in flaws in cannon muzzles </td> <td align="right">203 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Built-in flaws in artillery projectiles </td> <td align="right">92,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Built-in flaws in air-traffic radio stations </td> <td align="right">107 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Built-in flaws in condensers </td> <td align="right">70,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Built-in flaws in electro-industrial lathes </td> <td align="right">1,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damage to important factory machinery </td> <td align="right">2,872 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acts of sabotage </td> <td align="right">25,145 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Assassinations of Nazi Germans </td> <td align="right">5,733 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_of_Nazi_leaders">Assassination of Nazi leaders</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Heads" title="Operation Heads">Operation Heads</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bekanntmachung_Warschau_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bekanntmachung_Warschau_1943.jpg/170px-Bekanntmachung_Warschau_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bekanntmachung_Warschau_1943.jpg/255px-Bekanntmachung_Warschau_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bekanntmachung_Warschau_1943.jpg/340px-Bekanntmachung_Warschau_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>German poster listing 100 Polish hostages executed in reprisal for assassinations of German police and SS by a Polish "terrorist organization in the service of the English", Warsaw, 2 October 1943</figcaption></figure> The Polish Resistance carried out dozens of attacks on German commanders in Poland, the largest <a href="/wiki/Serial_assassinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial assassinations">series</a> being that codenamed "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Heads" title="Operation Heads">Operation Heads</a>". Dozens of additional assassinations were carried out, the best-known being: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_B%C3%BCrkl" title="Operation Bürkl">Operation Bürkl</a>—<a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%BCrkl" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Bürkl">Franz Bürkl</a>, <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>-<a href="/wiki/Oberscharf%C3%BChrer" title="Oberscharführer">Oberscharführer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> officer, and commandant of the <a href="/wiki/Pawiak" title="Pawiak">Pawiak</a> prison, assassinated 7 September 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzembosz1983343–346-50">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kutschera" title="Operation Kutschera">Operation Kutschera</a>—<a href="/wiki/Franz_Kutschera" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a>, SS-<a href="/wiki/Brigadef%C3%BChrer" title="Brigadeführer">Brigadeführer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generalmajor" title="Generalmajor">Generalmajor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a>; <a href="/wiki/SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="SS and Police Leader">SS and Police Leader</a> of the Warsaw District, assassinated 1 February 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzembosz1983423-51">[50]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapons_and_equipment">Weapons and equipment</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MWP_Kubus_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/MWP_Kubus_3.JPG/170px-MWP_Kubus_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/MWP_Kubus_3.JPG/255px-MWP_Kubus_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/MWP_Kubus_3.JPG/340px-MWP_Kubus_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kubu%C5%9B" title="Kubuś">Kubuś</a>, armored car used by the resistance during the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></figcaption></figure> As a clandestine army operating in an enemy-occupied country and separated by over a thousand kilometers from any friendly territory, the Home Army faced unique challenges in acquiring arms and equipment,<a href="#cite_note-Stolarski-52">[51]</a> though it was able to overcome these difficulties to some extent and to field tens of thousands of armed soldiers. Nevertheless, the difficult conditions meant that only infantry forces armed with light weapons could be fielded. Any use of artillery, armor or aircraft was impossible (except for a few instances during the Warsaw Uprising, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kubu%C5%9B" title="Kubuś">Kubuś</a> <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armored car</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Stolarski-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-McGilvray2015-53">[52]</a> Even these light-infantry units were as a rule armed with a mixture of weapons of various types, usually in quantities sufficient to arm only a fraction of a unit's soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Laqueur-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leslie-9">[8]</a>: 234 <a href="#cite_note-Stolarski-52">[51]</a> Home Army arms and equipment came mostly from four sources: arms that had been buried by the Polish armies on battlefields after the 1939 <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Poland (1939)">invasion of Poland</a>, arms purchased or captured from the Germans and their allies, arms clandestinely manufactured by the Home Army itself, and arms received from Allied air drops.<a href="#cite_note-Stolarski-52">[51]</a> From arms caches hidden in 1939, the Home Army obtained 614 heavy machine guns, 1,193 light machine guns, 33,052 rifles, 6,732 pistols, 28 antitank light field guns, 25 antitank rifles, and 43,154 hand grenades. However, due to their inadequate preservation, which had to be improvised in the chaos of the September Campaign, most of the guns were in poor condition. Of those that had been buried in the ground and had been dug up in 1944 during preparations for Operation Tempest, only 30% were usable.<a href="#cite_note-Korb-54">[53]</a>: 63  Arms were sometimes purchased on the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> from German soldiers or their allies, or stolen from German supply depots or transports.<a href="#cite_note-Stolarski-52">[51]</a> Efforts to capture weapons from the Germans also proved highly successful. Raids were conducted on trains carrying equipment to the front, as well as on guardhouses and <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> posts. Sometimes weapons were taken from individual German soldiers accosted in the street. During the Warsaw Uprising, the Home Army even managed to capture several German armored vehicles, most notably a <a href="/wiki/Jagdpanzer_38_Hetzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagdpanzer 38 Hetzer">Jagdpanzer 38 Hetzer</a> light tank destroyer renamed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chwat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chwat (page does not exist)">Chwat</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzia%C5%82o_pancerne_%E2%80%9EChwat%E2%80%9D" class="extiw" title="pl:Działo pancerne „Chwat”">pl</a>] and an armored troop transport <a href="/wiki/SdKfz_251" class="mw-redirect" title="SdKfz 251">SdKfz 251</a> renamed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey_Wolf_(vehicle)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grey Wolf (vehicle) (page does not exist)">Grey Wolf</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szary_Wilk_(transporter_opancerzony)" class="extiw" title="pl:Szary Wilk (transporter opancerzony)">pl</a>].<a href="#cite_note-McGilvray2015-53">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C5%82yskawica_and_other_insurgent_weapons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/B%C5%82yskawica_and_other_insurgent_weapons.jpg/220px-B%C5%82yskawica_and_other_insurgent_weapons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/B%C5%82yskawica_and_other_insurgent_weapons.jpg/330px-B%C5%82yskawica_and_other_insurgent_weapons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/B%C5%82yskawica_and_other_insurgent_weapons.jpg/440px-B%C5%82yskawica_and_other_insurgent_weapons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Polish weapons, including (top) <a href="/wiki/B%C5%82yskawica_submachine_gun" title="Błyskawica submachine gun">Błyskawica ("Lightning") submachine gun</a>, one of very few weapons designed and mass-produced covertly in occupied Europe. <a href="/wiki/Muzeum_Powstania_Warszawskiego" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego">Warsaw Uprising Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> Arms were clandestinely manufactured by the Home Army in its own secret workshops, and by Home Army members working in German armaments factories.<a href="#cite_note-Stolarski-52">[51]</a> In this way the Home Army was able to procure <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine guns</a> (copies of British <a href="/wiki/Sten" title="Sten">Stens</a>, indigenous <a href="/wiki/B%C5%82yskawica_submachine_gun" title="Błyskawica submachine gun">Błyskawicas</a> and <a href="/wiki/KIS_(weapon)" title="KIS (weapon)">KIS</a>), pistols (<a href="/wiki/Vis_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vis (weapon)">Vis</a>), flamethrowers, explosive devices, road mines, and <a href="/wiki/Filipinka" title="Filipinka">Filipinka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidol%C3%B3wka" title="Sidolówka">Sidolówka</a> <a href="/wiki/Hand_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand grenade">hand grenades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stolarski-52">[51]</a> Hundreds of people were involved in the manufacturing effort. The Home Army did not produce its own ammunition, but relied on supplies stolen by Polish workers from German-run factories.<a href="#cite_note-Stolarski-52">[51]</a> The final source of supply was Allied <a href="/wiki/Air_drop" class="mw-redirect" title="Air drop">air drops</a>, which was the only way to obtain more exotic, highly useful equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Plastic_explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic explosives">plastic explosives</a> and antitank weapons such as the British <a href="/wiki/PIAT" title="PIAT">PIAT</a>. During the war, 485 air-drop missions from the West (about half of them flown by Polish airmen) delivered some 600 tons of supplies for the Polish resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Peszke_2005-55">[54]</a> Besides equipment, the planes also parachuted in highly qualified instructors (<a href="/wiki/Cichociemni" class="mw-redirect" title="Cichociemni">Cichociemni</a>), 316 of whom were inserted into Poland during the war.<a href="#cite_note-Embassy_PR_2006-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bałuk2009-56">[55]</a> Air drops were infrequent. Deliveries from the west were limited by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>'s refusal to let the planes land on Soviet territory, the low priority placed by the British on flights to Poland; and the extremely heavy losses sustained by Polish Special Duties Flight personnel. Britain and the United States attached more importance to not antagonizing Stalin than they did to the aspirations of the Poles to regain their national sovereignty, particularly after Hitler attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the Soviets joined the Western Allies in the war against Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeszke2013''passim''-57">[56]</a> In the end, despite all efforts, most Home Army forces had inadequate weaponry. In 1944, when the Home Army was at its peak strength (200,000–600,000, according to various estimates), the Home Army had enough weaponry for only about 32,000 soldiers."<a href="#cite_note-Leslie-9">[8]</a>: 234  On 1 August 1944, when the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> began, only a sixth of Home Army fighters in Warsaw were armed.<a href="#cite_note-Leslie-9">[8]</a>: 234  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_ethnic_groups">Relations with ethnic groups</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jews">Jews</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">The Holocaust in Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesiowka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gesiowka.jpg/220px-Gesiowka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gesiowka.jpg/330px-Gesiowka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gesiowka.jpg/440px-Gesiowka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Jewish prisoners of <a href="/wiki/G%C4%99si%C3%B3wka" title="Gęsiówka">Gęsiówka concentration camp</a> with Polish resistance fighters of the Home Army after the camp's liberation during the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>, August 1944</figcaption></figure> Home Army members' attitudes toward <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> varied widely from unit to unit,<a href="#cite_note-Radzilowski-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015418-60">[59]</a> and the topic remains controversial.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The Home Army answered to the National Council of the Polish government-in-exile, where some Jews served in leadership positions (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Schwarzbart" title="Ignacy Schwarzbart">Ignacy Schwarzbart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Szmul_Zygielbojm" title="Szmul Zygielbojm">Szmul Zygielbojm</a>),<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> though there were no Jewish representatives in the Government Delegation for Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Baumgarten_2009-63">[62]</a>: 110–114  Traditionally, Polish historiography has presented the Home Army interactions with Jews in a positive light, while Jewish historiography has been mostly negative; most Jewish authors attribute the Home Army's hostility to endemic <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Poland" title="Antisemitism in Poland">antisemitism in Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Armstrong_1994-64">[63]</a> More recent scholarship has presented a mixed, ambivalent view of Home Army–Jewish relations. Both "profoundly disturbing acts of violence as well as extraordinary acts of aid and compassion" have been reported. In an analysis by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_D._Zimmerman" title="Joshua D. Zimmerman">Joshua D. Zimmerman</a>, postwar testimonies of Holocaust survivors reveal that their experiences with the Home Army were mixed even if predominantly negative.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Jews trying to seek refuge from Nazi genocidal policies were often exposed to greater danger by open resistance to German occupation.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_2015-66">[65]</a>: 273  Members of the Home Army were named <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a> for risking their lives to save Jews, examples include <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karski" title="Jan Karski">Jan Karski</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kami%C5%84ski" title="Aleksander Kamiński">Aleksander Kamiński</a>,<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Korbo%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Korboński">Stefan Korboński</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Woli%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Woliński">Henryk Woliński</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BBabi%C5%84ski" title="Jan Żabiński">Jan Żabiński</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Bartoszewski" title="Władysław Bartoszewski">Władysław Bartoszewski</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Fogg" title="Mieczysław Fogg">Mieczysław Fogg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Iwa%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Iwański">Henryk Iwański</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Dobraczy%C5%84ski" title="Jan Dobraczyński">Jan Dobraczyński</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> However, Polish historian Ewa Kołomańska noted that many individuals associated with the Home Army, involved in rescuing the Jews, did not receive the Righteous title.<a href="#cite_note-:22-76">[75]</a>: <span title="Page: 243
Quotation: "Jest też znaczna liczba osób powiązanych z AK, które tytułu Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata nie otrzymały, jednak ich pomoc pozwoliła przeżyć wielu osobom narodowości żydowskiej"
Translation: "There is also a significant number of people associated with the Home Army who did not receive the title of Righteous Among the Nations, but their help allowed many people of Jewish nationality to survive."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">243  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Daily_operations">Daily operations</h4></div> A Jewish partisan detachment served in the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krakowski_2003-78">[77]</a> and another in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanacz%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanaczów (page does not exist)">Hanaczów</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanacz%C3%B3w" class="extiw" title="pl:Hanaczów">pl</a>].<a href="#cite_note-pis2003-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015317-80">[79]</a> The Home Army provided training and supplies to the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Jewish Combat Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pis2003-79">[78]</a> It is likely that more Jews fought in the Warsaw Uprising than in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, some fought in both.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_2015-66">[65]</a>: 273  Thousands of Jews joined, or claimed to join, the Home Army in order to survive in hiding, but Jews serving in the Home Army were the exception rather than the rule. Most Jews in hiding could not pass as ethnic Poles and would have faced deadly consequences if discovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman20155-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Snyder_2015-66">[65]</a>: 275  In February 1942, the Home Army Operational Command's Office of Information and Propaganda set up a Section for Jewish Affairs, directed by <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Woli%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Woliński">Henryk Woliński</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> This section collected data about the situation of the Jewish population, drafted reports, and sent information to London. It also centralized contacts between Polish and Jewish military organizations. The Home Army also supported the <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Relief Council for Jews in Poland</a> (Żegota) as well as the formation of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_under_Nazi_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish resistance under Nazi rule">Jewish resistance organizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holocaust">Holocaust</h4></div> From 1940 onward, the Home Army courier <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karski" title="Jan Karski">Jan Karski</a> delivered the first eyewitness account of the Holocaust to the Western powers, after having personally visited the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a> and a Nazi concentration camp.<a href="#cite_note-Baumgarten_2009-63">[62]</a>: 110–114 <a href="#cite_note-CherryOrla-Bukowska2007-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Engel-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman201554-38">[37]</a> Another crucial role was played by <a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a>, who was the only person to volunteer to be imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> (where he would spend three and a half years) to organize a resistance on the inside and to gather information on the atrocities occurring there to inform the Western Allies about <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the fate of the Jewish population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Home Army reports from March 1943 described crimes committed by the Germans against the Jewish populace. AK commander General Stefan Rowecki estimated that 640,000 people had been murdered in Auschwitz between 1940 and March 1943, including 66,000 ethnic Poles and 540,000 Jews from various countries (this figure was revised later to 500,000).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015188-87">[86]</a> The Home Army started carrying out death sentences for <a href="/wiki/Szmalcownik" title="Szmalcownik">szmalcowniks</a> in Warsaw in the summer of 1943.<a href="#cite_note-Drzewieniecki2019-88">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antony_Polonsky" title="Antony Polonsky">Antony Polonsky</a> observed that "the attitude of the military underground to the genocide is both more complex and more controversial [than its approach towards <a href="/wiki/Szmalcownik" title="Szmalcownik">szmalcowniks</a>]. Throughout the period when it was being carried out, the Home Army was preoccupied with preparing for ... [the moment when] Nazi rule in Poland collapsed. It was determined to avoid premature military action and to conserve its strength (and weapons) for the crucial confrontation that, it was assumed, would determine the fate of Poland. ... [However,] to the Home Army, the Jews were not a part of 'our nation' and ... action to defend them was not to be taken if it endangered [the Home Army's] other objectives." He added that "it is probably unrealistic to have expected the Home Army—which was neither as well armed nor as well organized as its propaganda claimed—to have been able to do much to aid the Jews. The fact remains that its leadership did not want to do so."<a href="#cite_note-Cesarani_&_Kavanaugh-89">[88]</a>: 68  Rowecki's attitudes shifted in the following months as the brutal reality of the Holocaust became more apparent, and the Polish public support for the Jewish resistance increased. Rowecki was willing to provide Jewish fighters with aid and resources when it contributed to "the greater war effort", but had concluded that providing large quantities of supplies to the Jewish resistance would be futile. This reasoning was the norm among the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, who believed that the Holocaust could only be halted by a significant military action.