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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakout_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Breakout attempt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakout_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Outcome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outcome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Assessment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Use in propaganda </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%E2%80%93_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="معركة جيب كورسون – تشيركاسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة جيب كورسون – تشيركاسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assetjament_de_K%C3%B2rsun-Xevtx%C3%A8nkivski" title="Assetjament de Kòrsun-Xevtxènkivski – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Assetjament de Kòrsun-Xevtxènkivski" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsu%C5%88-%C5%A1ev%C4%8Denkovsk%C3%A1_operace" title="Korsuň-ševčenkovská operace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Korsuň-ševčenkovská operace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesselschlacht_von_Tscherkassy" title="Kesselschlacht von Tscherkassy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kesselschlacht von Tscherkassy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Korsun-Cherkasy" title="Batalla de Korsun-Cherkasy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Korsun-Cherkasy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%93%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نبرد کورسون–چرکاسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد کورسون–چرکاسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Tcherkassy" title="Bataille de Tcherkassy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Tcherkassy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Korsun%27" title="Battaglia di Korsun' – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Korsun'" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99" title="קרב קורסון-צ'רקאסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב קורסון-צ'רקאסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsu%C5%86as-%C5%A0ev%C4%8Denkovskas_oper%C4%81cija" title="Korsuņas-Ševčenkovskas operācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Korsuņas-Ševčenkovskas operācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_om_Korsoen" title="Slag om Korsoen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag om Korsoen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%B3%E5%8C%85%E5%9B%B2%E6%88%A6" title="コルスン包囲戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コルスン包囲戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Корсунь-Шевченковская операция – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Корсунь-Шевченковская операция" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punga_de_la_Korsun" title="Punga de la Korsun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Punga de la Korsun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Корсунь-Шевченковская операция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Корсунь-Шевченковская операция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsu%C5%88-%C5%A1ev%C4%8Denkovsk%C3%A1_oper%C3%A1cia" title="Korsuň-ševčenkovská operácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Korsuň-ševčenkovská operácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%9F%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Битка за Корсунско-черкаски џеп – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка за Корсунско-черкаски џеп" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsunin_motti" title="Korsunin motti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korsunin motti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsun-Tjerkassy-fickan" title="Korsun-Tjerkassy-fickan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Korsun-Tjerkassy-fickan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="การรุกคอร์ซุน-เชฟเชนคอฟสกี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การรุกคอร์ซุน-เชฟเชนคอฟสกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsun-%C5%9Eev%C3%A7enkovski_Taarruzu" title="Korsun-Şevçenkovski Taarruzu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Korsun-Şevçenkovski Taarruzu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Корсунь-Шевченківська операція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Корсунь-Шевченківська операція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_d%E1%BB%8Bch_h%E1%BB%A3p_v%C3%A2y_Korsun%E2%80%93Shevchenkovsky" title="Chiến dịch hợp vây Korsun–Shevchenkovsky – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến dịch hợp vây Korsun–Shevchenkovsky" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%E9%81%9C-%E5%A5%91%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%9E%E6%94%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="科爾遜-契爾卡塞攻勢 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科爾遜-契爾卡塞攻勢" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q509417#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy&params=49.4194_N_31.2772_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:DE">49°25′10″N 31°16′38″E / 49.4194°N 31.2772°E / 49.4194; 31.2772</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle of World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy pocket</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">Dnieper–Carpathian offensive</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_606710_Tank_assault_force_in_Korsun-Shevchenkovski_region.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/RIAN_archive_606710_Tank_assault_force_in_Korsun-Shevchenkovski_region.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_606710_Tank_assault_force_in_Korsun-Shevchenkovski_region.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/RIAN_archive_606710_Tank_assault_force_in_Korsun-Shevchenkovski_region.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_606710_Tank_assault_force_in_Korsun-Shevchenkovski_region.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/RIAN_archive_606710_Tank_assault_force_in_Korsun-Shevchenkovski_region.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_606710_Tank_assault_force_in_Korsun-Shevchenkovski_region.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="373" /></a> Red Army assault force on <a href="/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26</a> light tank in Korsun-Shevchenkovski region.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>24 January – 16 February 1944</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Cherkassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherkassy">Cherkassy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi" title="Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi">Korsun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Soviet victory and successful encirclement<a href="#cite_note-Zetterling_298-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nash_382-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_W%C3%B6hler" title="Otto Wöhler">Otto Wöhler</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Breith" title="Hermann Breith">Hermann Breith</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stemmermann" title="Wilhelm Stemmermann">Wilhelm Stemmermann</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vatutin" title="Nikolai Vatutin">Nikolai Vatutin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Ivan Konev</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 60,000 men in pocket 59 <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">tanks</a> in pocket 242 artillery pieces in pocket<a href="#cite_note-Frieser,_p._397-3">[3]</a> 80,000 men (reinforcement) III Panzer Corps (201 tanks) (reinforcement)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> XLVII Panzer Corps (58 tanks) (reinforcement)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 336,700 men<a href="#cite_note-Krivosheev,_p._109-6">[6]</a> 524 tanks (initially) 400 tanks (reinforcement) 1,054 aircraft 5,300 artillery pieces and mortars<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> In the pocket: <ul><li>30,000 killed, captured and wounded<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li></ul> Outside the pocket: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Panzer_Army" title="1st Panzer Army">1st Panzer Army</a>: 4,181 men<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VII_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="VII Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">VII Army Corps</a>: 1,000 men<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="8th Army (Wehrmacht)">8th Army</a>: 4,500 men<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li></ul> Total: ~40,000 men 300 tanks and assault guns<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> 50 aircraft<a href="#cite_note-Frieser,_p._405-13">[13]</a> Per Ivan Konev: 130,000 casualties<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Total: ~80,188 <hr />24,286 killed or missing 55,902 wounded and sick<a href="#cite_note-Glantz_&_House,_p._298-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zetterling_p._283-16">[16]</a> 728 tanks<a href="#cite_note-Frieser_p._417-17">[17]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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II">Arctic Ocean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1941</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Barbarossa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Brest_Fortress" title="Defense of Brest Fortress">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bia%C5%82ystok%E2%80%93Minsk" title="Battle of Białystok–Minsk">Białystok–Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_operation" title="Baltic operation">1st Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brody_(1941)" title="Battle of Brody (1941)">Brody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">1st Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uman" title="Battle of Uman">Uman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa" title="Siege of Odessa">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">1st Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_evacuation_of_Tallinn" title="Soviet evacuation of Tallinn">Tallinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov" title="Battle of the Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="First Battle of Kharkov">1st Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaign" title="Crimean campaign">1st Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)" title="Battle of Rostov (1941)">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare_during_Operation_Barbarossa" title="Aerial warfare during Operation Barbarossa">Air war 