CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>West Sumatra - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c6d5a6ec-c6d4-47c1-8439-6d48d4a0c398","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"West_Sumatra","wgTitle":"West Sumatra","wgCurRevisionId":1258597533,"wgRevisionId":1258597533,"wgArticleId":453590,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from March 2022","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Indonesian-language text","Articles containing Minangkabau-language text", "Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list","Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text","Articles containing Dutch-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021","Articles containing Kawi-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017","Commons link is on Wikidata","Articles with Indonesian-language sources (id)","Pages using the Kartographer extension","West Sumatra","Provinces of Indonesia","West Sumatra culture"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"West_Sumatra","wgRelevantArticleId":453590,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{ "levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":-1,"lon":100.5},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2772","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.kartographer.staticframe","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/West_Sumatra_in_Indonesia.svg/1200px-West_Sumatra_in_Indonesia.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="550"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/West_Sumatra_in_Indonesia.svg/800px-West_Sumatra_in_Indonesia.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="367"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/West_Sumatra_in_Indonesia.svg/640px-West_Sumatra_in_Indonesia.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="293"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="West Sumatra - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-West_Sumatra rootpage-West_Sumatra skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=West+Sumatra" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=West+Sumatra" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=West+Sumatra" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=West+Sumatra" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistoric era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precolonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precolonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Precolonial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precolonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Colonial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_occupation_and_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_occupation_and_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Japanese occupation and Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_occupation_and_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Flora and Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nagari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nagari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nagari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nagari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_Development_Index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_Development_Index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Human Development Index</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_Development_Index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Traditional music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Traditional dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_house" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_house"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Traditional house</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_house-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_weapon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_weapon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Traditional weapon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_weapon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Workforce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workforce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Workforce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workforce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Processing industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processing_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">West Sumatra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruja_Bahrat" title="Ruja Bahrat – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ruja Bahrat" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سومطرة الغربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سومطرة الغربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_Occidental" title="Sumatra Occidental – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sumatra Occidental" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99rbi_Sumatra" title="Qərbi Sumatra – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qərbi Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="باتی سوماترای – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باتی سوماترای" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_Barat" title="Sumatra Barat – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sumatra Barat" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="পশ্চিম সুমাত্রা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পশ্চিম সুমাত্রা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_Sumatera_S%C3%A9ng" title="Sai Sumatera Séng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sai Sumatera Séng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_Kulon" title="Sumatra Kulon – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Sumatra Kulon" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Заходняя Суматра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заходняя Суматра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Западна Суматра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Западна Суматра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_Occidental" title="Sumatra Occidental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sumatra Occidental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsi_Sumatera_Barat" title="Provinsi Sumatera Barat – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Provinsi Sumatera Barat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_Sumatra" title="Západní Sumatra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západní Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatara_Madokero" title="Sumatara Madokero – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Sumatara Madokero" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorllewin_Sumatra" title="Gorllewin Sumatra – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gorllewin Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestsumatra" title="Vestsumatra – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vestsumatra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_Barat" title="Sumatra Barat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sumatra Barat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_de_Sumatra_Occidental" title="Provincia de Sumatra Occidental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Provincia de Sumatra Occidental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okcidenta_Sumatro" title="Okcidenta Sumatro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okcidenta Sumatro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Sumatra" title="Mendebaldeko Sumatra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendebaldeko Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="سوماترای غربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوماترای غربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_occidental" title="Sumatra occidental – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sumatra occidental" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AE_Sumatera" title="Sî Sumatera – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sî Sumatera" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%88%98%EB%A7%88%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%A3%BC" title="서수마트라주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서수마트라주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पश्चिम सुमात्रा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पश्चिम सुमात्रा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_Barat" title="Sumatra Barat – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Sumatra Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laud_a_Sumatra" title="Laud a Sumatra – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Laud a Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera_Barat" title="Sumatera Barat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sumatera Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BB%C3%A6%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Ныгуылæн Суматрæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ныгуылæн Суматрæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_Occidentale" title="Sumatra Occidentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sumatra Occidentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_Kulon" title="Sumatra Kulon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sumatra Kulon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albugang_Sumatra" title="Albugang Sumatra – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Albugang Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="დასავლეთი სუმატრა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დასავლეთი სუმატრა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietumsumatra" title="Rietumsumatra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rietumsumatra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakar%C5%B3_Sumatra" title="Vakarų Sumatra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakarų Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_B%C3%A2r%C3%A2%E2%80%99" title="Sumatra Bârâ’ – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Sumatra Bârâ’" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0" title="പടിഞ്ഞാറൻ സുമാത്ര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പടിഞ്ഞാറൻ സുമാത്ര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पश्चिम सुमात्रा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पश्चिम सुमात्रा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="غربی سوماترا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="غربی سوماترا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera_Barat" title="Sumatera Barat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sumatera Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera_Barat" title="Sumatera Barat – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sumatera Barat" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83%CC%A4_Sumatra" title="Să̤ Sumatra – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Să̤ Sumatra" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Баруун Суматра – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Баруун Суматра" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Sumatra" title="West-Sumatra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="West-Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E5%B7%9E" title="西スマトラ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西スマトラ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_Barat" title="Sumatra Barat – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sumatra Barat" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera_Barat" title="Sumatera Barat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sumatera Barat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%84%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="صوبا لہندا سماٹرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صوبا لہندا سماٹرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%85" title="ខេត្តស៊ូម៉ាត្រាខាងលិច – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ខេត្តស៊ូម៉ាត្រាខាងលិច" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_Zachodnia" title="Sumatra Zachodnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sumatra Zachodnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_Ocidental" title="Sumatra Ocidental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sumatra Ocidental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Западная Суматра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Западная Суматра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="West Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Западна Суматра – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Западна Суматра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Sumatra" title="Zapadna Sumatra – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zapadna Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_Kulon" title="Sumatra Kulon – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sumatra Kulon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nsi-Sumatra" title="Länsi-Sumatra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Länsi-Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_Barat" title="Sumatra Barat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sumatra Barat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="மேற்கு சுமாத்திரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேற்கு சுமாத்திரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="จังหวัดสุมาตราตะวันตก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จังหวัดสุมาตราตะวันตก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C4%B1_Sumatra" title="Batı Sumatra – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batı Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Західна Суматра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Західна Суматра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="مغربی سماٹرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مغربی سماٹرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Sumatera" title="Tây Sumatera – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tây Sumatera" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katundan_nga_Sumatra" title="Katundan nga Sumatra – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katundan nga Sumatra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%98%87%E9%96%80%E7%AD%94%E8%87%98%E7%9C%81" title="西蘇門答臘省 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西蘇門答臘省" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%98%87%E9%96%80%E7%AD%94%E8%87%98" title="西蘇門答臘 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西蘇門答臘" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatraya_Rocawani" title="Sumatraya Rocawani – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sumatraya Rocawani" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%8B%8F%E9%97%A8%E7%AD%94%E8%85%8A%E7%9C%81" title="西苏门答腊省 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西苏门答腊省" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera_Pastima" title="Sumatera Pastima – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Sumatera Pastima" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_Kulon" title="Sumatra Kulon – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sumatra Kulon" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera_Barat" title="Sumatera Barat – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Sumatera Barat" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera_Barat" title="Sumatera Barat – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Sumatera Barat" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2772#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:West_Sumatra" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/West_Sumatra" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/West_Sumatra" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&oldid=1258597533" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=West_Sumatra&id=1258597533&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWest_Sumatra"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWest_Sumatra"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=West_Sumatra&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/West_Sumatra" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2772" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Sumatra&params=1_00_S_100_30_E_region:ID-SB_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°00′S</span> <span class="longitude">100°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.000°S 100.500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-1.000; 100.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of Indonesia</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province in Sumatra, Indonesia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">West Sumatra</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Sumatera Barat</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Province of West Sumatra<br /><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Provinsi Sumatera Barat</span></i></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_West_Sumatera.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of West Sumatra"><img alt="Coat of arms of West Sumatra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_West_Sumatera.png/100px-Coat_of_arms_West_Sumatera.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_West_Sumatera.png/150px-Coat_of_arms_West_Sumatera.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_West_Sumatera.png/200px-Coat_of_arms_West_Sumatera.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span title="Minangkabau-language text"><i lang="min">Ranah Minang</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>)</span><br />Land of Minangkabau</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span title="Minangkabau-language text"><i lang="min">Tuah Sakato</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>)</span><br />Agree to Implement the Consensus Result</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Sumatra_in_Indonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/West_Sumatra_in_Indonesia.svg/250px-West_Sumatra_in_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/West_Sumatra_in_Indonesia.svg/375px-West_Sumatra_in_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/West_Sumatra_in_Indonesia.svg/500px-West_Sumatra_in_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid red;background-color:#C41E3A; color:white;"> </span> </span> <b>West Sumatra</b> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid silver;background-color:#FFFDD0; color:black;"> </span> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">OpenStreetMap</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="6" data-overlays="["_3d17ce7ec408a9e301634e413ca5f2f18f85a3df"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=West_Sumatra&revid=1258597533&groups=_3d17ce7ec408a9e301634e413ca5f2f18f85a3df" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=West_Sumatra&revid=1258597533&groups=_3d17ce7ec408a9e301634e413ca5f2f18f85a3df 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=West_Sumatra&params=1_00_S_100_30_E_region:ID-SB_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°00′S</span> <span class="longitude">100°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.000°S 100.500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-1.000; 100.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Province status</th><td class="infobox-data">10 August 1957</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">and largest city</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">West Sumatra Provincial Government</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahyeldi_Ansharullah" title="Mahyeldi Ansharullah">Mahyeldi Ansharullah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">PKS</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Vice Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audy_Joinaldy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audy Joinaldy (page does not exist)">Audy Joinaldy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audy_Joinaldy" class="extiw" title="id:Audy Joinaldy">id</a>]</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">42,119.54 km<sup>2</sup> (16,262.45 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">16th in Indonesia</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Kerinci" title="Mount Kerinci">Mount Kerinci</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,805 m (12,484 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(mid 2023 estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,757,210</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">11th in Indonesia</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">140/km<sup>2</sup> (350/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span class="nowrap">Ethnic groups</span></th><td class="infobox-data">88% <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a><br />4% <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a><br />4% <a href="/wiki/Batak_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak (Indonesia)">Batak</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a>)<br />3% others (<a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a>, etc.)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Religion</th><td class="infobox-data">97.4% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><br />2.20% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a><br />0.35% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><br />0.06% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> (official)<br /><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a> (native)<br /><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_language" title="Mentawai language">Mentawai</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B7" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+7">UTC+7</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Indonesia" title="Time in Indonesia">Indonesia Western Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">ID-SB</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP (nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Total<sup id="cite_ref-bpsgdpdata2022_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpsgdpdata2022-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Rp</a> 285.4 trillion (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GDP">13th</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a> 19.2 billion<br /><a href="/wiki/Int$" class="mw-redirect" title="Int$">Int$</a> 60.0 billion (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Per capita<sup id="cite_ref-bpspercapitadata_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpspercapitadata-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Rp</a> 50.6 million (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GRP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita">22nd</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a> 3,407<br /><a href="/wiki/Int$" class="mw-redirect" title="Int$">Int$</a> 10,632 (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Growth<sup id="cite_ref-bappenas2022_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bappenas2022-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.36%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2024)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.764<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index">6th</a>) – <span style="color:#090">high</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sumbarprov.go.id/">sumbarprov.go.id</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1610">1610</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2019 (43rd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">268.18 ha (662.7 acres)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">7,356.92 ha (18,179.3 acres)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>West Sumatra</b> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Sumatera Barat</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. It is on the west coast of the island of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and includes the <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentawai Islands">Mentawai Islands</a> off that coast. West Sumatra borders the Indian Ocean to the west, as well as the provinces of <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a> to the southeast, and <a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a> to the south. The province has an area of 42,119.54 km<sup>2</sup> (16,262.45 sq mi), or about the same size as <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, with a population of 5,534,472 at the <a href="/wiki/2020_Indonesian_census" title="2020 Indonesian census">2020 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official estimate at mid 2023 was 5,757,210 (comprising 2,900,270 males and 2,856,940 females).