<a href="#cite_note-Baumgarten_2009-63">[62]</a>: 110–122  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></div> The Home Army provided the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a> with firearms, ammunition, and explosives,<a href="#cite_note-Wdowiński-90">[89]</a> but only after it was convinced of the eagerness of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Jewish Combat Organization</a> (Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa, ŻOB) to fight,<a href="#cite_note-Cesarani_&_Kavanaugh-89">[88]</a>: 67  and after <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a>'s intervention on the Organization's behalf.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Zimmerman describes the supplies as "limited but real".<a href="#cite_note-Baumgarten_2009-63">[62]</a>: 121-122  Jewish fighters of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union">Jewish Military Union</a> (Żydowski Związek Wojskowy, ŻZW) received from the Home Army, among other things, 2 heavy machine guns, 4 light machine guns, 21 submachine guns, 30 rifles, 50 pistols, and over 400 grenades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas2012175-92">[91]</a> Some supplies were also provided to the ŻOB, but less than to ŻZW with whom the Home Army had closer ties and ideological similarities.<a href="#cite_note-Wdowiński2-93">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Chru%C5%9Bciel" title="Antoni Chruściel">Antoni Chruściel</a>, commander of the Home Army in Warsaw, ordered the entire armory of the <a href="/wiki/Wola_(Warsaw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wola (Warsaw)">Wola</a> district transferred to the ghetto.<a href="#cite_note-:3-94">[93]</a> In January 1943 the Home Army delivered a larger shipment of 50 pistols, 50 hand grenades, and several kilograms of explosives, along with a number of smaller shipments that carried a total of 70 pistols, 10 rifles, 2 hand machine guns, 1 light machine gun, ammunition, and over 150 kilograms of explosives.<a href="#cite_note-:3-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-BaumgartenKenez2009-2-95">[94]</a> The number of supplies provided to the ghetto resistance has been sometimes described as insufficient, as the Home Army faced a number of dilemmas which forced it to provide no more than limited assistance to the Jewish resistance, such as supply shortages and the inability to arm its own troops, the view (shared by most of the Jewish resistance) that any wide-scale uprising in 1943 would be premature and futile, and the difficulty of coordinating with the internally divided Jewish resistance, coupled with the pro-Soviet attitude of the ŻOB.<a href="#cite_note-MKPK-6-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-94">[93]</a> During the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, Home Army units tried to blow up the Ghetto wall twice, carried out diversionary actions outside the Ghetto walls, and attacked German sentries sporadically near the Ghetto walls.<a href="#cite_note-MKPK-10-18-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2015-217218-98">[97]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Marian_Fuks_(historian)" title="Marian Fuks (historian)">Marian Fuks</a>, the Ghetto uprising would not have been possible without supplies from the Polish Home Army.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-94">[93]</a> A year later, during the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, the <a href="/wiki/Batalion_Zo%C5%9Bka" class="mw-redirect" title="Batalion Zośka">Zośka Battalion</a> liberated hundreds of Jewish inmates from the <a href="/wiki/G%C4%99si%C3%B3wka" title="Gęsiówka">Gęsiówka</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw concentration camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_2015-66">[65]</a>: 275  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attitude_to_fugitives">Attitude to fugitives</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biuletyn_Informacyjny_2_wrze%C5%9Bnia_1943.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Biuletyn_Informacyjny_2_wrze%C5%9Bnia_1943.JPG/220px-Biuletyn_Informacyjny_2_wrze%C5%9Bnia_1943.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Biuletyn_Informacyjny_2_wrze%C5%9Bnia_1943.JPG/330px-Biuletyn_Informacyjny_2_wrze%C5%9Bnia_1943.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Biuletyn_Informacyjny_2_wrze%C5%9Bnia_1943.JPG/440px-Biuletyn_Informacyjny_2_wrze%C5%9Bnia_1943.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="1401" /></a><figcaption>1943 <a href="/wiki/Biuletyn_Informacyjny" title="Biuletyn Informacyjny">Information Bulletin</a> article on <a href="/wiki/Kedyw" title="Kedyw">Kedyw</a> execution of <a href="/wiki/Szmalcownik" title="Szmalcownik">szmalcownik</a> Jan Grabiec, who had blackmailed residents of villages that hid Jews</figcaption></figure> Because it was the largest Polish resistance organization, the Home Army's attitude towards Jewish fugitives often determined their fate.<a href="#cite_note-Armstrong_1994-64">[63]</a> According to Antony Polonsky the Home Army saw Jewish fugitives as security risks.<a href="#cite_note-Cesarani_&_Kavanaugh-89">[88]</a>: <span title="Page: 66
Quotation: "In general, though, the Home Army tended to see individual Jewish fugitives as security risks that were likely to endanger its own position."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">66  At the same time, AK's "paper mills" supplied <a href="/wiki/Identity_document_forgery" title="Identity document forgery">forged identification documents</a> to many Jewish fugitives, enabling them to pass as Poles.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_2015-66">[65]</a>: 275  Home Army published a leaflet in 1943 stating that "Every Pole is obligated to help those in hiding. Those who refuse them aid will be punished on the basis of...treason to the Polish Nation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015194-100">[99]</a> Nevertheless, Jewish historians have asserted that the main cause for the low survival rates of escaping Jews was the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> of the Polish population.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Attitudes towards Jews in the Home Army were mixed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015418-60">[59]</a> A few AK units actively hunted down Jews,<a href="#cite_note-Bauer_1989-102">[101]</a>: 238 <a href="#cite_note-Connelly_2012-103">[102]</a> and in particular two district commanders in the northeast of Poland (Władysław Liniarski of Białystok and Janusz Szlaski of Nowogródek) openly and routinely persecuted Jewish partisans and fugitives;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015267–298-104">[103]</a> however, these were the only two provinces, out of seventeen, where such orders were issued by provincial commanders.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> The extent of such behaviors in the Home Army overall has been disputed;<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-106">[105]</a>: 88–90 <a href="#cite_note-Eliach-107">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a> wrote that the bulk of the Home Army's antisemitic behavior can be ascribed to a small minority of members,<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-106">[105]</a>: 88–90  often affiliated with the far-right <a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a> (ND, or Endecja) party, whose <a href="/wiki/National_Armed_Forces" title="National Armed Forces">National Armed Forces</a> organization was mostly integrated into the Home Army in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Paulsson_2002-108">[107]</a>: 17 <a href="#cite_note-Paulsson_2002-108">[107]</a>: 45  <a href="/wiki/Adam_Pu%C5%82awski" title="Adam Puławski">Adam Puławski</a> has suggested that some of these incidents are better understood in the context of the Polish–Soviet conflict, as some of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Poland" title="Soviet partisans in Poland">Soviet-affiliated partisan units</a> that AK units attacked or was attacked by had a sizable Jewish presence.<a href="#cite_note-pis2003-79">[78]</a> In general, AK units in the east were more likely to be hostile towards Jewish partisans, who in turn were more closely associated with the Soviet underground, while AK units in the west were more helpful towards the Jews. The Home Army had a more favorable attitude towards Jewish civilians and was more hesitant or hostile towards independent Jewish partisans, whom it suspected of pro-Soviet sympathies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015299-109">[108]</a> General Rowecki believed that antisemitic attitudes in eastern Poland were related to Jewish involvement with Soviet partisans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015189-110">[109]</a> Some AK units were friendly to Jews,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015346-111">[110]</a> and in Hanaczów Home Army officers hid and protected an entire 250-person Jewish community, and supplied a Jewish Home Army platoon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015314–318-112">[111]</a> The Home Army leadership punished a number of perpetrators of antisemitic violence in its ranks, in some cases sentencing them to death.<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-106">[105]</a>: 88–90  Most of the underground press was sympathetic towards Jews,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015188-87">[86]</a> and the Home Army's Bureau of Information and Propaganda was led by operatives who were pro-Jewish and represented the liberal wing of Home Army;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015188-87">[86]</a> however, the bureau's anti-communist sub-division, created as a response to communist propaganda, was led by operatives who held strong anti-communist and anti-Jewish views, including the <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a> stereotype.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015188-87">[86]</a> The perceived association between Jews and communists was actively reinforced by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Antyk" title="Operation Antyk">Operation Antyk</a>, whose initial reports "tended to conflate communists with Jews, dangerously disseminating the notion that Jewish loyalties were to Soviet Russia and communism rather than to Poland", and which repeated the notion that antisemitism was a "useful tool in the struggle against Soviet Russia".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015208,_357-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_relations_during_World_War_II" title="Polish–Lithuanian relations during World War II">Polish–Lithuanian relations during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksander_Krzyzanowski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Aleksander_Krzyzanowski.jpg/170px-Aleksander_Krzyzanowski.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Aleksander_Krzyzanowski.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Krzy%C5%BCanowski" title="Aleksander Krzyżanowski">Aleksander Krzyżanowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilno" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno">Wilno</a>-region Home Army commander</figcaption></figure> Although the <a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuanian</a> and Polish resistance movements had common enemies—Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union—they began working together only in 1944–1945, after the Soviet reoccupation, when both fought the Soviet occupiers.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> The main obstacle to unity was a long-standing territorial dispute over the Vilnius Region.<a href="#cite_note-Petersen_2002-116">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Activist_Front" title="Lithuanian Activist Front">Lithuanian Activist Front</a> (Lietuvos Aktyvistų Frontas, or LAF)<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-106">[105]</a>: 163  cooperated with Nazi operations against Poles during the German occupation. In autumn 1943, the Home Army carried retaliatory out operations against the Nazis' Lithuanian supporters, mainly the Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a> battalions, the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Territorial_Defense_Force" title="Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force">Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Secret_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Secret Police">Lithuanian Secret Police</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_2003-117">[116]</a> killing hundreds of mostly Lithuanian policemen and other collaborators during the first half of 1944. In response, the <a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Lithuanian Sonderkommando</a>, who had already killed hundreds of Polish civilians since 1941 (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary massacre</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-106">[105]</a>: 168–169  intensified their operations against the Poles. In April 1944, the Home Army in the Vilnius Region attempted to open negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Povilas_Plechavi%C4%8Dius" title="Povilas Plechavičius">Povilas Plechavičius</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Territorial_Defense_Force" title="Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force">Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force</a>, and proposed a non-aggression pact and cooperation against Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Piskunowicz_1996-118">[117]</a> The Lithuanian side refused and demanded that the Poles either leave the Vilnius region (disputed between Poles and Lithuanians) or subordinate themselves to the Lithuanians' struggle against the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-Piskunowicz_1996-118">[117]</a> In the May 1944 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Murowana_Oszmianka" title="Battle of Murowana Oszmianka">Battle of Murowana Oszmianka</a>, the Home Army dealt a substantial blow to the Nazi-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Territorial_Defense_Force" title="Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force">Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-106">[105]</a>: 165–166 <a href="#cite_note-Boradyn-119">[118]</a> which resulted in a low-level civil war between anti-Nazi Poles and pro-Nazi Lithuanians that was encouraged by the German authorities;<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_2003-117">[116]</a> it culminated in the June 1944 massacres of Polish and Lithuanian civilians in the villages of <a href="/wiki/Glinciszki_massacre" title="Glinciszki massacre">Glitiškės</a> (Glinciszki) and <a href="/wiki/Dubingiai_massacre" title="Dubingiai massacre">Dubingiai</a> (Dubinki) respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-106">[105]</a>: 168–169  Postwar assessments of the Home Army's activities in Lithuania have been controversial. In 1993, the Home Army's activities there were investigated by a special Lithuanian government commission. Only in recent years have Polish and Lithuanian historians been able to approach consensus, though still differing in their interpretations of many events.<a href="#cite_note-GW_2004-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dovile-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Poland–Ukraine relations">Poland–Ukraine relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolyn_zbrodnie_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Wolyn_zbrodnie_en.png/220px-Wolyn_zbrodnie_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Wolyn_zbrodnie_en.png/330px-Wolyn_zbrodnie_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Wolyn_zbrodnie_en.png/440px-Wolyn_zbrodnie_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1933" data-file-height="2050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> self-defense centers organized with Home Army help, 1943</figcaption></figure> In the Southeastern part of occupied Polish territories, there have been long-standing tensions between the Polish and Ukrainian populations. Poland's plans to restore its prewar borders were opposed by the Ukrainians, and some Ukrainian groups' collaboration with Nazi Germany had discredited their partisans as potential Polish allies.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_1999-122">[121]</a> While the Polish government-in-exile considered tentative plans about providing a limited autonomy for Ukrainians, in 1942 the staff of the Home Army of <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> recommended deporting 1–1.5 million Ukrainians to the Soviet Union and settling the remainder in other parts of Poland once the war ended.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The situation escalated the next year when the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> (Українська повстанська армія, Ukrayins'ka Povstans'ka Armiya, UPA), a Ukrainian nationalist force and the military arm of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a> (Організація Українських Націоналістів, Orhanizatsiya Ukrayins'kykh Natsionalistiv, OUN),<a href="#cite_note-Marples286-124">[123]</a> directed most of its attacks against Poles and Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Cooke-125">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Stepan Bandera</a>, one of UPA's leaders, and his followers concluded that the war would end in the exhaustion of both Germany and the Soviet Union, leaving only the Poles—who laid claim to <a href="/wiki/East_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="East Galicia">East Galicia</a> (viewed by the Ukrainians as <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">western Ukraine</a>, and by the Poles as <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a>)—as a significant force, and therefore the Poles had to be weakened before the war's end.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_1999-122">[121]</a> The OUN decided to attack Polish civilians, who constituted about a third of the population of the disputed territories.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_1999-122">[121]</a> It equated Ukrainian independence with ethnic homogeneity, which meant the Polish presence had to be completely removed.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_1999-122">[121]</a> By February 1943 the OUN began a deliberate campaign of killing Polish civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_1999-122">[121]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia">massacres of Poles in Volhynia</a> and Eastern Galicia, beginning in the spring of 1943, 100,000 Poles were killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2011447–448-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> OUN forces targeted Polish villages, which prompted the formation of Polish self-defense units (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Przebra%C5%BCe_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Przebraże Defence">Przebraże Defence</a>) and fights between the Home Army and the OUN.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_1999-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006324-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006390-130">[129]</a> The Germans encouraged both sides against each other; <a href="/wiki/Erich_Koch" title="Erich Koch">Erich Koch</a> said: "We have to do everything possible so that a Pole, when meeting a Ukrainian, will be ready to kill him, and conversely, a Ukrainian will be ready to kill the Pole." A German commissioner from <a href="/wiki/Sarny" title="Sarny">Sarny</a>, when local Poles complained about massacres, answered: "You want <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Sikorski</a>, the Ukrainians want Bandera. Fight each other."<a href="#cite_note-Kiriczuk_2003-131">[130]</a> On 10 July 1943, <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Rumel" title="Zygmunt Rumel">Zygmunt Rumel</a> was sent to talk with local Ukrainians with the goal of ending the massacres; the mission was unsuccessful, and the <a href="/wiki/Banderites" class="mw-redirect" title="Banderites">Banderites</a> killed the Polish delegation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006327-132">[131]</a> On 20 July that year the Home Army command decided to establish partisan units in Volhynia. Several formations were created, most notably, in January 1944, the <a href="/wiki/27th_Home_Army_Infantry_Division_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Home Army Infantry Division (Poland)">27th Home Army Infantry Division</a>. Between January and March 1944, the division fought 16 major battles with the UPA, expanding its operational base and securing Polish forces against the main attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006358–360-133">[132]</a> One of the largest battles between the Home Army and the UPA took place in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Defense_of_Hanacz%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defense of Hanaczów (page does not exist)">Hanaczów</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrona_Hanaczowa" class="extiw" title="pl:Obrona Hanaczowa">pl</a>], where local self-defence forces managed to fend off two attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006382,_387-134">[133]</a> In March 1944 the Home Army also carried out reprisal attack against UPA in the village of <a href="/wiki/Sahry%C5%84" title="Sahryń">Sahryń</a>, remembered as "<a href="/wiki/Sahry%C5%84_massacre" title="Sahryń massacre">Sahryń massacre</a>", ended in ethnic cleansing operations in which about 700 Ukrainian civilians were killed.<a href="#cite_note-RDRNAT-135">[134]</a> The Polish government-in-exile in London was taken by surprise; it did not expect Ukrainian anti-Polish actions of such magnitude.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_1999-122">[121]</a> There is no evidence that the Polish government-in-exile contemplated a general policy of revenge against the Ukrainians, but local Poles, including Home Army commanders, engaged in retaliatory actions.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_1999-122">[121]</a> Polish partisans attacked the OUN, assassinated Ukrainian commanders, and carried out operations against Ukrainian villages.