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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-election .mw-file-description img{background-color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-election .mw-file-description img{background-color:#f8f9fa}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><table class="infobox ib-election infobox-table vevent" style="width:300px"><caption class="infobox-title summary">1992 Indonesian legislative election</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/50px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/75px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/100px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:20%;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/1987_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1987 Indonesian legislative election">1987</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;width:60%;" class=""><b>9 June 1992</b></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:20%;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/1997_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1997 Indonesian legislative election">1997</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><hr />400 of the 500 seats in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="House of Representatives (Indonesia)">House of Representatives</a><sup id="cite_ref-ABRI_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABRI-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />201 seats needed for a majority</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr class="sr-only"> <th style="text-align:left;">  </th> <th style="text-align:center">First party </th> <th style="text-align:center">Second party </th> <th style="text-align:center">Third party </th></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #FFD83B;"><span class="notpageimage noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wahono,_Gedung_MPR_DPR_RI_-_Sejarah_dan_Perkembangannya,_pXVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wahono%2C_Gedung_MPR_DPR_RI_-_Sejarah_dan_Perkembangannya%2C_pXVI.jpg/107px-Wahono%2C_Gedung_MPR_DPR_RI_-_Sejarah_dan_Perkembangannya%2C_pXVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wahono%2C_Gedung_MPR_DPR_RI_-_Sejarah_dan_Perkembangannya%2C_pXVI.jpg/161px-Wahono%2C_Gedung_MPR_DPR_RI_-_Sejarah_dan_Perkembangannya%2C_pXVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wahono%2C_Gedung_MPR_DPR_RI_-_Sejarah_dan_Perkembangannya%2C_pXVI.jpg/215px-Wahono%2C_Gedung_MPR_DPR_RI_-_Sejarah_dan_Perkembangannya%2C_pXVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="602" /></a></span> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #00A100;"><span class="notpageimage noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ismail_Hasan_Metareum,_The_DPR-RI_Stance_on_the_Reform_Process_and_the_Resignation_of_President_Soeharto,_p39.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ismail_Hasan_Metareum%2C_The_DPR-RI_Stance_on_the_Reform_Process_and_the_Resignation_of_President_Soeharto%2C_p39.jpg/120px-Ismail_Hasan_Metareum%2C_The_DPR-RI_Stance_on_the_Reform_Process_and_the_Resignation_of_President_Soeharto%2C_p39.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ismail_Hasan_Metareum%2C_The_DPR-RI_Stance_on_the_Reform_Process_and_the_Resignation_of_President_Soeharto%2C_p39.jpg/179px-Ismail_Hasan_Metareum%2C_The_DPR-RI_Stance_on_the_Reform_Process_and_the_Resignation_of_President_Soeharto%2C_p39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ismail_Hasan_Metareum%2C_The_DPR-RI_Stance_on_the_Reform_Process_and_the_Resignation_of_President_Soeharto%2C_p39.jpg/239px-Ismail_Hasan_Metareum%2C_The_DPR-RI_Stance_on_the_Reform_Process_and_the_Resignation_of_President_Soeharto%2C_p39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="490" /></a></span> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #DB2016;"><span class="notpageimage noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suryadi_receiving_the_Star_of_Mahaputera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Suryadi_receiving_the_Star_of_Mahaputera.jpg/112px-Suryadi_receiving_the_Star_of_Mahaputera.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Suryadi_receiving_the_Star_of_Mahaputera.jpg/169px-Suryadi_receiving_the_Star_of_Mahaputera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Suryadi_receiving_the_Star_of_Mahaputera.jpg/225px-Suryadi_receiving_the_Star_of_Mahaputera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="1858" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Leader </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Wahono" title="Wahono">Wahono</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Hasan_Metareum" title="Ismail Hasan Metareum">Ismail Hasan Metareum</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Suryadi_(politician)" title="Suryadi (politician)">Suryadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Party </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/United_Development_Party" title="United Development Party">PPP</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party" title="Indonesian Democratic Party">PDI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Last election </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">73.11%, 299 seats </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">15.96%, 61 seats </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">10.93%, 40 seats </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Seats won </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>282</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">62 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">56 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Seat change </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 17 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 16 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Popular vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>66,599,331</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">16,624,647 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">14,565,556 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Percentage </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>68.10%</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">17.00% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">14.89% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Swing </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.01pp </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.04pp </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.96pp </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_1992_Indonesian_Legislative_Election_-_Cities_and_Regencies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the election results" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_1992_Indonesian_Legislative_Election_-_Cities_and_Regencies.svg/300px-Map_of_1992_Indonesian_Legislative_Election_-_Cities_and_Regencies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_1992_Indonesian_Legislative_Election_-_Cities_and_Regencies.svg/450px-Map_of_1992_Indonesian_Legislative_Election_-_Cities_and_Regencies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_1992_Indonesian_Legislative_Election_-_Cities_and_Regencies.svg/600px-Map_of_1992_Indonesian_Legislative_Election_-_Cities_and_Regencies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1631" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div>Results of the election by regency<br /><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#FFD900; color:#FFD900;">    </span> Golkar</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:green; color:green;">    </span> PPP</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives (Indonesia)">Speaker</a> before election</b><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Kharis_Suhud" title="Kharis Suhud">Kharis Suhud</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a> </p> </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:right;"><b>Elected <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives (Indonesia)">Speaker</a></b> <br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Wahono" title="Wahono">Wahono</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Legislative elections</b> were held in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> on 9 June 1992, to select 400 of the 500 members of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Representative Council">People's Representative Council</a> (DPR).