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<li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_emergence_of_the_modern_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_emergence_of_the_modern_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The emergence of the modern office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_emergence_of_the_modern_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Office_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Office spaces</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Office_spaces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Office spaces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Office_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Workspaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workspaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Workspaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workspaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meeting_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meeting_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Meeting spaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meeting_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Support spaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Office_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Office structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Office_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Office buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Office_and_retail_rental_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_and_retail_rental_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Office and retail rental rates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_and_retail_rental_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Office</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8" title="مكتب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكتب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oficina" title="Oficina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oficina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofis" title="Ofis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ofis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="কার্যালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81n-kong-sek" title="Pān-kong-sek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pān-kong-sek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="ऑफिस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ऑफिस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Офис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Офис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oficina" title="Oficina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oficina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kancel%C3%A1%C5%99" title="Kancelář – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kancelář" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofisi" title="Hofisi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hofisi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kontor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCro" title="Büro – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Büro" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kontor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Γραφείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γραφείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oficina" title="Oficina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oficina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oficejo" title="Oficejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oficejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulego" title="Bulego – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bulego" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اداره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اداره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_(immobilier)" title="Bureau (immobilier) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bureau (immobilier)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantoar" title="Kantoar – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kantoar" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oifig" title="Oifig – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oifig" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oficina" title="Oficina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oficina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%94%BC%EC%8A%A4" title="오피스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오피스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="कार्यालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्यालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ured" title="Ured – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ured" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oficeyo" title="Oficeyo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oficeyo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantor" title="Kantor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kantor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrifstofa" title="Skrifstofa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skrifstofa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufficio_(locale)" title="Ufficio (locale) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ufficio (locale)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%93" title="משרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕಚೇರಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಚೇರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Офис – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Офис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofisi" title="Ofisi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ofisi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birojs" title="Birojs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Birojs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biuras" title="Biuras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biuras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Канцеларија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Канцеларија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejabat" title="Pejabat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pejabat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantoor" title="Kantoor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kantoor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="कार्यालय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कार्यालय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9" title="オフィス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オフィス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kontor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kontor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idora" title="Idora – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Idora" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਦਫ਼ਤਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਫ਼ਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="دفتر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دفتر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%99" title="ការិយាល័យ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ការិយាល័យ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biuro" title="Biuro – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biuro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrit%C3%B3rio" title="Escritório – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escritório" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birou_(%C3%AEnc%C4%83pere)" title="Birou (încăpere) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Birou (încăpere)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Офис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Офис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office" title="Office – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Office" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyra" title="Zyra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zyra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office" title="Office – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Office" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kancel%C3%A1ria" title="Kancelária – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kancelária" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Канцеларија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Канцеларија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantor" title="Kantor – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kantor" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toimisto" title="Toimisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toimisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kontor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அலுவலகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலுவலகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="కార్యాలయం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్యాలయం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="สำนักงาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สำนักงาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Идора – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Идора" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofis" title="Ofis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ofis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D1%96%D1%81" title="Офіс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Офіс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="دفتر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دفتر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_ph%C3%B2ng" title="Văn phòng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn phòng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhatan" title="Buhatan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Buhatan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="办公室 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="办公室" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%AB%E5%AD%97%E6%A8%93" title="寫字樓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="寫字樓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="辦公室 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="辦公室" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantor" title="Kantor – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kantor" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Office_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Office (disambiguation)">Office (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Office" title="Special:EditPage/Office">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Office%22">"Office"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Office%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Office%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Office%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Office%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Office%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_side_of_Manhattan_from_Hudson_Commons_(95103p).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/West_side_of_Manhattan_from_Hudson_Commons_%2895103p%29.jpg/330px-West_side_of_Manhattan_from_Hudson_Commons_%2895103p%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/West_side_of_Manhattan_from_Hudson_Commons_%2895103p%29.jpg/495px-West_side_of_Manhattan_from_Hudson_Commons_%2895103p%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/West_side_of_Manhattan_from_Hudson_Commons_%2895103p%29.jpg/660px-West_side_of_Manhattan_from_Hudson_Commons_%2895103p%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5017" data-file-height="2691" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business district</a> in the world, comprising over 350 million square feet of office space.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>office</b> is a space where the <a href="/wiki/Employee" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee">employees</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a> perform <a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">administrative</a> <a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">work</a> in order to support and realize the various goals of the organization. The word "office" may also denote a position within an organization with specific duties attached to it (see <a href="/wiki/Officer" title="Officer">officer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">official</a>); the latter is an earlier usage, as "office" originally referred to the location of one's duty. In its <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> form, the term "office" may refer to <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>-related tasks. In <a href="/wiki/Legal" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal">law</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">company</a> or organization has offices in any place where it has an official presence, even if that presence consists of a <a href="/wiki/Storage_silo" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage silo">storage silo</a>. For example, instead of a more traditional establishment with a <a href="/wiki/Desk" title="Desk">desk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Office_chair" title="Office chair">chair</a>, an office is also an <a href="/wiki/Architectural" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural">architectural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a> phenomenon, including small offices, such as a <a href="/wiki/Bench_(furniture)" title="Bench (furniture)">bench</a> in the corner of a <a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small business</a> or a room in someone's home (see <a href="/wiki/Small_office/home_office" title="Small office/home office">small office/home office</a>), entire floors of buildings, and massive buildings dedicated entirely to one company. In modern terms, an office is usually the location where <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar workers</a> carry out their functions. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, offices were often part of a palace complex or a large temple. In the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> (1000–1300), the medieval <a href="/wiki/Chancery_(medieval_office)" title="Chancery (medieval office)">chancery</a> acted as a sort of office, serving as the space where records and laws were stored and copied. With the growth of large, complex organizations in the 18th century, the first purpose-built office spaces were constructed. As the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> intensified in the 18th and 19th centuries, the industries of <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraphy</a> grew dramatically, requiring many clerks. As a result, more office space was assigned to house their activities. The <a href="/wiki/Time_and_motion_study" title="Time and motion study">time-and-motion study</a>, pioneered in manufacturing by <a href="/wiki/F._W._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="F. W. Taylor">F. W. Taylor</a> (1856–1915), led to the "Modern Efficiency Desk" of 1915. Its flat top, with drawers below, was designed to allow managers an easy view of their workers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of the 20th century, it became apparent that an efficient office required additional control over <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>, and gradually the <a href="/wiki/Cubicle" title="Cubicle">cubicle</a> system evolved. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Channel_1_Israel_DSC0021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Channel_1_Israel_DSC0021.jpg/300px-Channel_1_Israel_DSC0021.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Channel_1_Israel_DSC0021.jpg/450px-Channel_1_Israel_DSC0021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Channel_1_Israel_DSC0021.jpg/600px-Channel_1_Israel_DSC0021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>A typical modern office, in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JackLondon-office-1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/JackLondon-office-1916.jpg/220px-JackLondon-office-1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/JackLondon-office-1916.jpg/330px-JackLondon-office-1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/JackLondon-office-1916.jpg/440px-JackLondon-office-1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a> in his office, 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>The word "office" stems from the Latin "<a href="/wiki/Officium_(Ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Officium (Ancient Rome)">officium</a>" and its equivalents in various <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>. An officium was not necessarily a place, but often referred instead to human staff members of an organization, or even the abstract notion of a formal position like a magistrate. The elaborate Roman bureaucracy would not be equaled for centuries in the West after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, with areas partially reverting to illiteracy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Further east, the Byzantine Empire and varying Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphates</a> preserved a more sophisticated administrative culture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Offices in classical antiquity were often part of a palace complex or a large temple. There was often a room where <a href="/wiki/Scroll_(parchment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scroll (parchment)">scrolls</a> were kept and <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribes</a> did their work. Ancient texts mentioning the work of scribes allude to the existence of such "offices". These rooms are sometimes called "libraries" by some archaeologists because of scrolls' association with literature. They were, however, closer to modern offices because the scrolls were meant for record-keeping and other management functions, not for poetry or works of fiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Office_1719.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Office_1719.jpg/250px-Office_1719.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Office_1719.jpg/330px-Office_1719.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Office_1719.jpg/500px-Office_1719.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>An early <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> office, 1719</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> (1000–1300) saw the rise of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Chancery_(medieval_office)" title="Chancery (medieval office)">chancery</a>, which was the place where most government letters were written and laws were copied within a kingdom. The rooms of the chancery often had walls full of pigeonholes, constructed to hold rolled-up pieces of parchment for safekeeping or ready reference. This kind of structure was a precursor to the modern bookshelf. The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> did not impact the setup and function of these government offices significantly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Medieval paintings and tapestries often show people in their private offices handling record-keeping books or writing on scrolls of <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a>. Before the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> and its wider distribution, there was often no clear cultural distinction between a private office and a private <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a>; books were both read and written at the same <a href="/wiki/Desk" title="Desk">desk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Table_(furniture)" title="Table (furniture)">table</a>, as were personal and professional accounts and letters. </p><p>During the 13th century, the English word "office" first began to appear when referring to a position involving specific professional duties (for example, "the office of the....") <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> appears to have first used the word in 1395 to mean a place where business is transacted in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a> became the dominant economic theory of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, merchants tended to conduct their business in buildings that also sometimes housed people doing retail sales, warehousing, and clerical work. During the 15th century, the population density in many cities reached a point where merchants began to use stand-alone buildings to conduct their businesses. A distinction began to develop between religious, administrative/military, and commercial uses for buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_emergence_of_the_modern_office">The emergence of the modern office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The emergence of the modern office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first purpose-built office spaces were constructed in the 18th century to suit the needs of large and growing organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. The Old Admiralty (<a href="/wiki/Ripley_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripley Building">Ripley Building</a>) was built in 1726 and was the first purpose-built office building in Great Britain. As well as offices, the building housed a board room and <a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">apartments</a> for the Lords of the Admiralty. In the 1770s, many scattered offices for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> were gathered into <a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a>, the first block purpose-built for office work.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="two paragraphs down, the same claim is made about the Brunswick Building (April 2023)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_India_House_by_Thomas_Malton_the_Younger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/East_India_House_by_Thomas_Malton_the_Younger.jpg/250px-East_India_House_by_Thomas_Malton_the_Younger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/East_India_House_by_Thomas_Malton_the_Younger.jpg/330px-East_India_House_by_Thomas_Malton_the_Younger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/East_India_House_by_Thomas_Malton_the_Younger.jpg/500px-East_India_House_by_Thomas_Malton_the_Younger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption>The sprawling complex of the extended <a href="/wiki/East_India_House" title="East India House">East India House</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span>. The company employed a plethora of bureaucrats to administer its territories in India.