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_1999-122">[121]</a> Retaliatory operations aimed at intimidating the Ukrainian population contributed to increased support for the UPA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2016110-136">[135]</a> The Home Army command tried to limit operations against Ukrainian civilians to a minimum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006413-137">[136]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Motyka" title="Grzegorz Motyka">Grzegorz Motyka</a>, the Polish operations resulted in 10,000 to 15,000 Ukrainian deaths in 1943–47,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2016120-138">[137]</a> including 8,000-10,000 on territory of post-war Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2011448-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> From February to April 1945, mainly in Rzeszowszczyzna (the <a href="/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a> area), Polish units (including affiliates of the Home Army) carried out retaliatory attacks in which about 3,000 Ukrainians were killed; one of the most infamous ones is known as the <a href="/wiki/Paw%C5%82okoma_massacre" title="Pawłokoma massacre">Pawłokoma massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006578-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rapawy-142">[141]</a> By mid-1944, most of the disputed regions were occupied by the Soviet Red Army. Polish partisans disbanded or went underground, as did most Ukrainian partisans. Both the Poles and the Ukrainians would increasingly concentrate on the Soviets as their primary enemy – and both would ultimately fail.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder_1999-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_the_Soviet_Union">Relations with the Soviet Union</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Poland" title="Soviet partisans in Poland">Soviet partisans in Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19440712_soviet_and_ak_soldiers_vilnius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/19440712_soviet_and_ak_soldiers_vilnius.jpg/220px-19440712_soviet_and_ak_soldiers_vilnius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/19440712_soviet_and_ak_soldiers_vilnius.jpg/330px-19440712_soviet_and_ak_soldiers_vilnius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/19440712_soviet_and_ak_soldiers_vilnius.jpg/440px-19440712_soviet_and_ak_soldiers_vilnius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="2305" /></a><figcaption>Soviet and Home Army soldiers patrol together, <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilnius Offensive">Wilno</a>, July 1944</figcaption></figure> Home Army relations with the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> grew worse as the war progressed. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)">Soviet Union invaded Poland</a> on 17 September 1939 after the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Poland (1939)">German invasion</a> that began on 1 September 1939; even though the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Germans invaded the Soviet Union</a> in June 1941, the Soviets saw <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish partisans</a> loyal to the Polish government-in-exile more as a potential obstacle to Soviet plans to control postwar Poland than as a potential ally.<a href="#cite_note-Chod-143">[142]</a> On orders from the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a> (high command) issued on 22 June 1943,<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-106">[105]</a>: 98–99  Soviet partisans engaged Polish partisans in combat; it has also been claimed that they attacked the Poles more frequently than the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-Chod-143">[142]</a> In late 1943 the actions of Soviet partisans, who had been ordered to destroy Home Army forces,<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-106">[105]</a>: 98–99  even resulted in limited uneasy cooperation between some Home Army units and German forces.<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-106">[105]</a>: 88–90  While the Home Army still treated the Germans as the enemy and conducted operations against them,<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-106">[105]</a>: 88–90  some Polish units in the <a href="/wiki/Nowogr%C3%B3dek" class="mw-redirect" title="Nowogródek">Nowogródek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilno" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno">Wilno</a> areas accepted them when the Germans offered arms and supplies to the Home Army to be used against the Soviet partisans. However, such arrangements were purely tactical and indicated no ideological collaboration, as demonstrated by France's <a href="/wiki/Vichy_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy regime">Vichy regime</a> or Norway's <a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Quisling regime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-106">[105]</a>: 88–90  The Poles' main motive was to acquire intelligence on the Germans and to obtain much-needed equipment.<a href="#cite_note-Radzilowski-58">[57]</a> There were no known joint Polish–German operations, and the Germans were unsuccessful in recruiting the Poles to fight exclusively against the Soviet partisans.<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-106">[105]</a>: 88–90  Furthermore, most cooperative efforts between local Home Army commanders and the Germans were condemned by Home Army headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-106">[105]</a>: 88–90  With the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> entering Polish territories in 1944, the Home Army established an uneasy truce with the Soviets. Even so, the main <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> forces conducted operations against Home Army partisans, including during or directly after Poland's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a>, which the Poles had envisioned to be a joint Polish–Soviet operation against the retreating Germans which would also establish Polish claims to those territories.<a href="#cite_note-Rzecz-144">[143]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The Home Army helped Soviet units with scouting assistance, uprisings, and assistance in liberating some cities (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ostra_Brama" title="Operation Ostra Brama">Operation Ostra Brama</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Uprising" title="Lwów Uprising">Lwów Uprising</a>), only to find that Home Army troops were arrested, imprisoned, or executed immediately afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-Crampton_1994-47">[46]</a> <a href="#Postwar">Long after the war</a>, Soviet forces continued engaging many Home Army soldiers, who received the moniker of "<a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">cursed soldiers</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Rzecz-144">[143]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar">Postwar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Trial_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Moscow_Trial_1945.jpg/260px-Moscow_Trial_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Moscow_Trial_1945.jpg/390px-Moscow_Trial_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Moscow_Trial_1945.jpg/520px-Moscow_Trial_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>June 1945 <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Sixteen" title="Trial of the Sixteen">show trial of 16 Polish civil and Home Army leaders</a>. They were convicted of "planning military action against the U.S.S.R." In March 1945 they had been invited to help organize a Polish Government of National Unity and were arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>. Despite the court's lenience, 6 years later only two of the men were alive.</figcaption></figure> The Home Army was officially disbanded on 19 January 1945 to avoid civil war and armed conflict with the Soviets. However, many former Home Army units decided to continue operations. The Soviet Union, and the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity" title="Provisional Government of National Unity">Polish communist government</a> that it controlled, viewed the underground, still loyal to the Polish government-in-exile, as a force to be extirpated before they could gain complete control of Poland. Future <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General">Secretary General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a>, is quoted as saying: "Soldiers of the AK are a hostile element which must be removed without mercy." Another prominent Polish communist, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Zambrowski" title="Roman Zambrowski">Roman Zambrowski</a>, said that the Home Army had to be "exterminated."<a href="#cite_note-Rzecz-144">[143]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The first Home Army structure designed primarily to deal with the Soviet threat had been <a href="/wiki/NIE_(resistance)" title="NIE (resistance)">NIE</a>, formed in mid-1943. Its aim was not to engage Soviet forces in combat, but to observe them and to gather intelligence while the Polish Government-in-Exile decided how to deal with the Soviets; at that time, the exiled government still believed in the possibility of constructive negotiations with the Soviets. On 7 May 1945 NIE was disbanded and transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Delegation_for_Poland" title="Armed Forces Delegation for Poland">Armed Forces Delegation for Poland</a> (Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych na Kraj), but it was disbanded on 8 August 1945 to stop partisan resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Rzecz-144">[143]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The first Polish communist government formed in July 1944—the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Polish Committee of National Liberation">Polish Committee of National Liberation</a>—declined to accept jurisdiction over Home Army soldiers; as a result, for over a year <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> took responsibility for disarming the Home Army. By the end of the war, around 60,000 Home Army soldiers were arrested, 50,000 of whom were deported to Soviet <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulags</a> and prisons; most of these soldiers had been taken captive by the Soviets during or after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a> when many Home Army units tried to work together with the Soviets in a nationwide uprising against the Germans. Other Home Army veterans were arrested when they approached Polish communist government officials after having been promised <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a>. Home Army soldiers stopped trusting the government after a number of broken promises in the first few years of communist control.<a href="#cite_note-Rzecz-144">[143]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The third post-Home Army organization was <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom and Independence">Freedom and Independence</a> (Wolność i Niezawisłość, WiN). Its primary goal was not fighting; rather, it was designed to help Home Army soldiers transition from partisan to civilian life; while secrecy was necessary in light of increasing persecution of Home Army veterans by the communist government.<a href="#cite_note-Korboński-145">[144]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] WiN was in great need of funds to pay for false documents and provide resources for the partisans, many of whom had lost their homes and life savings in the war. WiN was far from efficient: it was viewed as an enemy of the state, starved of resources, and a vocal faction advocated armed resistance against the Soviets and their Polish proxies. In the second half of 1945, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> and the newly created Polish secret police, the <a href="/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Urząd Bezpieczeństwa">Department of Security</a> (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa, UB), managed to convince several Home Army and WiN leaders that they wanted to offer <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> to Home Army members, and gained information about large numbers of Home Army and WiN people and resources in the following months. By the time the (imprisoned) Home Army and WiN leaders realised their mistake, the organizations had been crippled, with thousands of their members arrested. WiN was finally disbanded in 1952. By 1947 a colonel of the communist forces declared that "The terrorist and political underground [had] ceased to be a threatening force, though there [were] still men of the forests" to be dealt with.<a href="#cite_note-Rzecz-144">[143]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_Army_Members_11_Nov._2008_Sanok.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Home_Army_Members_11_Nov._2008_Sanok.JPG/220px-Home_Army_Members_11_Nov._2008_Sanok.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Home_Army_Members_11_Nov._2008_Sanok.JPG/330px-Home_Army_Members_11_Nov._2008_Sanok.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Home_Army_Members_11_Nov._2008_Sanok.JPG/440px-Home_Army_Members_11_Nov._2008_Sanok.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Home Army veterans at <a href="/wiki/Sanok" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanok">Sanok</a>, Poland, 11 November 2008</figcaption></figure> The persecution of the Home Army was only part of the <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> repressions in Poland. In 1944–56, approximately 2 million people were arrested; over 20,000, including Pilecki, organizer of the resistance in <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, were executed in communist prisons, and 6 million Polish citizens (every third adult Pole) were classified as "reactionary" or "criminal elements", and were subjected to spying by state agencies.<a href="#cite_note-Rzecz-144">[143]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Most Home Army soldiers were captured by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> or by Poland's UB political police. They were interrogated and imprisoned on various charges such as "fascism".<a href="#cite_note-Paczkowski-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Many were sent to <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulags</a>, executed, or "disappeared".<a href="#cite_note-Paczkowski-146">[145]</a> For example, all the members of Batalion Zośka, which had fought in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>, were locked up in communist prisons between 1944 and 1956.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> In 1956 an amnesty released 35,000 former Home Army soldiers from prisons.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Even then, some partisans remained in the countryside, and were unwilling or unable to rejoin the community; they became known as the cursed soldiers. Stanisław Marchewka "Ryba" was killed in 1957, and the last AK partisan, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Franczak" title="Józef Franczak">Józef "Lalek" Franczak</a>, was killed in 1963 – almost two decades after World War II had ended. It was only four years later, in 1967, that <a href="/wiki/Adam_Boryczka" title="Adam Boryczka">Adam Boryczka</a>—a soldier of AK and a member of the elite, Britain-trained <a href="/wiki/Cichociemny" class="mw-redirect" title="Cichociemny">Cichociemny</a> ("Silent Unseen") intelligence and support group—was released from prison. Until the end of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a>, Home Army soldiers remained under investigation by the secret police, and it was only in 1989, after the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">fall of communism</a>, that the sentences of Home Army soldiers were finally declared null and void by Polish courts.<a href="#cite_note-Rzecz-144">[143]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Many monuments to the Home Army have since been erected in Poland, including the Polish Underground State and Home Army Monument near the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> building in Warsaw, unveiled in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> The Home Army is also commemorated in the <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa_Museum_in_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa Museum in Kraków">Home Army Museum in Kraków</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Uprising Museum">Warsaw Uprising Museum</a> in Warsaw.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray Ranks">Gray Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_contribution_to_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish contribution to World War II">Polish contribution to World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_1-1">b</a> A number of sources say that the Home Army was the largest resistance movement in Nazi-occupied Europe. <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a> writes that "Armia Krajowa (Home Army), the AK, ... could fairly claim to be the largest of European resistance [organizations]."<a href="#cite_note-Davies2005-154">[153]</a> Gregor Dallas writes that the "Home Army (Armia Krajowa or AK) in late 1943 numbered around 400,000, making it the largest resistance organization in Europe."<a href="#cite_note-Dallas2005-155">[154]</a> Mark Wyman writes that "Armia Krajowa was considered the largest underground resistance unit in wartime Europe."<a href="#cite_note-Wyman1998-156">[155]</a> The numbers of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a> were very similar to those of the Polish resistance.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MNK-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MNK_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNK_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNK_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNK_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNK_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNK_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNK_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNK_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNK_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNK_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNK_2-10">k</a> Marek Ney-Krwawicz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/2%20Article.htm">The Polish Underground State and The Home Army (1939–45)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103204054/http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/2%20Article.htm">Archived</a> 3 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Retrieved 14 March 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Enc._PWN:_AK-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._PWN:_AK_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._PWN:_AK_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._PWN:_AK_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._PWN:_AK_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._PWN:_AK_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._PWN:_AK_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._PWN:_AK_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._PWN:_AK_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._PWN:_AK_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._PWN:_AK_3-9">j</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221344/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3871190">"Armia Krajowa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN" title="Internetowa encyklopedia PWN">Encyklopedia PWN</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3871190">the original</a> on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyklopedia+PWN&rft.atitle=Armia+Krajowa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo.php%3Fid%3D3871190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strzembosz_1996-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strzembosz_1996_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strzembosz_1996_4-1">b</a> Tomasz Strzembosz, Początki ruchy oporu w Polsce. Kilka uwag. In Krzysztof Komorowski (ed.), Rozwój organizacyjny Armii Krajowej, Bellona, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-11-08544-7" title="Special:BookSources/83-11-08544-7">83-11-08544-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prazmowska2004-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prazmowska2004_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prazmowska2004_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrazmowska2004" class="citation book cs1">Prazmowska, A. (29 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ReF8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PR10">Civil War in Poland 1942-1948</a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-50488-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-50488-2"><bdi>978-0-230-50488-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+in+Poland+1942-1948&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2004-07-29&rft.isbn=978-0-230-50488-2&rft.aulast=Prazmowska&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DReF8DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enc._WIEM:_AK-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._WIEM:_AK_6-17">r</a> (in Polish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/59129,,,,armia_krajowa,haslo.html">Armia Krajowa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214130906/http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/59129,,,,armia_krajowa,haslo.html">Archived</a> 14 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_WIEM" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyklopedia WIEM">Encyklopedia WIEM</a>. Retrieved 2 April 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wróbel2014-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Wróbel2014_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWróbel2014" class="citation book cs1">Wróbel, Piotr (27 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U2O2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1872">Historical Dictionary of Poland 1945-1996</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 1872. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-92701-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-92701-1"><bdi>978-1-135-92701-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland+1945-1996&rft.pages=1872&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014-01-27&rft.isbn=978-1-135-92701-1&rft.aulast=Wr%C3%B3bel&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU2O2AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RozettSpector2013-8"><a href="#cite_ref-RozettSpector2013_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozettSpector2013" class="citation book cs1">Rozett, Robert; Spector, Shmuel (26 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d5MuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT506">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a>. Routledge. pp. 506–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96957-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96957-8"><bdi>978-1-135-96957-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=506-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96957-8&rft.aulast=Rozett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Spector%2C+Shmuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd5MuAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leslie-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie_9-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_Francis_Leslie1983" class="citation book cs1">Roy Francis Leslie (19 May 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tYVKUsnw9IC">The History of Poland Since 1863</a>. 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Hoover Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8861-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8861-6"><bdi>978-0-8179-8861-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Eagle%3A+The+Army+in+Polish+Politics%2C+1944%E2%80%931988&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-8861-6&rft.au=Andrew+A.+Michta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Ff065RmrAsC%26q%3Dsikorski%2Bkatyn%2Btwo%2Benemies%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Embassy_PR_2006-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Embassy_PR_2006_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Embassy_PR_2006_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Embassy_PR_2006_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Embassy_PR_2006_11-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051017065000/http://www.polishembassy.ca/files/Polish%20Armed%20Forces%20in%20WWII%20eng.pdf">Polish contribution to the Allied victory in World War 2 (1939–1945)</a>. Publications of Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Canada. Retrieved 21 December 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Laqueur_2019-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laqueur_2019_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laqueur_2019_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur2019" class="citation book cs1">Laqueur, Walter (2019). "5. The Twentieth Century (II): Partisans against Hitler". Guerrilla: A Historical and Critical Study. Milton: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-69636-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-69636-7"><bdi>978-0-429-69636-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1090493874">1090493874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.+The+Twentieth+Century+%28II%29%3A+Partisans+against+Hitler&rft.btitle=Guerrilla%3A+A+Historical+and+Critical+Study&rft.place=Milton&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1090493874&rft.isbn=978-0-429-69636-7&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salm_1994-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Salm_1994_13-0">^</a> Stanisław Salmonowicz, Polskie Państwo Podziemne, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, Warszawa, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-02-05500-X" title="Special:BookSources/83-02-05500-X">83-02-05500-X</a>, p.317 </li> <li id="cite_note-Laqueur-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laqueur_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laqueur_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HYFmMoZab5MC&pg=PA202">Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical and Critical Study</a>. 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Graf-Punkt. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-87988-08-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-87988-08-1"><bdi>978-83-87988-08-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leksykon+historii+Polski+po+II+wojnie+%C5%9Bwiatowej+1944%E2%80%931997&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Graf-Punkt&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.isbn=978-83-87988-08-1&rft.au=Hanna+Konopka&rft.au=Adrian+Konopka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVqe1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enc._PWN:_AL-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Enc._PWN:_AL_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231936/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3871193">"Armia Ludowa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN" title="Internetowa encyklopedia PWN">Encyklopedia PWN</a> (in Polish). 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Cambridge University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19687-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19687-1"><bdi>978-0-521-19687-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Communism%2C+and+Industrialization+in+Postwar+Poland&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06-21&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19687-1&rft.au=Malgorzata+Fidelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlT4A7xvIA0C%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ney-Krwawicz1993-1825-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Ney-Krwawicz1993-1825_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek_Ney-Krwawicz1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marek Ney-Krwawicz (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c9WAAAAAIAAJ">Armia Krajowa: siła zbrojna Polskiego Państwa Polskiego</a> (in Polish). Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. pp. 18–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-02-05061-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-02-05061-9"><bdi>978-83-02-05061-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armia+Krajowa%3A+si%C5%82a+zbrojna+Polskiego+Pa%C5%84stwa+Polskiego&rft.pages=18-25&rft.pub=Wydawnictwa+Szkolne+i+Pedagogiczne&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-83-02-05061-9&rft.au=Marek+Ney-Krwawicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc9WAAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLERSKI1982" class="citation journal cs1">LERSKI, GEORGE J. (1982). 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Karta (in Polish) (37): 88–97. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0867-3764">0867-3764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Karta&rft.atitle=Gestapo+i+NKWD&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=88-97&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0867-3764&rft.aulast=Nowak-Jeziora%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D2829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LerskiLerski1996-31"><a href="#cite_ref-LerskiLerski1996_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerzy_Jan_LerskiGeorge_J._LerskiHalina_T._Lerski1996" class="citation book cs1">Jerzy Jan Lerski; George J. Lerski; Halina T. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 47, 401, 513–514, 605–505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0"><bdi>978-0-313-26007-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966-1945&rft.pages=47%2C+401%2C+513-514%2C+605-505&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26007-0&rft.au=Jerzy+Jan+Lerski&rft.au=George+J.+Lerski&rft.au=Halina+T.+Lerski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTUTqE2difgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiąk2003-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Wiąk2003_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesław_Józef_Wiąk2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wiesław Józef Wiąk (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mtYhAQAAIAAJ">Struktura organizacyjna Armii Krajowej 1939-1944</a> (in Polish). UPJW. pp. 5, 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-916862-7-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-916862-7-0"><bdi>978-83-916862-7-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struktura+organizacyjna+Armii+Krajowej+1939-1944&rft.pages=5%2C+82&rft.pub=UPJW&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-83-916862-7-0&rft.au=Wies%C5%82aw+J%C3%B3zef+Wi%C4%85k&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmtYhAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kochanski2012-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kochanski2012_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kochanski2012_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kochanski2012_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kochanski2012_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kochanski2012_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kochanski2012_33-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochanski2012" class="citation book cs1">Kochanski, Halik (13 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EJ5vIyDBpLcC&pg=PA234">The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 234–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06816-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06816-2"><bdi>978-0-674-06816-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle+Unbowed%3A+Poland+and+the+Poles+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=234-236&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06816-2&rft.aulast=Kochanski&rft.aufirst=Halik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEJ5vIyDBpLcC%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoybel2007" class="citation journal cs1">Soybel, Phyllis L. 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The Journal of Military History. 70 (2): 528–529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.2006.0128">10.1353/jmh.2006.0128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-7795">1543-7795</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161747036">161747036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Intelligence+Co-operation+Between+Poland+and+Great+Britain+during+World+War+II%3A+The+Report+of+the+Anglo-Polish+Historical+Committee%2C+vol.+1+%28review%29&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=528-529&rft.date=2006-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161747036%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1543-7795&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjmh.2006.0128&rft.aulast=Schwonek&rft.aufirst=Matthew+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeszke2006" class="citation journal cs1">Peszke, Michael Alfred (1 December 2006). "A Review of: "Intelligence Co-Operation between Poland and Great Britain during World War II — The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee"". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 19 (4): 787–790. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518040601028578">10.1080/13518040601028578</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1351-8046">1351-8046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219626554">219626554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Slavic+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Review+of%3A+%22Intelligence+Co-Operation+between+Poland+and+Great+Britain+during+World+War+II+%E2%80%94+The+Report+of+the+Anglo-Polish+Historical+Committee%22&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=787-790&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219626554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1351-8046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13518040601028578&rft.aulast=Peszke&rft.aufirst=Michael+Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENey-Krwawicz200198-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENey-Krwawicz200198_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENey-Krwawicz200198_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNey-Krwawicz2001">Ney-Krwawicz (2001)</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman201554-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman201554_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman201554_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2015">Zimmerman (2015)</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel1983" class="citation journal cs1">Engel, David (1983). "An Early Account of Polish Jewry under Nazi and Soviet Occupation Presented to the Polish Government-In-Exile, February 1940". Jewish Social Studies. 45 (1): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-6704">0021-6704</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4467201">4467201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Social+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Early+Account+of+Polish+Jewry+under+Nazi+and+Soviet+Occupation+Presented+to+the+Polish+Government-In-Exile%2C+February+1940&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4467201%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0021-6704&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wildhorn-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Wildhorn_40-0">^</a> Ordway, Frederick I., III. "The Rocket Team." Apogee Books Space Series 36 (pgs 158, 173) </li> <li id="cite_note-Kocjan-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Kocjan_41-0">^</a> McGovern, James. "Crossbow and Overcast." W. Morrow: New York, 1964. (pg 71) </li> <li id="cite_note-StirlingNałęcz2005-32-42"><a href="#cite_ref-StirlingNałęcz2005-32_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnglo-Polish_Historical_Committee2005" class="citation book cs1">Anglo-Polish Historical Committee (2005). Tessa Stirling; Daria Nałęcz; Tadeusz Dubicki (eds.). Intelligence Co-operation Between Poland and Great Britain During World War II: Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee. Vallentine Mitchell. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85303-656-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85303-656-2"><bdi>978-0-85303-656-2</bdi></a>. <q>This tendency influenced the unwillingness to recognize the disproportionally large contribution of Polish Intelligence to the Allied victory over Germany</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligence+Co-operation+Between+Poland+and+Great+Britain+During+World+War+II%3A+Report+of+the+Anglo-Polish+Historical+Committee&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Vallentine+Mitchell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85303-656-2&rft.au=Anglo-Polish+Historical+Committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StirlingNałęcz2005-410-43"><a href="#cite_ref-StirlingNałęcz2005-410_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnglo-Polish_Historical_Committee2005" class="citation book cs1">Anglo-Polish Historical Committee (2005). Tessa Stirling; Daria Nałęcz; Tadeusz Dubicki (eds.). Intelligence Co-operation Between Poland and Great Britain During World War II: Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee. Vallentine Mitchell. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85303-656-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85303-656-2"><bdi>978-0-85303-656-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligence+Co-operation+Between+Poland+and+Great+Britain+During+World+War+II%3A+Report+of+the+Anglo-Polish+Historical+Committee&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Vallentine+Mitchell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85303-656-2&rft.au=Anglo-Polish+Historical+Committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mbc.cyfrowemazowsze.pl/dlibra/publication/6932?tab=1">"Biuletyn Informacyjny : wydanie codzienne"</a>. dLibra Digital Library. Warsaw Public Library. Retrieved 8 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dLibra+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Biuletyn+Informacyjny+%3A+wydanie+codzienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmbc.cyfrowemazowsze.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fpublication%2F6932%3Ftab%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wpolityce.pl/polityka/122558-biuletyn-informacyjny-wychodzil-w-konspiracji-co-tydzien-przez-piec-lat-rekordowy-naklad-50-tys-egzemplarzy">""Biuletyn Informacyjny" wychodził w konspiracji co tydzień przez pięć lat. Rekordowy nakład - 50 tys. egzemplarzy"</a>. wpolityce.pl. 24 November 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wpolityce.pl&rft.atitle=%22Biuletyn+Informacyjny%22+wychodzi%C5%82+w+konspiracji+co+tydzie%C5%84+przez+pi%C4%99%C4%87+lat.+Rekordowy+nak%C5%82ad+-+50+tys.+egzemplarzy&rft.date=2011-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwpolityce.pl%2Fpolityka%2F122558-biuletyn-informacyjny-wychodzil-w-konspiracji-co-tydzien-przez-piec-lat-rekordowy-naklad-50-tys-egzemplarzy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enc._PWN:_Burza-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._PWN:_Burza_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enc._PWN:_Burza_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003160857/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3882234">"Burza"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN" title="Internetowa encyklopedia PWN">Encyklopedia PWN</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3882234">the original</a> on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyklopedia+PWN&rft.atitle=Burza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo.php%3Fid%3D3882234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crampton_1994-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crampton_1994_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crampton_1994_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crampton_1994_47-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton1994" class="citation book cs1">Crampton, R.J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ro-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA197">Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century</a>. Routledge. pp. 197–198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05346-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05346-4"><bdi>978-0-415-05346-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=197-198&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05346-4&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Ro-AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENey-Krwawicz2001166-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENey-Krwawicz2001166_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNey-Krwawicz2001">Ney-Krwawicz (2001)</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ney-Krwawicz1993-214-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Ney-Krwawicz1993-214_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek_Ney-Krwawicz1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marek Ney-Krwawicz (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c9WAAAAAIAAJ">Armia Krajowa: siła zbrojna Polskiego Państwa Polskiego</a> (in Polish). Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-02-05061-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-02-05061-9"><bdi>978-83-02-05061-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armia+Krajowa%3A+si%C5%82a+zbrojna+Polskiego+Pa%C5%84stwa+Polskiego&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Wydawnictwa+Szkolne+i+Pedagogiczne&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-83-02-05061-9&rft.au=Marek+Ney-Krwawicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc9WAAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzembosz1983343–346-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzembosz1983343–346_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzembosz1983">Strzembosz (1983)</a>, pp. 343–346. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrzembosz1983423-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrzembosz1983423_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrzembosz1983">Strzembosz (1983)</a>, p. 423. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stolarski-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stolarski_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolarski_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolarski_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolarski_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolarski_52-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolarski_52-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolarski_52-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stolarski_52-7">h</a> Rafal E. Stolarski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/25%20Article.htm">The Production of Arms and Explosive Materials by the Polish Home Army in the Years 1939–1945</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030101918/http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/25%20Article.htm">Archived</a> 30 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Retrieved 14 March 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-McGilvray2015-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGilvray2015_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGilvray2015_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvan_McGilvray2015" class="citation book cs1">Evan McGilvray (19 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YYQwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR6">Days of Adversity: The Warsaw Uprising 1944</a>. Helion & Company. pp. 6–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912174-34-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912174-34-8"><bdi>978-1-912174-34-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Days+of+Adversity%3A+The+Warsaw+Uprising+1944&rft.pages=6-&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company&rft.date=2015-07-19&rft.isbn=978-1-912174-34-8&rft.au=Evan+McGilvray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYYQwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korb-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Korb_54-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Korbo%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Korboński">Stefan Korboński</a>, The Polish Underground State, Columbia University Press, 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914710-32-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-914710-32-X">0-914710-32-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peszke_2005-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Peszke_2005_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Alfred_Peszke2005" class="citation book cs1">Michael Alfred Peszke (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zhb2doihL1wC&pg=PA183">The Polish Underground Army, the Western Allies, and the Failure of Strategic Unity in World War II</a>. McFarland. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2009-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2009-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-2009-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Underground+Army%2C+the+Western+Allies%2C+and+the+Failure+of+Strategic+Unity+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2009-4&rft.au=Michael+Alfred+Peszke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzhb2doihL1wC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bałuk2009-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Bałuk2009_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Bałuk2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stefan Bałuk (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GuJLAQAAIAAJ">Silent and Unseen: I was a Polish WWII Special Ops Commando</a> (in Polish). Askon. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7452-036-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7452-036-2"><bdi>978-83-7452-036-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+and+Unseen%3A+I+was+a+Polish+WWII+Special+Ops+Commando&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Askon&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-83-7452-036-2&rft.au=Stefan+Ba%C5%82uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGuJLAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeszke2013''passim''-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeszke2013''passim''_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeszke2013">Peszke (2013)</a>, passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-Radzilowski-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radzilowski_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radzilowski_58-1">b</a> John Radzilowski, Review of <a href="/wiki/Yaffa_Eliach" title="Yaffa Eliach">Yaffa Eliach</a>'s There Once Was a World: A 900-Year Chronicle of the Shtetl of Eishyshok, <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>, vol. 1, no. 2 (June 1999), City University of New York. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_D._CherryAnnamaria_Orla-Bukowska2007" class="citation book cs1">Robert D. Cherry; Annamaria Orla-Bukowska (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkLTSB7NHwgC&pg=PA105">Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4666-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4666-0"><bdi>978-0-7425-4666-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Poles+and+Jews%3A+Troubled+Past%2C+Brighter+Future&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4666-0&rft.au=Robert+D.+Cherry&rft.au=Annamaria+Orla-Bukowska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvkLTSB7NHwgC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015418-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015418_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015418_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2015">Zimmerman (2015)</a>, p. 418. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlutinger2010" class="citation journal cs1">Blutinger, Jeffrey (Fall 2010). 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Shofar. 29 (1): 73–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsho.2010.0093">10.1353/sho.2010.0093</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-8539">0882-8539</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5703/shofar.29.1.73">10.5703/shofar.29.1.73</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144954562">144954562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shofar&rft.atitle=An+Inconvenient+Past%3A+Post-Communist+Holocaust+Memorialization&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-94&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0882-8539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144954562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5703%2Fshofar.29.1.73%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsho.2010.0093&rft.aulast=Blutinger&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZphWriAuuJYC&pg=PA478">Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1938–1940</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. 2011. p. 478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-2039-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-2039-6"><bdi>978-0-7591-2039-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Responses+to+Persecution%3A+1938%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=478&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-2039-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZphWriAuuJYC%26pg%3DPA478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baumgarten_2009-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgarten_2009_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgarten_2009_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgarten_2009_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgarten_2009_63-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_D._Zimmerman2009" class="citation book cs1">Joshua D. Zimmerman (January 2009). Murray Baumgarten; Peter Kenez; Bruce Allan Thompson (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iPs1Vaf6F9QC&pg=PA110">Case of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a>. University of Delaware Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-039-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-039-3"><bdi>978-0-87413-039-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case+of+the+Warsaw+Ghetto+Uprising&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=2009-01&rft.isbn=978-0-87413-039-3&rft.au=Joshua+D.+Zimmerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPs1Vaf6F9QC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Armstrong_1994-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_1994_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_1994_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1994" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, John Lowell (1994). 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The Slavonic and East European Review. 72 (2): 259–276. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6795">0037-6795</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4211476">4211476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Polish+Underground+and+the+Jews%3A+A+Reassessment+of+Home+Army+Commander+Tadeusz+B%C3%B3r-Komorowski%27s+Order+116+against+Banditry&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-276&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4211476%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0037-6795&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=John+Lowell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_D._Zimmerman" title="Joshua D. Zimmerman">Zimmerman, Joshua D.</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0888325419844816">"The Polish Underground Home Army (AK) and the Jews: What Postwar Jewish Testimonies and Wartime Documents Reveal"</a>. East European Politics and Societies and Cultures. 34: 194–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0888325419844816">10.1177/0888325419844816</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204482531">204482531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Politics+and+Societies+and+Cultures&rft.atitle=The+Polish+Underground+Home+Army+%28AK%29+and+the+Jews%3A+What+Postwar+Jewish+Testimonies+and+Wartime+Documents+Reveal&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=194-220&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0888325419844816&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204482531%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Joshua+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0888325419844816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder_2015-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_2015_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_2015_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_2015_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_2015_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_2015_66-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2015" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Timothy (8 September 2015). Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning. Crown/Archetype. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101903469" title="Special:BookSources/9781101903469"><bdi>9781101903469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Earth%3A+The+Holocaust+as+History+and+Warning&rft.pub=Crown%2FArchetype&rft.date=2015-09-08&rft.isbn=9781101903469&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://righteous.yadvashem.org/?search=%20Jan%20Karski&searchType=righteous_only&language=en&itemId=4043972&ind=0">"Karski Jan"</a>. The Righteous Among The Nations Database. Retrieved 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Righteous+Among+The+Nations+Database&rft.atitle=Karski+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frighteous.yadvashem.org%2F%3Fsearch%3D%2520Jan%2520Karski%26searchType%3Drighteous_only%26language%3Den%26itemId%3D4043972%26ind%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://righteous.yadvashem.org/?search=aleksander%20kaminski&searchType=righteous_only&language=en&itemId=4015530&ind=0">"Kamiński Aleksander"</a>. The Righteous Among The Nations Database.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Righteous+Among+The+Nations+Database&rft.atitle=Kami%C5%84ski+Aleksander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frighteous.yadvashem.org%2F%3Fsearch%3Daleksander%2520kaminski%26searchType%3Drighteous_only%26language%3Den%26itemId%3D4015530%26ind%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://righteous.yadvashem.org/?search=Stefan%20Korbo%C5%84ski&searchType=righteous_only&language=en&itemId=4015737&ind=0">"Korbonski Stefan"</a>. The Righteous Among The Nations Database. Retrieved 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Righteous+Among+The+Nations+Database&rft.atitle=Korbonski+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frighteous.yadvashem.org%2F%3Fsearch%3DStefan%2520Korbo%25C5%2584ski%26searchType%3Drighteous_only%26language%3Den%26itemId%3D4015737%26ind%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://righteous.yadvashem.org/?search=Henryk%20Woli%C5%84ski&searchType=righteous_only&language=en&itemId=4018283&ind=0">"Woliński Henryk"</a>. The Righteous Among The Nations Database. Retrieved 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Righteous+Among+The+Nations+Database&rft.atitle=Woli%C5%84ski+Henryk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frighteous.yadvashem.org%2F%3Fsearch%3DHenryk%2520Woli%25C5%2584ski%26searchType%3Drighteous_only%26language%3Den%26itemId%3D4018283%26ind%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://righteous.yadvashem.org/?search=Jan%20%C5%BBabi%C5%84ski&searchType=righteous_only&language=en&itemId=4035464&ind=0">"Żabiński Jan & Żabińska Antonina (Erdman)"</a>. The Righteous Among The Nations Database. 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Retrieved 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Righteous+Among+The+Nations+Database&rft.atitle=Bartoszewski+W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frighteous.yadvashem.org%2F%3Fsearch%3DW%25C5%2582adys%25C5%2582aw%2520Bartoszewski%26searchType%3Drighteous_only%26language%3Den%26itemId%3D4013821%26ind%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://righteous.yadvashem.org/?search=Mieczys%C5%82aw%20Fogg&searchType=righteous_only&language=en&itemId=4014853&ind=0">"Fogg Mieczyslaw"</a>. The Righteous Among The Nations Database. Retrieved 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Righteous+Among+The+Nations+Database&rft.atitle=Fogg+Mieczyslaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frighteous.yadvashem.org%2F%3Fsearch%3DMieczys%25C5%2582aw%2520Fogg%26searchType%3Drighteous_only%26language%3Den%26itemId%3D4014853%26ind%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://righteous.yadvashem.org/?search=Henryk%20Iwa%C5%84ski&searchType=righteous_only&language=en&itemId=4034632&ind=0">"Iwański Henryk & Iwańska Wiktoria"</a>. The Righteous Among The Nations Database. Retrieved 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Righteous+Among+The+Nations+Database&rft.atitle=Iwa%C5%84ski+Henryk+%26+Iwa%C5%84ska+Wiktoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frighteous.yadvashem.org%2F%3Fsearch%3DHenryk%2520Iwa%25C5%2584ski%26searchType%3Drighteous_only%26language%3Den%26itemId%3D4034632%26ind%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://righteous.yadvashem.org/?search=Jan%20Dobraczy%C5%84ski&searchType=righteous_only&language=en&itemId=4014595&ind=0">"Dobraczyński Jan"</a>. The Righteous Among The Nations Database. Retrieved 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Righteous+Among+The+Nations+Database&rft.atitle=Dobraczy%C5%84ski+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frighteous.yadvashem.org%2F%3Fsearch%3DJan%2520Dobraczy%25C5%2584ski%26searchType%3Drighteous_only%26language%3Den%26itemId%3D4014595%26ind%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-76"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKołomańska2020" class="citation book cs1">Kołomańska, Ewa (2020). "Polskie podziemie niepodległościowe w ratowaniu Żydów na Kielecczyźnie w latach 1939–1945". In Domański, Tomasz; Majcher-Ociesa, Edyta (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bip.ipn.gov.pl/download/4/11804/Zalaczniknr2doSIWZMakieta.pdf">Żydzi i wojsko polskie w XIX i XX wieku</a> (PDF). Kielce Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. pp. 234–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-8098-894-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-8098-894-1"><bdi>978-83-8098-894-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polskie+podziemie+niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9Bciowe+w+ratowaniu+%C5%BByd%C3%B3w+na+Kielecczy%C5%BAnie+w+latach+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.btitle=%C5%BBydzi+i+wojsko+polskie+w+XIX+i+XX+wieku&rft.place=Kielce+Warszawa&rft.pages=234-250&rft.pub=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-83-8098-894-1&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%82oma%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Ewa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbip.ipn.gov.pl%2Fdownload%2F4%2F11804%2FZalaczniknr2doSIWZMakieta.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Powstanie warszawskie w walce i dyplomacji - page 23 Janusz Kazimierz Zawodny, Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-Krakowski_2003-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Krakowski_2003_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShmuel_Krakowski2003" class="citation book cs1">Shmuel Krakowski (January 2003). "The Attitude of the Polish Underground to the Jewish Question during the Second World War". In Joshua D. Zimmerman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMP3ngEACAAJ">Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath</a>. Rutgers University Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3158-8"><bdi>978-0-8135-3158-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Attitude+of+the+Polish+Underground+to+the+Jewish+Question+during+the+Second+World+War&rft.btitle=Contested+Memories%3A+Poles+and+Jews+During+the+Holocaust+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2003-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3158-8&rft.au=Shmuel+Krakowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMP3ngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pis2003-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pis2003_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pis2003_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pis2003_79-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Puławski2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adam Puławski (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230511122213/https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2003-t2-n2_(4)/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2003-t2-n2_(4)-s271-300/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2003-t2-n2_(4)-s271-300.pdf">"Postrzeganie żydowskich oddziałów partyzanckich przez Armię Krajową i Delegaturę Rządu RP na Kraj"</a> (PDF). Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość [Memory and Justice] (in Polish). 2 (4): 287. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2003-t2-n2_(4)/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2003-t2-n2_(4)-s271-300/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2003-t2-n2_(4)-s271-300.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pami%C4%99%C4%87+i+Sprawiedliwo%C5%9B%C4%87+%5BMemory+and+Justice%5D&rft.atitle=Postrzeganie+%C5%BCydowskich+oddzia%C5%82%C3%B3w+partyzanckich+przez+Armi%C4%99+Krajow%C4%85+i+Delegatur%C4%99+Rz%C4%85du+RP+na+Kraj&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=287&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Adam+Pu%C5%82awski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbazhum.muzhp.pl%2Fmedia%2F%2Ffiles%2FPamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc%2FPamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2003-t2-n2_%284%29%2FPamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2003-t2-n2_%284%29-s271-300%2FPamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2003-t2-n2_%284%29-s271-300.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015317-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015317_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2015">Zimmerman (2015)</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman20155-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman20155_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2015">Zimmerman 2015</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230509110612/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/henryk-wolinski">"Henryk Wolinski"</a>. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Wolinski.html">the original</a> on 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Henryk+Wolinski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fbiography%2FWolinski.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_WolffeOpen_University2004" class="citation book cs1">John Wolffe; Open University (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-QedEtzRncC&pg=PA240">Religion in History: Conflict, Conversion and Coexistence</a>. Manchester University Press. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7107-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7107-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-7107-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+History%3A+Conflict%2C+Conversion+and+Coexistence&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-7107-2&rft.au=John+Wolffe&rft.au=Open+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-QedEtzRncC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121061906/http://www1.yadvashem.org/righteous_new/PDF_Articles/Activites_Zegota.pdf">"Zegota, page 4/34 of the Report"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> Shoa Resource Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/righteous_new/PDF_Articles/Activites_Zegota.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zegota%2C+page+4%2F34+of+the+Report&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem+Shoa+Resource+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.yadvashem.org%2Frighteous_new%2FPDF_Articles%2FActivites_Zegota.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CherryOrla-Bukowska2007-85"><a href="#cite_ref-CherryOrla-Bukowska2007_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_CherryAnnamaria_Orla-Bukowska2007" class="citation book cs1">Robert Cherry; Annamaria Orla-Bukowska (7 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUp7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119">Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 119–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-4308-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-4308-1"><bdi>978-1-4616-4308-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Poles+and+Jews%3A+Troubled+Past%2C+Brighter+Future&rft.pages=119-120&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2007-06-07&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-4308-1&rft.au=Robert+Cherry&rft.au=Annamaria+Orla-Bukowska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUp7AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Ackerman, Elliot (26 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230508130026/https://time.com/5635746/the-remarkable-story-of-the-man-who-volunteered-to-enter-auschwitz-and-tell-the-world-about-it/">"The Remarkable Story of the Man Who Volunteered to Enter Auschwitz"</a>. Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5635746/the-remarkable-story-of-the-man-who-volunteered-to-enter-auschwitz-and-tell-the-world-about-it/">the original</a> on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Remarkable+Story+of+the+Man+Who+Volunteered+to+Enter+Auschwitz&rft.date=2019-07-26&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5635746%2Fthe-remarkable-story-of-the-man-who-volunteered-to-enter-auschwitz-and-tell-the-world-about-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015188-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015188_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015188_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015188_87-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015188_87-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2015">Zimmerman (2015)</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-Drzewieniecki2019-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Drzewieniecki2019_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarosław_Piekałkiewicz2019" class="citation book cs1">Jarosław Piekałkiewicz (30 November 2019). Joanna Drzewieniecki (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-9W8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA256">Dance with Death: A Holistic View of Saving Polish Jews during the Holocaust</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 256–257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-7167-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-7167-5"><bdi>978-0-7618-7167-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+with+Death%3A+A+Holistic+View+of+Saving+Polish+Jews+during+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=256-257&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-7167-5&rft.au=Jaros%C5%82aw+Pieka%C5%82kiewicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-9W8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cesarani_&_Kavanaugh-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cesarani_&_Kavanaugh_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cesarani_&_Kavanaugh_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cesarani_&_Kavanaugh_89-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_CesaraniSarah_Kavanaugh2004" class="citation book cs1">David Cesarani; Sarah Kavanaugh, eds. (2004). Holocaust: Responses to the persecution and mass murder of the Jews. Holocaust: critical concepts in historical studies. Vol. 5. London / New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27509-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27509-5"><bdi>978-0-415-27509-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust%3A+Responses+to+the+persecution+and+mass+murder+of+the+Jews&rft.place=London+%2F+New+York&rft.series=Holocaust%3A+critical+concepts+in+historical+studies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27509-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Wdowiński-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Wdowiński_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Wdowiński1963" class="citation book cs1">David Wdowiński (1963). And we are not saved. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8022-2486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8022-2486-5"><bdi>0-8022-2486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+we+are+not+saved&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-8022-2486-5&rft.au=David+Wdowi%C5%84ski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> Note: Chariton and Lazar were never co-authors of Wdowiński's memoir. Wdowiński is considered the "single author." </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashke1995" class="citation book cs1">Rashke, Richard (1995) [1983]. Escape from Sobibor (2nd ed.). University of Illinois Press. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252064791" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252064791"><bdi>978-0252064791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Escape+from+Sobibor&rft.pages=416&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0252064791&rft.aulast=Rashke&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELukas2012175-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukas2012175_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLukas2012">Lukas (2012)</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wdowiński2-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Wdowiński2_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Wdowiński1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dawid_Wdowi%C5%84ski" title="Dawid Wdowiński">David Wdowiński</a> (1963). And we are not saved. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8022-2486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8022-2486-5"><bdi>0-8022-2486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+we+are+not+saved&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-8022-2486-5&rft.au=David+Wdowi%C5%84ski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> Note: Chariton and Lazar were never co-authors of Wdowiński's memoir. Wdowiński is considered the "single author". </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_94-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuks1989" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Marian_Fuks_(historian)" title="Marian Fuks (historian)">Fuks, Marian</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbj.jhi.pl/documents/787962/145/">"Pomoc Polaków bojownikom getta warszawskiego"</a> [Assistance of Poles in the Warsaw ghetto uprising]. Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego (in Polish). 1 (149): 43–52, 144. <q>Without assistance of Poles and even their active participation in some actions, without the supply of arms from the Polish underground movement - the outbreak of the uprising in the Warsaw ghetto was impossible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biuletyn+%C5%BBydowskiego+Instytutu+Historycznego&rft.atitle=Pomoc+Polak%C3%B3w+bojownikom+getta+warszawskiego&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=149&rft.pages=43-52%2C+144&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Fuks&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcbj.jhi.pl%2Fdocuments%2F787962%2F145%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumgartenKenez2009-2-95"><a href="#cite_ref-BaumgartenKenez2009-2_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Kenez2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenez" title="Peter Kenez">Peter Kenez</a> (January 2009). Murray Baumgarten; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenez" title="Peter Kenez">Peter Kenez</a>; Bruce Allan Thompson (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iPs1Vaf6F9QC&pg=PA110">The Attitude of the Polish Home Army (AK) to the Jewish Question during the Holocaust: the Case of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a>. University of Delaware Press. pp. 121–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-039-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-039-3"><bdi>978-0-87413-039-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Attitude+of+the+Polish+Home+Army+%28AK%29+to+the+Jewish+Question+during+the+Holocaust%3A+the+Case+of+the+Warsaw+Ghetto+Uprising&rft.pages=121-122&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=2009-01&rft.isbn=978-0-87413-039-3&rft.au=Peter+Kenez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPs1Vaf6F9QC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MKPK-6-96"><a href="#cite_ref-MKPK-6_96-0">^</a> Monika Koszyńska, Paweł Kosiński, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404031935/https://warszawa.ipn.gov.pl/download/88/138115/PomocAKdlaGetta1.pdf">Pomoc Armii Krajowej dla powstańców żydowskich w getcie warszawskim (wiosna 1943 r.)</a>, 2012, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. P.6. Quote: W okresie prowadzenia walki bieżącej ZWZ-AK stanowczo unikało starć zbrojnych, które byłyby skazane na niepowodzenie i okupione ofiarami o skali trudnej do przewidzenia. To podstawowe założenie w praktyce uniemożliwiało AK czynne wystąpienie po stronie Żydów planujących demonstracje zbrojne w likwidowanych przez Niemców gettach... Kłopotem była też niemożność wytypowania przez rozbitą wewnętrznie konspirację żydowską przedstawicieli do prowadzenia rozmów z dowództwem AK.... Ograniczony rozmiar akowskiej pomocy związany był ze stałymi niedoborami uzbrojenia własnych oddziałów... oraz z lewicowym (prosowieckim) obliczem ŻOB... </li> <li id="cite_note-MKPK-10-18-97"><a href="#cite_ref-MKPK-10-18_97-0">^</a> Monika Koszyńska, Paweł Kosiński, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404031935/https://warszawa.ipn.gov.pl/download/88/138115/PomocAKdlaGetta1.pdf">Pomoc Armii Krajowej dla powstańców żydowskich w getcie warszawskim (wiosna 1943 r.)</a>, 2012, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. P.10-18 </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmerman2015-217218-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman2015-217218_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_D._Zimmerman2015" class="citation book cs1">Joshua D. Zimmerman (5 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4dsCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA217">The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01426-8"><bdi>978-1-107-01426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Underground+and+the+Jews%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=217-218&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01426-8&rft.au=Joshua+D.+Zimmerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw4dsCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_D._Zimmerman2015" class="citation interview cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Joshua D. Zimmerman (9 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publica.pl/teksty/zimmerman-podziemie-polskie-a-zydzi-solidarnosc-zdrada-i-wszystko-pomiedzy-53475.html">"Zimmerman: Podziemie polskie a Żydzi. Solidarność, zdrada i wszystko pomiędzy"</a> [Zimmerman: Polish underground and Jews. Solidarity, betrayal and everything in between]. ResPublica (Interview) (in Polish). Interviewed by Filip Mazurczak.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ResPublica&rft.atitle=Zimmerman%3A+Podziemie+polskie+a+%C5%BBydzi.+Solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87%2C+zdrada+i+wszystko+pomi%C4%99dzy&rft.date=2015-10-09&rft.au=Joshua+D.+Zimmerman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublica.pl%2Fteksty%2Fzimmerman-podziemie-polskie-a-zydzi-solidarnosc-zdrada-i-wszystko-pomiedzy-53475.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015194-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015194_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2015">Zimmerman (2015)</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm_HeitmeyerJohn_Hagan2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilhelm Heitmeyer; John Hagan (19 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4mqsik_VDcC&pg=PA154">International Handbook of Violence Research</a>. Springer. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3980-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3980-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-3980-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Handbook+of+Violence+Research&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3980-5&rft.au=Wilhelm+Heitmeyer&rft.au=John+Hagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4mqsik_VDcC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bauer_1989-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_1989_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer1989" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Yehuda (1989). "Jewish Resistance and Passivity in the Face of the Holocaust". In François Furet (ed.). Unanswered questions: Nazi Germany and the genocide of the Jews (1st American ed.). New York: Schocken Books. pp. 235–251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4051-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4051-1"><bdi>978-0-8052-4051-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Resistance+and+Passivity+in+the+Face+of+the+Holocaust&rft.btitle=Unanswered+questions%3A+Nazi+Germany+and+the+genocide+of+the+Jews&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=235-251&rft.edition=1st+American&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-4051-1&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Yehuda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connelly_2012-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Connelly_2012_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly2012" class="citation news cs1">Connelly, John (14 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180223232415/https://www.thenation.com/article/noble-and-base-poland-and-holocaust/">"The Noble and the Base: Poland and the Holocaust"</a>. The Nation. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8378">0027-8378</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/noble-and-base-poland-and-holocaust/">the original</a> on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+Noble+and+the+Base%3A+Poland+and+the+Holocaust&rft.date=2012-11-14&rft.issn=0027-8378&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fnoble-and-base-poland-and-holocaust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015267–298-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015267–298_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2015">Zimmerman (2015)</a>, pp. 267–298. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2 July 2015). "Rethinking the Polish Underground". Interview in Yeshiva University News. </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_106-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_106-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_106-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_106-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_106-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_106-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_106-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_106-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_106-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_106-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_106-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Piotrowski1998" class="citation book cs1">Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C">Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-0371-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust%3A+Ethnic+Strife%2C+Collaboration+with+Occupying+Forces+and+Genocide+in+the+Second+Republic%2C+1918-1947&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0371-4&rft.au=Tadeusz+Piotrowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhC0-dk7vpM8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eliach-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Eliach_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliach2009" class="citation news cs1">Eliach, Yaffa (2009) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/ref/opinion/27opclassic.html">"The Pogrom at Eishyshok"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 27 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Pogrom+at+Eishyshok&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Eliach&rft.aufirst=Yaffa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fref%2Fopinion%2F27opclassic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paulsson_2002-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paulsson_2002_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paulsson_2002_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunnar_S._Paulsson2002" class="citation book cs1">Gunnar S. Paulsson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretcityhidden00paul">Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09546-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09546-3"><bdi>978-0-300-09546-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+City%3A+The+Hidden+Jews+of+Warsaw%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09546-3&rft.au=Gunnar+S.+Paulsson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretcityhidden00paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015299-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015299_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2015">Zimmerman (2015)</a>, p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015189-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015189_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2015">Zimmerman (2015)</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015346-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015346_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2015">Zimmerman (2015)</a>, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015314–318-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015314–318_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2015">Zimmerman (2015)</a>, pp. 314–318. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalesiński2017" class="citation news cs1">Zalesiński, Łukasz (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polska-zbrojna.pl/home/articleshow/23942?t=Zolnierze-akcji-Antyk-kontra-komunisci">"Żołnierze akcji "Antyk" kontra komuniści"</a>. Polska Zbrojna.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polska+Zbrojna&rft.atitle=%C5%BBo%C5%82nierze+akcji+%22Antyk%22+kontra+komuni%C5%9Bci&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Zalesi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=%C5%81ukasz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polska-zbrojna.pl%2Fhome%2Farticleshow%2F23942%3Ft%3DZolnierze-akcji-Antyk-kontra-komunisci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015208,_357-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2015208,_357_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2015">Zimmerman (2015)</a>, pp. 208, 357. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> (in Lithuanian) <a href="/wiki/Ar%C5%ABnas_Bubnys" title="Arūnas Bubnys">Arūnas Bubnys</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/7/arunas7.htm">Lietuvių ir lenkų pasipriešinimo judėjimai 1942–1945 m.: sąsajos ir skirtumai</a> (Lithuanian and Polish resistance movements 1942–1945), 30 January 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen_2002-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Petersen_2002_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2002" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Roger (2002). Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-century Eastern Europe. Cambridge University. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00774-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00774-7"><bdi>0-521-00774-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Ethnic+Violence%3A+Fear%2C+Hatred%2C+and+Resentment+in+Twentieth-century+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Cambridge+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-00774-7&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder_2003-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_2003_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_2003_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC&pg=PA84">The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10586-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10586-X"><bdi>0-300-10586-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reconstruction+of+Nations%3A+Poland%2C+Ukraine%2C+Lithuania%2C+Belarus%2C+1569%E2%80%931999&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-300-10586-X&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxSpEynLxJ1MC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piskunowicz_1996-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piskunowicz_1996_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piskunowicz_1996_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiskunowicz1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Piskunowicz, Henryk (1996). "Armia Krajowa na Wileńszczyżnie". In Krzysztof Komorowski (ed.). Armia Krajowa: Rozwój organizacyjny (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Bellona. pp. 213–214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-11-08544-7" title="Special:BookSources/83-11-08544-7"><bdi>83-11-08544-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armia+Krajowa+na+Wile%C5%84szczy%C5%BCnie&rft.btitle=Armia+Krajowa%3A+Rozw%C3%B3j+organizacyjny&rft.pages=213-214&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Bellona&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=83-11-08544-7&rft.aulast=Piskunowicz&rft.aufirst=Henryk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boradyn-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Boradyn_119-0">^</a> (in Polish) Henryk Piskunowicz, Działalnośc zbrojna Armi Krajowej na Wileńszczyśnie w latach 1942–1944 in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZygmunt_BoradynAndrzej_ChmielarzHenryk_Piskunowicz1997" class="citation book cs1">Zygmunt Boradyn; Andrzej Chmielarz; Henryk Piskunowicz (1997). <a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Strzembosz" title="Tomasz Strzembosz">Tomasz Strzembosz</a> (ed.). Armia Krajowa na Nowogródczyźnie i Wileńszczyźnie (1941–1945). Warsaw: Institute of Political Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a>. pp. 40–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-907168-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/83-907168-0-3"><bdi>83-907168-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armia+Krajowa+na+Nowogr%C3%B3dczy%C5%BAnie+i+Wile%C5%84szczy%C5%BAnie+%281941%E2%80%931945%29&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=40-45&rft.pub=Institute+of+Political+Sciences%2C+Polish+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=83-907168-0-3&rft.au=Zygmunt+Boradyn&rft.au=Andrzej+Chmielarz&rft.au=Henryk+Piskunowicz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ignored_ISBN_errors" title="Category:CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-GW_2004-120"><a href="#cite_ref-GW_2004_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacek_J._Komar2004" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jacek J. Komar (1 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311013108/http://serwisy.gazeta.pl/swiat/1,34234,2262779.html">"W Wilnie pojednają się dziś weterani litewskiej armii i polskiej AK"</a> [Today in Vilnius veterans of Lithuanian army and AK will forgive each other]. <a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza" title="Gazeta Wyborcza">Gazeta Wyborcza</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://serwisy.gazeta.pl/swiat/1,34234,2262779.html">the original</a> on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wyborcza&rft.atitle=W+Wilnie+pojednaj%C4%85+si%C4%99+dzi%C5%9B+weterani+litewskiej+armii+i+polskiej+AK&rft.date=2004-09-01&rft.au=Jacek+J.+Komar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fserwisy.gazeta.pl%2Fswiat%2F1%2C34234%2C2262779.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dovile-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Dovile_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDovile2005" class="citation book cs1">Dovile, Budryte (30 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UJMzpeUHkQcC&pg=PA187">Taming Nationalism?