<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province is <a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_in_West_Sumatra" title="List of regencies and cities in West Sumatra">subdivided</a> into twelve <a href="/wiki/Regency_(Indonesia)" title="Regency (Indonesia)">regencies</a> and seven <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Indonesia#Kota" title="City status in Indonesia">cities</a>. It has relatively more cities than other provinces outside <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although several of them are relatively low in population compared with cities elsewhere in Indonesia. <i><span title="Indonesian-language text"><span lang="id" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a></span></span></i> is the province's capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population" title="List of Indonesian cities by population">largest city</a>. </p><p>West Sumatra is home to the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau people</a>, although the traditional Minangkabau region is actually wider than the province's boundaries, covering up to the western coast of North Sumatra, the southwestern coast of Aceh, the western region of Riau, the western region of Jambi, the northern region of Bengkulu, and <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ms" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a></span></span> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. Another native ethnic group is the <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai people</a>, who inhabit the western islands of the same name. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is a predominant religion in the province, with about 97.4% of the total population. </p><p>West Sumatra was the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagaruyung Kingdom">Pagaruyung Kingdom</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Adityawarman" title="Adityawarman">Adityawarman</a> in 1347. The first European to come to the region was a French traveler named <a href="/wiki/Jean_Parmentier_(explorer)" title="Jean Parmentier (explorer)">Jean Parmentier</a> who arrived around 1523. The region was later colonised by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a> and became a <a href="/wiki/Residency_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Residency (country subdivision)">residency</a> named Sumatra's West Coast (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Sumatra's Westkust</i>), whose administrative area included the present-day <a href="/wiki/Kampar_Regency" title="Kampar Regency">Kampar Regency</a> in Riau and <a href="/wiki/Kerinci_Regency" title="Kerinci Regency">Kerinci Regency</a> in Jambi. Before becoming a province in 1957, West Sumatra was a part of the province of Central Sumatra (1948–1957), alongside Riau, Jambi, and the <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West Sumatra is known by the name <i>Bumi Minangkabau</i> (Land of Minangkabau), as it is the home and origin of the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau people</a>. The <i>Minangkabau</i> name comes from two words namely, <i>Minang</i> (win) and <i>Kabau</i> (cattle). The name is associated with a Minangkabau legend known as <i>Tambo</i>. From the <i>Tambo</i>, it is said that at one time there was a foreign kingdom (usually interpreted as the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit Empire</a>) which came from the sea and would conquer what is now West Sumatra.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> To prevent fighting in the region, the local people propose a cattle race competition with the foreign forces. The foreign forces agreed and sent a large and aggressive cattle to the competition, while the local community sent a cattle calf who was still breastfeeding to the competition. In the competition, the cattle calf who was still breastfeeding thought the large and aggressive cattle was the mother. So the calf immediately ran towards the large and aggressive cattle to find milk until he tore apart the big cattle's stomach. The victory inspired the local people to use the name <i>Minangkabau,</i> which comes from the phrase "<i>Manang kabau</i>" (winning cattle).<sup id="cite_ref-Djamaris_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Djamaris-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story of the Tambo is also found in the <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms"><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Raja-raja_Pasai" title="Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai">Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai</a></i></span> which also mentions that the victory made the country that was previously named <i>Pariangan</i> changed to the name <i>Minangkabau</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the use of the name <i>Minangkabau</i> is also used to refer to a <a href="/wiki/Nagari_(settlement)" title="Nagari (settlement)"><i>nagari</i></a> (village), namely the <i>Nagari Minangkabau</i>, which is located in Sungayang District, <a href="/wiki/Tanah_Datar_Regency" title="Tanah Datar Regency">Tanah Datar Regency</a>. </p><p>In the historical record of the Majapahit Empire, <span title="Kawi-language text"><i lang="kaw"><a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Nagarakretagama</a></i></span> which dated from 1365, also mentioned the name <i>Minangkabwa</i> as one of the Malay countries that has been conquered by the Majapahit.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> Chronicles from 1405, there was the royal name of <i>Mi-nang-ge-bu</i> of the six kingdoms who sent messengers facing <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the name <i>Minang</i> (Minanga kingdom) itself has also been mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Kedukan_Bukit_inscription" title="Kedukan Bukit inscription">Kedukan Bukit inscription</a> dated from 682 which is written in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. In the inscription, it was stated that the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya Empire</a> named <a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayanasa_of_Srivijaya" title="Sri Jayanasa of Srivijaya">Dapunta Hyang</a> departed from a place called <i>Minānga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some experts who refer to the source of the inscription suspects that the 4th line words (... <i>minānga</i>) and the 5th line words (<i>tāmvan</i> ...) are actually incorporated, so that they become <i>mināngatāmvan</i> and are translated as the meeting point of twin rivers. The twin river is supposed to refer to the meeting of two sources of the <a href="/wiki/Kampar_River" title="Kampar River">Kampar River</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/Kampar_Kiri_River" title="Kampar Kiri River">Kampar Kiri River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kampar_Kanan_River" title="Kampar Kanan River">Kampar Kanan River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But this hypothesis is denied by the Dutch indologist <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gijsbertus_de_Casparis" title="Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis">Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis</a>, which proves that <i>tāmvan</i> has nothing to do with "meeting point", because these can also be found in other Srivijaya relics.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_era">Prehistoric era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistoric era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_Pariangan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Masjid_Pariangan.jpg/220px-Masjid_Pariangan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Masjid_Pariangan.jpg/330px-Masjid_Pariangan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Masjid_Pariangan.jpg/440px-Masjid_Pariangan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>The village of Pariangan, located on the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Marapi" title="Mount Marapi">Mount Marapi</a>, In folklore is said to be the first Minangkabau village.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the stories of the <i>tambo</i> passed from generation to generation, the ancestors of the Minangkabau people were the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_in_legend" title="Alexander the Great in legend">Iskandar</a> <a href="/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Zulkarnain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Navis-1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navis-1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tambo story is more or less comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Malay Annals</a> who also tells how the Minangkabau people sent their representatives to ask <a href="/wiki/Sang_Sapurba" title="Sang Sapurba">Sang Sapurba</a>, one of the descendants of Iskandar Zulkarnain, to become their king.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Minang community is part of the Deutro-Malay community who migrated from <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">Southern China</a> to the island of Sumatra around 2,500–2,000 years ago. It is estimated that this community group entered from the east of the island of Sumatra, along the <a href="/wiki/Kampar_River" title="Kampar River">Kampar River</a> to the highlands called <i>darek</i> which became the home of the Minangkabau people.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these <i>darek</i> areas then form a kind of confederation known as <i>luhak</i>, which is then referred to as <i>Luhak Nan Tigo</i>, which consists of <i>Luhak Tanah Data</i>, <i>Luhak Agam</i>, and <i>Luhak Limopuluah Koto</i>. During the era of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, the <i>luhak</i> area became a territorial government area called <i>afdeling</i>, headed by a resident who by the Minangkabau community was called the name <i>Tuan Luhak.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Navis-1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navis-1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, The Minangkabau people were included as a sub-group of the <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a>, but since the 19th century, the Minangkabau and the Malays began to be seen as distinguished, from the matrilineal culture of the Minangkabau that persisted compared to the patrilineal culture adopted by Malay society in general.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precolonial_era">Precolonial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Precolonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:055_Bhairawa_Adityavarman,_Padang_Roco,_West_Sumatra,_14th_c_(23464008076).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/055_Bhairawa_Adityavarman%2C_Padang_Roco%2C_West_Sumatra%2C_14th_c_%2823464008076%29.jpg/170px-055_Bhairawa_Adityavarman%2C_Padang_Roco%2C_West_Sumatra%2C_14th_c_%2823464008076%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/055_Bhairawa_Adityavarman%2C_Padang_Roco%2C_West_Sumatra%2C_14th_c_%2823464008076%29.jpg/255px-055_Bhairawa_Adityavarman%2C_Padang_Roco%2C_West_Sumatra%2C_14th_c_%2823464008076%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/055_Bhairawa_Adityavarman%2C_Padang_Roco%2C_West_Sumatra%2C_14th_c_%2823464008076%29.jpg/340px-055_Bhairawa_Adityavarman%2C_Padang_Roco%2C_West_Sumatra%2C_14th_c_%2823464008076%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A statue believed to be <a href="/wiki/Adityawarman" title="Adityawarman">Adityawarman</a>, founder of a Minangkabau kingdom.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the Minangkabau <i>Tambo</i>, in the period between the 1st century to the 16th century, many small kingdoms stood on what is now West Sumatra. These kingdoms included the Kuntu, Kandis, Siguntur, Pasumayan Koto Batu, Batu Patah, Sungai Pagu, Inderapura, Jambu Lipo, Taraguang, Dusun Tuo, Bungo Setangkai, Talu, Kinali, Parit Batu, Pulau Punjung. These kingdoms were short lived, and are usually under the influence of larger kingdoms, such as <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Malayu</a> and Pagaruyung. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Malayu Kingdom</a> is estimated to have appeared in the year 645 thought to be located in the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Batang_Hari_River" title="Batang Hari River">Batang Hari River</a>. Based on the <a href="/wiki/Kedukan_Bukit_inscription" title="Kedukan Bukit inscription">Kedukan Bukit inscription</a>, this kingdom was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> in 682. And then in 1183 it appeared again based on the <a href="/wiki/Grahi_inscription" title="Grahi inscription">Grahi inscription</a> in Cambodia, and then the <i><a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Negarakertagama</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pararaton" title="Pararaton">Pararaton</a></i> recorded the existence of the Malay Kingdom which had its capital in <a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya_Regency" title="Dharmasraya Regency">Dharmasraya</a>. A military expedition to West Sumatra called the <a href="/wiki/Pamalayu" title="Pamalayu">Pamalayu</a> emerged in 1275–1293 under the leadership of Kebo Anabrang of the <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singasari Kingdom</a>. After the submission of the kingdom recorded on the <a href="/wiki/Amoghapasa_inscription" title="Amoghapasa inscription"><i>Amoghapasa</i></a> carved on the <a href="/wiki/Padang_Roco_Inscription" title="Padang Roco Inscription">Padang Roco Inscription</a>, the Pamalayu returned to Java with the daughters of King Dharmasraya, <a href="/wiki/Dara_Petak" title="Dara Petak">Dara Petak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dara_Jingga" title="Dara Jingga">Dara Jingga</a>. Dara Petak was married to <a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, as well as the heir to the Singhasari kingdom, while Dara Jingga was married to <a href="/wiki/Adwayawarman" title="Adwayawarman">Adwayawarman</a>. Jayanagara was born from the marriage of Raden Wijaya and Dara Petak, who would become the second king of Majapahit, while <a href="/wiki/Adityawarman" title="Adityawarman">Adityawarman</a> was born from the marriage of Dara Jingga and Adwayawarman; he later became king of the <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagaruyung Kingdom">Pagaruyung Kingdom</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> influence in western Sumatra emerged around the 13th century, and began during the Pamalayu expedition by <a href="/wiki/Kertanegara_of_Singhasari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kertanegara of Singhasari">Kertanagara</a>, and later during the reign of Adityawarman and his son <a href="/wiki/Ananggawarman" title="Ananggawarman">Ananggawarman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanskrit_in_Southeast_Asia_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanskrit_in_Southeast_Asia-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adityawarman's kingdom had the strength to dominate the central Sumatra region and its surrounding.<sup id="cite_ref-Cap_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cap-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was proven by the title <i>Maharajadiraja</i> which was held by Adityawarman recorded on the back of the Amoghapasa carving, found in the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Batang_Hari_River" title="Batang Hari River">Batang Hari River</a> (now part of the <a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya_Regency" title="Dharmasraya Regency">Dharmasraya Regency</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Batusangkar_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Batusangkar inscription">Batusangkar inscription</a> mentioned Ananggawarman as a <a href="/wiki/Yuvaraja" title="Yuvaraja">yuvaraja</a> performing the <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantris</a> teaching ritual from Buddhism called <a href="/wiki/Hevajra" title="Hevajra">hevajra</a> which is the ceremony of the transfer of power from Adityawarman to his crown prince, this can be attributed to the Chinese chronicle of 1377 about the <i><a href="/wiki/Sanfotsi" title="Sanfotsi">San-fo-ts'i</a></i> messenger to the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> requesting recognition as ruler of the <i>San-fo-ts'i</i> region.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some inland areas of central Sumatra are still influenced by Buddhism, evident in the Padangroco temple, the <a href="/wiki/Padang_Lawas_archaeological_site" title="Padang Lawas archaeological site">Padanglawas</a> temple and <a href="/wiki/Muara_Takus" title="Muara Takus">Muara Takus</a> temple, the areas that were formerly part of Adityawarman's land.<sup id="cite_ref-Mul_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mul-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas the recorded devout adherents besides Adityawarman, were <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> and king <a href="/wiki/Kertanegara_of_Singhasari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kertanegara of Singhasari">Kertanegara of Singhasari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poepo_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poepo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minangkabau_royal_seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Minangkabau_royal_seal.jpg/220px-Minangkabau_royal_seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Minangkabau_royal_seal.jpg/330px-Minangkabau_royal_seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Minangkabau_royal_seal.jpg/440px-Minangkabau_royal_seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Minangkabau royal seal from the 19th century, written in <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">spread of Islam</a> after the end of the 14th century had little effect, especially relating to the patrilineal system, and gave a relatively new phenomenon to the people in the interior of Minangkabau. At the beginning of the 16th century, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Suma Oriental</a></i>, written between 1513 and 1515, recorded from the three Minangkabau kings, only one of whom had been a Muslim convert from 15 years before.<sup id="cite_ref-Cortes_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortes-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in Pagaruyung developed around the 16th century, namely through travelers and religious teachers who stopped or came from <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>. One of the famous ulama of Aceh, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rauf_al-Sinkili" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili">Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili</a>, was a cleric who was thought to first spread Islam in Pagaruyung. By the 17th century, the Kingdom of Pagaruyung transformed itself into an Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultanate</a>. The first Islamic king in the Minangkabau traditional culture was Sultan Alif.<sup id="cite_ref-Dt_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the entry of Islam, the customary rules that are contrary to the teachings of Islam began to be replaced with the Islamic-based customary law. There is a famous Minangkabau custom proverb, "<i>Adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah</i>", which means that the Minangkabau adat is based on Islam, while Islam is based on the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>. But in some cases, several systems and methods of adat were still maintained causing the outbreak of civil war known as the <a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri War</a>. The war was initially between the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulamas</a> and the <i>Adats</i>, who were the Minangkabau nobility and traditional chiefs; later, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> involved themselves in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Kep_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kep-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islam also had an influence on Pagaruyung kingdom's government system with the addition of government elements such as <i>Tuan Kadi</i> and several other terms related to Islam. The naming of the Sumpur Kudus District, which contains the words derived from the word <i>Quduus</i> (holy) as the seat of <i>Rajo Ibadat</i> and <i>Limo Kaum</i> which contains the word <i>qaum</i> is an influence from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> or Islam. In addition, in the <i>adat</i>, the term <i>Imam</i>, <i>Katik</i> (<a href="/wiki/Khatib" title="Khatib">Khatib</a>), <i>Bila</i> (Bilal), <i>Malin</i> (Mu'alim), which is a substitute for Hindu and Buddhist terms used previously, such as the term <i>Pandito</i> (priest), also appears. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heldhaftig-gedrag-van-luite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Heldhaftig-gedrag-van-luite.jpg/220px-Heldhaftig-gedrag-van-luite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Heldhaftig-gedrag-van-luite.jpg/330px-Heldhaftig-gedrag-van-luite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Heldhaftig-gedrag-van-luite.jpg/440px-Heldhaftig-gedrag-van-luite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="1756" /></a><figcaption>Dutch forces charging towards Minangkabau position during the <a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri War</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imam_Bonjol_in_5000_IDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imam_Bonjol_in_5000_IDR.jpg/170px-Imam_Bonjol_in_5000_IDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imam_Bonjol_in_5000_IDR.jpg/255px-Imam_Bonjol_in_5000_IDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Imam_Bonjol_in_5000_IDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol" title="Tuanku Imam Bonjol">Tuanku Imam Bonjol</a> was one of the leader of the Padri movement during the <a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri War</a>. Ultimately he was captured the Dutch and was exiled to the <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Celebes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the 17th century, the Pagaruyung Kingdom was forced to recognize the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a>, and to recognize the designated Aceh governors for the west coast of Sumatra.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But around 1665, the Minangkabau people on the west coast rebelled against the Aceh governor. From the letter of the Minangkabau ruler Raja Pagaruyung submitted a request to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC), and the VOC at that time took the opportunity to end Aceh's monopoly on gold and pepper.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the VOC through its regent in <a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a>, Jacob Pits whose territory included from Kotawan in the south to Barus in the north sent a letter dated October 9, 1668 addressed to the Ahmadsyah Sultan, Iskandar Zur-Karnain, the Minangkabau ruler who was rich in gold, was told the VOC controlled the west coast area so that the gold trade can be re-flowed through the coast. According to Dutch records, Sultan Ahmadsyah died in 1674 and was replaced by his son Sultan Indermasyah.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobbin_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbin-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the VOC succeeded in expelling the Aceh Sultanate from the coast of West Sumatra in 1666, Aceh's influence weakened on Pagaruyung.<sup id="cite_ref-Amran_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amran-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between the outer regions and the coast with the Kingdom of Pagaruyung becomes closer. At the time Pagaruyung was one of the trading centers on the island of Sumatra, due to its production of gold, it attracted the attention of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> to establish relations with Pagaruyung. It is recorded that in 1684, a Portuguese explorer named Tomas Dias paid a visit to Pagaruyung at the behest of the Dutch governor general in <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1750 the Pagaruyung kingdom began to dislike the presence of the VOC in Padang and once tried to persuade the British who were in <a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a> to expel the Dutch from the region which the British did not respond to.<sup id="cite_ref-Kato_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kato-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in 1781, the British managed to control Padang for a short period of time, and messengers from Pagaruyung congratulated the success of the British in expelling the Dutch from Padang.<sup id="cite_ref-Raffles,_chapter_V_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raffles,_chapter_V-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marsden_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsden-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minangkabau land has long been considered rich in gold, and at that time the power of the Minangkabau king was divided into king <i>Suruaso</i> and the king of <i>Sungai Tarab</i> with the equal power.