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/East_India_House" title="East India House">East India House</a> was built in 1729 on <a href="/wiki/Leadenhall_Street" title="Leadenhall Street">Leadenhall Street</a> as the headquarters from which the East India Company administered its <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian colonial possessions</a>. The Company developed a very complex bureaucracy for the task, necessitating thousands of office employees to process the required paperwork. The Company recognized the benefits of centralized administration and required that all workers sign in and out at the central office each day.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> intensified in the 18th and 19th centuries, the industries of <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraphy</a> dramatically grew in size and complexity. Increasingly large number of clerks were needed to handle order processing, accounting, and document filing, and these clerks needed to be housed in increasingly specialized spaces. Most of the desks of the era were top-heavy and had a cubicle-like appearance, with paper storage bins extending above the desk-work area, offering workers some degree of privacy. </p><p>The relatively high price of land in the central core of cities led to the first multi-story buildings, which were limited to about 10 stories until the use of <a href="/wiki/Cast-iron_architecture" title="Cast-iron architecture">iron and steel</a> allowed for higher structures. The first purpose-built office block was the Brunswick Building, built in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> in 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="two paragraphs up, the same claim is made about the Somerset House (April 2023)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> The invention of the safety <a href="/wiki/Screw-drive_elevator" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw-drive elevator">elevator</a> in 1852 by <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Otis" title="Elisha Otis">Elisha Otis</a> enabled the rapid upward escalation of buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 19th century, larger office buildings frequently contained large glass <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atriums</a> to allow light into the complex and improve air circulation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Office_speaking_tubes_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Office_speaking_tubes_1903.jpg/250px-Office_speaking_tubes_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Office_speaking_tubes_1903.jpg/330px-Office_speaking_tubes_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Office_speaking_tubes_1903.jpg/500px-Office_speaking_tubes_1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>An office in 1903, equipped with <a href="/wiki/Speaking_tube" title="Speaking tube">speaking tubes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By 1906, <a href="/wiki/Sears" title="Sears">Sears</a>, Roebuck, and Co. had opened their headquarters operation in a 3,000,000-square-foot (280,000 m<sup>2</sup>) building in Chicago, at the time the largest building in the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Time_and_motion_study" title="Time and motion study">time and motion study</a>, pioneered in manufacturing by <a href="/wiki/F._W._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="F. W. Taylor">F. W. Taylor</a> and later applied to the office environment by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bunker_Gilbreth" title="Frank Bunker Gilbreth">Frank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Gilbreth</a>, led to the idea that managers needed to play an active role in directing the work of subordinates to increase the efficiency of the workplace. F.W. Taylor advocated the use of large, open floor plans and desks that faced supervisors.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, in 1915, the <a href="/wiki/Equitable_Life_Insurance_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Equitable Life Insurance Company">Equitable Life Insurance Company</a> in New York City introduced the "Modern Efficiency Desk" with a flat top and drawers below, designed to allow managers an easy view of the workers. This led to a demand for large square footage per floor in buildings, and a return to the open spaces that were seen in pre–industrial revolution buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_the_Division_of_Classification_and_Cataloging,_1937.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Photograph_of_the_Division_of_Classification_and_Cataloging%2C_1937.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Photograph_of_the_Division_of_Classification_and_Cataloging%2C_1937.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Photograph_of_the_Division_of_Classification_and_Cataloging%2C_1937.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Photograph_of_the_Division_of_Classification_and_Cataloging%2C_1937.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Photograph_of_the_Division_of_Classification_and_Cataloging%2C_1937.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Photograph_of_the_Division_of_Classification_and_Cataloging%2C_1937.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3846" data-file-height="2982" /></a><figcaption>1937 image of the Division of Classification and Cataloging, <a href="/wiki/National_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archives">National Archives</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></figcaption></figure> <p>However, by the midpoint of the 20th century, it became apparent that an efficient office required more privacy in order to combat tedium, increase productivity, and encourage creativity. In 1964, the <a href="/wiki/Herman_Miller_(office_equipment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Miller (office equipment)">Herman Miller (office equipment)</a> company contracted <a href="/wiki/Robert_Propst_(inventor)" title="Robert Propst (inventor)">Robert Propst</a>, a prolific industrial designer. Propst came up with the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Action_Office" title="Action Office">Action Office</a>, which later evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Cubicle" title="Cubicle">cubicle</a> office furniture system.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Offices in Japan have developed unique characteristics partly as a result of the country's unique business culture. Japanese offices tend to follow <a href="/wiki/Open_plan" title="Open plan">open plan</a> layouts in an 'island-style' arrangement, which promotes teamwork and top-down management.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also use <i>uchi-awase</i> (informal meetings) and <i>ringi-sho</i> (consensus systems) to encourage input on policies from as many groups throughout the office as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Office_spaces">Office spaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Office spaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Office" title="Special:EditPage/Office">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Importance_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain information <b>not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">important or relevant</a> to the article's subject.