<sup id="cite_ref-ABRI_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABRI-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election was the sixth legislative elections since <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Indonesian independence</a> and the fifth legislative elections under the <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order regime</a> of president <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>. The election resulted in a clear victory for <a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a>, which retained its status as the ruling party, although the opposition, under the <a href="/wiki/United_Development_Party" title="United Development Party">United Development Party</a> (PPP) and the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party" title="Indonesian Democratic Party">Indonesian Democratic Party</a> (PDI), saw their vote shares rise. </p><p>Golkar had governed Indonesia since <a href="/wiki/1971_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1971 Indonesian legislative election">1971</a>, winning four consecutive elections. However, by the late 1980s, it had struggled with internal division, between the military wing and the civil and bureaucratic wing, as well as demands for more openness in government. The opposition, led mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Islamic</a> PPP and the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_nationalism" title="Indonesian nationalism">nationalistic</a> PDI began to take advantage of public dissatisfaction with Golkar, though were careful in portraying themselves as not an opposition force. </p><p>The election campaign began on 10 May and ended on 3 June, with a six-day <a href="/wiki/Election_silence" title="Election silence">election silence</a> up until <a href="/wiki/Election_day" title="Election day">election day</a> on 9 June. Golkar ran a campaign based on stability and economic progress, with a priority in fighting <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Indonesia" title="Corruption in Indonesia">corruption</a> and re-electing <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> to a fifth term. The PPP's campaign was centered on building a pro-people economy and bringing about social justice, while the PDI's was based on imposing <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term limits</a> on the president, tougher sentences for corruption and an end to <a href="/wiki/Monopolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Monopolies">monopolies</a>. </p><p>The polls closed on election day, but the results were only released on 29 June. Golkar, like in all other elections during the New Order, won an outright majority. Defeating the PPP and the PDI, by more than 50 millions votes. However, the opposition managed to make gains, gaining 5% of the vote and 17 seats from Golkar. The election was the first ever election to be covered by private <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> channels, since Indonesia began the broadcast of private television stations in 1989, with a joint partnership between the private <a href="/wiki/RCTI" title="RCTI">RCTI</a> and <a href="/wiki/SCTV_(TV_network)" title="SCTV (TV network)">SCTV</a> channels, airing along the government-owned <a href="/wiki/TVRI_(TV_channel)" title="TVRI (TV channel)">TVRI</a>'s national coverage. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order (Indonesia)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_struggles">Internal struggles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Internal struggles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the events of the <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">30 September Movement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">rise of Suharto</a>, Indonesia came under what would become known as the <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a>. The first election under <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>'s New Order regime took place in <a href="/wiki/1971_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1971 Indonesian legislative election">1971</a>, and saw the <a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a> organization, a federation of Non-governmental organizations which was transformed it into a political vehicle, winning an absolute majority. In 1973, the parties were reorganized into just three, Suharto's Golkar, the Islamist <a href="/wiki/United_Development_Party" title="United Development Party">United Development Party</a> (PPP), and the nationalist <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party" title="Indonesian Democratic Party">Indonesian Democratic Party</a> (PDI). Throughout the rest of the New Order elections, Golkar continuously won elections, defeating both the PPP and the PDI. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Sudharmono" title="Sudharmono">Sudharmono</a>, Golkar reached its then peak electorally, when it won more than 72% of the popular vote. But cracks were beginning to show, as division grew between its civil and bureaucratic wing and its military wing under the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesian National Armed Forces</a> (ABRI). In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Wahono" title="Wahono">Wahono</a> became chairman of Golkar due to support from the military, the first time in which ABRI demonstrated their political power against Suharto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012265_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012265-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012266_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012266-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PPP was founded in 1973, after a merger of a collection of Islamic and Islamist political parties. The party suffered through internal struggles in the 1970s, but managed to become the main opposition to the New Order, putting up a heavy fight against <a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1977_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1977 Indonesian legislative election">1977</a> and <a href="/wiki/1982_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1982 Indonesian legislative election">1982</a> legislative elections. But by <a href="/wiki/1987_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1987 Indonesian legislative election">1987</a>, following the withdrawal of the <a href="/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama</a> (NU) from the party, its vote share had started to fall.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PDI was formed in 1973, as a merger of five different political parties. Throughout the history of the party, the PDI was faction-ridden and riven with personality disputes. Following chaos at the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Congress_of_the_Indonesian_Democratic_Party" title="3rd Congress of the Indonesian Democratic Party">third party congress</a>, which failed to select a party chairman, the politician <a href="/wiki/Suryadi_(politician)" title="Suryadi (politician)">Suryadi</a> was appointed chairman by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)">Ministry of Home Affairs</a>. Though his nomination was controversial, he nevertheless led the PDI in the 1992 elections.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Run-up_to_the_campaign">Run-up to the campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Run-up to the campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the run up to the election, the PPP worked hard to position itself as a party that was not extreme in its outlook, and that was not an opposition force, in an effort to bring about an open and participative political culture in which the party would play a more meaningful political role. Long before the election campaign, the PPP had decided on President <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> as its presidential candidate for the 1993-1998 term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo199519_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo199519-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo199520_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo199520-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its 1996 Congress, the PDI had striven to increase party unity and put an end to the internal party conflict within the party. It tried to position itself as the party of the "little people" to take advantage of public dissatisfaction. It also tried to portray itself as the most nationalistic party and raised issues such as social inequality and emphasized its anti-foreign aid stance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo199524_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo199524-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo199525_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo199525-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party also began to appear more vocal in parliament, which was demonstrated during the debate on the 1992 national budget.