</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4281-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4281-X"><bdi>0-7546-4281-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taming+Nationalism%3F&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2005-09-30&rft.isbn=0-7546-4281-X&rft.aulast=Dovile&rft.aufirst=Budryte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUJMzpeUHkQcC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> p.187 </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder_1999-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_1999_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_1999_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_1999_122-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_1999_122-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_1999_122-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_1999_122-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_1999_122-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_1999_122-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_1999_122-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_1999_122-9">j</a> Timothy Snyder, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/cis/www/migration/pubs/rrwp/9_resolve.html">To Resolve the Ukrainian Question Once and for All: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943–1947</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110516045008/http://web.mit.edu/cis/www/migration/pubs/rrwp/9_resolve.html">Archived</a> 16 May 2011 at Wikiwix," <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cold_War_Studies" title="Journal of Cold War Studies">Journal of Cold War Studies</a>, Spring 1999 Vol. 1 Issue 2, pp. 86–120 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMick2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mick, Christoph (7 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225101956/http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/35661/1/0170657-lb-250711-wrap_mick_aufsatz3_2.pdf">"Incompatible Experiences: Poles, Ukrainians and Jews in Lviv under Soviet and German Occupation, 1939-44"</a> (PDF). Journal of Contemporary History. 46 (2): 336–363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009410392409">10.1177/0022009410392409</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159856277">159856277</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/35661/1/0170657-lb-250711-wrap_mick_aufsatz3_2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Incompatible+Experiences%3A+Poles%2C+Ukrainians+and+Jews+in+Lviv+under+Soviet+and+German+Occupation%2C+1939-44&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=336-363&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009410392409&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159856277%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mick&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrap.warwick.ac.uk%2F35661%2F1%2F0170657-lb-250711-wrap_mick_aufsatz3_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marples286-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Marples286_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarples2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Marples" title="David R. Marples">Marples, David R.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bGPjqNGPc40C&q=Fascists%20Union&pg=PA285">Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine</a>. Central European University Press. pp. 285–286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9637326981" title="Special:BookSources/978-9637326981"><bdi>978-9637326981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroes+and+Villains%3A+Creating+National+History+in+Contemporary+Ukraine&rft.pages=285-286&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9637326981&rft.aulast=Marples&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbGPjqNGPc40C%26q%3DFascists%2520Union%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooke-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Cooke_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookeShepherd2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_H._Shepherd" title="Ben H. Shepherd">Cooke, Philip</a>; Shepherd, Ben (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HDpgBgAAQBAJ&q=ethnically+pure">Hitler's Europe Ablaze: Occupation, Resistance, and Rebellion during World War II</a>. Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 336–337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63220-159-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63220-159-1"><bdi>978-1-63220-159-1</bdi></a>. <q>Jews who had escaped the Holocaust, and a large Polish minority, passionately hated UPA because it engaged in thorough ethnic cleansing, killing all the Jews it could find, about 50,000 Poles in Volhynia and between 20,000 and 30,000 Poles in Galicia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Europe+Ablaze%3A+Occupation%2C+Resistance%2C+and+Rebellion+during+World+War+II&rft.pages=336-337&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-63220-159-1&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHDpgBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dethnically%2Bpure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2011447–448-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotyka2011447–448_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotyka2011">Motyka (2011)</a>, pp. 447–448. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-127"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volhyniamassacre.eu/zw2/history/179,The-Effects-of-the-Volhynian-Massacres.html">"The Effects of the Volhynian Massacres"</a>. 1943 Volhynia Massacre. Truth and Remembrance. Institute of National Remembrance. Retrieved 18 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1943+Volhynia+Massacre.+Truth+and+Remembrance&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+the+Volhynian+Massacres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolhyniamassacre.eu%2Fzw2%2Fhistory%2F179%2CThe-Effects-of-the-Volhynian-Massacres.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> J. P. Himka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423172827/http://www.foa.ualberta.ca/en/Research/~/media/arts/Research/celebration_jph_march28.pdf">Interventions: Challenging the Myths of Twentieth-Century Ukrainian history</a>. University of Alberta. 28 March 2011. p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006324-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006324_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotyka2006">Motyka (2006)</a>, p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006390-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006390_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotyka2006">Motyka (2006)</a>, p. 390. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiriczuk_2003-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Kiriczuk_2003_131-0">^</a> Jurij Kiriczuk, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ji-magazine.lviv.ua/dyskusija/volyn/gw2304-pol.htm">Jak za Jaremy i Krzywonosa</a>, Gazeta Wyborcza 23 April 2003. Retrieved 5 March 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006327-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006327_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotyka2006">Motyka (2006)</a>, p. 327. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006358–360-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006358–360_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotyka2006">Motyka (2006)</a>, pp. 358–360. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006382,_387-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006382,_387_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotyka2006">Motyka (2006)</a>, pp. 382, 387. </li> <li id="cite_note-RDRNAT-135"><a href="#cite_ref-RDRNAT_135-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGmTs2SceAgC&dq=%22Overcoming+Ukrainian+Resistance%22&pg=PA173">Marek Jasiak, "Overcoming Ukrainian Resistance"</a> in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTher,_PhilippSiljak,_Ana2001" class="citation book cs1">Ther, Philipp; Siljak, Ana (2001). Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948. Oxford: Rowman & Littfield. p. 174.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redrawing+nations%3A+ethnic+cleansing+in+East-Central+Europe%2C+1944-1948&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littfield&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Ther%2C+Philipp&rft.au=Siljak%2C+Ana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2016110-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotyka2016110_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotyka2016">Motyka (2016)</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006413-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006413_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotyka2006">Motyka (2006)</a>, p. 413. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2016120-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotyka2016120_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotyka2016">Motyka (2016)</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2011448-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotyka2011448_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotyka2011">Motyka (2011)</a>, p. 448. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Anna Kondek, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nauka.pap.pl/palio/html.run?_Instance=cms_nauka.pap.pl&_PageID=7&dep=272760&_CheckSum=534820480">Ukaże się nowa publikacja o konflikcie polsko-ukraińskim</a>, PAP, 2011-02-20. Retrieved 2015-05-13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006578-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotyka2006578_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotyka2006">Motyka (2006)</a>, p. 578. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rapawy-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Rapawy_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapawy2016" class="citation book cs1">Rapawy, Stephen (3 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=utd1CwAAQBAJ&q=Paw%25C5%2582okoma%2520Biss&pg=PA220">The Culmination of Conflict: The Ukrainian-Polish Civil War and the Expulsion of Ukrainians After the Second World War</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-6855-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-6855-2"><bdi>978-3-8382-6855-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culmination+of+Conflict%3A+The+Ukrainian-Polish+Civil+War+and+the+Expulsion+of+Ukrainians+After+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft.isbn=978-3-8382-6855-2&rft.aulast=Rapawy&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dutd1CwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPaw%2525C5%252582okoma%252520Biss%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chod-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chod_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chod_143-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek_Jan_Chodakiewicz2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marek_Jan_Chodakiewicz" title="Marek Jan Chodakiewicz">Marek Jan Chodakiewicz</a> (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/%7Esarmatia/406/262choda.html">"Review of Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian_Review" title="Sarmatian Review">Sarmatian Review</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718034701/http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/406/262choda.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sarmatian+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Sowjetische+Partisanen+in+Wei%C3%9Fru%C3%9Fland&rft.date=2006-04&rft.au=Marek+Jan+Chodakiewicz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruf.rice.edu%2F%257Esarmatia%2F406%2F262choda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rzecz-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rzecz_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rzecz_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rzecz_144-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rzecz_144-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rzecz_144-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rzecz_144-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rzecz_144-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rzecz_144-7">h</a> <a href="/wiki/Rzeczpospolita_(newspaper)" title="Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)">Rzeczpospolita</a>, 02.10.04 Nr 232, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111106180531/http://www.rzeczpospolita.pl/specjal_041002/specjal_a_6.html">Wielkie polowanie: Prześladowania akowców w Polsce Ludowej</a> (Great hunt: the persecutions of AK soldiers in the People's Republic of Poland). Retrieved from Internet Archive. </li> <li id="cite_note-Korboński-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Korboński_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Korboński1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Korbo%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Korboński">Stefan Korboński</a> (1959). Warsaw in Chains. New York: Macmillan Publishing. pp. 112–123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warsaw+in+Chains&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=112-123&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Stefan+Korbo%C5%84ski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paczkowski-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paczkowski_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paczkowski_146-1">b</a> Andrzej Paczkowski. Poland, the "Enemy Nation", pp. 372–375, in <a href="/wiki/Black_Book_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Book of Communism">Black Book of Communism</a>. Crimes, Terror, Repression. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, London. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawuprising.com/paper/nkvd_print.htm">online excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230507232736/http://www.warsawuprising.com/paper/nkvd_print.htm">Archived</a> 7 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Michał Zając, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polskieradio.pl/zagranica/dokument.aspx?iid=39960">Warsaw Uprising: 5 pm, 1 August 1944</a>, Retrieved on 4 July 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Żołnierze Batalionu Armii Krajowej "Zośka" represjonowani w latach 1944–1956," Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Warszawa 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-60464-92-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-60464-92-2">978-83-60464-92-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPersak2006" class="citation journal cs1">Persak, Krzysztof (December 2006). 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Polska Newsweek. 8 January 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polska.newsweek.pl/panstwo-podziemne-jest-wzorem-dla-wspolczesnych,62725,1,1.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polska+Newsweek&rft.atitle=Pa%C5%84stwo+Podziemne+by%C5%82o+fenomenem+na+skal%C4%99+%C5%9Bwiatow%C4%85&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolska.newsweek.pl%2Fpanstwo-podziemne-jest-wzorem-dla-wspolczesnych%2C62725%2C1%2C1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://puszka.waw.pl/pomnik_polskiego_panstwa_podziemnego_i_armii_krajowej-projekt-pl-788.html">"Pomnik Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego i Armii Krajowej / pomnik / Jerzy Staniszkis"</a> (in Polish). Puszka.waw.pl. 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Retrieved 19 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muzeum+Powstania+Warszawskiego&rft.pub=1944.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1944.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies2005-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies2005_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Davies2005" class="citation book cs1">Norman Davies (28 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0">God's Playground: 1795 to the present</a>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/344">344</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12819-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12819-3"><bdi>978-0-231-12819-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground%3A+1795+to+the+present&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12819-3&rft.au=Norman+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsplaygroundhi00norm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dallas2005-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Dallas2005_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregor_Dallas2005" class="citation book cs1">Gregor Dallas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXdVF6LmTa8C&pg=PA79">1945: The War that Never Ended</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10980-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10980-1"><bdi>978-0-300-10980-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1945%3A+The+War+that+Never+Ended&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10980-1&rft.au=Gregor+Dallas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLXdVF6LmTa8C%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyman1998-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Wyman1998_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Wyman1998" class="citation book cs1">Mark Wyman (18 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lHNw7MnsmlYC&pg=PA34">DPs: Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945–51</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8542-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8542-8"><bdi>0-8014-8542-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DPs%3A+Europe%27s+Displaced+Persons%2C+1945%E2%80%9351&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1998-06-18&rft.isbn=0-8014-8542-8&rft.au=Mark+Wyman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlHNw7MnsmlYC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a>, The Guerilla Reader: A Historical Anthology, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1990, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Leonid D. Grenkevich, The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–44: A Critical Historiographical Analysis, p. 229. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBór-Komorowski1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_B%C3%B3r-Komorowski" title="Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski">Bór-Komorowski, Tadeusz</a> (1951). Secret Army. New York: Macmillan Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89839-082-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89839-082-6"><bdi>0-89839-082-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Army&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=0-89839-082-6&rft.aulast=B%C3%B3r-Komorowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (2003). Rising '44. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+%2744&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukas2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Lukas" title="Richard C. Lukas">Lukas, Richard C.</a> (2012). Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944. New York: Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1302-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1302-0"><bdi>978-0-7818-1302-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Holocaust%3A+The+Poles+under+German+Occupation%2C+1939%E2%80%931944&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-1302-0&rft.aulast=Lukas&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorhouse2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Moorhouse" title="Roger Moorhouse">Moorhouse, Roger</a> (2006). Killing Hitler. Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-07121-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-07121-1"><bdi>0-224-07121-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+Hitler&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-224-07121-1&rft.aulast=Moorhouse&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotyka2006" class="citation book cs1">Motyka, Grzegorz (2006). Ukraińska partyzantka 1942–1960. Warsaw: Oficyna Wydawnicza RYTM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7399-163-8" title="Special:BookSources/83-7399-163-8"><bdi>83-7399-163-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukrai%C5%84ska+partyzantka+1942%E2%80%931960&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Oficyna+Wydawnicza+RYTM&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=83-7399-163-8&rft.aulast=Motyka&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotyka2011" class="citation book cs1">Motyka, Grzegorz (2011). Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła" : konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943–1947. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-08-04576-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-08-04576-3"><bdi>978-83-08-04576-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Od+rzezi+wo%C5%82y%C5%84skiej+do+akcji+%22Wis%C5%82a%22+%3A+konflikt+polsko-ukrai%C5%84ski+1943%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Literackie&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-83-08-04576-3&rft.aulast=Motyka&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotyka2016" class="citation book cs1">Motyka, Grzegorz (2016). Wołyń'43 Ludobójcza czystka - fakty, analogie, polityka historyczna. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-08-06207-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-08-06207-4"><bdi>978-83-08-06207-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wo%C5%82y%C5%84%2743+Ludob%C3%B3jcza+czystka+-+fakty%2C+analogie%2C+polityka+historyczna&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Literackie&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-83-08-06207-4&rft.aulast=Motyka&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNey-Krwawicz2001" class="citation book cs1">Ney-Krwawicz, Marek (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DtohAQAAIAAJ">Polish Home Army, 1939–1945</a>. London: PUMST. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9501348-9-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9501348-9-5"><bdi>978-0-9501348-9-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+Home+Army%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=PUMST&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9501348-9-5&rft.aulast=Ney-Krwawicz&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDtohAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeszke2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Alfred_Peszke" title="Michael Alfred Peszke">Peszke, Michael Alfred</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zhb2doihL1wC">The Polish Underground Army, the Western Allies, and the Failure of Strategic Unity in World War II</a>. McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2009-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2009-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-2009-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Underground+Army%2C+the+Western+Allies%2C+and+the+Failure+of+Strategic+Unity+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2009-4&rft.aulast=Peszke&rft.aufirst=Michael+Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzhb2doihL1wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeszke2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Alfred_Peszke" title="Michael Alfred Peszke">Peszke, Michael Alfred</a> (2013). The Armed Forces of Poland in the West, 1939–46: Strategic Concepts, Planning, Limited Success but No Victory!. Helion Studies in Military History. Vol. 13. <a href="/wiki/Solihull" title="Solihull">Solihull</a>, England: Helion & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90891-654-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-90891-654-9"><bdi>978-1-90891-654-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armed+Forces+of+Poland+in+the+West%2C+1939%E2%80%9346%3A+Strategic+Concepts%2C+Planning%2C+Limited+Success+but+No+Victory%21&rft.place=Solihull%2C+England&rft.series=Helion+Studies+in+Military+History&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-90891-654-9&rft.aulast=Peszke&rft.aufirst=Michael+Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrzembosz1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Strzembosz, Tomasz (1983). Akcje zbrojne podziemnej Warszawy 1939–1944 [Armed actions of underground Warsaw 1939-1944] (in Polish). Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-06-00717-4" title="Special:BookSources/83-06-00717-4"><bdi>83-06-00717-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akcje+zbrojne+podziemnej+Warszawy+1939%E2%80%931944&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowy+Instytut+Wydawniczy&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=83-06-00717-4&rft.aulast=Strzembosz&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2008" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Jonathan (2008). Poland Alone: Britain, SOE and the Collapse of the Polish Resistance, 1944. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-474-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-474-7"><bdi>978-1-86227-474-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+Alone%3A+Britain%2C+SOE+and+the+Collapse+of+the+Polish+Resistance%2C+1944&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-474-7&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2015" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4dsCQAAQBAJ">The Polish underground and the Jews, 1939–1945</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01426-8"><bdi>978-1-107-01426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+underground+and+the+Jews%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01426-8&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Joshua+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw4dsCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+Army" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Army After July 1944</a> Polish Underground Soldiers 1944–1963 – The Untold Story</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px_Home_Army_(Armia_Krajowa)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_Army" title="Template:Home Army"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_Army" title="Template talk:Home Army"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_Army" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home Army"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px_Home_Army_(Armia_Krajowa)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_PPP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Home Army (Armia Krajowa)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Main articles</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement in World War II</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px_Operations" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_Army_Operations" title="Template:Home Army Operations"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_Army_Operations" title="Template talk:Home Army Operations"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_Army_Operations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home Army Operations"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px_Operations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_PPP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a> Operations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Uprisings and battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87_uprising" title="Zamość uprising">Zamość uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów uprising">Lwów uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Murowana_Oszmianka" title="Battle of Murowana Oszmianka">Murowana Oszmianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osuchy" title="Battle of Osuchy">Osuchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ostra_Brama" title="Operation Ostra Brama">Ostra Brama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Underground, field, and espionage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Arsenal" title="Operation Arsenal">Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Heads" title="Operation Heads">Heads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kutschera" title="Operation Kutschera">Kutschera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Big_Ben" title="Project Big Ben">Project Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_B%C3%BCrkl" title="Operation Bürkl">Bürkl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Most_III" title="Operation Most III">Most III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Belt" title="Operation Belt">Operation Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Army_and_V-1_and_V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Army and V-1 and V-2">V-1 and V-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wieniec" title="Operation Wieniec">Wieniec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biuletyn_Informacyjny" title="Biuletyn Informacyjny">Biuletyn Informacyjny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_N" title="Operation N">Operation N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Antyk" title="Operation Antyk">Operation Antyk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Directorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Civil_Resistance" title="Directorate of Civil Resistance">Civil Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Covert_Resistance" title="Directorate of Covert Resistance">Covert Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Underground_Resistance" title="Directorate of Underground Resistance">Underground Resistance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Pi%C5%84cz%C3%B3w" title="Second Republic of Pińczów">Republic of Pińczów</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px_Personnel,_emblems_and_decorations" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_Army_Personnel" title="Template:Home Army Personnel"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_Army_Personnel" title="Template talk:Home Army Personnel"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_Army_Personnel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home Army Personnel"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px_Personnel,_emblems_and_decorations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_PPP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a> Personnel, emblems and decorations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa#Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Commanders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski">Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Rowecki" title="Stefan Rowecki">Stefan Rowecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_B%C3%B3r-Komorowski" title="Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski">Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Okulicki" title="Leopold Okulicki">Leopold Okulicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Senior officers and prominent members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Aleksandrowicz" title="Julian Aleksandrowicz">J. Aleksandrowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Arkusz" title="Józef Arkusz">J.Arkusz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Kamil_Baczy%C5%84ski" title="Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński">K. K. Baczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Bartoszewski" title="Władysław Bartoszewski">W. Bartoszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Batory" title="Józef Batory">J. Batory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Bia%C5%82ous" title="Ryszard Białous">R. Białous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_Maciej_Bittner" title="Sławomir Maciej Bittner">S. Bittner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_B%C5%82a%C5%BCej" title="Franciszek Błażej">F. Błażej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Bohdziewicz" title="Antoni Bohdziewicz">A. Bohdziewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Bokszczanin" title="Janusz Bokszczanin">J. Bokszczanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylwester_Braun" title="Sylwester Braun">S. Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Gajcy" title="Tadeusz Gajcy">T. Gajcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Lederman" title="Henryk Lederman">H. Lederman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Jankowski" title="Stanisław Jankowski">S. Jankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Karpiel" title="Stanisław Karpiel">S. Karpiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Kierzkowski" title="Kazimierz Kierzkowski">K. Kierzkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kostrzewska" title="Barbara Kostrzewska">B. Kostrzewska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halina_Krahelska" title="Halina Krahelska">H. Krahelska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Krzy%C5%BCanowski" title="Aleksander Krzyżanowski">A. Krzyżanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucjan_Kulej" title="Lucjan Kulej">L. Kulej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Jan_Lerski" title="Jerzy Jan Lerski">J. J. Lerski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mazurkiewicz" title="Jan Mazurkiewicz">J. Mazurkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Micuta" title="Wacław Micuta">W. Micuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Moczarski" title="Kazimierz Moczarski">K. Moczarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Nadolski" title="Andrzej Nadolski">A. Nadolski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Pe%C5%82czy%C5%84ski" title="Tadeusz Pełczyński">T. Pełczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Pilch" title="Adolf Pilch">A. Pilch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">W. Pilecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Reiff" title="Ryszard Reiff">R. Reiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zofia_Romanowiczowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zofia Romanowiczowa">Z. Romanowiczowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Rumel" title="Zygmunt Rumel">Z. Rumel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Rutkowski" title="Jerzy Rutkowski">J. Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionizy_Smole%C5%84ski" title="Dionizy Smoleński">D. Smoleński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Stelmachowski" title="Andrzej Stelmachowski">A. Stelmachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Syski" title="Ryszard Syski">R. Syski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Szczepa%C5%84ski" title="Józef Szczepański">J. Szczepański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Szendzielarz" title="Zygmunt Szendzielarz">Z. Szendzielarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Szklarski" title="Alfred Szklarski">A. Szklarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halina_Szwarc" title="Halina Szwarc">H. Szwarc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Umi%C5%84ska" title="Eugenia Umińska">E. Umińska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Zab%C5%82ocki" title="Janusz Zabłocki">J. Zabłocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Zakrzewska" title="Anna Zakrzewska">A. Zakrzewska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Zalewski" title="Witold Zalewski">W. Zalewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski_(1912%E2%80%932002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Zamoyski (1912–2002)">J. Zamoyski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Zawadzki" title="Tadeusz Zawadzki">T. Zawadzki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_%C5%BBenczykowski" title="Tadeusz Żenczykowski">T. Żenczykowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miros%C5%82aw_%C5%BBu%C5%82awski" title="Mirosław Żuławski">M. Żuławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_%C5%BBychiewicz" title="Tadeusz Żychiewicz">T. Żychiewicz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Membership lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Home_Army_members" title="Category:Home Army members">Armia Krajowa members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Warsaw_Uprising_insurgents" title="Category:Warsaw Uprising insurgents">Warsaw Uprising insurgents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Emblems and decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa Cross">Armia Krajowa Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotwica" title="Kotwica">Kotwica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_the_Warsaw_Uprising" title="Cross of the Warsaw Uprising">Krzyż Powstania Warszawskiego</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px_Units,_affiliates,_and_predecessors" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_Army_Units" title="Template:Home Army Units"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_Army_Units" title="Template talk:Home Army Units"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_Army_Units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home Army Units"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px_Units,_affiliates,_and_predecessors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_PPP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a> Units, affiliates, and predecessors</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Headquarters and Directorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Information_and_Propaganda" title="Bureau of Information and Propaganda">Information and Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedyw" title="Kedyw">Kedyw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Civil_Resistance" title="Directorate of Civil Resistance">Civil Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Covert_Resistance" title="Directorate of Covert Resistance">Covert Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Underground_Resistance" title="Directorate of Underground Resistance">Underground Resistance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combat units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Legions_Home_Army_Infantry_Division" title="2nd Legions Home Army Infantry Division">2nd Legions Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Home_Army_Infantry_Division_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Home Army Infantry Division (Poland)">27th Volhynian Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/104th_Company_of_Syndicalists" title="104th Company of Syndicalists">104th Company of Syndicalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battalion_Parasol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battalion Parasol">Battalion Parasol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battalion_Zo%C5%9Bka" class="mw-redirect" title="Battalion Zośka">Battalion Zośka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBaglowiec_Group" title="Żaglowiec Group">Żaglowiec Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBbik_Group" title="Żbik Group">Żbik Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBmija_Group" title="Żmija Group">Żmija Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBniwiarz_Group" title="Żniwiarz Group">Żniwiarz Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BByrafa_Group" title="Żyrafa Group">Żyrafa Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Warsaw commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-district_I_of_%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie_(of_Armia_Krajowa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-district I of Śródmieście (of Armia Krajowa)">I Śródmieście</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-district_II_of_%C5%BBoliborz_(of_Armia_Krajowa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-district II of Żoliborz (of Armia Krajowa)"> Żoliborz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-district_III_of_Wola_(of_Armia_Krajowa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-district III of Wola (of Armia Krajowa)">III Wola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-district_IV_of_Ochota_(of_Armia_Krajowa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-district IV of Ochota (of Armia Krajowa)">IV Ochota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-district_V_of_Mokot%C3%B3w_(of_Armia_Krajowa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-district V of Mokotów (of Armia Krajowa)">V Mokotów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-district_VI_of_Praga_(of_Armia_Krajowa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-district VI of Praga (of Armia Krajowa)">VI Praga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-district_VII_of_Warsaw_suburbs_(of_Armia_Krajowa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-district VII of Warsaw suburbs (of Armia Krajowa)">VII Warsaw suburbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%82yskawica_radiostation" title="Błyskawica radiostation">Błyskawica radiostation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drusie" title="Jędrusie">Little Andrews (Jędrusie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Corps" title="National Security Corps">Underground Police (PKB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajne_Wojskowe_Zak%C5%82ady_Wydawnicze" title="Tajne Wojskowe Zakłady Wydawnicze">Secret Military Printing Works (TWZW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Unseen" title="Silent Unseen">Silent Unseen</a> (Cichociemni)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wachlarz" title="Wachlarz">Wachlarz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_for_Poland%27s_Victory" title="Service for Poland's Victory">Service for Poland's Victory (SZP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Armed_Struggle" title="Union of Armed Struggle">Union of Armed Struggle (ZWZ)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Peasants' Battalions (BCh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konfederacja_Narodu" class="mw-redirect" title="Konfederacja Narodu">Confederation of the Nation (KN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Leśni (Forest Soldiers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Military_Organization" title="National Military Organization">National Military Association (NOW)</a> (split)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Armed_Forces" title="National Armed Forces">National Armed Forces (NSZ-AK)</a> (faction)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Fighting_Poland" title="Camp of Fighting Poland">Camp of Fighting Poland (OPW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Ranks" title="Grey Ranks">Grey Ranks (Szare Szeregi - Boy Scouts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Polish_Army" title="Secret Polish Army">Secret Polish Army (TAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa_WRN" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa WRN">Socialist Party People's Guard (GL-WRN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Retaliation" title="Union of Retaliation">Union of Retaliation (ZO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Successors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NIE_(resistance)" title="NIE (resistance)">Independence (NIE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom and Independence">Freedom and Independence (WiN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px_Opponents_and_rivals" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_Army_Opponents" title="Template:Home Army Opponents"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_Army_Opponents" title="Template talk:Home Army Opponents"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Territorial_Defense_Force" title="Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force">Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Rivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">AL Armia Ludowa (People's Army)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related articles</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">The Holocaust in Poland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commanders_of_the_Polish_Home_Army_(Armia_Krajowa)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AK_Commanders" title="Template:AK Commanders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AK_Commanders" title="Template talk:AK Commanders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AK_Commanders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AK Commanders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commanders_of_the_Polish_Home_Army_(Armia_Krajowa)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Commanders of the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski">Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Rowecki" title="Stefan Rowecki">Stefan Rowecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_B%C3%B3r-Komorowski" title="Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski">Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Okulicki" title="Leopold Okulicki">Leopold Okulicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152529#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152529#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152529#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122186668">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/131293871">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4028040-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80149707">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36532743">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010711359&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810601077205606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266514005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029166446">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=43266">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_Army&oldid=1259535063">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_Army&oldid=1259535063</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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