<sup id="cite_ref-Marsden_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsden-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously in 1732, the VOC regent in Padang had noted that there was a queen named <i>Yang Dipertuan Puti Jamilan</i> who had sent spears and swords made from gold, as a sign of her inauguration as the ruler of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbara_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbara-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Dutch and British succeeded in reaching the interior of the Minangkabau region, they had never found significant gold reserves in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the conflict between the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> where the Dutch were on the French side, the British fought the Dutch and again succeeded in taking control of the coast of West Sumatra between 1795 and 1819. The British governor <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Thomas Stamford Raffles</a> visited Pagaruyung in 1818, when the <a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri War</a> began. At that time Raffles discovered that the capital city of the kingdom had been burned because of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Raffles_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raffles-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the signing of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">a peace agreement</a> between the British and the Netherlands was signed in 1814, the Dutch re-entered Padang in May 1819. The Dutch reaffirmed their influence on the island of Sumatra and Pagaruyung, with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824</a>. The power of the king of Pagaruyung was very weak in the days leading up to the Padri war, although the king was still respected by his subject. The areas on the western coast fell into the influence of Aceh, while <a href="/wiki/Inderapura" title="Inderapura">Inderapura</a> on the southern coast practically became an independent kingdom although officially still under the rule of the king of Pagaruyung. </p><p>In the early 19th century a conflict broke out between the <i>Padri</i> and the <i>Adat</i>. In several negotiations there was no agreement between them. Pagaruyung's kingdom was in turmoil, and the peak of the war was when the Padri under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Pasaman" title="Tuanku Pasaman">Tuanku Pasaman</a> attacked Pagaruyung in 1815. Sultan Arifin Muningsyah was forced to abdicate and escape from the royal capital to Lubuk Jambi.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under pressure by the Padri, the Pagaruyung royal family requested assistance from the Dutch, and before that they had conducted diplomacy with the British when Raffles visited Pagaruyung and promised them assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Amran_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amran-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 10, 1821, Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah, the nephew of Sultan Arifin Muningsyah, in Padang along with 19 other traditional leaders signed an agreement with the Dutch to cooperate in fighting the Padri, even though he was considered not entitled to make an agreement on behalf of the kingdom of Pagaruyung.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuers_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuers-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dobbin_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbin-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this agreement, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">the Netherlands</a> considered it a sign of surrender of the kingdom of Pagaruyung to the Dutch government.<sup id="cite_ref-Kep_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kep-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Dutch captured Pagaruyung from the Padri, in 1824 at the request of Lieutenant Colonel Raaff, Sultan Arifin Muningsyah returned to Pagaruyung, but in 1825, Sultan Arifin Muningsyah, the last king in Minangkabau, died and was later buried in Pagaruyung.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobbin_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbin-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah on the other hand wanted to be recognized as the king of Pagaruyung, but the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> government had limited his authority and only appointed him the Regent of Tanah Datar.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobbin_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbin-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the policy it encouraged Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah to start thinking about expelling the Dutch from the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Amran_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amran-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After emerging victorious from the <a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Diponegoro War</a> in Java, the Dutch then tried to conquer the Padri with shipments of soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madura_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Madura Island">Madura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Celebes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the Dutch colonial ambitions caused the Adat and the Padri to forget their differences in secret to drive the Dutch away. On 2 May 1833 Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah was captured by Lieutenant Colonel Elout in <a href="/wiki/Batusangkar" title="Batusangkar">Batusangkar</a> on charges of treason. He was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> (present-day Jakarta) until his death, and was buried in the Mangga Dua cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fall, the influence and prestige of the kingdom of Pagaruyung remained high, especially among Minangkabau people who were overseas. One of Pagaruyung's royal heirs was invited to become a ruler in <a href="/wiki/Kuantan" title="Kuantan">Kuantan</a>, Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise when Raffles was still on duty in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, he met Pagaruyung's relatives who were in <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a>, and Raffles intended to appoint Yang Dipertuan Ali Alamsyah who he considered to be the direct descendant of the Minangkabau kings as a king under British protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Amran_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amran-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the end of the Padri War, Tuan Gadang of Batipuh asked the Dutch East Indies government to give a higher position than just as the Tanah Datar Regent which he held after replacing Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah, but this request was rejected by the Dutch, this later included one of the drivers of the outbreak of the 1841 rebellion in Batipuh in addition to the <i><a href="/wiki/Cultivation_System" title="Cultivation System">cultuurstelsel</a></i> problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Radjab_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radjab-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dobbin_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbin-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_woning_van_de_gouverneur_aan_de_westkust_van_Sumatra_TMnr_3728-846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_woning_van_de_gouverneur_aan_de_westkust_van_Sumatra_TMnr_3728-846.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_woning_van_de_gouverneur_aan_de_westkust_van_Sumatra_TMnr_3728-846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_woning_van_de_gouverneur_aan_de_westkust_van_Sumatra_TMnr_3728-846.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_woning_van_de_gouverneur_aan_de_westkust_van_Sumatra_TMnr_3728-846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_woning_van_de_gouverneur_aan_de_westkust_van_Sumatra_TMnr_3728-846.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_woning_van_de_gouverneur_aan_de_westkust_van_Sumatra_TMnr_3728-846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>The residence of the governor of <i>Westkust van Sumatra</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The name West Sumatra originated in the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) era, where the designation of the area for the west coast of Sumatra was <i>Hoofdcomptoir van Sumatra's Westkust</i>. Then with the strengthening of the political and economic influence of the VOC, until the 18th century this administrative region included the west coast of Sumatra from <a href="/wiki/Barus" title="Barus">Barus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Inderapura" title="Inderapura">Inderapura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gusti_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gusti-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the fall of the Kingdom of Pagaruyung, and the involvement of the Dutch in the Padri War, the Dutch East Indies government began to make the interior of Minangkabau a part of <i>Pax Nederlandica</i>, an area under Dutch supervision, and the Minangkabau region was divided into the <i>Residentie Padangsche Benedenlanden</i> and the <i>Residentie Padangsche Bovenlanden</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amran_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amran-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in the development of the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies, this area was incorporated in the <i>Gouvernement Sumatra's Westkust</i>, including the <i>Residentie Bengkulu</i> region which had just been surrendered by the British to the Dutch. Then expanded again by including Tapanuli and <a href="/wiki/Singkil,_Indonesia" title="Singkil, Indonesia">Singkil</a>. But in 1905, the status of Tapanuli was upgraded to <i>Residentie Tapanuli</i>, while the Singkil area was given to <i>Residentie <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Atjeh</a></i>. Then in 1914, <i>Gouvernement Sumatra's Westkust</i>, was demoted to <i>Residentie Sumatra's Westkust</i>, and added the <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_Islands_Regency" title="Mentawai Islands Regency">Mentawai Islands</a> region in the Indian Ocean into <i>Residentie Sumatra's Westkust,</i> and in 1935 the Kerinci region was also incorporated into <i>Residentie Sumatra's Westkust.</i> After the breakdown of the <i>Gouvernement Sumatra's Oostkust</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Rokan_Hulu_Regency" title="Rokan Hulu Regency">Rokan Hulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuantan_Singingi_Regency" title="Kuantan Singingi Regency">Kuantan Singingi</a> regions were given to <i>Residentie <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riouw</a></i>, and <i>Residentie <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Djambi</a></i> was also formed in almost the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-Gusti_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gusti-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_occupation_and_Independence">Japanese occupation and Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Japanese occupation and Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">Japanese occupation of West Sumatra</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a>, <i>Residentie Sumatra's Westkust</i> changed its name to <i>Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shu</i>. On the basis of military geo-strategy, the <a href="/wiki/Kampar_Regency" title="Kampar Regency">Kampar</a> area was separated from <i>Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shu</i> and incorporated into the territory of <i>Rhio Shu</i>. </p><p>At the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Indonesian independence</a> in 1945, the West Sumatra region was incorporated in the Sumatra province based in <a href="/wiki/Bukittinggi" title="Bukittinggi">Bukittinggi</a>. Four years later, Sumatra Province was divided into three provinces: <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Sumatra" title="Central Sumatra">Central Sumatra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a>. West Sumatra, Riau and Jambi were part of the residency within the province of Central Sumatra. During the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia" title="Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia">PRRI</a> rebellion, based on emergency law number 19 of 1957, Central Sumatra Province was further divided into three provinces: West Sumatra Province, Riau Province, and Jambi Province. The Kerinci region which was previously incorporated in the South Sumatra Regency of <a href="/wiki/Kerinci_Regency" title="Kerinci Regency">Kerinci</a>, was incorporated into Jambi Province as a separate regency. Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Kampar_Regency" title="Kampar Regency">Kampar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rokan_Hulu_Regency" title="Rokan Hulu Regency">Rokan Hulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuantan_Singingi_Regency" title="Kuantan Singingi Regency">Kuantan Singingi</a> areas are designated as part of Riau Province. </p><p>Communism in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> has historically had an influence in the politics and society of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pariaman" title="Pariaman">Pariaman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silungkang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silungkang (page does not exist)">Silungkang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sawah_Lunto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawah Lunto">Sawah Lunto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alahan_Panjang" title="Alahan Panjang">Alahan Panjang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suliki" title="Suliki">Suliki</a> of West Sumatra have been cited as areas which were particularly active in communism.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas1985_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas1985-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the PRRI rebellion, the insurgents arrested leftist activists and placed them in detention camps in West Sumatra. PKI cadres were detained at Situjuh and Suliki, while followers of the <a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">national communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Murba_Party" title="Murba Party">Murba Party</a> and other groups were detained at the Muara Labuh camp.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incidentally, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_(cleric)" title="Abdullah Ahmad (cleric)">Hadji Abdullah Ahmad</a>, a noted anti-communist and religious leader was from the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Highlands" title="Minangkabau Highlands">Minangkabau Highlands</a>, where communism was active.<sup id="cite_ref-McVey2006_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McVey2006-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous examples of anti-communist resentment also occurred, for instance during the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_killings_of_1965%E2%80%931966" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian killings of 1965–1966">Indonesian killings of 1965–1966</a>, PKI-organised squatters' movements and campaigns against foreign businesses in Sumatra's plantations provoked quick reprisals against Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-rep_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rep-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Repression against alleged PKI members and sympathizers continued for several years. As late as 1976 mass lay-offs of former members of the communist plantation workers' union <a href="/wiki/Sarbupri" title="Sarbupri">Sarbupri</a> members took place in Sumatra, actions motivated by the communist past of these individuals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West Sumatra lies in the middle of the western coast of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, and has an area of 42,119.54 km<sup>2</sup>. Geographic features include <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a>, mountainous volcanic highlands formed by the <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Mountains" title="Barisan Mountains">Barisan</a> mountain range that runs from north-west to south-east, and an offshore island archipelago called the <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_Islands_Regency" title="Mentawai Islands Regency">Mentawai Islands</a>. The West Sumatran coastline faces the Indian Ocean and stretches 375 km from <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> province in the north-west to <a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a> in the south-east. The lakes of West Sumatra include: <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maninjau" title="Lake Maninjau">Maninjau</a> (99.5 km<sup>2</sup>), <a href="/wiki/Lake_Singkarak" title="Lake Singkarak">Singkarak</a> (130.1 km<sup>2</sup>), <a href="/wiki/Lake_Diatas" title="Lake Diatas">Diatas</a> (31.5 km<sup>2</sup>), <a href="/wiki/Lake_Dibawah" title="Lake Dibawah">Dibawah</a> (14.0 km<sup>2</sup>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Talang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Talang (page does not exist)">Talang</a> (5.0 km<sup>2</sup>). Most of the rivers in West Sumatra flow into the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>, include: <a href="/wiki/Batang_Hari_River" title="Batang Hari River">Batanghari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampar_River" title="Kampar River">Kampar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ombilin_River" title="Ombilin River">Ombilin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinamar_River" title="Sinamar River">Sinamar</a>, and others flow into the Indian Ocean, include: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuranji_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuranji River (page does not exist)">Kuranji</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anai_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anai River (page does not exist)">Anai</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arau_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arau River (page does not exist)">Arau</a>. The mountains and volcanoes of West Sumatra include: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kerinci" title="Mount Kerinci">Kerinci</a> (3,805 m), <a href="/wiki/Mount_Talakmau" title="Mount Talakmau">Talakmau</a> (2,912 m), <a href="/wiki/Mount_Marapi" title="Mount Marapi">Marapi</a> (2,891 m), <a href="/wiki/Mount_Singgalang" title="Mount Singgalang">Singgalang</a> (2,877 m), <a href="/wiki/Mount_Talang" title="Mount Talang">Talang</a> (2,572 m), <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tandikat" title="Mount Tandikat">Tandikat</a> (2,438 m) and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sago" title="Mount Sago">Sago</a> (2,271 m). </p><p>West Sumatra is one of the earthquake-prone areas in Indonesia, due to its location in the tectonic slab located between the confluence of two major continental plates (the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plate</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Great_Sumatran_fault" title="Great Sumatran fault">Great Sumatran fault</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plus the activity of the active volcanoes. Large earthquakes that occurred recently in West Sumatra earthquake were the <a href="/wiki/2009_Sumatra_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Sumatra earthquake">2009 Sumatra earthquake</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2010_Mentawai_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami">2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami</a>. The area was also affected by the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_Tsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This region has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a>, similar to most other Indonesian provinces. Throughout the year the province is only affected by two seasons, namely the rainy season and the dry season. The air temperature varies from 24.7 to 32.9 degrees Celsius with air humidity levels ranging from 82% to 88%. The relative rainy season falls from October to April. Variation in rainfall ranges from 2,100 mm to 3,264 mm. The month December is the month with the most rainfall. While the dry season usually starts in June to September. </p><p>The season in West Sumatra is similar to other regions in Indonesia, only known for two seasons, namely the dry season and the rainy season. From June to September wind flows from Australia and do not contain much water vapor, resulting in a dry season. Conversely in December to March many wind currents contain water vapor from Asia and the Pacific Ocean during the rainy season. Such conditions occur every half-year after passing the transition period in between April – May and October – November. </p><p> The city of Padang is one of Indonesia's wettest cities, with frequent rainfall throughout the course of the year.</p><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Padang </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.6<br />(88.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">351<br />(13.8) </td> <td style="background: #005600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">259<br />(10.2) </td> <td style="background: #003400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">307<br />(12.1) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">363<br />(14.3) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">315<br />(12.4) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">307<br />(12.1) </td> <td style="background: #006100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">277<br />(10.9) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">348<br />(13.7) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">352<br />(13.9) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">495<br />(19.5) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">518<br />(20.4) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">480<br />(18.9) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4,172<br />(164.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">175 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">175 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">188 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">206 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF27; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD36; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,116 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial<sup id="cite_ref-climate_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (sun, 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195318/ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/help/stations_list_CLIMAT_data.txt">Station ID for Mia Padang is 96163</a> Use this station ID to locate the sunshine duration</span> </li> </ol></div></div><p>As in most other province of Indonesia, West Sumatra has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>Af</i>) bordering on a tropical monsoon climate. The climate is very much dictated by the surrounding sea and the prevailing wind system. It has high average temperature and high average rainfall. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_Fauna">Flora and Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flora and Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The province includes large areas of dense tropical forest, which is home to a host of species including: <i><a href="/wiki/Rafflesia_arnoldii" title="Rafflesia arnoldii">Rafflesia arnoldii</a></i> (world's largest flower), <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_tiger" title="Sumatran tiger">Sumatran tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siamang" title="Siamang">siamang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayan_tapir" title="Malayan tapir">Malayan tapir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat_antelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Goat antelope">Sumatran serow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusa_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusa deer">rusa deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Malayan sun bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bornean_clouded_leopard" title="Bornean clouded leopard">Bornean clouded leopard</a>, and many birds and butterflies. </p><p>The province includes two national parks: <a href="/wiki/Siberut_National_Park" title="Siberut National Park">Siberut National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerinci_Seblat_National_Park" title="Kerinci Seblat National Park">Kerinci Seblat National Park</a>, as well as a number of nature reserves: Rimbo Panti Nature Reserve, Batang Palupuh Nature Reserve, Lembah Anai Nature Reserve, Lembah Harau Nature Reserve, Bung Hatta Grand Forest Park, and Beringin Sakti Nature Reserve. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Province of West Sumatra is led by a governor who is elected directly with his representative for a 5-year term. In addition to being a regional government, the Governor also acts as a representative or extension of the central government in the province, whose authority is regulated in Law No. 32 of 2004 and Government Regulation number 19 of 2010. </p><p>While the relationship between the provincial government and the regency and city governments is not a sub-ordinate, each of these regional governments governs and manages government affairs according to the principle of autonomy and co-administration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nagari">Nagari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nagari"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seribu_Rumah_Gadang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seribu_Rumah_Gadang.jpg/300px-Seribu_Rumah_Gadang.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seribu_Rumah_Gadang.jpg/450px-Seribu_Rumah_Gadang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seribu_Rumah_Gadang.jpg/600px-Seribu_Rumah_Gadang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Minangkabau settlement in Nagari Koto Baru, now known as Seribu Rumah Gadang.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until 1979, the smallest administrative unit in West Sumatra was called a <i><a href="/wiki/Nagari_(settlement)" title="Nagari (settlement)">nagari</a></i>, which had existed before <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Indonesian independence</a>. With the enactment of Law No. 5 of 1979 concerning village governance, the status of nagari was eliminated and replaced with villages, and several jorong statuses were upgraded to villages. The position of nagari guardians was also removed and government administration was carried out by village heads. But since the onset of <a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Suharto era">government reform</a> and regional autonomy, since 2001, the term <i>nagari</i> has been used again in this province. </p><p>The political culture that lived in the West Sumatra village government since the policy of uniformity (Law No.5 of 1979) was applied to the parochial political culture. this condition is seen through the power system, the ruling system, the terms of the ruler, and the role of the ruler in the village government. </p><p>The kinship system in developing participant political culture began to shift, in terms of the level of sensitivity, the form of tolerance in kinship, and the role of seniority in kinship. This means that the lack of togetherness in the kinship power system. </p><p>Nagari government is an autonomous government structure, has a clear territory and adheres to adat as a regulator of the life of its members. the regency replaced the term village government that was used previously. Whereas for the nagari in the city government system still as a traditional institution, it has not become part of the regional government structure. </p><p>Opportunities that occur in village government are the emergence of individualistic economic growth. This condition is a result of dependence on the central government, resulting in lack of independence. This condition can weaken the resilience of the area of the economy itself. However, now the villages of West Sumatra have tried to build efforts to facilitate the political policies of the village government or since exchanging back into nagari, namely changing the structure and process between village government structures made under Law No. 5 of 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Nagari</i> was initially led jointly by the princes or <i>datuk</i> in the <i>nagari</i>, then during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> government one of the princes was chosen to become the guardian of the Nagari. Then in running the government, the nagari guardians are assisted by a number of jorong or jorong guardians, but now assisted by the <i>nagari</i> secretary and civil servants depending on the needs of each <i>nagari</i>. This <i>nagari</i> guardian was chosen by the <i>anak nagari</i> (nagari residents) democratically in direct elections for 6 years in office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West Sumatra Province is subdivided into twelve <a href="/wiki/Regencies_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regencies of Indonesia">regencies</a> and seven autonomous cities, which lie outside any regency. The regencies and cities are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census<sup id="cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2020 Census,<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Cities of West Sumatra</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kota_Padang_Indah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kota_Padang_Indah.jpg/180px-Kota_Padang_Indah.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kota_Padang_Indah.jpg/270px-Kota_Padang_Indah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kota_Padang_Indah.jpg/360px-Kota_Padang_Indah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3039" data-file-height="1811" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The city of <a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> is the administrative center of the province.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daily_Bukittinggi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Daily_Bukittinggi.jpg/180px-Daily_Bukittinggi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Daily_Bukittinggi.jpg/270px-Daily_Bukittinggi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Daily_Bukittinggi.jpg/360px-Daily_Bukittinggi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bukittinggi" title="Bukittinggi">Bukittinggi</a> is known as a leading tourist city in West Sumatra.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_Sawahlunto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Panorama_Sawahlunto.jpg/180px-Panorama_Sawahlunto.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Panorama_Sawahlunto.jpg/270px-Panorama_Sawahlunto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Panorama_Sawahlunto.jpg/360px-Panorama_Sawahlunto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Once a large coal-mining centre, <a href="/wiki/Sawahlunto" title="Sawahlunto">Sawahlunto</a> is now a thriving tourist city.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Singkarak_lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Singkarak_lake.jpg/180px-Singkarak_lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Singkarak_lake.jpg/270px-Singkarak_lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Singkarak_lake.jpg/360px-Singkarak_lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Solok" title="Solok">Solok</a> is known as the nearest city to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Singkarak" title="Lake Singkarak">Lake Singkarak</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kode <br />Wilayah</th> <th>Name of<br />City or <br />Regency</th> <th>Regency<br />Capital</th> <th>Area <br /> in <br />km<sup>2</sup></th> <th>Pop'n <br /> 2010 <br />Census</th> <th>Pop'n <br /> 2020 <br />Census</th> <th>Pop'n <br /> mid 2023 <br />Estimate </th></tr> <tr> <td>13.01</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_Islands_Regency" title="Mentawai Islands Regency">Mentawai Islands Regency</a><br />(Kepulauan Mentawai)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tua_Pejat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tua Pejat">Tua Pejat</a></td> <td align="right">5,983.22</td> <td align="right">76,173</td> <td align="right">87,623</td> <td align="right">91,427 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.02</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pesisir_Selatan_Regency" title="Pesisir Selatan Regency">Pesisir Selatan Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Painan" title="Painan">Painan</a></td> <td align="right">6,045.65</td> <td align="right">429,246</td> <td align="right">504,418</td> <td align="right">525,355 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.03</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solok_Regency" title="Solok Regency">Solok Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arosuka" title="Arosuka">Aro Suka</a></td> <td align="right">3,590.40</td> <td align="right">348,566</td> <td align="right">391,497</td> <td align="right">405,375 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.04</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sijunjung_Regency" title="Sijunjung Regency">Sijunjung Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muaro_Sijunjung" title="Muaro Sijunjung">Muaro Sijunjung</a></td> <td align="right">3,150.58</td> <td align="right">201,823</td> <td align="right">235,045</td> <td align="right">243,709 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.05</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanah_Datar_Regency" title="Tanah Datar Regency">Tanah Datar Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Batusangkar" title="Batusangkar">Batusangkar</a></td> <td align="right">1,377.19</td> <td align="right">338,494</td> <td align="right">371,704</td> <td align="right">383,676 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.06</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Padang_Pariaman_Regency" title="Padang Pariaman Regency">Padang Pariaman Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parit_Malintang" title="Parit Malintang">Parit Malintang</a></td> <td align="right">1,342.27</td> <td align="right">391,056</td> <td align="right">430,626</td> <td align="right">451,388 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.07</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agam_Regency" title="Agam Regency">Agam Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lubuk_Basung" title="Lubuk Basung">Lubuk Basung</a></td> <td align="right">2,226.27</td> <td align="right">454,853</td> <td align="right">529,138</td> <td align="right">530,123 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.08</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lima_Puluh_Kota_Regency" title="Lima Puluh Kota Regency">Lima Puluh Kota Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarilamak" title="Sarilamak">Sarilamak</a></td> <td align="right">3,273.41</td> <td align="right">348,555</td> <td align="right">383,525</td> <td align="right">396,427 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.09</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasaman_Regency" title="Pasaman Regency">Pasaman Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lubuk_Sikaping" title="Lubuk Sikaping">Lubuk Sikaping</a></td> <td align="right">3,902.44</td> <td align="right">253,299</td> <td align="right">299,851</td> <td align="right">313,199 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Solok_Regency" title="South Solok Regency">South Solok Regency</a><br />(Solok Selatan)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Padang_Aro" title="Padang Aro">Padang Aro</a></td> <td align="right">3,282.14</td> <td align="right">144,281</td> <td align="right">182,077</td> <td align="right">191,540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya_Regency" title="Dharmasraya Regency">Dharmasraya Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulau_Punjung" title="Pulau Punjung">Pulau Punjung</a></td> <td align="right">2,920.93</td> <td align="right">191,422</td> <td align="right">228,591</td> <td align="right">239,918 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Pasaman_Regency" title="West Pasaman Regency">West Pasaman Regency</a><br />(Pasaman Barat)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simpang_Ampek" title="Simpang Ampek">Simpang Empak</a></td> <td align="right">3,852.99</td> <td align="right">365,129</td> <td align="right">431,672</td> <td align="right">450,050 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.71</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> City</td> <td align="right">694.34</td> <td align="right">833,562</td> <td align="right">909,040</td> <td align="right">942,938 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.72</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Solok" title="Solok">Solok</a> City</td> <td align="right">58.72</td> <td align="right">59,396</td> <td align="right">73,438</td> <td align="right">77,842 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.73</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sawahlunto" title="Sawahlunto">Sawahlunto</a> City</td> <td align="right">231.95</td> <td align="right">56,866</td> <td align="right">65,138</td> <td align="right">67,760 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.74</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Padang_Panjang" title="Padang Panjang">Padang Panjang</a> City</td> <td align="right">23.56</td> <td align="right">47,008</td> <td align="right">56,311</td> <td align="right">58,627 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.75</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bukittinggi" title="Bukittinggi">Bukittinggi</a> City</td> <td align="right">24.17</td> <td align="right">111,312</td> <td align="right">121,028</td> <td align="right">124,050 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.76</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Payakumbuh" title="Payakumbuh">Payakumbuh</a> City</td> <td align="right">74.55</td> <td align="right">116,825</td> <td align="right">139,576</td> <td align="right">144,830 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.77</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pariaman" title="Pariaman">Pariaman</a> City</td> <td align="right">64.77</td> <td align="right">79,043</td> <td align="right">94,224</td> <td align="right">97,206 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The cities and regencies are together sub-divided into 179 districts (<i>kecamatan</i>) and thence into 1,265 villages (<i>kelurahan</i> and <i>desa</i>) as at 2023. The coastal cities and regencies include 219 offshore islands (large enough to have names), of which 111 comprise the Mentawai Islands Regency, 26 are in West Pasaman Regency, 2 in Agam Regency, 2 in Padang Pariaman Regency, 4 in Pariaman City, 21 in Padang City and 49 in South Pesisir Regency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Human_Development_Index">Human Development Index</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Human Development Index"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cities and Regencies in West Sumatra in order of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI). The figures come from the 2020 Indonesia Human Development Report,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Statistics Indonesia</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1ex auto 1ex auto"> <tbody><tr> <th class="sort">Rank </th> <th class="sort">City / Regency </th> <th class="sort">HDI Score (2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="color:#090;">Very high human development </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> City </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#00C400" style="color:#FFFFFF;">0.828 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bukittinggi" title="Bukittinggi">Bukittinggi</a> City </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#00C400" style="color:#FFFFFF;">0.805 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="color:#0c0;">High human development </th></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Payakumbuh" title="Payakumbuh">Payakumbuh</a> City </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#00F900">0.789 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solok" title="Solok">Solok</a> City </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#00F900">0.782 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Padang_Panjang" title="Padang Panjang">Padang Panjang</a> City </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#00F900">0.779 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pariaman" title="Pariaman">Pariaman</a> City </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#00F900">0.769 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sawahlunto" title="Sawahlunto">Sawahlunto</a> City </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#D3FF00">0.726 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agam_Regency" title="Agam Regency">Agam Regency</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#D3FF00">0.724 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e6e6e6"> <td>– </td> <td><b>West Sumatra</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>0.723</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanah_Datar_Regency" title="Tanah Datar Regency">Tanah Datar Regency</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#D3FF00">0.723 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya_Regency" title="Dharmasraya Regency">Dharmasraya Regency</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#D3FF00">0.715 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Padang_Pariaman_Regency" title="Padang Pariaman Regency">Padang Pariaman Regency</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#D3FF00">0.706 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="color:#fc0;">Medium human development </th></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pesisir_Selatan_Regency" title="Pesisir Selatan Regency">Pesisir Selatan Regency</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF00">0.699 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lima_Puluh_Kota_Regency" title="Lima Puluh Kota Regency">Lima Puluh Kota Regency</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF00">0.694 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solok_Regency" title="Solok Regency">Solok Regency</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF00">0.690 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Solok_Regency" title="South Solok Regency">South Solok Regency</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF00">0.690 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Pasaman_Regency" title="West Pasaman Regency">West Pasaman Regency</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF00">0.684 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sijunjung_Regency" title="Sijunjung Regency">Sijunjung Regency</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF00">0.677 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasaman_Regency" title="Pasaman Regency">Pasaman Regency</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF00">0.666 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_Islands_Regency" title="Mentawai Islands Regency">Mentawai Islands Regency</a> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFD215">0.610 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As a new regency, Dharmasraya got the highest score (59.43) from a possible 100 among other new regencies.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the reforms of 1999 and the implementation of regional autonomy in 2001, the lowest local government unit under the district administrations was the Javanese model of the village, the <i><a href="/wiki/Village_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Village (Indonesia)">desa</a></i>. Under regional autonomy, the traditional Minangkabau <i><a href="/wiki/Nagari_(settlement)" title="Nagari (settlement)">nagari</a></i>, which are larger than villages elsewhere in Indonesia, have been reintroduced in place of the <i>desa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The province comprises two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Parliament">People's Representative Council</a>. The <b>West Sumatra I Electoral District</b> consists of 7 of the regencies in the province (Mentawai Islands, Pesisir Selatan, Solok, Sikunjung, Tanah Datar, South Solok and Dharmasraya), together with 4 cities (Padang Panjang, Padang, Solok and Sawahlunto), and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council. The <b>West Sumatra II Electoral District</b> consists of the remaining 5 regencies (Padang Pariaman, Agam, Lima Puluk Kota, Pasaman and West Pasaman), together with the 3 cities of Bukittinggi, Pariaman and Payakumbuh, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Census population of West Sumatra was 2.8 million in 1971, 3.4 million in 1980, 4.0 million in 1990, 4.25 million in 2000, 4.85 million in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 5.53 million in 2020, of whom 2,786,360 were male and 2,748,112 were female.<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, 88% were recorded by the <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Badan Pusat Statistik</a> as <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau people</a>. <a href="/wiki/Batak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak people">Batak people</a>, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a> sub-ethnic group, and <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> comprised 4% of the population respectively, while <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai people</a> who live in the Mentawai islands made up 1%. </p><p>In 2015, about 44.2% of West Sumatran lived in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the urban population of West Sumatra is concentrated in the centre-west coast of province and <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Highlands" title="Minangkabau Highlands">Minangkabau Highlands</a>. West Sumatra has 3 cities with populations over 100,000. <a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> is the major metropolitan areas with the population of 942,940 in mid 2023; Minangkabau highlands cities of <a href="/wiki/Payakumbuh" title="Payakumbuh">Payakumbuh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukittinggi" title="Bukittinggi">Bukittinggi</a> rank as West Sumatra's next most populous cities, with populations of 144,830 and 124,050 respectively in mid 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perempuan_Minang_Membawa_Carano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Perempuan_Minang_Membawa_Carano.jpg/220px-Perempuan_Minang_Membawa_Carano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Perempuan_Minang_Membawa_Carano.jpg/330px-Perempuan_Minang_Membawa_Carano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Perempuan_Minang_Membawa_Carano.jpg/440px-Perempuan_Minang_Membawa_Carano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau people</a> at the cultural parade.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TARI_SIKEREI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TARI_SIKEREI.jpg/220px-TARI_SIKEREI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TARI_SIKEREI.jpg/330px-TARI_SIKEREI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TARI_SIKEREI.jpg/440px-TARI_SIKEREI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4171" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai people</a> performing their traditional dance</figcaption></figure> <p>West Sumatra is the native homeland of Minangkabau people. They speak <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau language</a> and predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>. West Sumatran have historically played the important role within the Muslim community in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up until today the region is considered one of the strongholds of Islam in Indonesia. They have a reputation as traders, intellectuals as well as politically savvy people who have successfully exported their culture, language, cuisine and beliefs throughout Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawaians</a> live on the Mentawai Islands, off the western coast of Sumatra, that are also part of the native people of province. They speak <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_language" title="Mentawai language">Mentawai languages</a>, which are not intelligible with either Indonesian nor Minangkabau. Small minority of the Mentawais are Christians nowadays. In the Mentawai Islands, where the majority of the population is Mentawai, it is rare to find Minangkabau people. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese Indonesian</a> are only found in big cities, such as Padang, Bukittinggi, and Payakumbuh. In Padang and Pariaman, there are also small numbers of <a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language used in everyday life in West Sumatra is the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau language</a> which has several dialects, such as the Bukittinggi dialect, Pariaman dialect, South Coastal dialect, and Payakumbuh dialect. In the Pasaman and West Pasaman regions bordering North Sumatra, the Batak Mandailing dialect is also spoken. Meanwhile, in the Mentawai archipelago, the <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_language" title="Mentawai language">Mentawai language</a> is widely used. <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> is spoken by Tamils in Padang. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> is widely understood as a second-language. It is used as the language of education as well as interethnic communication. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_West_Sumatra" title="Islam in West Sumatra">Islam in West Sumatra</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the majority religion adopted by 97% of the population of West Sumatra. Christians, concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_Islands_Regency" title="Mentawai Islands Regency">Mentawai Islands</a>, number around 2.2%, Buddhists are around 0.26%, and Hindus are around 0.01%, the two latter being adopted by immigrant communities. </p><p>Various places of worship, which are dominated by mosques and musallas, can be found in every district and city in West Sumatra. The largest mosque is the Grand Mosque of West Sumatra <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_West_Sumatra" title="Grand Mosque of West Sumatra">Grand Mosque of West Sumatra</a> in Padang. The oldest mosques include the <a href="/wiki/Ganting_Grand_Mosque" title="Ganting Grand Mosque">Ganting Grand Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tuo_Kayu_Jao_Mosque" title="Tuo Kayu Jao Mosque">Tuo Kayu Jao Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Solok_Regency" title="Solok Regency">Solok Regency</a>. The typical Minangkabau architecture dominates both the form of the mosque and the musala. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_West_Sumatra" title="Grand Mosque of West Sumatra">Grand Mosque of West Sumatra</a> has a gonjong-shaped building, decorated with Minang carvings and calligraphy. There is also a mosque with a roof consisting of several levels, which are getting smaller and more concave. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_Tuo_Kayu_Jao_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuo Kayu Jao Mosque in Solok, one of oldest mosques in Indonesia"><img alt="Tuo Kayu Jao Mosque in Solok, one of oldest mosques in Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Masjid_Tuo_Kayu_Jao_Indonesia.jpg/120px-Masjid_Tuo_Kayu_Jao_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Masjid_Tuo_Kayu_Jao_Indonesia.jpg/180px-Masjid_Tuo_Kayu_Jao_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Masjid_Tuo_Kayu_Jao_Indonesia.jpg/240px-Masjid_Tuo_Kayu_Jao_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tuo Kayu Jao Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Solok" title="Solok">Solok</a>, one of oldest mosques in Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_Al_Hakim_Padang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Hakim Mosque, Padang"><img alt="Al-Hakim Mosque, Padang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Masjid_Al_Hakim_Padang.jpg/120px-Masjid_Al_Hakim_Padang.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Masjid_Al_Hakim_Padang.jpg/180px-Masjid_Al_Hakim_Padang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Masjid_Al_Hakim_Padang.jpg/240px-Masjid_Al_Hakim_Padang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="2079" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Al-Hakim Mosque, Padang</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catholic_church_at_Sawahlunto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Barbara Catholic church in Sawahlunto"><img alt="Saint Barbara Catholic church in Sawahlunto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Catholic_church_at_Sawahlunto.jpg/120px-Catholic_church_at_Sawahlunto.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Catholic_church_at_Sawahlunto.jpg/180px-Catholic_church_at_Sawahlunto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Catholic_church_at_Sawahlunto.jpg/240px-Catholic_church_at_Sawahlunto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint Barbara Catholic church in Sawahlunto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:See_Hin_Kiong_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="See Hin Kion Chinese temple, Padang"><img alt="See Hin Kion Chinese temple, Padang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/See_Hin_Kiong_2019.jpg/120px-See_Hin_Kiong_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/See_Hin_Kiong_2019.jpg/180px-See_Hin_Kiong_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/See_Hin_Kiong_2019.jpg/240px-See_Hin_Kiong_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">See Hin Kion Chinese temple, Padang</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_culture" title="Minangkabau culture">Minangkabau culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Datuk_Bercengkerama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Datuk_Bercengkerama.jpg/220px-Datuk_Bercengkerama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Datuk_Bercengkerama.jpg/330px-Datuk_Bercengkerama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Datuk_Bercengkerama.jpg/440px-Datuk_Bercengkerama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="1727" /></a><figcaption>Two Datuks, Minangkabau tribal or village leader, are chatting among the preparation of cultural ceremony called Batagak Datuak or Batagak Penghulu (Inauguration of the Leader) in District of Kamang Magek, Agam, West Sumatra.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_music">Traditional music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Traditional music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nuances of Minangkabau in every West Sumatra music mixed with any type of music at this time will definitely be seen from every song that circulates in the community. This is because Minang music can be formulated with any kind of music that makes it pleasant to hear and acceptable to the public. The musical elements giving the nuance consist of traditional musical instruments, <i><a href="/wiki/Saluang" title="Saluang">saluang</a></i>, <i>bansi</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Talempong" title="Talempong">talempong</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab"><i>rabab</i></a>, <i>pupuik</i>, <i>serunai</i>, and <i>gandang tabuik</i>. </p><p>There is also a <i>saluang jo dendang</i>, which is the delivery of chanting accompanied by <i><a href="/wiki/Saluang" title="Saluang">saluang</a></i>, also known as <i>sijobang</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minangkabau music in the form of instrumental and songs from this area are generally melancholy. This is closely related to the structure of the community which has a sense of brotherhood, kinship relations and love of a high homeland supported by the habit of going abroad. </p><p>The music industry in West Sumatra is growing with the emergence of Minangkabau artists who can blend modern music into traditional Minangkabau music. The development of modern Minang music in West Sumatra dates back to the 1950s, marked by the birth of the Gumarang Orchestra. Elly Kasim, Tiar Ramon and Nurseha are well-known West Sumatra singers in the 1970s to the present. At present the singers, songwriters and music stylists in West Sumatra are under the auspices of the PAPPRI organization (Association of Indonesian Singer Music Songwriters) and PARMI (Indonesian Minang Artist Association). </p><p>Record companies in West Sumatra that support the Minang music industry include: Tanama Record, Planet Record, Pitunang Record, Sinar Padang Record, Caroline Record located in <a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> and Minang Record, Gita Virma Record located in <a href="/wiki/Bukittinggi" title="Bukittinggi">Bukittinggi</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabuik_festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tabuik_festival.jpg/220px-Tabuik_festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tabuik_festival.jpg/330px-Tabuik_festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tabuik_festival.jpg/440px-Tabuik_festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Photo of <a href="/wiki/Tabuik" title="Tabuik">Tabuik</a> festival</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_dance">Traditional dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Traditional dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Broadly speaking, dance from West Sumatra is from the customs of the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau people</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai people</a>. The peculiarities of Minangkabau dance are generally influenced by the Islamic religion, the uniqueness of matrilineal customs and the habit of migrating their communities also give a great influence on the soul of a classical dance that is classic, including <i>tari pasambah</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tari_Piring" class="mw-redirect" title="Tari Piring">Tari Piring</a></i>, <i>tari payung</i>, and the <i>tari indang</i>. Meanwhile, there is also a performance typical of other Minangkabau ethnic groups in the form of a unique blend of martial arts called <i><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pencak Silat">silek</a></i> with dancing, singing and acting known as <i><a href="/wiki/Randai" title="Randai">Randai</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for the typical Mentawai people dance is called <i>Turuk Laggai</i>. This <i>Turuk Langai</i> dance generally tells about animal behavior, so the title is adjusted to the names of the animals, for example <i>tari burung</i> (bird), <i>tari monyet</i> (monkey), <i>tari ayam</i> (chicken), <i>tari ular</i> (snake) and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_house">Traditional house</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Traditional house"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rumah_Gadang" title="Rumah Gadang">Rumah Gadang</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balai,_raadszaal,_op_Sumatra%27s_Westkust_KITLV_82838.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Balai%2C_raadszaal%2C_op_Sumatra%27s_Westkust_KITLV_82838.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Balai%2C_raadszaal%2C_op_Sumatra%27s_Westkust_KITLV_82838.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Balai%2C_raadszaal%2C_op_Sumatra%27s_Westkust_KITLV_82838.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Balai%2C_raadszaal%2C_op_Sumatra%27s_Westkust_KITLV_82838.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Balai%2C_raadszaal%2C_op_Sumatra%27s_Westkust_KITLV_82838.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Balai%2C_raadszaal%2C_op_Sumatra%27s_Westkust_KITLV_82838.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6424" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>Balai, council chamber, on Sumatra's west coast, dated c. 1895</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_of_house_custom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Front_of_house_custom.jpg/220px-Front_of_house_custom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Front_of_house_custom.jpg/330px-Front_of_house_custom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Front_of_house_custom.jpg/440px-Front_of_house_custom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3935" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_Palace" title="Pagaruyung Palace">Pagaruyung Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional house of West Sumatra, especially from the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau people</a>, is called <i><a href="/wiki/Rumah_Gadang" title="Rumah Gadang">Rumah Gadang</a></i>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Rumah_Gadang" title="Rumah Gadang">rumah Gadang</a></i> is usually built on a plot of land belonging to the parent family in the tribe and people from generation to generation.<sup id="cite_ref-Graves,_Elizabeth_E._2007_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graves,_Elizabeth_E._2007-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not far from the <i>rumah gadang</i> complex is usually also built a <i><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">surau</a></i> that functions as a place of worship and a place of residence for unmarried adult men. The <i>rumah gadang</i> is made in the form of a rectangle and is divided into two front and rear parts, generally made of wood, and at first glance it looks like a stilt house with a distinctive roof, prominent like a buffalo horn, the local people call it <i>Gonjong</i> and the roof was formerly made from palm fiber before changing to a zinc roof.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <i>rumag Bagonjong</i> according to the local community was inspired by the<i>Tambo</i>, which tells of the arrival of their ancestors by boat from the sea. Another distinctive feature of this traditional house is not using iron nails but using wooden pegs, but strong enough as a binder.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai people</a> also have a traditional house in the form of a large stilt house with a floor height of up to one meter of land called <i>uma.</i><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Uma</i> is inhabited jointly by five to ten families. In general, this uma construction was built without the use of nails, but it was cooked with wood and a cross-linking system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_weapon">Traditional weapon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Traditional weapon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tari_Piring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tari_Piring.jpg/170px-Tari_Piring.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tari_Piring.jpg/255px-Tari_Piring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tari_Piring.jpg/340px-Tari_Piring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tari Piring ("plate dance") from Minangkabau region of West Sumatra</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional, West Sumatra weapons are <i><a href="/wiki/Kris" title="Kris">Keris</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Karambit" title="Karambit">Kerambit</a> shaped like tiger nails. Keris are usually used by men and placed on the front, and are generally used by the princes, especially in any official event, especially in the event of a gala or inaugural title, but it is also commonly used by the bridegroom in the community wedding ceremony the local called it <i>baralek</i>. While kerambit is a small sharp weapon that curves like a tiger's nails, because it is inspired by the hooves of the beast. This deadly weapon is used by Minang <i><a href="/wiki/Silat" title="Silat">silat</a></i> warriors in short-range battles which are usually secret weapons, especially those using tiger martial arts moves. Various other types of weapons have also been used such as spears, long swords, arrows, chopsticks and so on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gradually, the economy of West Sumatra began to move positively after experiencing pressure due to the impact of the <a href="/wiki/2009_Sumatra_earthquakes" title="2009 Sumatra earthquakes">2009 earthquake</a> that hit the region. The impact of this disaster was seen in quarter IV-2009, where economic growth only reached 0.90%. But now the economy of West Sumatra has improved, with growth rates above the national average. In 2022 the West Sumatra economy grew by 4.36%, better than the previous year which was only 3.29%. The high economic growth of West Sumatra in the past three years has reduced poverty in the province from 6.28% (2020) to 5.92% (2022).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Gross Regional Domestic Revenue (GRDP), in 2022 the province had a GRDP of Rp 285.4 trillion, with a GDP per capita of Rp 50.6 million. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workforce">Workforce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Workforce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along with the growth of the economy of West Sumatra, the number of workers needed is also increasing. This has led to a decline in unemployment rate in the province. Between February 2023 – February 2024, the number of unemployed people increased from 176,970 people to 178,840 people. The open <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_Rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment Rate">Unemployment Rate</a> declined from 5.90% to 5.79%. This figure is above the national average in February 2024 which reached 4.82%. In February 2024, the number of West Sumatra's workforce reached 3.09 million people, an increase of 86,780 people compared to the total workforce in February 2023. </p><p>Most of the population working is absorbed in the agricultural sector. Employment in this sector is able to absorb 29.27% of the existing workforce. However, this absorption percentage increase compared to the previous year which was 28.36%. Meanwhile, the percentage of working population absorbed in the trade sector again increased, from 19.83% in February 2023 to 22.81% in February 2024. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sawah_di_Pariangan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sawah_di_Pariangan.jpg/220px-Sawah_di_Pariangan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sawah_di_Pariangan.jpg/330px-Sawah_di_Pariangan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sawah_di_Pariangan.jpg/440px-Sawah_di_Pariangan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Rice fields in Pariangan, <a href="/wiki/Agam_Regency" title="Agam Regency">Agam Regency</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the fourth quarter of 2012, the agricultural sector experienced relatively high growth, driven by the stretching of the food crops subsector. In this quarter the growth of the agricultural sector reached 4.14%, higher than the previous quarter of 2.05%. The good performance of the plantation sector in 2012 has sustained the growth of the agricultural industry by 4.07%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processing_industry">Processing industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Processing industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PT._Semen_Padang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PT._Semen_Padang.jpg/220px-PT._Semen_Padang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PT._Semen_Padang.jpg/330px-PT._Semen_Padang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PT._Semen_Padang.jpg/440px-PT._Semen_Padang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>Semen Padang headquarter in <a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The West Sumatra industry is dominated by small scale industries or households. The number of industrial units is 47,819 units, consisting of 47,585 small industrial units and 234 large medium industrial units, with a ratio of 203: 1. In 2001 large medium industry investment reached Rp 3,052 billion, or 95.60% of total investment, while small industries the investment is only Rp. 1,412 billion or 4.40% of the total investment. The value of the production of large medium industries in 2001 reached Rp. 1,623 billion, which is 60% of the total production value, and the value of small industrial production only reaches Rp. 1,090 billion, or 40% of the total value of production. </p><p>For the cement processing industry, in 2012 West Sumatra produced 6,522,006 tons, higher than last year's 6,151,636 tons. While the sales volume in 2012 was 6,845,070 tons, an increase of 10.20% compared to last year which was 6,211,603 tons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services">Services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The return of the economy of West Sumatra in the aftermath of the earthquake and the recovery of the global economy, especially in the central Sumatra zone, was also a driving factor for the re-moving of the service sector (7.38%). The service sectors that are quite important in this province are finance, hotels, restaurants and travel agents. The growth of hotels in West Sumatra in the last three years has been quite rapid. This is in line with the increasing number of tourists who come to this province. During 2012 there were 36,623 foreign tourists visiting West Sumatra, an increase of 8.27% compared to last year which was 33,827 tourists. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KITLV_-_94259_-_Demmeni,_J._-_Coalmine_Ombilin_at_Sawahlunto_-_circa_1915.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/KITLV_-_94259_-_Demmeni%2C_J._-_Coalmine_Ombilin_at_Sawahlunto_-_circa_1915.tif/lossy-page1-220px-KITLV_-_94259_-_Demmeni%2C_J._-_Coalmine_Ombilin_at_Sawahlunto_-_circa_1915.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/KITLV_-_94259_-_Demmeni%2C_J._-_Coalmine_Ombilin_at_Sawahlunto_-_circa_1915.tif/lossy-page1-330px-KITLV_-_94259_-_Demmeni%2C_J._-_Coalmine_Ombilin_at_Sawahlunto_-_circa_1915.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/KITLV_-_94259_-_Demmeni%2C_J._-_Coalmine_Ombilin_at_Sawahlunto_-_circa_1915.tif/lossy-page1-440px-KITLV_-_94259_-_Demmeni%2C_J._-_Coalmine_Ombilin_at_Sawahlunto_-_circa_1915.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5134" data-file-height="4247" /></a><figcaption>Coal mines in Ombilin, <a href="/wiki/Sawahlunto" title="Sawahlunto">Sawahlunto</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West Sumatra has the potential of group A, B and C mining materials. Group A mining materials, namely coal, are found in the city of <a href="/wiki/Sawahlunto" title="Sawahlunto">Sawahlunto</a>. While group B mining materials consisting of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ironsand" title="Ironsand">iron sand</a>, copper, lead and silver are spread in <a href="/wiki/Sijunjung_Regency" title="Sijunjung Regency">Sijunjung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solok_Regency" title="Solok Regency">Solok</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Solok_Regency" title="South Solok Regency">South Solok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lima_Puluh_Kota_Regency" title="Lima Puluh Kota Regency">Limapuluh Koto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasaman_Regency" title="Pasaman Regency">Pasaman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tanah_Datar_Regency" title="Tanah Datar Regency">Tanah Datar Regencies</a>. Group C mining materials spread throughout all districts and cities, mostly consisting of sand, stone and gravel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of various banking indicators in the fourth quarter of 2012 showed improvement in line with the recovery in the post-earthquake economic conditions. In 2012, the total assets of commercial banks in the province reached Rp. 40.1 trillion with the value of lending by commercial banks amounting to Rp. 33.8 trillion. While the total assets of rural banks in the province reached Rp 1.53 trillion with the value of lending by the bank amounting to Rp 1.03 trillion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KA_Padang_Panjang_(train).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/KA_Padang_Panjang_%28train%29.jpg/220px-KA_Padang_Panjang_%28train%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/KA_Padang_Panjang_%28train%29.jpg/330px-KA_Padang_Panjang_%28train%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/KA_Padang_Panjang_%28train%29.jpg/440px-KA_Padang_Panjang_%28train%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>A train passes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Singkarak" title="Lake Singkarak">Lake Singkarak</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The province is served by <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_International_Airport" title="Minangkabau International Airport">Minangkabau International Airport</a>, opened in July 2005, 23 km north-west of <a href="/wiki/Padang,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang, Indonesia">Padang</a> in Ketaping, <a href="/wiki/Padang_Pariaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang Pariaman">Padang Pariaman</a> regency. The airport has direct international services to <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> in Malaysia, as well as servicing most large cities in Indonesia. </p><p>Significant roads include the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Sumatran_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Sumatran Highway">Trans-Sumatran Highway</a> which runs the length of the province, heading north-west towards <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a> and south-east towards <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, the road between Padang and <a href="/wiki/Bukittinggi" title="Bukittinggi">Bukittinggi</a>, and the road between Bukittinggi and <a href="/wiki/Pekanbaru" title="Pekanbaru">Pekanbaru</a>. The provincial government plans to upgrade the later two roads over the next few years to improve traffic flows.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Kelok_9" title="Kelok 9">Kelok Sembilan</a> 970-meter long overpass was ready to be opened to the public and was in the trial stage which will be opened for vehicles in April 2012. Kelok Sembilan means 9 sharp turns is an area through which a road with tight bends passes through hilly terrain in the middle of a valley, a nice scenery, but cause congestion.