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004130_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004130-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Golkar had its share of internal problems, mainly caused by the fact it was a more complex organization than the two political parties, resulting in sometimes poor coordination between the center and the branches in provinces such as <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a>. It also faced demands for more openness and to respect human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo199523_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo199523-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo199524_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo199524-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_campaign">Election campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Election campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golkar_campaign">Golkar campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Golkar campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golkar_Campaigner_in_Palembang,_1992.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Golkar_Campaigner_in_Palembang%2C_1992.png/260px-Golkar_Campaigner_in_Palembang%2C_1992.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Golkar_Campaigner_in_Palembang%2C_1992.png/390px-Golkar_Campaigner_in_Palembang%2C_1992.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Golkar_Campaigner_in_Palembang%2C_1992.png 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a> Campaigner appearing in front of a crowd at Hatta Square, <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under the leadership of Wahono, who had been elected chairman of <a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a> in the 1988 Golkar National Conference,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012119_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012119-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Golkar's largest challenge ahead of the 1992 elections, was in retaining its large 73.11% victory it had received in <a href="/wiki/1987_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1987 Indonesian legislative election">1987</a>. Its biggest threat to accomplishing this goal was the PDI, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Suryadi_(politician)" title="Suryadi (politician)">Suryadi</a>, which had begun to increasingly use the symbols of former president <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> to gain support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012121_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012121-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Golkar's 1992 campaign began with a kick-off <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (political)">rally</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, to excite and get out the vote for Golkar. During the campaign, Golkar mainly campaigned on stability and the economy, with party spokesman and former party vice chairman Sarwono Kusumaatmadja arguing that it was difficult to bring about change without risking the unity of the nation, and that the priority of the nation should be to build a strong economic basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995196_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995196-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another party spokesman, Sudomo, said that the priorities of Golkar for the next five years were to improve quality in all aspects by developing human resources, to fight against the excesses of deviations from development such as <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Indonesia" title="Corruption in Indonesia">corruption</a> and illegal levies, to build <a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">openness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila democracy</a> together with legal certainty, and to persuade president <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> to stand for the presidency for another five-year term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995198–199_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995198–199-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Golkar ended its campaign on 3 June 1992, with a rally in Surabaya, East Java, where the campaign had previously been launched.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995205_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995205-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PPP_campaign">PPP campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: PPP campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Development_Party_campaign,_1992.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/United_Development_Party_campaign%2C_1992.png/220px-United_Development_Party_campaign%2C_1992.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/United_Development_Party_campaign%2C_1992.png/330px-United_Development_Party_campaign%2C_1992.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/United_Development_Party_campaign%2C_1992.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption>United Development Party campaign, 1992</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the PPP's campaign in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> on 10 May, senior party official <a href="/wiki/Djufrie_Asmoredjo" title="Djufrie Asmoredjo">Djufrie Asmoredjo</a> again stated that the PPP would nominate Suharto for the presidency, with General <a href="/wiki/Try_Sutrisno" title="Try Sutrisno">Try Sutrisno</a> as his deputy. On the same day, PPP chairman Ismail Hasan Metareum said that the party would work to improve the lot of the disadvantaged by building a pro-people economy and bringing about social justice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995209_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995209-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 May, he said the PPP must win a majority of the vote in Jakarta, and reminded supporters to vote for the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995213_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995213-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ending the party's campaign in <a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a> on 3 June, secretary general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matori_Abdul_Djalil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matori Abdul Djalil (page does not exist)">Matori Abdul Djalil</a> read a five-part political statement calling on people to use their vote and saying that <a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a> was the only basis for society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995215_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995215-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PDI_campaign">PDI campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: PDI campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suryadi_in_a_PDI_campaign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Suryadi_in_a_PDI_campaign.jpg/230px-Suryadi_in_a_PDI_campaign.