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office&action=edit">improve this section</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The main purpose of an office environment<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is to support its occupants in performing their jobs—preferably at minimum cost and with maximum satisfaction. Different people performing different tasks will require different office spaces, or spaces that can handle a variety of uses. To aid decision-making in workplace and office design, one can distinguish three different types of office spaces: workspaces, meeting spaces, and support spaces. For new or developing businesses, remote satellite offices and project rooms, or <a href="/wiki/Serviced_offices" class="mw-redirect" title="Serviced offices">serviced offices</a>, can provide a simple solution and provide all of the former types of space. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workspaces">Workspaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Workspaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Workspaces in an office are typically used for conventional office activities such as reading, writing, and computer work. There are <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">nine generic types of workspaces,</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> each supporting different activities. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_office.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Open office"><img alt="Open office" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Open_office.png/120px-Open_office.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Open_office.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="131" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Open office</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Team_space.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Team space"><img alt="Team space" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Team_space.png/120px-Team_space.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Team_space.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Team space</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubicle.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cubicle"><img alt="Cubicle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cubicle.png/120px-Cubicle.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Cubicle.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cubicle</div> </li> </ul> <p><b>Open office</b>: an open workspace for more than ten people; suitable for activities that demand frequent communication or routine activities that need relatively little concentration. </p><p><b>Team space</b>: a semi-enclosed workspace for two to eight people; suitable for teamwork which demands frequent internal communication and a medium level of concentration. </p><p><b>Cubicle</b>: a semi-enclosed workspace for one person; suitable for activities that demand medium concentration and medium interaction. </p><p><b>Office Pod</b>: ideal for fostering privacy in today's bustling open-plan offices. It provides a cost-effective and efficient way to ensure privacy and continuity during conversations, calls, and video conferences. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Private_office.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Private office"><img alt="Private office" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Private_office.png/120px-Private_office.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Private_office.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Private office</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shared_office.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shared office"><img alt="Shared office" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shared_office.png/120px-Shared_office.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Shared_office.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shared office</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Team_room.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Team room"><img alt="Team room" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Team_room.png/120px-Team_room.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Team_room.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Team room</div> </li> </ul> <p><b>Private office</b>: an enclosed workspace for one person; suitable for activities that are confidential, demand a lot of concentration, or include many small meetings. </p><p><b>Shared office</b>: a compact, semi-private workspace designed for two or three individuals, facilitating both focused work and small group collaboration. </p><p><b>Team room</b>: an enclosed workspace for four to ten people; suitable for teamwork that may be confidential and demands frequent internal communication. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Study_booth.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Study booth"><img alt="Study booth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Study_booth.png/120px-Study_booth.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Study_booth.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Study booth</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Work_lounge.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Work lounge"><img alt="Work lounge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Work_lounge.png/120px-Work_lounge.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Work_lounge.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Work lounge</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Touch_down.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Touch down"><img alt="Touch down" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Touch_down.png/120px-Touch_down.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Touch_down.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Touch down</div> </li> </ul> <p><b>Study booth</b>: an enclosed workspace for one person; suitable for short-term activities that demand concentration or confidentiality. </p><p><b>Work lounge</b>: a lounge-like workspace for two to six people; suitable for short-term activities that demand collaboration and/or allow impromptu interaction. </p><p><b>Touch down</b>: an open workspace for one person; suitable for short-term activities that require little concentration and low interaction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meeting_spaces">Meeting spaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Meeting spaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meeting spaces in an office typically use interactive processes, be they quick conversations or intensive brainstorming. There are <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">six generic types of meeting spaces,</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> each supporting different activities. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_meeting_room.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Small meeting room"><img alt="Small meeting room" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Small_meeting_room.png/120px-Small_meeting_room.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Small_meeting_room.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Small meeting room</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_meeting_room.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Large meeting room"><img alt="Large meeting room" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Large_meeting_room.png/120px-Large_meeting_room.