1941</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1942</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyuban" title="Battle of Lyuban">Lyuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barvenkovo%E2%80%93Lozovaya_offensive" title="Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive">Barvenkovo–Lozovaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Rzhev" title="Battles of Rzhev">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toropets%E2%80%93Kholm_offensive" title="Toropets–Kholm offensive">Toropets–Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyansk_Pocket" title="Demyansk Pocket">Demyansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholm_Pocket" title="Kholm Pocket">Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bamberg" title="Operation Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">2nd Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev–Sychyovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinyavino_offensive_(1942)" title="Sinyavino offensive (1942)">Sinyavino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velikiye_Luki" title="Battle of Velikiye Luki">Velikiye Luki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mars" title="Operation Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn">Little Saturn</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1943</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iskra" title="Operation Iskra">Iskra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogozhsk%E2%80%93Rossosh_offensive" title="Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive">Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive" title="Voronezh–Kharkov offensive">Voronezh–Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Polar_Star" title="Operation Polar Star">Polar Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">3rd Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_strategic_offensive_(July_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (July 1943)">1st Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive_operation" title="Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation">Belgorod-Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_strategic_offensive_(August_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (August 1943)">2nd Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">2nd Smolensk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lenino" title="Battle of Lenino">Lenino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nevel_(1943)" title="Battle of Nevel (1943)">Nevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">2nd Kiev</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1944</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">Dnieper–Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad%E2%80%93Novgorod_offensive" title="Leningrad–Novgorod offensive">Leningrad–Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_offensive" title="Crimean offensive">2nd Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="First Jassy–Kishinev offensive">1st Jassy–Kishinev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_offensive" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov-Sandomierz_Offensive" title="Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive">Lvov–Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Doppelkopf" title="Operation Doppelkopf">Doppelkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">2nd Jassy–Kishinev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dukla_Pass" title="Battle of the Dukla Pass">Dukla Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_offensive" title="Baltic offensive">2nd Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debrecen" title="Battle of Debrecen">Debrecen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petsamo%E2%80%93Kirkenes_offensive" title="Petsamo–Kirkenes offensive">Petsamo–Kirkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courland_Pocket" title="Courland Pocket">Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbinnen_Operation" title="Gumbinnen Operation">Gumbinnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Budapest</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1945</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Carpathian_offensive" title="Western Carpathian offensive">Western Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_offensive" title="East Prussian offensive">East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_offensives" title="Silesian offensives">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Solstice" title="Operation Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_offensive" title="East Pomeranian offensive">East Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Lake Balaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravia%E2%80%93Ostrava_offensive" title="Moravia–Ostrava offensive">Moravia–Ostrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dnieper–Carpathian_offensive" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_Offensive" title="Template:Campaignbox Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_Offensive" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_Offensive" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dnieper–Carpathian_offensive" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">Dnieper–Carpathian offensive</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">First phase <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhitomir%E2%80%93Berdichev_offensive" title="Zhitomir–Berdichev offensive">Zhitomir–Berdichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirovograd_offensive" title="Kirovograd offensive">Kirovograd</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Korsun–Shevchenkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovno%E2%80%93Lutsk_offensive" title="Rovno–Lutsk offensive">Rovno–Lutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikopol%E2%80%93Krivoi_Rog_offensive" title="Nikopol–Krivoi Rog offensive">Nikopol–Krivoi Rog</a></li></ul> Second phase <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamenets%E2%80%93Podolsky_pocket" title="Kamenets–Podolsky pocket">Proskurov–Chernovtsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uman%E2%80%93Boto%C8%99ani_offensive" title="Uman–Botoșani offensive">Uman–Botoșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereznegovatoye%E2%80%93Snigirevka_offensive" title="Bereznegovatoye–Snigirevka offensive">Bereznegovatoye–Snigirevka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polesskoe_offensive" title="Polesskoe offensive">Polesskoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odessa_Offensive" title="Odessa Offensive">Odessa</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Корсунь-Шевченковская операция; <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Корсунь-Шевченківська операція), also known as the Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket, was a <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> battle fought from 24 January to 16 February 1944 in the course of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">Dnieper–Carpathian offensive</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive#Korsun–Shevchenkovsky_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">Korsun–Shevchenkovsky offensive</a>. In the battle, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Ukrainian_Front" title="1st Ukrainian Front">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/2nd_Ukrainian_Front" title="2nd Ukrainian Front">2nd Ukrainian Fronts</a>, commanded, respectively, by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vatutin" title="Nikolai Vatutin">Nikolai Vatutin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Ivan Konev</a>, encircled German forces of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South" title="Army Group South">Army Group South</a> in a pocket near the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper River</a>. During weeks of fighting, the two <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> Fronts tried to eradicate the pocket. The encircled German units attempted a breakout in coordination with a relief attempt by other German forces, resulting in heavy casualties, estimates of which vary. The Soviet victory in the Korsun–Cherkassy offensive marked the successful implementation of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_deep_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet deep battle">Soviet deep operations</a>. Soviet deep battle doctrine envisaged the breaking of the enemy's forward defences to allow fresh operational reserves to exploit the <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_(military)" title="Breakthrough (military)">breakthrough</a> by driving into the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">strategic depth</a> of the enemy <a href="/wiki/Front_(military)" title="Front (military)">front</a>. The arrival of large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">American</a>- and British-built <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halftrack" class="mw-redirect" title="Halftrack">halftracks</a> gave the Soviet forces much greater mobility than they had had before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1970664–665-18">[18]</a> This, coupled with the Soviet capacity to hold large formations in reserve gave the Red Army the ability to drive deep behind German defenses again and again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1984180-19">[19]</a> Though the Soviet operation at Korsun did not result in the collapse in the German front that the Soviet command had hoped for, it marked a significant deterioration in the strength available to the German army on that front, especially in heavy weaponry, nearly all of which was lost during the breakout. Through the rest of the war the Red Army would place large German forces in jeopardy, while the Germans were stretched thin and constantly attempting to extract themselves from one crisis to the next. Mobile Soviet offensives were the hallmark of the Eastern front for the remainder of the war. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="January_1944">January 1944</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: January 1944">edit</a>]</div> In the autumn of 1943, the German forces of Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South" title="Army Group South">Army Group South</a> including General <a href="/wiki/Otto_W%C3%B6hler" title="Otto Wöhler">Otto Wöhler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/8th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="8th Army (Wehrmacht)">8th Army</a> had fallen back to the <a href="/wiki/Panther%E2%80%93Wotan_line" title="Panther–Wotan line">Panther–Wotan line</a>, a defensive position that in Ukraine followed the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> river. However, when the German forces arrived, construction had only just been started, so the defensive positions essentially did not exist. By 1 December 1943, the line had been broken and the Soviet Army had crossed the Dnieper in force. Only two corps, the <a href="/wiki/XI_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="XI Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">XI</a> under General Wilhelm Stemmermann, the <a href="/wiki/XLII_Army_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="XLII Army Corps">XLII Army Corps</a> under Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Theobald_Lieb" class="mw-redirect" title="Theobald Lieb">Theobald Lieb</a> and the attached Corps Detachment B<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> from the 8th Army were holding a <a href="/wiki/Salients,_re-entrants_and_pockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Salients, re-entrants and pockets">salient</a> in the new Soviet line. The salient to the west of <a href="/wiki/Cherkassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherkassy">Cherkassy</a> extended some 100 kilometers to the Dnieper river settlement of Kanev, with the town of <a href="/wiki/Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi" title="Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi">Korsun</a> roughly in the center of the salient, with the 1st Ukrainian Front to its left and the 2nd Ukrainian Front to its right. Marshal of the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a> realized the potential for destroying Wöhler's 8th Army, using tactics similar to those used to encircle and destroy Paulus's 6th Army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>. Zhukov recommended to the Soviet Supreme Command (<a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a>) deploying the 1st and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts to form two armored rings of encirclement: an inner ring around the pocket, followed by the destruction of the forces it contained, and an external ring to prevent relief formations from reaching the surrounded units. Despite repeated warnings from Manstein and others, <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> refused to allow the exposed units to be pulled back. General Konev held a conference at his headquarters at Boltushki on 15 January with his commanders and their political commissars to pass on the orders received from Stavka.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The initial attack was to be conducted by Konev's own <a href="/wiki/2nd_Ukrainian_Front" title="2nd Ukrainian Front">2nd Ukrainian Front</a> from the southeast by the 53rd Army and 4th Guards Army, with the <a href="/wiki/5th_Guards_Tank_Army" title="5th Guards Tank Army">5th Guards Tank Army</a> to exploit penetrations, supported by the 5th Air Army, to be joined in progress by the <a href="/wiki/52nd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="52nd Army (Soviet Union)">52nd Army</a>, 5th Guards Cavalry Corps and 2nd Tank Army. Additionally, from Vatutin's <a href="/wiki/1st_Ukrainian_Front" title="1st Ukrainian Front">1st Ukrainian Front</a>, the <a href="/wiki/27th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="27th Army (Soviet Union)">27th</a> and <a href="/wiki/40th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="40th Army (Soviet Union)">40th</a> Armies were to be deployed from the northwest, with the <a href="/wiki/6th_Guards_Tank_Army" title="6th Guards Tank Army">6th Tank Army</a> to exploit penetrations, supported by the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Air_Army" title="2nd Air Army">2nd Air Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Many of these formations had received an inflow of new personnel. Red Army planning further included extensive deception operations that the Soviets claimed were successful; however, the German 8th Army war diary shows clearly that the German staffs were concerned about the threat at hand.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encirclement">Encirclement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Encirclement">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy_Pocket_order_of_battle" title="Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket order of battle">Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket order of battle</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OEF-map-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/OEF-map-6.jpg/250px-OEF-map-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/OEF-map-6.jpg/375px-OEF-map-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/OEF-map-6.jpg/500px-OEF-map-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Sweeping <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> advances that created the pocket.</figcaption></figure> The Soviet attack started on 24 January when Konev's 2nd Ukrainian Front attacked the salient from the southeast. A breakthrough was quickly achieved, and the penetration was exploited by the 5th Guards Tank Army and the 5th Guards Cavalry Corps the following day.<a href="#cite_note-Glantz,_p._187-24">[24]</a> Despite the awareness of the German 8th Army's staff that an attack was imminent, they were surprised by the appearance of the 1st Ukrainian Front's newly formed 6th Tank Army.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The 6th Tank Army, with 160 tanks and 50 self-propelled guns,<a href="#cite_note-Erickson,_p._177-26">[26]</a> was inexperienced and took longer than expected to penetrate the western flank of the salient. A "mobile group" from the 5th Mechanized Corps' 233rd Tank Brigade, under the command of General Savelev, with 50 tanks and 200 sub-machine gun armed infantrymen, occupied <a href="/wiki/Lysyanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysyanka">Lysyanka</a> and moved into the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Zvenyhorodka" title="Zvenyhorodka">Zvenyhorodka</a> by 28 January. Here, these troops of the 6th Tank Army met the 2nd Ukrainian Front's 20th Tank Corps. Over the next three days, the two tank armies formed a thinly manned outer ring around what was now the Korsun Pocket while another, inner, ring was formed by the Soviet 27th, 52nd, and 4th Guard Armies.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The Soviet commanders were optimistic about the progress of the operation. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> was promised a second Stalingrad, and he expected it. Konev wired: "There is no need to worry, Comrade Stalin. The encircled enemy will not escape."<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Inside the pocket were nearly 60,000 men from six German divisions, at about 55% of their authorized strength, along with a number of smaller combat units. Among the trapped German forces were the <a href="/wiki/SS_Division_(motorised)_Wiking" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Division (motorised) Wiking">5th SS Panzer Division Wiking</a>, with the attached <a href="/wiki/5th_SS_Volunteer_Sturmbrigade_Wallonien" class="mw-redirect" title="5th SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade Wallonien">5th SS Infantry Brigade Wallonien</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonian</a> SS infantry battalion Narwa, and "several thousand" Russian auxiliaries.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stemmermann" title="Wilhelm Stemmermann">Wilhelm Stemmermann</a>, the commander of the XI Corps, was placed in command of the forces in the pocket. These forces were designated Gruppe Stemmermann. The 5th SS Panzer Division, with some 11,400 personnel,<a href="#cite_note-Frieser_424-30">[30]</a> had 30 operational <a href="/wiki/Panzer_III" title="Panzer III">Panzer III</a>/<a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">IV</a> tanks and assault guns left, and six more under repair.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The division further had 47 artillery pieces, of which 12 were self-propelled guns.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_relief_attacks">German relief attacks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: German relief attacks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-090-3913-24,_Russland,_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer_und_Panzer_im_Winter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-090-3913-24%2C_Russland%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer_und_Panzer_im_Winter.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-090-3913-24%2C_Russland%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer_und_Panzer_im_Winter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-090-3913-24%2C_Russland%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer_und_Panzer_im_Winter.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-090-3913-24%2C_Russland%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer_und_Panzer_im_Winter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-090-3913-24%2C_Russland%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer_und_Panzer_im_Winter.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-090-3913-24%2C_Russland%2C_Sch%C3%BCtzenpanzer_und_Panzer_im_Winter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The relief attempt begins. Tanks and halftracks of 1st Panzer Division begin movements towards the pocket, early February 1944<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></figcaption></figure> Manstein moved quickly, and by early February the <a href="/wiki/III_Panzer_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="III Panzer Corps (Wehrmacht)">III</a> and <a href="/wiki/XLVII_Panzer_Corps_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="XLVII Panzer Corps (Germany)">XLVII Panzer Corps</a> were assembled for a relief effort. Hitler intervened, however, and ordered the attack be transformed into an effort to counter-encircle the two Soviet army groups. General <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Breith" title="Hermann Breith">Hermann Breith</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/III_Panzer_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="III Panzer Corps">III Panzer Corps</a>, requested the relief formations be united to attempt to force a corridor to the encircled Gruppe Stemmermann. This request was refused, and the counter-encirclement of the Soviet forces was attempted. The attack by the <a href="/wiki/XLVII_Panzer_Corps" title="XLVII Panzer Corps">XLVII Panzer Corps</a>' <a href="/wiki/11th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">11th Panzer Division</a> on the southeastern flank of the pocket quickly stalled, as it had only 27 tanks and 34 assault guns operational.<a href="#cite_note-Perrett_167-34">[34]</a> The III Panzer Corps' attempt continued until 8 February, when it became undeniable that the effort had failed.