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Suryadi_in_a_PDI_campaign.jpg/345px-Suryadi_in_a_PDI_campaign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Suryadi_in_a_PDI_campaign.jpg/460px-Suryadi_in_a_PDI_campaign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="2212" /></a><figcaption>PDI chairman <a href="/wiki/Suryadi_(politician)" title="Suryadi (politician)">Suryadi</a> campaigning to a crowd of supporters during a PDI rally</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the history of the party, the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party" title="Indonesian Democratic Party">Indonesian Democratic Party</a> (PDI) was faction-ridden and riven with personality disputes. Following chaos at the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Congress_of_the_Indonesian_Democratic_Party" title="3rd Congress of the Indonesian Democratic Party">third party congress</a>, which failed to select a party chairman, the politician <a href="/wiki/Suryadi_(politician)" title="Suryadi (politician)">Suryadi</a> was appointed chairman by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)">Ministry of Home Affairs</a>. Though his nomination was controversial, he nevertheless led the PDI in the 1992 elections. </p><p>During the 1992 campaign itself, Suryadi was to have said that the election was a way of preventing authoritarian government and limiting power of the government. The party also campaigned on imposing <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term limits</a> on the president,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995217_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995217-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tougher sentences for corruption, an end to <a href="/wiki/Monopolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Monopolies">monopolies</a>, called for the 1985 law on political parties to be amended to allow the political parties to organize down to the village level, and for an end to the practice of closing down publications which criticized the government. The PDI ended its campaign with a massive rally in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, reportedly with several million people attending.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995222_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995222-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"><caption></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="7" style="text-align:center;color:black;background:#F8F9FA"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DPR_RI_1992-1997.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DPR_RI_1992-1997.svg/360px-DPR_RI_1992-1997.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DPR_RI_1992-1997.svg/540px-DPR_RI_1992-1997.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DPR_RI_1992-1997.svg/720px-DPR_RI_1992-1997.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th><th scope="col">+/–</th><th scope="col">Seats</th><th scope="col">+/–</th></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FFD83B"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a></td><td style="text-align:right">66,599,331</td><td style="text-align:right">68.10</td><td style="text-align:right">–5.01</td><td style="text-align:right">282</td><td style="text-align:right">–17</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#00A100"></td><td><a href="/wiki/United_Development_Party" title="United Development Party">United Development Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">16,624,647</td><td style="text-align:right">17.00</td><td style="text-align:right">+1.04</td><td style="text-align:right">62</td><td style="text-align:right">+1</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#DB2016"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party" title="Indonesian Democratic Party">Indonesian Democratic Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">14,565,556</td><td style="text-align:right">14.89</td><td style="text-align:right">+3.96</td><td style="text-align:right">56</td><td style="text-align:right">+16</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Appointed members</td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">100</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold"><td colspan="2">Total</td><td style="text-align:right">97,789,534</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td><td style="text-align:right">–</td><td style="text-align:right">500</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom"><td colspan="7" style="color:black;background:#eaecf0"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Registered voters/turnout</th><td>105,565,697</td><td>–</td><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><td colspan="7" style="text-align:left">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kpu.go.id/dmdocuments/modul_1d.pdf">KPU</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2147_92.htm">IPU</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_province">By province</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: By province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 0.9em;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Province </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_Development_Party" title="United Development Party">PPP</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party" title="Indonesian Democratic Party">PDI</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:#FFD83B;"> </th> <th colspan="3" style="background:#00A100;"> </th> <th colspan="3" style="background:#DB2016;"> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> </th> <td><b>1,063,623</b> </td> <td><b>6</b> </td> <td><b>58.4%</b> </td> <td>628,508 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>34.5% </td> <td>128,027 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>7.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> </th> <td><b>3,622,891</b> </td> <td><b>16</b> </td> <td><b>71.2%</b> </td> <td>553,846 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>10.8% </td> <td>904,966 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>17.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a> </th> <td><b>1,787,435</b> </td> <td><b>11</b> </td> <td><b>82.0%</b> </td> <td>553,846 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>25.4% </td> <td>76,421 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a> </th> <td><b>1,311,893</b> </td> <td><b>5</b> </td> <td><b>76.5%</b> </td> <td>245,536 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>14.3% </td> <td>156,227 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>9.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a> </th> <td><b>992,438</b> </td> <td><b>6</b> </td> <td><b>90.6%</b> </td> <td>53,463 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4.8% </td> <td>48,469 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a> </th> <td><b>2,260,716</b> </td> <td><b>9</b> </td> <td><b>70.2%</b> </td> <td>384,040 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>12.0% </td> <td>573,657 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>17.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a> </th> <td><b>544,529</b> </td> <td><b>4</b> </td> <td><b>86.0%</b> </td> <td>36,389 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>5.7% </td> <td>51,728 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>8.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a> </th> <td><b>2,887,420</b> </td> <td><b>10</b> </td> <td><b>90.4%</b> </td> <td>118,761 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3.7% </td> <td>185,823 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>5.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> </th> <td><b>2,596,286</b> </td> <td><b>8</b> </td> <td><b>54.4%</b> </td> <td>1,136,110 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>23.8% </td> <td>1,039,123 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>21.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><b>13,387,077</b> </td> <td><b>43</b> </td> <td><b>70.5%</b> </td> <td>2,836,243 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>14.9% </td> <td>2,769,952 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>14.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> </th> <td><b>8,606,820</b> </td> <td><b>32</b> </td> <td><b>55.4%</b> </td> <td>3,556,412 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>22.9% </td> <td>3,355,268 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>21.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> </th> <td><b>986,517</b> </td> <td><b>4</b> </td> <td><b>58.5%</b> </td> <td>343,803 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>20.4% </td> <td>353,209 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>21.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> </th> <td><b>11,073,118</b> </td> <td><b>36</b> </td> <td><b>58.8%</b> </td> <td>4,746,782 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>25.2% </td> <td>3,006,100 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>16.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> </th> <td><b>1,050,112</b> </td> <td><b>5</b> </td> <td><b>63.9%</b> </td> <td>240,221 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>14.6% </td> <td>354,253 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>21.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a> </th> <td><b>677,245</b> </td> <td><b>5</b> </td> <td><b>86.2%</b> </td> <td>61,358 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>7.8% </td> <td>46,442 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>6.