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the overpass opens, the old Kelok Sembilan road is still open together with the new Kelok Sembilan for tourists. </p><p>Regular bus services run between Padang and Bukittinggi, and the other major cities of Sumatra. Other public transport options within the province include train, <a href="/wiki/Oplet" class="mw-redirect" title="Oplet">oplet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">taxi</a> and horse cart (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Translift_Bendi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Translift Bendi (page does not exist)">bendi</a></i>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Bayur" class="mw-redirect" title="Teluk Bayur">Teluk Bayur</a> port in Padang is the largest and busiest on the western coast of Sumatra. It is used for exporting goods from West Sumatra as well as from some areas of the neighboring provinces. </p><p>Train services operate between <a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pariaman" title="Pariaman">Pariaman</a> with round trips four times daily and <a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">airport rail link</a> serves routes to Padang and Kayutanam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maninjau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Maninjau.jpg/220px-Maninjau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Maninjau.jpg/330px-Maninjau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Maninjau.jpg/440px-Maninjau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Maninjau" title="Lake Maninjau">Lake Maninjau</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surf_holiday_in_the_Mentawai_islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Surf_holiday_in_the_Mentawai_islands.jpg/220px-Surf_holiday_in_the_Mentawai_islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Surf_holiday_in_the_Mentawai_islands.jpg/330px-Surf_holiday_in_the_Mentawai_islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Surf_holiday_in_the_Mentawai_islands.jpg/440px-Surf_holiday_in_the_Mentawai_islands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Surfers explore the <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_Islands_Regency" title="Mentawai Islands Regency">Mentawai islands</a>, West Sumatra</figcaption></figure> <p>The prime tourist attractions of West Sumatra are the natural environment, and the culture and history of the Minangkabau and <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai people</a>. </p><p>Natural attractions of the mainland include the tropical forests, mountains, volcanos, lakes, valleys, rivers & waterfalls in the highlands, the fauna and flora, and the beaches around Padang. Many areas are protected as part of national parks and reserves. The city of <a href="/wiki/Bukittinggi" title="Bukittinggi">Bukittinggi</a> is a popular central location in the highlands from which to explore the culture and history of the Minangkabau people, including architecture, crafts, dances, music and food. There are a number of museums and cultural centers. Pariaman has one of the famous festivals, <a href="/wiki/Tabuik" title="Tabuik">Tabuik</a>. The Mentawai Islands are a popular destination for surfers and those looking to experience the culture and more primitive lifestyle of the Mentawai people. For developing West Sumatra tourism, in 2006 the government opened tourist train railway service run between Padang – Padang Panjang – Sawahlunto. The <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_Singkarak" title="Tour de Singkarak">Tour de Singkarak</a> international cycling race had boosted the number of the foreign tourists to West Sumatra.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the foreign tourists are Malaysians and Australian. </p><p>The favourite tourism places are : </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jam_Gadang" title="Jam Gadang">Jam Gadang</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Clocktower" class="mw-redirect" title="Clocktower">clocktower</a> in the downtown of Bukittinggi</li> <li>Panorama – Viewing to Sianok valley</li> <li>Air Manih beach – The beach that stretch from the north to south of Padang coastal</li> <li>Padang mountain</li> <li>Caroline beach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_Palace" title="Pagaruyung Palace">Pagaruyung Palace</a> in Batusangkar</li> <li>Harau valley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Maninjau" title="Lake Maninjau">Lake Maninjau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Singkarak" title="Lake Singkarak">Lake Singkarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Diatas" title="Lake Diatas">Lake Diatas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Dibawah" title="Lake Dibawah">Lake Dibawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikuai" title="Sikuai">Sikuai Island</a></li></ul> <p>There are 25 islands at Pesisir Selatan Regency potential to be tourist sites. Cubadak Island (9 hectares), Pagang Island (12 hectares) and Pulau Penyu (Turtle Island) have been developed well. At the northern part will be developed Semangki Besar Island, Semangki Kecil Island, Marak Island, Setan Terusan Island, and Karao Island. At the southern part will be developed Kerabak Ketek Island, Kerabak Gadang Island, and Kosong Island.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional dance is "<a href="/wiki/Tari_Piring" class="mw-redirect" title="Tari Piring">Tari Piring</a>" or Plate Dance which is originally came from Solok, West Sumatra.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Education is highly valued in the Minangkabau culture,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore West Sumatra was once a center of education on the island of Sumatra, especially in the education of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> by mosque as the main base place.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the colonial rule Islamic schools of education are so marginalized in comparison with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> model which is considered more modern.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Islamic scholars sponsored many village schools, West Sumatra had one of the highest literacy rates in Indonesia. </p><p>West Sumatra is home to several universities, the most notable of which is <a href="/wiki/Andalas_University" title="Andalas University">Andalas University</a>. It is the oldest university in Indonesia outside Java. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tds_lewati_danau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tds_lewati_danau.jpg/220px-Tds_lewati_danau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tds_lewati_danau.jpg/330px-Tds_lewati_danau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tds_lewati_danau.jpg/440px-Tds_lewati_danau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Participants of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tour_de_Singkarak" title="Tour de Singkarak">Tour de Singkarak</a></i> passing over <a href="/wiki/Lake_Singkarak" title="Lake Singkarak">Lake Singkarak</a></figcaption></figure> <p>West Sumatra is also home of several professional soccer clubs. The most popular of them is <a href="/wiki/Semen_Padang" class="mw-redirect" title="Semen Padang">Semen Padang</a>, which regularly plays its matches in <a href="/wiki/Haji_Agus_Salim_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Haji Agus Salim Stadium">Haji Agus Salim Stadium</a>, the biggest stadium in West Sumatra. After 1 season of an impressive season, in 2024 Semen Padang FC returned to compete in <a href="/wiki/Liga_1_(Indonesia)" title="Liga 1 (Indonesia)">BRI Liga 1</a> (Indonesia's premier league).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tour_de_Singkarak" title="Tour de Singkarak">Tour de Singkarak</a>, an annual <a href="/wiki/Road_cycling_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Road cycling race">road cycling race</a> since 2009 is an <a href="/wiki/UCI_Asia_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="UCI Asia Tour">official tournament series</a> of <a href="/wiki/Union_Cycliste_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Cycliste International">Union Cycliste International</a> (UCI). It covers more than 700 kilometers, from Padang passing around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Singkarak" title="Lake Singkarak">lake Singkarak</a> and runs through inland West Sumatran cities. This sporting event is also meant to promote West Sumatra tourism </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Padang cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasi_Kapau.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Nasi_Kapau.JPG/220px-Nasi_Kapau.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Nasi_Kapau.JPG/330px-Nasi_Kapau.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Nasi_Kapau.JPG/440px-Nasi_Kapau.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1475" /></a><figcaption>An array of <i><a href="/wiki/Nasi_kapau" title="Nasi kapau">Nasi kapau</a></i> dishes, Minangkabau Bukittinggi cuisine.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Padang food</a> is the cuisine of the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau people</a>. Padang food is famous for its rich taste of succulent <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a> and spicy chili.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minang cuisine put much emphasis in three elements; <i><a href="/wiki/Gulai" title="Gulai">gulai</a></i> (curry), <i>lado</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>) and <i>bareh</i> (rice). No traditional Padang meal is complete without the three—spicy chili sauce, thick curry, and perfect steamed rice.<sup id="cite_ref-JP-Padang_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JP-Padang-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the cooking traditions in <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian cuisine</a>, Minangkabau cuisine and most of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatran</a> cuisine, demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_eastern_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a> influences, with dishes cooked in <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a> sauce with coconut milk and the heavy use of spices mixture. </p><p>Because most Minangkabau people are <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, Minangkabau cuisine follows <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> dietary law rigorously. Protein intake are mostly taken from beef, water buffalo, goat, lamb meat, and poultry and fish. Minangkabau people are known for their fondness of cattle meat products including <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a>. Almost all the parts of a cattle, such as meat, <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tail" title="Tail">tail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripe" title="Tripe">tripe</a>, brain, <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendon</a>, and skin are made to be Minangkabau delicacies. Seafood is popular in coastal West Sumatran cities, and most are grilled or fried with spicy chili sauce or in curry gravy. Fish, shrimp, and cuttlefish are cooked in similar fashion. Most of Minangkabau food is eaten with hot steamed rice or compressed rice such as <i>katupek</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ketupat" title="Ketupat">ketupat</a>). Vegetables are mostly boiled such as boiled <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> leaf, or simmered in thin curry as side dishes, such as <a href="/wiki/Gulai" title="Gulai">gulai</a> of young <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a> or cabbages. </p><p>In Padang food establishments, it is common to eat with one's hands. They usually provide <i>kabasuah</i>, a bowl of tap water with a slice of <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">lime</a> in it to give a fresh scent. This water is used to wash one's hands before and after eating. If a customer does not wish to eat with bare hands, it is acceptable to ask for a <a href="/wiki/Spoon" title="Spoon">spoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fork" title="Fork">fork</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rendang_daging_sapi_asli_Padang.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rendang_daging_sapi_asli_Padang.JPG/220px-Rendang_daging_sapi_asli_Padang.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rendang_daging_sapi_asli_Padang.JPG/330px-Rendang_daging_sapi_asli_Padang.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rendang_daging_sapi_asli_Padang.JPG/440px-Rendang_daging_sapi_asli_Padang.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Authentic Minangkabau rendang is dark in colour, served with <i><a href="/wiki/Ketupat" title="Ketupat">ketupat</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The cuisine is usually cooked once per day. To have <i><a href="/wiki/Nasi_Padang" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasi Padang">Nasi Padang</a></i> in restaurants customers choose from those dishes, which are left on display in high-stacked plates in the windows. During a dine-in <i>hidang</i> (serve) style Padang restaurant, after the customers are seated, they do not have to order. The waiter immediately serves the dishes directly to the table, and the table will quickly be set with dozens of small dishes filled with highly flavored foods such as beef <a href="/wiki/Rendang" title="Rendang">rendang</a>, curried fish, stewed <a href="/wiki/Greens_(vegetable)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greens (vegetable)">greens</a>, chili <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a>, curried beef <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripe" title="Tripe">tripe</a>, intestines, or foot <a href="/wiki/Tendons" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendons">tendons</a>, fried beef <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a>, fried <a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">chicken</a>, and of course, <a href="/wiki/Sambal" title="Sambal">sambal</a>, the spicy sauces ubiquitous at Indonesian tables. Customers take—and pay for—only what they want from this array.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best known Padang dish is <a href="/wiki/Rendang" title="Rendang">rendang</a>, a spicy meat stew. <i><a href="/wiki/Soto_Padang" class="mw-redirect" title="Soto Padang">Soto Padang</a></i> (crispy beef in spicy soup) is local residents' breakfast favorite, meanwhile <i>sate</i> (beef <a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay">satay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a> sauce served with <a href="/wiki/Ketupat" title="Ketupat">ketupat</a>) is a treat in the evening. </p><p>The serving style is different in <i><a href="/wiki/Nasi_Kapau" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasi Kapau">Nasi Kapau</a></i> food stalls, a Minangkabau <a href="/wiki/Bukittinggi" title="Bukittinggi">Bukittinggi</a> style. After the customer is seated, he or she is asked which dishes they desire. The chosen dishes will be put directly upon the steamed rice or in separate small plates. </p><p>There are myriad Padang food establishments throughout Indonesia and the region, according to <i>Ikatan Warung Padang Indonesia</i> (Iwapin) or Warung Padang Bonds. In Greater <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> alone there are at least 20,000 Padang restaurant establishments.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several notable Minangkabau <a href="/wiki/Restaurant_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Restaurant chain">restaurant chains</a> are Sederhana, Garuda, Pagi Sore, Simpang Raya, Sari Ratu, Sari Minang, Payakumbuah and Natrabu. </p><p>The importance of Padang food establishments (<i><a href="/wiki/Warung" title="Warung">warung</a></i> or <i>rumah makan</i> Padang) for Indonesian workers' lunch break in urban areas, was demonstrated in 2016; when Jakarta municipal civil servants demanded the raise of <i>uang lauk pauk</i> (food allowance, as a component of civil servant's salary), following the raise of <i><a href="/wiki/Nasi_Padang" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasi Padang">Nasi Padang</a></i> price in Greater Jakarta area.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Sumatra" title="List of people from West Sumatra">List of people from West Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Sumatra" title="List of governors of West Sumatra">List of governors of West Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_West_Sumatra" title="List of rivers of West Sumatra">List of rivers of West Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_businesspeople" title="Minangkabau businesspeople">Minangkabau businesspeople</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, <i>Provinsi Sumatera Barat Dalam Angka 2024</i> (Katalog-BPS 1102001.13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape</i>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%27s+Population%3A+Ethnicity+and+Religion+in+a+Changing+Political+Landscape&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bpsgdpdata2022-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bpsgdpdata2022_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadan_Pusat_Statistik2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Badan Pusat Statistik</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/WkdVMWRYVnBkMnBvVEhKSVkyWXhNblZtTjJSbmR6MDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku--menurut-provinsi--miliar-rupiah-.html?year=2022">"Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022"</a> (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Produk+Domestik+Regional+Bruto+%28Milyar+Rupiah%29%2C+2022&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Fid%2Fstatistics-table%2F3%2FWkdVMWRYVnBkMnBvVEhKSVkyWXhNblZtTjJSbmR6MDkjMw%3D%3D%2Fproduk-domestik-regional-bruto-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku--menurut-provinsi--miliar-rupiah-.html%3Fyear%3D2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bpspercapitadata-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bpspercapitadata_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadan_Pusat_Statistik2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Badan Pusat Statistik</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/YWtoQlRVZzNiMU5qU1VOSlRFeFZiRTR4VDJOTVVUMDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-provinsi--ribu-rupiah-.html?year=2022">"Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2022"</a> (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Produk+Domestik+Regional+Bruto+Per+Kapita+%28Ribu+Rupiah%29%2C+2022&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Fid%2Fstatistics-table%2F3%2FYWtoQlRVZzNiMU5qU1VOSlRFeFZiRTR4VDJOTVVUMDkjMw%3D%3D%2Fproduk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-provinsi--ribu-rupiah-.html%3Fyear%3D2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bappenas2022-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bappenas2022_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadan_Pembangunan_Nasional2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Development_Planning_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Development Planning (Indonesia)">Badan Pembangunan Nasional</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://simreg.bappenas.go.id/home/pemantauan/lpe">"Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan"</a> (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pembangunan Nasional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Capaian+Indikator+Utama+Pembangunan&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Badan+Pembangunan+Nasional&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Badan+Pembangunan+Nasional&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsimreg.bappenas.go.id%2Fhome%2Fpemantauan%2Flpe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2024/11/15/2296/indeks-pembangunan-manusia--ipm--indonesia-tahun-2024-mencapai-75-02--meningkat-0-63-poin-atau-0-85-persen-dibandingkan-tahun-sebelumnya-yang-sebesar-74-39-.html">"Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2024"</a> (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Statistics Indonesia</a>. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indeks+Pembangunan+Manusia+2024&rft.pub=Statistics+Indonesia&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Fid%2Fpressrelease%2F2024%2F11%2F15%2F2296%2Findeks-pembangunan-manusia--ipm--indonesia-tahun-2024-mencapai-75-02--meningkat-0-63-poin-atau-0-85-persen-dibandingkan-tahun-sebelumnya-yang-sebesar-74-39-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/217800/uu-no-17-tahun-2022">"Law No. 17 of 2022 on West Sumatra Province"</a>. <i>bpk.go.id</i> (in Indonesian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bpk.go.id&rft.atitle=Law+No.+17+of+2022+on+West+Sumatra+Province&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperaturan.bpk.go.id%2FHome%2FDetails%2F217800%2Fuu-no-17-tahun-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanMulya_AmriLowTan2013" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Khee Giap; Mulya Amri; Low, Linda; Tan, Kong Yam (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/8795"><i>Competitiveness Analysis and Development Strategies for 33 Indonesian Provinces</i></a>. Singapore: World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9789814504867_0033">10.1142/9789814504867_0033</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4504-85-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4504-85-0"><bdi>978-981-4504-85-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306202253/https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/8795">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Competitiveness+Analysis+and+Development+Strategies+for+33+Indonesian+Provinces&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F9789814504867_0033&rft.isbn=978-981-4504-85-0&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Khee+Giap&rft.au=Mulya+Amri&rft.au=Low%2C+Linda&rft.au=Tan%2C+Kong+Yam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldscientific.com%2Fworldscibooks%2F10.1142%2F8795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Djamaris-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Djamaris_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjamaris1991" class="citation book cs1">Djamaris, Edwar (1991). <i>Tambo Minangkabau</i>. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. pp. 220–221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-1477-09-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-1477-09-3"><bdi>978-979-1477-09-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tambo+Minangkabau&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pages=220-221&rft.pub=Balai+Pustaka&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-979-1477-09-3&rft.aulast=Djamaris&rft.aufirst=Edwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pasai" class="citation book cs1">Hill, A.H. (1960). <i>Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai</i>. London: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hikayat+Raja-raja+Pasai&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=A.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Brandes" class="citation book cs1">Brandes, J.L.A. (1902). <i>Nāgarakrětāgama; Lofdicht van Prapanjtja op Koning Radjasanagara, Hajam Wuruk, van Madjapahit, Naar Het Eenige Daarvan Bekende Handschrift, Aangetroffen in de Puri te Tjakranagara op Lombok</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C4%81garakr%C4%9Bt%C4%81gama%3B+Lofdicht+van+Prapanjtja+op+Koning+Radjasanagara%2C+Hajam+Wuruk%2C+van+Madjapahit%2C+Naar+Het+Eenige+Daarvan+Bekende+Handschrift%2C+Aangetroffen+in+de+Puri+te+Tjakranagara+op+Lombok&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Brandes&rft.aufirst=J.L.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/">"Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: An Open Access Resource"</a>. Translated by Wade, Geoff. Singapore: Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025015112/http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+in+the+Ming+Shi-lu%3A+An+Open+Access+Resource&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Asia+Research+Institute+and+the+Singapore+E-Press%2C+National+University+of+Singapore&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epress.nus.edu.sg%2Fmsl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cœdès" class="citation book cs1">Cœdès, George (1930). <i>Les Inscriptions Malaises de Çrivijaya</i>. BEFEO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Inscriptions+Malaises+de+%C3%87rivijaya&rft.pub=BEFEO&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=C%C5%93d%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Purbatjaraka" class="citation book cs1">Purbatjaraka, R.M. Ngabehi (1952). <i>Riwajat Indonesia</i>. Jakarta: Jajasan Pembangunan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riwajat+Indonesia&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Jajasan+Pembangunan&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Purbatjaraka&rft.aufirst=R.M.+Ngabehi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Casparis" class="citation book cs1">Casparis, J.G. De (1956). <i>Prasasti Indonesia II</i>. Bandung: Masa Baru.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prasasti+Indonesia+II&rft.place=Bandung&rft.pub=Masa+Baru&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Casparis&rft.aufirst=J.G.+De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span> Dinas Purbakala Republik Indonesia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Navis-1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Navis-1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Navis-1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavis1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=A.A._Navis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A.A. Navis (page does not exist)">Navis, A.A.