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Manstein ordered the corps to instead drive directly to the relief of Gruppe Stemmermann. Pulling the III Panzer Corps back and reorganizing for the new attack 15 kilometers south of Boyarka took three days.<a href="#cite_note-Frieser,_p._402-36">[36]</a> On 11 February, Breith began a push with the <a href="/wiki/16th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">16th</a> and <a href="/wiki/17th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">17th</a> Panzer Divisions driving toward the <a href="/wiki/Hnylyi_Tikych" title="Hnylyi Tikych">Gniloy Tikich River</a>. They initially made good progress. The <a href="/wiki/1st_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="1st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">1st Panzer Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leibstandarte_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler">1st SS Panzer Division LSSAH</a> covered the northern flank of the drive. As they drove deeper into the Soviet positions, Zhukov ordered <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vatutin" title="Nikolai Vatutin">Vatutin</a> to assemble four tank corps with the goal of cutting off the attacking German spearhead.<a href="#cite_note-Nash,_p._162-37">[37]</a> The weather warmed, turning the roads to a soft mud and bogging down German progress. Here the liabilities of Germany's wheeled vehicles became evident. The Soviet forces had been provided lend-lease U.S. built four-wheel and six-wheel drive trucks. These were largely able to get through, whereas German two-wheel-drive vehicles were not.<a href="#cite_note-Nash,_p._162-37">[37]</a> Konev issued orders for the <a href="/wiki/4th_Guards_Army" title="4th Guards Army">4th Guards Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/5th_Guards_Cavalry_Corps" title="5th Guards Cavalry Corps">5th Guards Cavalry Corps</a> to attempt to split the pocket on the night of 5–6 February. The strike was to fall on the boundary between the two German corps.<a href="#cite_note-Zetterling_&_Frankson,_p._180-38">[38]</a> As fighting progressed, the Soviet goal became clear to Stemmermann and Lieb. Stemmermann ordered the 5th SS Division's armor to the scene. Together with the <a href="/wiki/72nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="72nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">72nd Infantry Division</a>, it brought the Soviet attack to a halt, buying the Germans time.<a href="#cite_note-Zetterling_&_Frankson,_p._180-38">[38]</a> Red Army efforts were renewed between 7–10 February. This effort was hobbled by supply shortages. The III Panzer Corps' penetrations toward the Gniloy Tikich River made the supply lines for Soviet formations such as Vatutin's <a href="/wiki/6th_Tank_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Tank Army">6th Tank Army</a> much longer.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The Red Air Force attempted to resupply some units using <a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_Po-2" title="Polikarpov Po-2">Polikarpov Po-2</a> aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Despite logistical difficulties, units from the 2nd Ukrainian Front were able to close in on Korsun by 10 February, collapsing the pocket to an area of six by seven miles.<a href="#cite_note-Erickson,_p._177-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_maneuver_within_the_pocket">German maneuver within the pocket</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: German maneuver within the pocket">edit</a>]</div> On 11 February, the III Panzer Corps continued its drive east. The force reached the <a href="/wiki/Gniloy_Tikich_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Gniloy Tikich River">Gniloy Tikich River</a> and established a small bridgehead on the eastern bank. It was unable to advance further, meaning that Group Stemmermann had to fight its way out.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Both sides realized that the Wehrmacht relief efforts had reached a critical stage. Despite heavy Soviet propaganda inducements, very few German soldiers and no Waffen-SS men in the cauldron had surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Zhukov thus decided to send <a href="/wiki/Parlementaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlementaire">parlementaires</a> under a white flag with surrender demands.<a href="#cite_note-Perrett_167-34">[34]</a> Red Army emissaries presented letters for both Stemmermann and Lieb signed by Marshal Zhukov and Generals Konev and Vatutin.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> After cordial talks, refreshments and a handshake, the Soviet delegation departed without a positive answer.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1280,_Russland,_Kessel_Tscherkassy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1280%2C_Russland%2C_Kessel_Tscherkassy.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1280%2C_Russland%2C_Kessel_Tscherkassy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1280%2C_Russland%2C_Kessel_Tscherkassy.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1280%2C_Russland%2C_Kessel_Tscherkassy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1280%2C_Russland%2C_Kessel_Tscherkassy.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1280%2C_Russland%2C_Kessel_Tscherkassy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Ju 52s</a> at Korsun airfield, <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Ju 87s</a> in formation above (January 1944).</figcaption></figure> The German air force mounted an aerial resupply operation to both the encircled forces and the German relief columns. On 28 January, the <a href="/wiki/8th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="8th Air Corps (Germany)">VIII Aviation Corps</a> deployed 832 transport aircraft, 478 bombers (from which supplies were dropped at low altitude), 58 fighter bombers, and 168 fighters. Over the course of the operation, 32 transport aircraft, 13 bombers, and five fighters were lost.<a href="#cite_note-Frieser,_p._405-13">[13]</a> After the Korsun airfield was abandoned on 12 February, deliveries were dropped in by parachute. The Luftwaffe delivered 82,948 gallons of fuel, 868 tons of ammunition and four tons of medical supplies to the encircled forces and 325 tons of ammunition, 74,289 gallons of fuel and 24 tons of food to spearheads of the relief formations, as well as evacuating 4,161 wounded while the Korsun airfield remained operational.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The operation had only met about half (78 tons) of the daily requirements (150 tons) of the encircled troops as estimated by the German 8th Army headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-Frieser,_p._405-13">[13]</a> Stemmermann began withdrawing troops from the north side of the pocket, reorienting the thrust of the escape direction, and attacking south to move toward the relief forces on the north bank of the Gniloy Tikich. The encircled forces aimed to capture the villages of Novo-Buda, Komarovka, Khilki and Shanderovka at the southwestern perimeter of the pocket to reach a favorable jump-off line for the breakout.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> On 11 and 12 February, elements of the <a href="/wiki/72nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="72nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">72nd Infantry Division</a> captured Novo-Buda and Komarovka, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> On the evening of 15 February, Khilki was secured, against a Soviet counterattack.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> However, of all the German divisions in the pocket, the <a href="/wiki/5th_SS_Panzer_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="5th SS Panzer Division">5th SS Panzer Division</a> contributed the most to continued operations.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Since the SS Division Wiking was the only truly mobile force inside the pocket, the division's tracked units were repeatedly shifted from one end of the pocket to the other to shore up crumbling lines. The pocket had "wandered" south and half-way toward the relief force and rested on the village of Shanderovka. The settlement was heavily defended by the Soviets; it was captured by 72nd Infantry troops, retaken by units of the Soviet 27th Army and recaptured by the Germania regiment of 5th SS Panzer Division. By nightfall on 16 February, the III Panzer Corps fought its way closer to the encircled formations, with spearheads now seven kilometers from Group Stemmermann.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appeal_from_the_NKFD">Appeal from the NKFD</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Appeal from the NKFD">edit</a>]</div> The pocket led to an attempt by the Soviet Union to enlist the <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="National Committee for a Free Germany">National Committee for a Free Germany</a> (NKFD) and the <a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Officers" class="mw-redirect" title="League of German Officers">League of German Officers</a> (BDO) in order to convince the German troops to surrender. The prisoners of war and BDO members Generals <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Seydlitz-Kurzbach" title="Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach">Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Edler_von_Daniels" title="Alexander Edler von Daniels">Alexander Edler von Daniels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Korfes" title="Otto Korfes">Otto Korfes</a> visited the front on 10 February and made a personal appeal to the German commanders. Appeals were also made on the radio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoeffel201298-51">[51]</a> More to it, the members of the NKFD were sent to the battlefield where they spead NKFD leaflets which served as safe conduct passes into captivity showing that the surrender is voluntary and that the soldiers with such leaflets should be handed over to the NKFD. The operation was relatively successful, and out of the 18 200 captured Germans each third produced an NKFD leaflet.