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><b>568,302</b> </td> <td><b>4</b> </td> <td><b>61.5%</b> </td> <td>165,035 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>17.8% </td> <td>190,842 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>20.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a> </th> <td><b>994,298</b> </td> <td><b>7</b> </td> <td><b>69.6%</b> </td> <td>300,457 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>21.0% </td> <td>132,694 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>9.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> </th> <td><b>1,348,153</b> </td> <td><b>6</b> </td> <td><b>78.5%</b> </td> <td>34,225 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2.0% </td> <td>335,550 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>19.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Nusa_Tenggara" title="West Nusa Tenggara">West Nusa Tenggara</a> </th> <td><b>1,303,310</b> </td> <td><b>5</b> </td> <td><b>78.5%</b> </td> <td>183,427 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>11.0% </td> <td>173,580 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>10.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a> </th> <td><b>1,615,130</b> </td> <td><b>11</b> </td> <td><b>91.2%</b> </td> <td>32,610 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>123,026 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>7.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_(province)" title="East Timor (province)">East Timor</a> </th> <td><b>305,930</b> </td> <td><b>3</b> </td> <td><b>82.6%</b> </td> <td>5,291 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>59,077 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>16.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a> </th> <td><b>3,424,003</b> </td> <td><b>21</b> </td> <td><b>89.7%</b> </td> <td>294,214 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>7.7% </td> <td>95,814 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a> </th> <td><b>751,662</b> </td> <td><b>3</b> </td> <td><b>80.8%</b> </td> <td>102,009 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>11.0% </td> <td>76,885 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>8.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a> </th> <td><b>1,313,421</b> </td> <td><b>6</b> </td> <td><b>88.2%</b> </td> <td>66,717 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4.5% </td> <td>108,443 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>7.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi" title="Southeast Sulawesi">Southeast Sulawesi</a> </th> <td><b>668,135</b> </td> <td><b>4</b> </td> <td><b>94.3%</b> </td> <td>13,035 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>26,978 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a> </th> <td><b>696,109</b> </td> <td><b>4</b> </td> <td><b>73.9%</b> </td> <td>150,982 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>16.0% </td> <td>95,336 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>10.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Irian Jaya</a> </th> <td><b>762,758</b> </td> <td><b>8</b> </td> <td><b>86.6%</b> </td> <td>21,085 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2.4% </td> <td>96,797 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>11.0% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th style="text-align: left;">Appointed seats </th> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><b>100</b> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th style="text-align: left;">Total </th> <td><b>66,599,331</b> </td> <td><b>282</b> </td> <td><b>68.10%</b> </td> <td>16,624,647 </td> <td>62 </td> <td>17.00% </td> <td>14,565,556 </td> <td>56 </td> <td>4.02% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="14"> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" align="left">Source: Lembaga Pemilihan Umum<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELembaga_Pemilihan_Umum19941–546_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELembaga_Pemilihan_Umum19941–546-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> & Ministry of Foreign Affairs<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs1998209_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs1998209-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Suharto_voting,_1992.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/President_Suharto_voting%2C_1992.png/160px-President_Suharto_voting%2C_1992.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/President_Suharto_voting%2C_1992.png/240px-President_Suharto_voting%2C_1992.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/President_Suharto_voting%2C_1992.png/320px-President_Suharto_voting%2C_1992.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> places his ballot into the ballot box at TPS 002, Gondangdia Village, <a href="/wiki/Menteng" title="Menteng">Menteng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Jakarta" title="Central Jakarta">Central Jakarta</a>, 9 June 1992.</figcaption></figure> <p>Results showed that the PDI, had the best showing between the three parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004159_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004159-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaining 16 seats within the DPR, and increasing its share of the popular vote by 4%, mainly from new first time voters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_Straits_Times1992b_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Straits_Times1992b-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the PDI gained in almost every single province, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, where its vote share fell from 28.4% to 21.8%,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004161_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004161-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it obtained representatives in all but <a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs1998209_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs1998209-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PDI also did especially well in its former strongholds, such as <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004161_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004161-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of the PDI was attributed to rising discontent among the populace with the regime, the party's confrontational statements, credibility, and successful efforts in organizing a grass-roots campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004159_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004159-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004160_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004160-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PPP also slightly increased its performance, gaining a single seat overall. The PPP also increased its vote share in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, replacing the PDI as the second largest party in the capital. This was likely not caused by the PPP's campaign strategy, but instead by the PDI's seemingly vulgar campaign in the capital, which may have driven off moderate voters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004161_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004161-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party obtained representatives in all but <a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor_(Indonesian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor (Indonesian province)">East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irian_Jaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irian Jaya">Irian Jaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs1998209_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs1998209-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_irregularities">Election irregularities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Election irregularities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the PPP and PDI raised complaints over alleged irregularities to the <a href="/wiki/General_Elections_Institution" title="General Elections Institution">General Elections Institution</a> (LPU).