</a> (1984). <i>Alam Terkembang Jadi Guru: Adat dan Kebudayaan Minangkabau</i>. Jakarta: Grafiti Pers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alam+Terkembang+Jadi+Guru%3A+Adat+dan+Kebudayaan+Minangkabau&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Grafiti+Pers&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Navis&rft.aufirst=A.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Raffles" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Raffles, T.S.</a> (1821). <i>Malay Annals</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malay+Annals&rft.date=1821&rft.aulast=Raffles&rft.aufirst=T.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span> Penerjemah: John Leyden, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, dan Brown.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graves (1981). pg 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Andaya" class="citation book cs1">Andaya, L.Y. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leavesofsametree0000anda"><i>Leaves of the Same Tree: Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka</i></a></span>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3189-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3189-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-3189-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaves+of+the+Same+Tree%3A+Trade+and+Ethnicity+in+the+Straits+of+Melaka&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3189-9&rft.aulast=Andaya&rft.aufirst=L.Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleavesofsametree0000anda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanskrit_in_Southeast_Asia-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanskrit_in_Southeast_Asia_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahāwitthayālai_Sinlapākō̜nPhāk_Wichā_Phāsā_Tawanʻō̜k2003" class="citation book cs1">Mahāwitthayālai Sinlapākō̜n; Phāk Wichā Phāsā Tawanʻō̜k (2003). <i>Sanskrit in Southeast Asia</i>. Sanskrit Studies Centre, Silpakorn University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-641-045-8" title="Special:BookSources/974-641-045-8"><bdi>974-641-045-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Sanskrit+Studies+Centre%2C+Silpakorn+University&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=974-641-045-8&rft.au=Mah%C4%81witthay%C4%81lai+Sinlap%C4%81k%C5%8D%CC%9Cn&rft.au=Ph%C4%81k+Wich%C4%81+Ph%C4%81s%C4%81+Tawan%CA%BB%C5%8D%CC%9Ck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cap-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cap_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasparis1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gijsbertus_de_Casparis" title="Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis">Casparis, J.G.</a> (1989). "Peranan Adityawarman Putera Melayu di Asia Tenggara". <i>Tamadun Melayu</i>. <b>3</b>: 918–943.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tamadun+Melayu&rft.atitle=Peranan+Adityawarman+Putera+Melayu+di+Asia+Tenggara&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=918-943&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Casparis&rft.aufirst=J.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuleiman1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satyawati_Suleiman" title="Satyawati Suleiman">Suleiman, S.</a> (1977). <i>The archaeology and history of West Sumatra</i>. Pusat Penelitian Purbakala dan Peninggalan Nasional, Departemen P & K.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+archaeology+and+history+of+West+Sumatra&rft.pub=Pusat+Penelitian+Purbakala+dan+Peninggalan+Nasional%2C+Departemen+P+%26+K&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Suleiman&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mul-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mul_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuljana2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slamet_Muljana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slamet Muljana (page does not exist)">Muljana, S.</a> (2005). <i>Runtuhnya Kerajaan Hindu-Jawa dan Timbulnya Negara-negara Islam di Nusantara</i>. Yogyakarta: PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789798451164" title="Special:BookSources/9789798451164"><bdi>9789798451164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runtuhnya+Kerajaan+Hindu-Jawa+dan+Timbulnya+Negara-negara+Islam+di+Nusantara&rft.place=Yogyakarta&rft.pub=PT+LKiS+Pelangi+Aksara&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789798451164&rft.aulast=Muljana&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poepo-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poepo_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoesponegoroNotosusanto,_N.1992" class="citation book cs1">Poesponegoro, M.D.; Notosusanto, N. (1992). <i>Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Jaman kuno</i>. Jakarta: PT Balai Pustaka. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-407-408-X" title="Special:BookSources/979-407-408-X"><bdi>979-407-408-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+nasional+Indonesia%3A+Jaman+kuno&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=PT+Balai+Pustaka&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=979-407-408-X&rft.aulast=Poesponegoro&rft.aufirst=M.D.&rft.au=Notosusanto%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cortes-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cortes_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cortesão, Armando, (1944), <i>The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires</i>, London: Hakluyt Society, 2 vols.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dt-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dt_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Batuah, A. Dt. & Madjoindo, A. Dt., (1959), <i>Tambo Minangkabau dan Adatnya</i>, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kep-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kep_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kep_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kepper, G., (1900), <i>Wapenfeiten van het Nederlands Indische Leger; 1816–1900</i>, M.M. Cuvee, Den Haag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathirithamby-Wells, J., (1969), <i>Achehnese Control over West Sumatra up to the Treaty of Painan of 1663</i>, JSEAH 10, 3:453–479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasel1847" class="citation magazine cs1">Basel, J.L. (1847). "Begin en Voortgang van onzen Handel en Voortgang op Westkust". <i>Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië</i>. Vol. 9, no. 2. pp. 1–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tijdschrift+voor+Nederlandsch-Indi%C3%AB&rft.atitle=Begin+en+Voortgang+van+onzen+Handel+en+Voortgang+op+Westkust&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-95&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Basel&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dobbin-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dobbin_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dobbin_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dobbin_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dobbin_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dobbin_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbin1983" class="citation book cs1">Dobbin, C.E. (1983). <i>Islamic revivalism in a changing peasant economy: central Sumatra, 1784–1847</i>. Curzon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-0155-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-0155-9"><bdi>0-7007-0155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+revivalism+in+a+changing+peasant+economy%3A+central+Sumatra%2C+1784%E2%80%931847&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-7007-0155-9&rft.aulast=Dobbin&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SWK 1703 VOC 1664, f. 117-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amran-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amran_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amran_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amran_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amran_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amran_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmran1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusli_Amran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rusli Amran (page does not exist)">Amran, Rusli</a> (1981). <i>Sumatra Barat hingga Plakat Panjang</i>. Penerbit Sinar Harapan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumatra+Barat+hingga+Plakat+Panjang&rft.pub=Penerbit+Sinar+Harapan&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Amran&rft.aufirst=Rusli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haan, F. de, (1896), <i>Naar midden Sumatra in 1684</i>, Batavia-'s Hage, Albrecht & Co.-M. Nijhoff. 40p. 8vo wrs. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Deel 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kato-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kato_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKato2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuyoshi_Kato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsuyoshi Kato (page does not exist)">Kato, Tsuyoshi</a> (2005). <i>Adat Minangkabau dan merantau dalam perspektif sejarah</i>. PT Balai Pustaka. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-690-360-1" title="Special:BookSources/979-690-360-1"><bdi>979-690-360-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adat+Minangkabau+dan+merantau+dalam+perspektif+sejarah&rft.pub=PT+Balai+Pustaka&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=979-690-360-1&rft.aulast=Kato&rft.aufirst=Tsuyoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raffles,_chapter_V-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raffles,_chapter_V_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaffles1835" class="citation book cs1">Raffles, Sophia (1835). "Chapter V". <i>Memoir of the life and public services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles</i>. Vol. I. J. Duncan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+V&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+the+life+and+public+services+of+Sir+Thomas+Stamford+Raffles&rft.pub=J.+Duncan&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Raffles&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsden-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marsden_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marsden_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden1784" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Marsden_(orientalist)" title="William Marsden (orientalist)">Marsden, William</a> (1784). <i>The history of Sumatra: containing an account of the government, laws, customs and manners of the native inhabitants, with a description of the natural productions, and a relation of the ancient political state of that island</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Sumatra%3A+containing+an+account+of+the+government%2C+laws%2C+customs+and+manners+of+the+native+inhabitants%2C+with+a+description+of+the+natural+productions%2C+and+a+relation+of+the+ancient+political+state+of+that+island&rft.date=1784&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbara-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barbara_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndaya1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Watson_Andaya" title="Barbara Watson Andaya">Andaya, B.W.</a> (1993). <i>To live as brothers: southeast Sumatra in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries</i>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1489-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1489-4"><bdi>0-8248-1489-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+live+as+brothers%3A+southeast+Sumatra+in+the+seventeenth+and+eighteenth+centuries&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8248-1489-4&rft.aulast=Andaya&rft.aufirst=B.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiksic1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Miksic" title="John N. Miksic">Miksic, John N.</a> (1985). "Traditional Sumatran Trade". <i>Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient</i>. <b>74</b>: 423–467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1985.1677">10.3406/befeo.1985.1677</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43731220">43731220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=Traditional+Sumatran+Trade&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=423-467&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.1985.1677&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43731220%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raffles-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raffles_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaffles1835" class="citation book cs1">Raffles, Sophia (1835). "Chapter XII". <i>Memoir of the Life and Public Services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles: Particularly in the Government of Java, 1811–1816, Bencoolen and Its Dependencies, 1817–1824: With Details of the Commerce and Resources of the Eastern Archipelago, and Selections from His Correspondence</i>. Vol. 1. London: James Duncan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XII&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+the+Life+and+Public+Services+of+Sir+Thomas+Stamford+Raffles%3A+Particularly+in+the+Government+of+Java%2C+1811%E2%80%931816%2C+Bencoolen+and+Its+Dependencies%2C+1817%E2%80%931824%3A+With+Details+of+the+Commerce+and+Resources+of+the+Eastern+Archipelago%2C+and+Selections+from+His+Correspondence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=James+Duncan&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Raffles&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis1859" class="citation book cs1">Francis, E. (1859). <i>Herinneringen uit den Levensloop van een Indisch Ambtenaar van 1815 tot 1851: Medegedeeld in briefen door E. Francis</i>. van Dorp.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herinneringen+uit+den+Levensloop+van+een+Indisch+Ambtenaar+van+1815+tot+1851%3A+Medegedeeld+in+briefen+door+E.+Francis&rft.pub=van+Dorp&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nain, Sjafnir Aboe, (2004), <i>Memorie Tuanku Imam Bonjol (MTIB)</i>, transl., Padang: PPIM.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuers-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stuers_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuersVeth1849" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stuers, H.J.J.L.; Veth, P.J. (1849). <i>De vestiging en uitbreiding der Nederlanders ter westkust van Sumatra</i> (in Dutch). Amsterdam: P.N. van Kampen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+vestiging+en+uitbreiding+der+Nederlanders+ter+westkust+van+Sumatra&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=P.N.+van+Kampen&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Stuers&rft.aufirst=H.J.J.L.&rft.au=Veth%2C+P.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teitler, G., (2004), <i>Het einde Padri Oorlog: Het beleg en de vermeestering van Bondjol 1834–1837</i>: Een bronnenpublicatie, Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamka (12 Februari 1975). Pidato Prof. Dr. Hamka dalam upacara pemakaman kembali Sultan Alam Bagagar Syah di Balai Kota Jakarta. Jakarta:Penerbit Pustaka Panjimas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anon, (1893), <i>Mededelingen...Kwantan</i>. TBG 36: 325–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radjab-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Radjab_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadjab1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhamad_Radjab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhamad Radjab (page does not exist)">Radjab, M.</a> (1964). <i>Perang Paderi di Sumatra Barat, 1803–1838</i>. Balai Pustaka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perang+Paderi+di+Sumatra+Barat%2C+1803%E2%80%931838&rft.pub=Balai+Pustaka&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Radjab&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gusti-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gusti_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gusti_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Asnan, Gusti, (2007), <i>Memikir ulang regionalisme: Sumatra Barat tahun 1950-an</i>, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-461-640-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-461-640-6">978-979-461-640-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas1985-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas1985_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1985" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Lynn L. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qEe1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Change and continuity in Minangkabau: local, regional, and historical perspectives on West Sumatra</i></a>. Ohio University Center for International Studies. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-127-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-127-1"><bdi>978-0-89680-127-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711112453/https://books.google.com/books?id=qEe1AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Change+and+continuity+in+Minangkabau%3A+local%2C+regional%2C+and+historical+perspectives+on+West+Sumatra&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Center+for+International+Studies&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-89680-127-1&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Lynn+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqEe1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahinKahin1997" class="citation book cs1">Kahin, Audrey; Kahin, George McTurnan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WnRTP-olmNQC"><i>Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia</i></a>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97618-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97618-1"><bdi>978-0-295-97618-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subversion+as+Foreign+Policy%3A+The+Secret+Eisenhower+and+Dulles+Debacle+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97618-1&rft.aulast=Kahin&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft.au=Kahin%2C+George+McTurnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWnRTP-olmNQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McVey2006-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McVey2006_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcVey2006" class="citation book cs1">McVey, Ruth T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l1w7cDh_HhgC&pg=PA468"><i>The Rise of Indonesian Communism</i></a>. Equinox Publishing. p. 468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-3780-36-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-3780-36-8"><bdi>978-979-3780-36-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711112721/https://books.google.com/books?id=l1w7cDh_HhgC&pg=PA468">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Indonesian+Communism&rft.pages=468&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-979-3780-36-8&rft.aulast=McVey&rft.aufirst=Ruth+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl1w7cDh_HhgC%26pg%3DPA468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rep-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rep_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stoler, Ann Laura. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vLUDdnas8xoC&pg=PA163">Capitalism and Confrontation in Sumatra's Plantation Belt, 1870–1979</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711085952/https://books.google.com/books?id=vLUDdnas8xoC&pg=PA163">Archived</a> 2020-07-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Ann Arbor, Mich: The University of Michigan Press, 1995. pp. 163–164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiehDanny_Natawidjaja2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sieh, Kerry; <a href="/wiki/Danny_Hilman_Natawidjaja" title="Danny Hilman Natawidjaja">Danny Natawidjaja</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JB900120">"Neotectonics of the Sumatran fault, Indonesia"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>105</b> (B12): 28295–28326. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JGR...10528295S">2000JGR...10528295S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JB900120">10.1029/2000JB900120</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10220%2F8470">10220/8470</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Neotectonics+of+the+Sumatran+fault%2C+Indonesia&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=B12&rft.pages=28295-28326&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10220%2F8470&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2000JB900120&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JGR...10528295S&rft.aulast=Sieh&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft.au=Danny+Natawidjaja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2000JB900120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-climate-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-climate_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619011343/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/in-padan.htm">"Indonesia–Padang"</a>. Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/in-padan.htm">the original</a> on 19 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indonesia%E2%80%93Padang&rft.pub=Centro+de+Investigaciones+Fitosociol%C3%B3gicas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalbioclimatics.org%2Fstation%2Fin-padan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWD-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWD_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195327/ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt">"Station 96163: Mia Padang"</a>. <i>Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration</i>. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt">the original</a> on 2017-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+station+data+1961%E2%80%931990%E2%80%94Sunshine+Duration&rft.atitle=Station+96163%3A+Mia+Padang&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp-cdc.dwd.de%2Fpub%2FCDC%2Fobservations_global%2FCLIMAT%2Fmulti_annual%2Fsunshine_duration%2F1961_1990.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzizi" class="citation web cs1">Azizi, Ahmad Naufal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36066594">"Review UU Nomor 5 Tahun 1979 dan UU Nomor 22 Tahun 1999 Relasi Vertikal dan Horizontal Desa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924131944/https://www.academia.edu/36066594">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+UU+Nomor+5+Tahun+1979+dan+UU+Nomor+22+Tahun+1999+Relasi+Vertikal+dan+Horizontal+Desa&rft.aulast=Azizi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Naufal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36066594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sumbar.bps.go.id/indicator/26/370/1/indeks-pembangunan-manusia-ipm-provinsi-sumatera-barat-menurut-kabupaten-kota-metode-baru-.html">"Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) Provinsi Sumatera Barat Menurut Kabupaten/Kota [Metode Baru] 2018–2020"</a> (in Indonesian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201064531/https://sumbar.bps.go.id/indicator/26/370/1/indeks-pembangunan-manusia-ipm-provinsi-sumatera-barat-menurut-kabupaten-kota-metode-baru-.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indeks+Pembangunan+Manusia+%28IPM%29+Provinsi+Sumatera+Barat+Menurut+Kabupaten%2FKota+%5BMetode+Baru%5D+2018%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsumbar.bps.go.id%2Findicator%2F26%2F370%2F1%2Findeks-pembangunan-manusia-ipm-provinsi-sumatera-barat-menurut-kabupaten-kota-metode-baru-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndrasafitriSufa2011" class="citation news cs1">Indrasafitri, Dina; Sufa, Theresia (April 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427045555/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/04/26/awards-note-progress-regional-autonomy.html">"Awards note progress in regional autonomy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post" title="The Jakarta Post">The Jakarta Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/04/26/awards-note-progress-regional-autonomy.html">the original</a> on April 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Awards+note+progress+in+regional+autonomy&rft.date=2011-04-26&rft.aulast=Indrasafitri&rft.aufirst=Dina&rft.au=Sufa%2C+Theresia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F04%2F26%2Fawards-note-progress-regional-autonomy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz and Keebet von Benda-Beckmann, "Recentralization and Decentralization in West Sumatra," in Holtzappel and Ramstedt (eds.), <i>Decentralization and Regional Autonomy in Indonesia: Implementation and Challenges</i>, Singapore and Leiden, 2009, pp. 233ff. at 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasdi2008" class="citation news cs1">Sasdi, Ardimas (January 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080125094822/http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20030108.F02">"West Sumatra reinvents its original roots"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20030108.F02">the original</a> on January 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=West+Sumatra+reinvents+its+original+roots&rft.date=2008-01-25&rft.aulast=Sasdi&rft.aufirst=Ardimas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fyesterdaydetail.asp%3Ffileid%3D20030108.F02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Law No. 7/2017 (<i>UU No. 7 Tahun 2017</i>) as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/statictable/2014/02/18/1276/persentase-penduduk-daerah-perkotaan-menurut-provinsi-2010-2035.html">"BPS – Persentase Penduduk Daerah Perkotaan Menurut Provinsi 2010–2035"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191114075118/https://www.bps.go.id/statictable/2014/02/18/1276/persentase-penduduk-daerah-perkotaan-menurut-provinsi-2010-2035.