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Despite the failure to alter the fighting resolution of the German Commander at Cherkassy, this operation raised the profile of the NKFD and BDO among both the Allies and Axis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoeffel201298-51">[51]</a> Von Seydlitz was dismissed from the army and sentenced to death in absentia and Hitler personally authorized <a href="/wiki/Sippenhaft" title="Sippenhaft">Sippenhaft</a> against his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoeffel2012100-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breakout_attempt">Breakout attempt</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Breakout attempt">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-711-0438-05A,_Russland-S%C3%BCd,_Marsch_auf_unbefestigter_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-711-0438-05A%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Marsch_auf_unbefestigter_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-711-0438-05A%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Marsch_auf_unbefestigter_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-711-0438-05A%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Marsch_auf_unbefestigter_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-711-0438-05A%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Marsch_auf_unbefestigter_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-711-0438-05A%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Marsch_auf_unbefestigter_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-711-0438-05A%2C_Russland-S%C3%BCd%2C_Marsch_auf_unbefestigter_Stra%C3%9Fe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Congestion on the road</figcaption></figure> The northward thrust toward the pocket by the III Panzer Corps had been halted by Red Army determination, terrain and fuel shortages. After several failed attempts by German armored formations to seize and hold Hill 239 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy&params=49_15.42_N_30_49.38_E_">49°15.42′N 30°49.38′E / 49.25700°N 30.82300°E / 49.25700; 30.82300</a> <a href="/wiki/Lysyanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysyanka">Lysyanka</a>, Cherkasy Oblast, Ukraine) and advance on Shanderovka, Soviet counterattacks by the <a href="/wiki/5th_Guards_Tank_Army" title="5th Guards Tank Army">5th Guards Tank Army</a> forced the III Panzer Corps into costly defensive fighting. The 8th Army radioed Stemmermann: "Capacity for action by III Panzer Corps limited by weather and supply situation. Gruppe Stemmermann must perform breakthrough as far as the line Zhurzintsy–Hill 239 by its own effort. There link up with III Panzer Corps."<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The message did not specify that Zhurzintsy and the hill were still firmly in Soviet hands—a failure that caused Group Stemmermann severe casualties during the German breakout of the pocket. <a href="/wiki/Theo-Helmut_Lieb" title="Theo-Helmut Lieb">General Lieutenant Lieb</a> was appointed by the 8th Army to lead the breakout. In the seven kilometers that separated Group Stemmermann and the III Panzer Corps, Konev was positioning his forces for an attack slated for 17 February.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> His three armies – the 4th Guards, 27th, 52nd and 5th Guards Cavalry Corps – surrounded the encircled German forces. The Red Army force also included elements of the 5th Guards Tank Army, with its armor placed in the area that separated Group Stemmermann and the III Panzer Corps.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Stemmermann elected to stay behind with a rearguard of 6,500 men, the remaining combined strength of the <a href="/wiki/57th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="57th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">57th</a> and <a href="/wiki/88th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="88th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">88th Infantry Divisions</a>. The pocket was at this point just five kilometers in diameter, with no room to maneuver. Shanderovka, once seen as a viable escape route, became known as "Hell's Gate".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The Red Army subjected the area to intense artillery and rocket fire, while the Red Air Force ground attack aircraft bombed and strafed the encircled troops, only infrequently challenged by the Luftwaffe. Various unit diaries described a scene of gloom, with fires caused by Soviet night bombing with incendiaries, destroyed or abandoned vehicles everywhere and wounded men and disorganized units on muddy roads. Konev ordered Cossack cavalry units to perform sabre attacks on the disorganised German units. Ukrainian civilians were caught between the combatants. On 16 February 1944, Manstein, without waiting for a decision by Hitler, sent a radio message to Stemmermann to authorize the breakout: "Password Freedom, objective Lysyanka, 2300 hours."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OEF-map-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/OEF-map-5.jpg/240px-OEF-map-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/OEF-map-5.jpg/360px-OEF-map-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/OEF-map-5.jpg/480px-OEF-map-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>The German breakout</figcaption></figure> With extreme reluctance, Stemmermann and Lieb decided to leave 1,450 non-ambulatory wounded at Shanderovka, attended by doctors and orderlies.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The troops then began to assemble at dusk into three assault columns, with Division Group 112 to the north, the 5th SS Panzer Division to the south and the 72nd Division in the center, with the reinforced 105th Regiment in the first echelon to provide assault power.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Several battalions and regiments reached the German lines at Oktyabr by 0410. The 105th entered <a href="/wiki/Lysyanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysyanka">Lysyanka</a> at 0630.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> At the left flank column, a reconnaissance patrol returned with the news that Hill 239 was occupied by Soviet T-34 tanks of the 5th Guards Tank Army. The high ground had to be bypassed. The direction of the German retreat had to veer off to the south toward the <a href="/wiki/Hnyly_Tikych" class="mw-redirect" title="Hnyly Tikych">Gniloy Tikich</a> River. When daylight arrived, the German breakout plan began to unravel. Very few armored vehicles and other heavy equipment could climb the slippery, thawing hillsides and the weapons had to be destroyed and abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-DA_Pamphlet_20-234,_p._40-64">[64]</a> General Konev, now aware of the German breakout, resolved to keep his promise to Stalin not to let the German forces escape. Soviet intelligence, however, at this stage vastly overestimated the armored strength of the III Panzer Corps, and Konev therefore proceeded in force. At this time, the 20th Tank Corps brought its brigade of the new <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Stalin_tank#IS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Iosif Stalin tank">Joseph Stalin-2s</a> to the Korsun battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Konev ordered all available armor and artillery to attack the escaping units, cut them into isolated groups and then destroy them piecemeal.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The two blocking Soviet rifle divisions, the <a href="/wiki/206th_Rifle_Division" title="206th Rifle Division">206th Rifle</a> and <a href="/wiki/5th_Guards_Airborne_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Guards Airborne Division">5th Guards Airborne</a>, had been smashed by the German assault forces; without infantry support Soviet tanks then fired into the German formations from a distance. With no anti-tank weapons in the field, T-34s commenced to wade into support troops, headquarters units, stragglers and Red-Cross identified medical columns.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Under the yellow sky of early morning and over ground covered with wet snow Soviet tanks made straight for the thick of the column, ploughing up and down, killing and crushing with their tracks. Almost simultaneously massed Cossack cavalry wheeled away from the tanks to hunt down and massacre men fleeing for the refuge of the hills: hands held high in surrender the Cossacks sliced off with their sabres. The killing in this human hunt went on for several hours and a new round opened on the banks of the river <a href="/wiki/Hnylyi_Tikych" title="Hnylyi Tikych">Gniloy Tikich</a>, where the survivors of the first collision of the German column with Soviet troops dragged and fought their way.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John Erickson, in The Road to Berlin, p. 178.</cite></div></blockquote> By mid-day, the majority of the now intermingled divisions had reached the Gniloy Tikich stream, 15 meter wide and two meters deep due to melting snow.<a href="#cite_note-Frieser_424-30">[30]</a> Despite the fact that the 1st Panzer Division had captured a bridge and engineers had erected another, the panicking men saw the river as their only escape. Since the main body was away and south of the bridgeheads, the last tanks, trucks and wagons were driven into the water, trees were felled to form makeshift bridges and the troops floundered across, with hundreds of men drowning, being swept downstream with horses and military debris. Many others succumbed to shock or hypothermia.<a href="#cite_note-DAPamphlet_31-69">[69]</a> Toward the end phase of the breakout, engineers had built several more bridges and rear guard units of the 57th and 88th Infantry Divisions crossed the river "dry", including 20 horse-drawn wagons with about 600 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> That many escaped back to the German lines at Lysyanka was due in great measure to the exertions of the III Panzer Corps as it drove in relief of Group Stemmermann. The unit was equipped with Tigers and Panthers and an engineer battalion with specialist bridging skills.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcome">Outcome</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Outcome">edit</a>]</div> The Red Army encirclement of Cherkassy–Korsun inflicted serious damage on six German divisions, including the <a href="/wiki/5th_SS_Panzer_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="5th SS Panzer Division">5th SS Panzer Division</a>. Though most of the trapped men escaped, they had to leave nearly all of their heavy equipment behind. These units had to be withdrawn for rest and near complete re-equipping. The escaped wounded were transported from collection points near Uman to rehabilitation areas and hospitals in Poland, and were then sent on leave to their home towns. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wreckedtruckserickson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Many destroyed or damaged trucks scattered around a field. Snow and dirt cover everything." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wreckedtruckserickson.jpg/220px-Wreckedtruckserickson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wreckedtruckserickson.jpg/330px-Wreckedtruckserickson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wreckedtruckserickson.jpg/440px-Wreckedtruckserickson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Some of the destroyed German equipment following the attempt to break out from Korsun.