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004161_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004161-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both parties admitted to Golkar being victorious in the election, but charged that their share of the vote would have risen if there hadn't been any fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_Straits_Times1992e_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Straits_Times1992e-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the PPP still claimed that the election was a success, the PDI "confronted the government head-on" on the issue. During a PDI meeting with the party's provincial leaders, the party decided that "there had been <a href="/wiki/Election_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Election fraud">fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Election_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Election manipulation">manipulation</a>, terror, <a href="/wiki/Voter_intimidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter intimidation">intimidation</a>, and other criminal acts which had very much damaged the Pancasila democratic process". The PDI meeting also accused both the military and president Suharto of manipulating the election against the PDI, although these accusations weren't published by the media at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004162_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004162-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of Indonesia">Indonesian attorney general</a> Singgih promised an investigation into alleged fraud. The police probed over 100 polling sites in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> alone, and Singgih conceded that while there were some mistakes in the election process. However, he maintained that these errors were merely human errors, not actual fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_Straits_Times1992e_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Straits_Times1992e-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Political,_Legal,_and_Security_Affairs_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs (Indonesia)">Coordinating Minister for politics and security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudomo" title="Sudomo">Sudomo</a>, lashed out against these accusations, and threatened that anyone who undermines the integrity of the election will be put in prison for up to five years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004162_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004162-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the PDI claimed to have evidence of voting irregularities, Sudomo wrote it off as 'commonplace' and 'a part of politics'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004163_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004163-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PDI eventually complied, and signed the election results. First at the provincial level and then at the national level. There were some controversies, for example, PDI's Jakarta chairman refused to sign the election results, and stormed off. Though he would eventually sign it after private consultations with general Kentot Harsono. Eventually all 27 provincial branches of the PNI had signed the election results, with Suryadi signing the national election results, and downplaying fraud allegations that the PDI had brought up.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004163_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004163-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004164_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004164-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993_presidential_election">1993 presidential election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1993 presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto"><img alt="Portrait of Suharto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/President_Suharto%2C_1993.jpg/129px-President_Suharto%2C_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/President_Suharto%2C_1993.jpg/194px-President_Suharto%2C_1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/President_Suharto%2C_1993.jpg/258px-President_Suharto%2C_1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1537" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Elected president <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Try_Sutrisno" title="Try Sutrisno"><img alt="Portrait of Try Sutrisno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Try_Sutrisno_Official_Portrait.jpg/135px-Try_Sutrisno_Official_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Try_Sutrisno_Official_Portrait.jpg/203px-Try_Sutrisno_Official_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Try_Sutrisno_Official_Portrait.jpg/270px-Try_Sutrisno_Official_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="1619" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Elected vice president <a href="/wiki/Try_Sutrisno" title="Try Sutrisno">Try Sutrisno</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Following the legislative election, indirect presidential elections would be held in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a>, the national legislature, with the elected members from the legislative branch voting for both the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">president</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia" title="Vice President of Indonesia">vice president</a>. The election saw incumbent president <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> being easily re-elected to a sixth term, with general <a href="/wiki/Try_Sutrisno" title="Try Sutrisno">Try Sutrisno</a> being elected vice president. Try's nomination as vice president was contentious, as he was nominated by the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesian National Armed Forces</a> (ABRI), without the prior consent of <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>, then vice president <a href="/wiki/Sudharmono" title="Sudharmono">Sudharmono</a>, and Try Sutrisno himself. The nomination of Sutrisno was quickly approved by the opposition parties, and shocked by the sudden decision of the armed forces deputies to nominate their candidate without having to wait for the president to nominate his choice for the office, Suharto backed down from any move to restrain them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indonesia" title="List of political parties in Indonesia">List of political parties in Indonesia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ABRI-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABRI_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABRI_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The remaining 100 seats consisted of unelected members of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesian National Armed Forces</a> (ABRI), who were directly appointed by the government.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For further information, see <a href="/wiki/United_Development_Party" title="United Development Party">United Development Party</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For further information, see <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party" title="Indonesian Democratic Party">Indonesian Democratic Party</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes the province of <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>, which didn't exist at the time.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes the province of <a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a>, which didn't exist at the time.