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BPS+%E2%80%93+Persentase+Penduduk+Daerah+Perkotaan+Menurut+Provinsi+2010%E2%80%932035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Fstatictable%2F2014%2F02%2F18%2F1276%2Fpersentase-penduduk-daerah-perkotaan-menurut-provinsi-2010-2035.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giap, Tan Khee et al. <i>Competitiveness Analysis And Development Strategies For 33 Indonesian Provinces</i>. World Scientific.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/indonesia/west-sumatra/introduction">"West Sumatra"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170617002233/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/indonesia/west-sumatra/introduction">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+Sumatra&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Findonesia%2Fwest-sumatra%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jambi-independent.co.id">http://www.jambi-independent.co.id</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190314044934/https://jambi-independent.co.id/">Archived</a> 2019-03-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jambi-independent.co.id/jio/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4331:kampung-keling-tempat-tinggal-muslim-india-di-pariaman-dan-padang&catid=25:nasional&Itemid=29">Kampung Keling, Tempat Tinggal Muslim India di Pariaman dan Padang</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillips, Nigel, (1981), <i>Sijobang: sung narrative poetry of West Sumatra</i>, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23737-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23737-6">978-0-521-23737-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pauka K., (1998), <i>Theater and martial arts in West Sumatra: Randai and silek of the Minangkabau</i>, Ohio University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-205-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-205-6">978-0-89680-205-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.indosiar.com">http://www.indosiar.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816181706/http://www.indosiar.com/">Archived</a> 2018-08-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indosiar.com/ragam/86393/sajian-tarian-khas-mentawai">Sajian Tarian Khas Mentawai</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626160111/http://www.indosiar.com/ragam/86393/sajian-tarian-khas-mentawai">Archived</a> 2010-06-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (diakses pada 25 juli 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graves,_Elizabeth_E._2007-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graves,_Elizabeth_E._2007_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graves, Elizabeth E., (2007), <i>Asal usul elite Minangkabau modern: respons terhadap kolonial Belanda abad XIX/XX</i>, Jakarta:Yayasan Obor Indonesia, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-461-661-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-461-661-1">978-979-461-661-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Azinar Sayuti, Rifai Abu, (1985), <i>Sistem ekonomi tradisional sebagai perwujudan tanggapan aktif manusia terhadap lingkungan daerah Sumatra Barat</i>, hlm. 202, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Kebudayaan Daerah.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Navis, A.A., <i>Cerita Rakyat dari Sumatra Barat 3</i>, Grasindo, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-759-551-X" title="Special:BookSources/979-759-551-X">979-759-551-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mengenal Rumah Adat, Pakaian Adat, Tarian Adat, Dan Senjata Tradisional</i>, PT Niaga Swadaya, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-788-145-8" title="Special:BookSources/979-788-145-8">979-788-145-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schefold R., (1991), <i>Mainan bagi roh: kebudayaan Mentawai</i>, PT Balai Pustaka, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-407-274-5" title="Special:BookSources/979-407-274-5">979-407-274-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Central Statistics Agency West Sumatra Province (2017-2022)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTularji2005" class="citation web cs1">Tularji (April 25, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929012701/http://www.kkppi.go.id/lintassektor.php?pgstate=N&enid=BO04050001&langsel=E&subid=A&secid=O">"6 Infrastructure projects to boost West Sumatra's rank"</a>. <i>Bisnis Indonesia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kkppi.go.id/lintassektor.php?pgstate=N&enid=BO04050001&langsel=E&subid=A&secid=O">the original</a> on September 29, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bisnis+Indonesia&rft.atitle=6+Infrastructure+projects+to+boost+West+Sumatra%27s+rank&rft.date=2005-04-25&rft.au=Tularji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kkppi.go.id%2Flintassektor.php%3Fpgstate%3DN%26enid%3DBO04050001%26langsel%3DE%26subid%3DA%26secid%3DO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522043134/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/01/19/kelok-sembilan-overpass-set-open-april.html">"Kelok Sembilan overpass set to open in April"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. January 19, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/01/19/kelok-sembilan-overpass-set-open-april.html">the original</a> on May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Kelok+Sembilan+overpass+set+to+open+in+April&rft.date=2012-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F01%2F19%2Fkelok-sembilan-overpass-set-open-april.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/74458/w-sumatra-attracts-3051-foreign-tourists">"West Sumatra attracts 3,051 foreign tourists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antara_(news_agency)" title="Antara (news agency)">Antara</a>. August 4, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822022250/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/74458/w-sumatra-attracts-3051-foreign-tourists">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=West+Sumatra+attracts+3%2C051+foreign+tourists&rft.date=2011-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antaranews.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F74458%2Fw-sumatra-attracts-3051-foreign-tourists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110602191213/http://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/2011/05/30/229944/126/101/25-Pulau-di-Pesisir-Selatan-Berpotensi-sebagai-Tempat-Wisata">"25 Pulau di Pesisir Selatan Berpotensi sebagai Tempat Wisata"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Media_Indonesia" title="Media Indonesia">Media Indonesia</a></i>. 30 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/2011/05/30/229944/126/101/25-Pulau-di-Pesisir-Selatan-Berpotensi-sebagai-Tempat-Wisata">the original</a> on June 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media+Indonesia&rft.atitle=25+Pulau+di+Pesisir+Selatan+Berpotensi+sebagai+Tempat+Wisata&rft.date=2011-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediaindonesia.com%2Fread%2F2011%2F05%2F30%2F229944%2F126%2F101%2F25-Pulau-di-Pesisir-Selatan-Berpotensi-sebagai-Tempat-Wisata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelmus_Puneri_Salim2015" class="citation book cs1">Delmus Puneri Salim (2015). <i>The Transnational and the Local in the Politics of Islam: The Case of West Sumatra, Indonesia</i>. Cham: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-15413-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-15413-8"><bdi>978-3-319-15413-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transnational+and+the+Local+in+the+Politics+of+Islam%3A+The+Case+of+West+Sumatra%2C+Indonesia&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-319-15413-8&rft.au=Delmus+Puneri+Salim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marsden, William, (2009),<i> The History of </i> Sumatra, BiblioBazaar, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-559-09304-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-559-09304-3">978-0-559-09304-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arif Mahmud, (2008),<i> Education</i> Transformative Islam, PT Pelangi LKiS Literacy, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-1283-40-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-1283-40-3">978-979-1283-40-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdetikSport" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">detikSport, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.detik.com/sumut/sepakbola/d-7218749/semen-padang-fc-promosi-ke-liga-1-usai-taklukkan-malut-united">"Semen Padang FC Promosi ke Liga 1 Usai Taklukkan Malut United"</a>. <i>detiksumut</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=detiksumut&rft.atitle=Semen+Padang+FC+Promosi+ke+Liga+1+Usai+Taklukkan+Malut+United&rft.aulast=detikSport&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.detik.com%2Fsumut%2Fsepakbola%2Fd-7218749%2Fsemen-padang-fc-promosi-ke-liga-1-usai-taklukkan-malut-united&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100914204100/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/05/16/marco%E2%80%99s-bofet-authentic-padang-food.html">"Marco's Bofet: Authentic Padang food"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/05/16/marco%E2%80%99s-bofet-authentic-padang-food.html">the original</a> on 2010-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Marco%27s+Bofet%3A+Authentic+Padang+food&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F05%2F16%2Fmarco%25E2%2580%2599s-bofet-authentic-padang-food.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JP-Padang-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JP-Padang_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonny_Syofyan2013" class="citation news cs1">Donny Syofyan (24 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/11/24/by-way-i-just-can-t-live-without-padang-food.html">"By the way ... I just can't live without Padang food"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323155130/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/11/24/by-way-i-just-can-t-live-without-padang-food.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=By+the+way+...+I+just+can%27t+live+without+Padang+food&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft.au=Donny+Syofyan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F11%2F24%2Fby-way-i-just-can-t-live-without-padang-food.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214105024/http://padangbaycity.com/culture/a-unique-of-padang.html">"A Unique of Padang"</a>. Padangbaycity.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://padangbaycity.com/culture/a-unique-of-padang.html">the original</a> on 2010-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Unique+of+Padang&rft.pub=Padangbaycity.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpadangbaycity.com%2Fculture%2Fa-unique-of-padang.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0305/25/latar/331202.htm">Harian Kompas, 25 May 2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615154827/http://www2.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0305/25/latar/331202.htm">Archived</a> 15 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metrobatam.com/gara-gara-nasi-padang-belanja-negara-terpaksa-ditambah/">"Gara-gara Nasi Padang, Belanja Negara Terpaksa Ditambah"</a>. <i>Metro Batam</i> (in Indonesian). 5 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323162134/http://metrobatam.com/gara-gara-nasi-padang-belanja-negara-terpaksa-ditambah/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metro+Batam&rft.atitle=Gara-gara+Nasi+Padang%2C+Belanja+Negara+Terpaksa+Ditambah&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetrobatam.com%2Fgara-gara-nasi-padang-belanja-negara-terpaksa-ditambah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/West_Sumatra#Q2772" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra" class="extiw" title="commons:West Sumatra"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">West Sumatra</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sumbarprov.go.id">Government website</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Indonesian)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051028014649/http://www.bps.go.id/sector/population/tables.shtml">"Statistics Indonesia—2000 Population Statistics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bps.go.id/sector/population/tables.shtml">the original</a> on October 28, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+Indonesia%E2%80%942000+Population+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Fsector%2Fpopulation%2Ftables.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Sumatra" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_West_Sumatra" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_West_Sumatra" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to West Sumatra</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/22px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/33px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/43px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/22px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/33px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/43px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/22px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/33px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/43px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%">Indian Ocean</td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">West Sumatra</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/22px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/33px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/43px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td>Indian Ocean</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg/43px-Flag_of_Bengkulu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Jambi.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jambi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Jambi.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jambi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Jambi.svg/43px-Flag_of_Jambi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regencies_and_cities_of_West_Sumatra" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Sumatra" title="Template:West Sumatra"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Sumatra" title="Template talk:West Sumatra"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Sumatra" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Sumatra"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regencies_and_cities_of_West_Sumatra" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regencies and cities</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Sumatra</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regency_(Indonesia)" title="Regency (Indonesia)">Regencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agam_Regency" title="Agam Regency">Agam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya_Regency" title="Dharmasraya Regency">Dharmasraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Puluh_Kota_Regency" title="Lima Puluh Kota Regency">Lima Puluh Kota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_Islands_Regency" title="Mentawai Islands Regency">Mentawai Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_Pariaman_Regency" title="Padang Pariaman Regency">Padang Pariaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasaman_Regency" title="Pasaman Regency">Pasaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesisir_Selatan_Regency" title="Pesisir Selatan Regency">South Pesisir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijunjung_Regency" title="Sijunjung Regency">Sijunjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solok_Regency" title="Solok Regency">Solok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Solok_Regency" title="South Solok Regency">South Solok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanah_Datar_Regency" title="Tanah Datar Regency">Tanah Datar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pasaman_Regency" title="West Pasaman Regency">West Pasaman</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_West_Sumatra.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of West Sumatra"><img alt="Seal of West Sumatra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coat_of_arms_of_West_Sumatra.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_West_Sumatra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coat_of_arms_of_West_Sumatra.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_West_Sumatra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coat_of_arms_of_West_Sumatra.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_West_Sumatra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Indonesia" title="City status in Indonesia">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukittinggi" title="Bukittinggi">Bukittinggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_Panjang" title="Padang Panjang">Padang Panjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pariaman" title="Pariaman">Pariaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payakumbuh" title="Payakumbuh">Payakumbuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawahlunto" title="Sawahlunto">Sawahlunto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solok" title="Solok">Solok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">List of regencies and cities of Indonesia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Template:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Provinces of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia" title="Capital of Indonesia">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> (<i>current</i>) • <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(city)" title="Nusantara (city)">Nusantara</a> (<i>under construction</i>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Sumatra</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Garuda Pancasila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/60px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/90px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/120px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Special Capital Region of Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nusa_Tenggara" title="West Nusa Tenggara">West Nusa Tenggara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo" title="Gorontalo">Gorontalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi" title="Southeast Sulawesi">Southeast Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sulawesi" title="West Sulawesi">West Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Maluku" title="North Maluku">North Maluku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Surakarta" title="Special Region of Surakarta">Special Region of Surakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sumatra" title="Central Sumatra">Central Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_(province)" title="East Timor (province)">East Timor</a> (<i>de facto</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Lists by</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_governors_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current governors in Indonesia">Current governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GDP">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GRP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita">GRP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point" title="List of Indonesian provinces by highest point">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_poverty_rate" title="List of Indonesian provinces by poverty rate">Poverty rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ID" title="ISO 3166-2:ID">ISO codes</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2772#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2772#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2772#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145387495">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4065827-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Západní Sumatra (Indonésie : provincie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge998248&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548069805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/7db9930f-6d74-4141-bc65-51113db578ee">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&oldid=1258597533">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&oldid=1258597533</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Sumatra" title="Category:West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Provinces of Indonesia">Provinces of Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Sumatra_culture" title="Category:West Sumatra culture">West Sumatra culture</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)" title="Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)">CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2022">Articles with dead external links from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Indonesian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Indonesian-language text">Articles containing Indonesian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Minangkabau-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Minangkabau-language text">Articles containing Minangkabau-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_nickname_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_motto_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Malay_(macrolanguage)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text">Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kawi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kawi-language text">Articles containing Kawi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link is on Wikidata">Commons link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)" title="Category:Articles with Indonesian-language sources (id)">Articles with Indonesian-language sources (id)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Kartographer extension">Pages using the Kartographer extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 16:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Sumatra&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rp9p7","wgBackendResponseTime":134,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_3d17ce7ec408a9e301634e413ca5f2f18f85a3df":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q2772","properties":{"title":"West Sumatra","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#606060"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q2772","properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"West Sumatra"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.514","walltime":"1.871","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13705,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":240692,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":28432,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":289796,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1513.920 1 -total"," 36.20% 548.112 2 Template:Infobox"," 33.85% 512.399 2 Template:Reflist"," 33.47% 506.705 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 16.37% 247.854 29 Template:Cite_book"," 7.64% 115.702 1 Template:Geographic_location"," 7.26% 109.929 6 Template:Lang"," 6.85% 103.654 1 Template:Infobox_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"," 5.32% 80.530 17 Template:Cite_web"," 4.42% 66.954 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.844","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20175699,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g2ggh","timestamp":"20241122142236","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"West Sumatra","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_Sumatra","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2772","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2772","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-02-03T20:08:44Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T16:02:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/60\/West_Sumatra_in_Indonesia.svg","headline":"province of Indonesia, on the island of Sumatra"}</script> </body> </html>