</figcaption></figure> In a U.S. Army brief written following the war, Lieb commented that when he assumed command of Force Stemmermann: <blockquote> The 72nd and Wiking Divisions were completely intermingled. No longer did they have any tanks, artillery, vehicles or rations. Many soldiers were entirely without weapons, quite a few even without footgear. Neither division could be considered in any way able to fight. One regiment of Task Force B was intact and still had some artillery support. However, this regiment also had no vehicles and no rations left. All wounded, estimated at about 2,000, (...) were evacuated by air." He also stated: "For lack of vehicles and fuel, III Panzer Corps was unable to reinforce its units in the area of Lisyanka and Oktyabr. [It] had no extra supplies of any kind, and his forward elements were unable to provide rations for the troops emerging from the pocket.<a href="#cite_note-DAPamphlet_31-69">[69]</a> </blockquote> With German armored reserves drawn to the Korsun Pocket, the Soviets struck Army Group South in two other sectors. The 13th and 60th Armies (General Vatutin's 1st Ukrainian Front) advanced south of the <a href="/wiki/Pinsk_Marshes" title="Pinsk Marshes">Pripiat' Marshes</a>, capturing the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/XIII_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="XIII Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">German XIII Corps</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovno" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rovno">Battle of Rovno</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and advancing to <a href="/wiki/Lutsk" title="Lutsk">Lutsk</a>. To the south, the 3rd and 4th Ukrainian Fronts (Generals Malinovsky and Tolbukhin) attacked along the bend of <a href="/wiki/Dnepr_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnepr River">Dnepr River</a>, capturing <a href="/wiki/Kryvyi_Rih" title="Kryvyi Rih">Kryvyi Rih</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glantz_188-73">[73]</a> General Stemmermann was killed during the breakout when his command car was hit by a Soviet antitank gun.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> General Lieb survived the war. General Vatutin was shot by Ukrainian Nationalist UPA insurgents on 29 February 1944 and died on 15 April.<a href="#cite_note-Glantz_188-73">[73]</a> The commander of 2nd Ukrainian Front, General Konev, was made a Marshal of the Soviet Union for his victory at Korsun. Konev also survived the war. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment">Assessment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assessment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ucraina_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ucraina_1944.jpg/220px-Ucraina_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ucraina_1944.jpg/330px-Ucraina_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ucraina_1944.jpg/440px-Ucraina_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption>Soviet forces in Ukraine, 1944</figcaption></figure> The battle around Korsun was a major Soviet victory that enabled later advances the next spring into Romania.<a href="#cite_note-Zetterling_298-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nash_382-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> An entire German army became trapped, and as the pocket collapsed the forces inside were forced to retreat through gaps in the Soviet forces surrounding them, resulting in significant losses in men and tremendous losses in equipment. Hitler's insistence on holding the exposed salient strongly limited the options of German field commanders.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Once the Soviets had encircled the German forces, relief efforts produced mixed results. The effectiveness of the German counterattack was limited by Hitler's plan for splitting his strength to attempt a counter envelopment. The XLVII Panzer Corps' attacks were ineffective due to the weakness of its divisions. Though the III Panzer Corps was far more effective, the corps wasted a week on a failed attempt to encircle the Soviet forces.<a href="#cite_note-Frieser,_p._402-36">[36]</a> When it was finally given the mission of relieving Gruppe Stemmermann, the Germans were unable to provide Bäke's heavy tank regiment with adequate fuel supplies, leading Bäke to stop his advance on Hill 239 because one group of his tanks had run out of fuel.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> This logistical failure was compounded by the vagueness of the radio message to General Stemmermann ordering the breakout attempt. Hill 239 remained under Soviet control, resulting in significant casualties among Stemmermann's retreating force. The Soviet performance was also beset by errors. Soviet intelligence on German forces in the pocket was faulty in overestimating their strength.<a href="#cite_note-Frieser,_p._397-3">[3]</a> At the same time, the Soviets underestimated German capability for a counterattack and hurriedly moved more forces forward to bolster the strength of their encircling rings.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The Soviet air force was unable to significantly hinder the German aerial resupply effort.<a href="#cite_note-Frieser,_p._405-13">[13]</a> Ultimately, the encircling forces were unable to prevent a German breakout, allowing a significant portion of the trapped Germans to escape. Given the initial circumstances of the battle, the degree of Soviet losses makes it clear that while the Soviets won at Korsun, it was a victory that came at a high price.<a href="#cite_note-Zetterling_298-1">[1]</a> Soviet sources and testimonials from the front line assert that the total loss in German men was catastrophic, with estimates collected from mass graves and the battlefield accounting for roughly 55,000 dead and 18,000 German prisoners from the encircled formations alone.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> German sources differ on total losses, holding that of the 60,000 men originally inside the pocket, the number had shrunk to less than 50,000 by 16 February. 45,000 of these took part in the breakout, resulting in 27,703 German soldiers and 1,063 Russian auxiliaries breaking out unscathed. Total casualties killed, wounded or missing, were claimed at 31,000, yet these numbers do not count losses from the rescuing forces.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> German official documents listed total escapees as 40,423, including the wounded flown out of the pocket and evacuated from Lysyanka.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> While there were claims that "roughly two out of three" encircled men succeeding in escaping the pocket,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> "almost one third of their men [were either] dead or wounded."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Soviet sources tally losses of 80,188 casualties for the 1st and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts, with 24,286 killed and missing, and 55,902 wounded. These losses were incurred over the period of 24 January – 17 February 1944 during both the encirclements and the breakout attempts.<a href="#cite_note-Krivosheev,_p._109-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_propaganda">Use in propaganda</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use in propaganda">edit</a>]</div> Both sides hailed the events at Korsun as a victory. Marshal Konev claimed to have inflicted 130,000 German casualties, an assertion that German official history dismissed. Soviet historian Sergey Smirnov described the victory at Korsun as a "Stalingrad on the Dnieper," and the victory was hailed as a culmination of Soviet armored strength against the ailing Wehrmacht. Marshal Zhukov disliked being overshadowed by his rival, noting that on 18 February 1944, official honors were given in Moscow to the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Ukrainian_Front" title="2nd Ukrainian Front">2nd Ukrainian Front</a>—but not the <a href="/wiki/1st_Ukrainian_Front" title="1st Ukrainian Front">1st Ukrainian Front</a>—"an unforgivable error of the part of the supreme commander [Stalin]".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> On the part of the Germans, the counterattack was depicted as a glorious success in which one group of brave German soldiers freed their equally heroic comrades who had been trapped in the pocket. However, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_von_Vormann" title="Nikolaus von Vormann">General von Vormann</a>, who commanded the relief attempt of the XLVII Panzer Corps, bitterly noted that "the troops who took part were astonished and unbelieving when they were told they had won a great victory at Cherkassy in the Ukraine in 1944." The German high command was relieved that many troops were able to escape. Adolf Hitler supposedly only complained briefly about the amount of equipment that had to be left behind.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> One of the initial historiographical works on the fighting at Korsun was a 1952 U.S. Army publication, DA Pamphlet 20–234, Operations of Encircled Forces: German Experiences in Russia. This work was written in the context of NATO's <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> confrontation with the Soviet Union, and the authors highlighted the historical experience of the Wehrmacht which might prove useful to <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> forces had a war between the Soviet Union and the NATO countries broken out.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Like most of the English-language works on the Eastern Front of this era, it was written from the German point of view and without the benefit of wartime records. John Erickson's 1983 The Road to Berlin and David Glantz's 1995 (2015) When Titans Clashed covered events on the entire Eastern Front from a German and Soviet perspective, and devoted several pages to the fighting in the Korsun Pocket. Erickson did not question Soviet claims regarding German casualties, and Glantz questioned the veracity of German claims regarding the total of escapees from the pocket.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Glantz has also translated the Soviet General Staff Study on the Korsun Operation into English as The Battle for the Ukraine: The Red Army's Korsun'-Shevchenkovkii Operation, 1944. More recently, the 2002 work by U.S. Army historian Douglas Nash, Hell's Gate: The Battle of the Cherkassy Pocket, January–February 1944, took issue with Soviet claims that Korsun was another Stalingrad.