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012265-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012265_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012">Effendy et al. 2012</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012266-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012266_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012">Effendy et al. 2012</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo199519-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo199519_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSudibjo1995">Sudibjo 1995</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo199520-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo199520_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSudibjo1995">Sudibjo 1995</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo199524-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo199524_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo199524_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSudibjo1995">Sudibjo 1995</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo199525-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo199525_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSudibjo1995">Sudibjo 1995</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004130-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004130_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEklof2004">Eklof 2004</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo199523-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo199523_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSudibjo1995">Sudibjo 1995</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012119-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012119_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012">Effendy et al. 2012</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012121-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012121_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012">Effendy et al. 2012</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995196-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995196_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSudibjo1995">Sudibjo 1995</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995198–199-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995198–199_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSudibjo1995">Sudibjo 1995</a>, pp. 198–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995205-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995205_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSudibjo1995">Sudibjo 1995</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995209-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995209_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSudibjo1995">Sudibjo 1995</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995213-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995213_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSudibjo1995">Sudibjo 1995</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995215-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995215_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSudibjo1995">Sudibjo 1995</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995217-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995217_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSudibjo1995">Sudibjo 1995</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFirdausi2019" class="citation web cs1">Firdausi, Fadrik Aziz (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tirto.id/sejarah-pemilu-1992-golkar-terkendala-ppp-pdi-bersaing-ketat-dl2q">"Sejarah Pemilu 1992: Golkar Terkendala, PPP & PDI Bersaing Ketat"</a>. <i>tirto.id</i>. tirto.id<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tirto.id&rft.atitle=Sejarah+Pemilu+1992%3A+Golkar+Terkendala%2C+PPP+%26+PDI+Bersaing+Ketat&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Firdausi&rft.aufirst=Fadrik+Aziz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftirto.id%2Fsejarah-pemilu-1992-golkar-terkendala-ppp-pdi-bersaing-ketat-dl2q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1992+Indonesian+legislative+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995222-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudibjo1995222_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSudibjo1995">Sudibjo 1995</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELembaga_Pemilihan_Umum19941–546-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELembaga_Pemilihan_Umum19941–546_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLembaga_Pemilihan_Umum1994">Lembaga Pemilihan Umum 1994</a>, pp. 1–546.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs1998209-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs1998209_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs1998209_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs1998209_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs1998">Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1998</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004159-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004159_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004159_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEklof2004">Eklof 2004</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Straits_Times1992b-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_Straits_Times1992b_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_Straits_Times1992b">New Straits Times 1992b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004161-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004161_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004161_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004161_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004161_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEklof2004">Eklof 2004</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004160-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004160_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEklof2004">Eklof 2004</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Straits_Times1992e-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_Straits_Times1992e_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_Straits_Times1992e_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_Straits_Times1992e">New Straits Times 1992e</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004162-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004162_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004162_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEklof2004">Eklof 2004</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004163-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004163_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004163_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEklof2004">Eklof 2004</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEklof2004164-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEklof2004164_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEklof2004">Eklof 2004</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Indonesian_legislative_election&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Books and journals</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewan_Perwakilan_Rakyat1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Representative Council">Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositori.dpr.go.id/85/"><i>Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Periode 1992-1997</i></a> [<i>People's Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia Period 1992-1997</i>] (in Indonesian). Secretariat General of the People's Representative Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dewan+Perwakilan+Rakyat+Republik+Indonesia+Periode+1992-1997&rft.pub=Secretariat+General+of+the+People%27s+Representative+Council&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Dewan+Perwakilan+Rakyat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositori.dpr.go.id%2F85%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1992+Indonesian+legislative+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLembaga_Pemilihan_Umum1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/General_Elections_Commission" title="General Elections Commission">Lembaga Pemilihan Umum</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khWOAAAAMAAJ"><i>Pemilihan umum 1992 dari daerah ke daerah</i></a> [<i>1992 general election from region to region</i>] (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/General_Elections_Commission" title="General Elections Commission">Lembaga Pemilihan Umum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pemilihan+umum+1992+dari+daerah+ke+daerah&rft.pub=Lembaga+Pemilihan+Umum&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Lembaga+Pemilihan+Umum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhWOAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1992+Indonesian+legislative+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2010" class="citation book cs1">King, Dwight Y. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8x9ksPANxCEC"><i>The White Book on the 1992 General Election in Indonesia</i></a>. Equinox Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786028397186" title="Special:BookSources/9786028397186"><bdi>9786028397186</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Book+on+the+1992+General+Election+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9786028397186&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Dwight+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8x9ksPANxCEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1992+Indonesian+legislative+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEffendyThohariNoviantoNubowo2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Effendy, Bahtiar; Thohari, Hajriyanto; Novianto, Kholid; Nubowo, Danial; Akhmal, Andar (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2zeDkgEACAAJ"><i>Beringin membangun: sejarah politik Partai Golkar</i></a> (in Indonesian). Grafindo Khazanah Ilmu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9793858999" title="Special:BookSources/978-9793858999"><bdi>978-9793858999</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beringin+membangun%3A+sejarah+politik+Partai+Golkar&rft.pub=Grafindo+Khazanah+Ilmu&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9793858999&rft.aulast=Effendy&rft.aufirst=Bahtiar&rft.au=Thohari%2C+Hajriyanto&rft.au=Novianto%2C+Kholid&rft.au=Nubowo%2C+Danial&rft.au=Akhmal%2C+Andar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2zeDkgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1992+Indonesian+legislative+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantosoBudhiati2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Santoso, Topo; Budhiati, Ida (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MI0mEAAAQBAJ"><i>Pemilu di Indonesia: Kelembagaan, Pelaksanaan, dan Pengawasan</i></a> [<i>Elections in Indonesia: Institutional, Implementation, and Oversight</i>] (in Indonesian). Sinar Grafika. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789790078413" title="Special:BookSources/9789790078413"><bdi>9789790078413</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pemilu+di+Indonesia%3A+Kelembagaan%2C+Pelaksanaan%2C+dan+Pengawasan&rft.pub=Sinar+Grafika&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789790078413&rft.aulast=Santoso&rft.aufirst=Topo&rft.au=Budhiati%2C+Ida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMI0mEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1992+Indonesian+legislative+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddle1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liddle, R. William (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oz2OAAAAMAAJ"><i>Pemilu-pemilu Orde Baru: pasang surut kekuasaan politik</i></a> [<i>New Order elections: the ebb and flow of political power</i>] (in Indonesian). Lembaga Penelitian, Pendidikan dan Penerangan Ekonomi dan Sosial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8015-88-6" title="Special:BookSources/979-8015-88-6"><bdi>979-8015-88-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pemilu-pemilu+Orde+Baru%3A+pasang+surut+kekuasaan+politik&rft.pub=Lembaga+Penelitian%2C+Pendidikan+dan+Penerangan+Ekonomi+dan+Sosial&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=979-8015-88-6&rft.aulast=Liddle&rft.aufirst=R.+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doz2OAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1992+Indonesian+legislative+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEklof2004" class="citation book cs1">Eklof, Stefan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqRS6NLNRkgC"><i>Power and Political Culture in Suharto's Indonesia: The Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) and the Decline of the New Order (1986-98)</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135303686" title="Special:BookSources/9781135303686"><bdi>9781135303686</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Political+Culture+in+Suharto%27s+Indonesia%3A+The+Indonesian+Democratic+Party+%28PDI%29+and+the+Decline+of+the+New+Order+%281986-98%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781135303686&rft.aulast=Eklof&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqqRS6NLNRkgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1992+Indonesian+legislative+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudibjo1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sudibjo, M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bZOOAAAAMAAJ"><i>Pemilihan Umum 1992: Suatu Evaluasi</i></a> [<i>The 1992 General Election: An Evaluation</i>] (in Indonesian). Center for Strategic and International Studies. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32449151">32449151</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pemilihan+Umum+1992%3A+Suatu+Evaluasi&rft.pub=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32449151&rft.aulast=Sudibjo&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbZOOAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1992+Indonesian+legislative+election" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rZXgGCba_loC"><i>News & Views Indonesia, Issue 10, Volume 2 - Issue 56, Volume 6</i></a> (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">Republic of Indonesia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=News+%26+Views+Indonesia%2C+Issue+10%2C+Volume+2+-+Issue+56%2C+Volume+6&rft.pub=Republic+of+Indonesia&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrZXgGCba_loC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1992+Indonesian+legislative+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_Straits_Times1992b" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a> (1992b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VlPAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA7">"Golkar gets mandate and clear message"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Golkar+gets+mandate+and+clear+message&rft.date=1992&rft.au=New+Straits+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5VlPAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1992+Indonesian+legislative+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_Straits_Times1992d" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a> (1992d). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=51lPAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA13">"Show of color at the polls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Show+of+color+at+the+polls&rft.date=1992&rft.au=New+Straits+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D51lPAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1992+Indonesian+legislative+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_Straits_Times1992e" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a> (1992e). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZVUAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22Indonesia+to+probe+all+polls+fraud+charges%22&pg=PA10&article_id=6698,667627">"Indonesia to probe all polls fraud charges"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indonesia+to+probe+all+polls+fraud+charges&rft.date=1992&rft.au=New+Straits+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ZVUAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Indonesia%2Bto%2Bprobe%2Ball%2Bpolls%2Bfraud%2Bcharges%2522%26pg%3DPA10%26article_id%3D6698%2C667627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1992+Indonesian+legislative+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_Straits_Times1992g" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a> (1992g). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F7JUAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5">"White factor in Indonesian polls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=White+factor+in+Indonesian+polls&rft.date=1992&rft.au=New+Straits+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF7JUAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1992+Indonesian+legislative+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Nation1992" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QouAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA4">"No heir for ageing Suharto"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%932014_local_elections_in_Indonesia" title="2005–2014 local elections in Indonesia">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%932014_local_elections_in_Indonesia" title="2005–2014 local elections in Indonesia">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%932014_local_elections_in_Indonesia" title="2005–2014 local elections in Indonesia">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%932014_local_elections_in_Indonesia" title="2005–2014 local elections in Indonesia">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%932014_local_elections_in_Indonesia" title="2005–2014 local elections in Indonesia">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Indonesian_local_elections" title="2015 Indonesian local elections">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Indonesian_local_elections" title="2017 Indonesian local elections">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Indonesian_local_elections" title="2018 Indonesian local elections">2018</a></li> <li><a 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