<a href="#cite_note-Nash_382q-88">[88]</a> Similarly, the Swedish historians Niklas Zetterling and Anders Frankson disputed the assertions of the Soviet General Staff Study of the Korsun Operation in their 2008 work, The Korsun Pocket. The Encirclement and Breakout of a German Army in the East, 1944, describing the staff study as "anything but accurate" and "completely unreliable." Both Nash and Zetterling/Frankson conclude that Korsun was a Soviet victory.<a href="#cite_note-Zetterling_298-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nash_382-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In 2007, Volume 8 of the German semiofficial history of the war (<a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_Second_World_War" title="Germany and the Second World War">Germany and the Second World War</a>) was published, and part of the work authored by Karl-Heinz Frieser addressed the events at Korsun. This work also doubts Soviet claims regarding the German casualties while discussing the situation of the German forces in detail, using available data from the German archives. However, while German casualties in this work are taken from German archives, it bases its assessment of Soviet AFV and gun losses (uncritically) on German wartime claims.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 2011 author and historian Jean Lopez published, on Economica Edition (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2717860290" title="Special:BookSources/978-2717860290">978-2717860290</a> ) a book named "Le chaudron de Tcherkassy-Korsun ", covering the battle. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zetterling_298-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zetterling_298_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zetterling_298_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zetterling_298_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zetterling_298_1-3">d</a> "Nevertheless, the Soviet position, relative to the Germans, was stronger after the battle than before, so Korsun may be viewed as a Soviet victory, even though it was bought at a considerably higher price than it ought to have been." (Zetterling & Frankson, p. 298) </li> <li id="cite_note-Nash_382-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nash_382_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nash_382_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nash_382_2-2">c</a> Nash, p. 382 </li> <li id="cite_note-Frieser,_p._397-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frieser,_p._397_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frieser,_p._397_3-1">b</a> Frieser, p. 397 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Frieser, p. 400 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Frieser, p. 399 </li> <li id="cite_note-Krivosheev,_p._109-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krivosheev,_p._109_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krivosheev,_p._109_6-1">b</a> Krivosheev, p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Numbers of Soviet AFVs, aircraft, and guns taken from Frieser, p. 395 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 277 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 285 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 288 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 289 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 292 </li> <li id="cite_note-Frieser,_p._405-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frieser,_p._405_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frieser,_p._405_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frieser,_p._405_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frieser,_p._405_13-3">d</a> Frieser, p. 405 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://meandyoukraine.com/02a_Cherkasy_WOII_Korsun.php">https://meandyoukraine.com/02a_Cherkasy_WOII_Korsun.php</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glantz_&_House,_p._298-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Glantz_&_House,_p._298_15-0">^</a> Glantz & House, p. 298 </li> <li id="cite_note-Zetterling_p._283-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Zetterling_p._283_16-0">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 283 (citing The Korsun-Shevchenkovskii Operation, p. 41 and 52; Krivosheev, p. 109) </li> <li id="cite_note-Frieser_p._417-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Frieser_p._417_17-0">^</a> Frieser, p. 417 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1970664–665-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1970664–665_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiddell_Hart1970">Liddell Hart 1970</a>, pp. 664–665. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1984180-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott1984180_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillmott1984">Willmott 1984</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Corps Detachment B was organized as an infantry division with six infantry battalions and normal supporting divisional units. The unit had been formed from elements contributed by the 112th, 255th, and 332nd Infantry Divisions. Tessin, pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, pp. 37–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-Glantz,_p._187-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Glantz,_p._187_24-0">^</a> Glantz & House, p. 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> The 6th Tank Army had been formed on 20 January 1944. Dunn, Hitler's Nemesis </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson,_p._177-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson,_p._177_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson,_p._177_26-1">b</a> Erickson, p. 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Erickson, p. 177; Glantz & House, p. 187; and Frieser, p. 396 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Konev, Battles Hitler Lost, quoted in Nash, p. 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Nash, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-Frieser_424-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frieser_424_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frieser_424_30-1">b</a> Frieser, p. 424 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 335 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 336; a total of 242 artillery pieces were inside the pocket. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Image description abbreviated from nearly same image in Nash, p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-Perrett_167-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perrett_167_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perrett_167_34-1">b</a> Perrett, p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Frieser, p. 354 </li> <li id="cite_note-Frieser,_p._402-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frieser,_p._402_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frieser,_p._402_36-1">b</a> Frieser, p. 402 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nash,_p._162-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nash,_p._162_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nash,_p._162_37-1">b</a> Nash, p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-Zetterling_&_Frankson,_p._180-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zetterling_&_Frankson,_p._180_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zetterling_&_Frankson,_p._180_38-1">b</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 185 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Group Stemmermann consisted of first divisions: the 57th, 72nd, 88th and 389th Divisions, Corps Detachment B (Division Group 112), all infantry formations with no armored components; and the 5th SS Panzer Division with the attached 5th SS Infantry Brigade and the Narwa Battalion. The only units considered still capable of offensive operations were the 72nd Infantry and 5th SS Divisions. (Department of the Army Pamphlet 20–234, pp. 19–20) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Nash, p. 194 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> DA Pamphlet 20–234, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Nash, p. 198 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Nash, Appendix 8, p. 399 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> DA Pamphlet 20–234, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Nash, pp. 212–214 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 245 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Nash, p. 369 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 255 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoeffel201298-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoeffel201298_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoeffel201298_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoeffel2012">Loeffel 2012</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKai_Schoenhals1989" class="citation book cs1">Kai Schoenhals (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freegermanymovem0000scho">The Free Germany Movement: A Case of Patriotism Or Treason?</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313263903" title="Special:BookSources/9780313263903"><bdi>9780313263903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Free+Germany+Movement%3A+A+Case+of+Patriotism+Or+Treason%3F&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780313263903&rft.au=Kai+Schoenhals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreegermanymovem0000scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoeffel2012100-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoeffel2012100_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoeffel2012">Loeffel 2012</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Nash, p. 258 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Nash, p. 287 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 244 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Nash, p. 296, map of disposition of forces during the breakout </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Nash, p. 280 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Perrett, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Nash, p. 283 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 242 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 257 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Nash, p. 300 </li> <li id="cite_note-DA_Pamphlet_20-234,_p._40-64"><a href="#cite_ref-DA_Pamphlet_20-234,_p._40_64-0">^</a> DA Pamphlet 20–234, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Nash, p. 267. Editor's note – Soviet tank corps did not have organic heavy (JS-2) tank brigades. Nash may be referring to one of the independent heavy tank regiments that were assigned to the 2nd Ukrainian Front. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> The cavalry hacked at the German soldiers with their sabers. [Perrett, p. 169] </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Nash, p. 308 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 267 </li> <li id="cite_note-DAPamphlet_31-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DAPamphlet_31_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAPamphlet_31_69-1">b</a> DA Pamphlet 20–234, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 272 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Perrett, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Haupt, pp. 211–212 </li> <li id="cite_note-Glantz_188-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glantz_188_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glantz_188_73-1">b</a> Glantz & House, p. 188 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Nash 1995, p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Nash 1995, pp. 3, 141–142 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Frieser, p. 394 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Frieser, p. 404 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Nash 1995, pp. 149–150 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerth1964" class="citation book cs1">Werth, Alexander (1964). Russia At War. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc. p. 782. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786707224" title="Special:BookSources/0786707224"><bdi>0786707224</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+At+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=782&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton+%26+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0786707224&rft.aulast=Werth&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, pp. 277–278 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Nash, p. 398 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Nash, p. 366 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Zetterling & Frankson, p. 280 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Frieser, p. 418 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Frieser, p. 419 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> DA Pamphlet 20–234, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Glantz & House, p. 188. In this work, Glantz is skeptical of German accounts, writing "Although German accounts claim that 30,000 troops escaped, the Soviet version is far more credible." </li> <li id="cite_note-Nash_382q-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Nash_382q_88-0">^</a> "There was no Stalingrad on the Dnieper, as the Soviets claimed..." (Nash, p. 382) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> For example, U.S. Army historian Douglas E. Nash points to Soviet claims as being exaggerated; e.g., the Soviet 5th Cavalry Corps and 4th Guards Army "claimed that they had practically wiped out most of Wiking [on 6 February 1944], though this was not remotely close ... In fact, Wiking's biggest battles in the pocket were yet to come" (Nash, p. 110). The Soviets claimed "to have downed more than 329 aircraft" during the aerial supply operation; that number would have been more planes than the Luftwaffe had operational in its Korps area during this entire period and "should be regarded as an example of the degree of exaggeration to which the Soviets were prone. This would not be the last wildly inflated claim they would make" (Nash, p. 120). </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Frieser, pp. 394–419 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Armstrong, Richard N. Red Army Tank Commanders: The Armored Guards. Atglen, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/Schiffer_Publishing" title="Schiffer Publishing">Schiffer Publishing</a> Ltd., 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88740-581-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88740-581-9">0-88740-581-9</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/20234/20234.html">Department of the Army Pamphlet 20–234</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314065147/http://www.history.army.mil/BOOKS/WWII/20234/20234.html">Archived</a> 14 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Operations of Encircled Forces: German Experiences in Russia. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952.</li> <li>Dunn, Walter S. Hitler's Nemesis The Red Army 1930–1945. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 2009.</li> <li>Erickson, John. The Road to Berlin, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrieserSchmiderSchönherrSchreiber2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Frieser" title="Karl-Heinz Frieser">Frieser, Karl-Heinz</a>; Schmider, Klaus; Schönherr, Klaus; Schreiber, Gerhard; <a href="/wiki/Kriszti%C3%A1n_Ungv%C3%A1ry" title="Krisztián Ungváry">Ungváry, Kristián</a>; Wegner, Bernd (2007). Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten [The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts] (in German). Vol. VIII. München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-421-06235-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-421-06235-2"><bdi>978-3-421-06235-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Ostfront+1943%2F44+%E2%80%93+Der+Krieg+im+Osten+und+an+den+Nebenfronten&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Deutsche+Verlags-Anstalt&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-421-06235-2&rft.aulast=Frieser&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rft.au=Schmider%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Sch%C3%B6nherr%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Schreiber%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Ungv%C3%A1ry%2C+Kristi%C3%A1n&rft.au=Wegner%2C+Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Glantz" title="David M. Glantz">Glantz, David</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_House" title="Jonathan House">House, Jonathan M.</a> When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0717-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0717-X">0-7006-0717-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaupt1998" class="citation book cs1">Haupt, Werner (1998). Army Group South: The Wehrmacht in Russia 1941–1945. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-0385-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7643-0385-6"><bdi>0-7643-0385-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+Group+South%3A+The+Wehrmacht+in+Russia+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Atglen%2C+PA&rft.pub=Schiffer+Military+History&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7643-0385-6&rft.aulast=Haupt&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Krivosheev, G. F. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. London: Greenhill Books, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-280-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-280-7">1-85367-280-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddell_Hart1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart, B. H.</a> (1970). History of the Second World War. New York, NY: Putnam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Liddell+Hart&rft.aufirst=B.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoeffel2012" class="citation book cs1">Loeffel, Robert (2012). Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34305-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34305-4"><bdi>978-0-230-34305-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+Punishment+in+Nazi+Germany%3A+Sippenhaft%2C+Terror+and+Myth&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34305-4&rft.aulast=Loeffel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Nash, Douglas E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408134331/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA299260">No Stalingrad on the Dnieper (Paper written for the Command and General Staff College of the U.S. Army)</a>, Fort Leavenworth: 1995</li> <li>Nash, Douglas E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090911070809/http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbninquiry.asp?r=1&ean=0965758435">Hell's Gate: The Battle of the Cherkassy Pocket, January–February 1944 </a>. Southbury, Connecticut: RZM Publishing, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9657584-3-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9657584-3-5">0-9657584-3-5</a></li> <li>Perrett, Bryan. Knights of the Black Cross, Hitler's Panzerwaffe and Its Leaders. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7090-2806-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7090-2806-7">0-7090-2806-7</a></li> <li>Shukman, Harold, ed. Stalin's Generals. New York: Grove Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84212-513-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84212-513-3">1-84212-513-3</a></li> <li>Tessin, Georg. Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS 1939 – 1945, Vol. 14, Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7648-1111-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-7648-1111-0">3-7648-1111-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott1984" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H. P. (1984). June, 1944. New York, NY: Blandford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-1446-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7137-1446-8"><bdi>0-7137-1446-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=June%2C+1944&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-7137-1446-8&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Zetterling, Niklas & Frankson, Anders. The Korsun Pocket: The Encirclement and Breakout of a German Army in the East, 1944. Drexel Hill (Philadelphia), Pennsylvania: Casemate Publishers. 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932033-88-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932033-88-5">978-1-932033-88-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Korsun%27-Shevchenkivs%27kyi,+Cherkas%27ka,+Ukraine&hl=en&ll=49.217597,31.341248&spn=1.263009,2.90863&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=48.641855,93.076172&vpsrc=6&hnear=Korsun%27-Shevchenkivs%27kyi,+Korsun%27-Shevchenkivs%27kyi+district,+Cherkas%27ka+oblast,+Ukraine&t=p&z=9">Terrain view of the Korsun Pocket area</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Korsun%27-Shevchenkivs%27kyi,+Cherkas%27ka,+Ukraine&hl=en&ll=49.29468,30.94574&spn=0.157629,0.363579&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=48.641855,93.076172&vpsrc=6&hnear=Korsun%27-Shevchenkivs%27kyi,+Korsun%27-Shevchenkivs%27kyi+district,+Cherkas%27ka+oblast,+Ukraine&t=h&z=12">Satellite view of the German escape route</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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