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Large_meeting_room.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Large meeting room</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_meeting_space.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Small meeting space"><img alt="Small meeting space" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Small_meeting_space.png/120px-Small_meeting_space.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Small_meeting_space.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Small meeting space</div> </li> </ul> <p><b>Small meeting room</b>: an enclosed meeting space for two to four people; suitable for both formal and informal interaction. </p><p><b>Medium meeting room</b>: an enclosed meeting space for four to ten people; suitable for both formal and informal interaction. </p><p><b>Large meeting room</b>: an enclosed meeting space for ten or more people; suitable for formal interaction. </p><p><b>Small meeting space</b>: an open or semi-open meeting space for two to four persons; suitable for short, informal interaction. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_meeting_space.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Large meeting space"><img alt="Large meeting space" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Large_meeting_space.png/120px-Large_meeting_space.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Large_meeting_space.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Large meeting space</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brainstorm_room.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Brainstorm room"><img alt="Brainstorm room" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brainstorm_room.png/120px-Brainstorm_room.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Brainstorm_room.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brainstorm room</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_point.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Meeting point"><img alt="Meeting point" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Meeting_point.png/120px-Meeting_point.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Meeting_point.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Meeting point</div> </li> </ul> <p><b>Medium meeting space</b>: an open or semi-open meeting space for four to ten persons; suitable for short, informal interaction. </p><p><b>Large meeting space</b>: an open or semi-open meeting space for ten or more people people; suitable for short, informal interaction. </p><p><b>Brainstorm room</b>: an enclosed meeting space for five to twelve people; suitable for brainstorming sessions and workshops. </p><p><b>Meeting point</b>: an open meeting point for two to four people; suitable for ad hoc, informal meetings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_spaces">Support spaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Support spaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Support spaces in an office are typically used for secondary activities such as filing documents or taking breaks. There are <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">twelve generic types of support spaces,</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> each supporting different activities. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filing_space.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Filing space"><img alt="Filing space" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Filing_space.png/120px-Filing_space.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Filing_space.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Filing space</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Storage_sapce.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Storage space"><img alt="Storage space" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Storage_sapce.png/120px-Storage_sapce.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Storage_sapce.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Storage space</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Print_and_copy_area.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Print and copy area"><img alt="Print and copy area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Print_and_copy_area.png/120px-Print_and_copy_area.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Print_and_copy_area.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Print and copy area</div> </li> </ul> <p><b>Filing space</b>: an open or enclosed support space for the storage of frequently used files and documents. </p><p><b>Storage space</b>: an open or enclosed support space for the storage of commonly used office supplies. </p><p><b>Print and copy area</b>: an open or enclosed support space with facilities for printing, scanning and copying. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mail_area.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mail area"><img alt="Mail area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mail_area.png/120px-Mail_area.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Mail_area.png 1.5x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mail area</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantry_area.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pantry area"><img alt="Pantry area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pantry_area.png/120px-Pantry_area.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Pantry_area.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pantry area</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Break_area.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Break area"><img alt="Break area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Break_area.png/120px-Break_area.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Break_area.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Break area</div> </li> </ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Mailroom" title="Mailroom">Mail area</a></b>: an open or semi-open support space where employees can pick up or deliver their mail. </p><p><b>Pantry area</b>: an open or enclosed support space where employees can get refreshments and where supplies for visitor hospitality are kept. </p><p><b>Break area</b>: a semi-open or enclosed support space where employees can take a break from their work. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locker_area.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Locker area"><img alt="Locker area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Locker_area.png/120px-Locker_area.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Locker_area.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Locker area</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoking_room.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Smoking room"><img alt="Smoking room" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Smoking_room.png/120px-Smoking_room.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Smoking_room.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Smoking room</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Office_library.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Library"><img alt="Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Office_library.png/120px-Office_library.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Office_library.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Library</div> </li> </ul> <p><b>Locker area</b>: an open or semi-open support space where employees can store their personal belongings. </p><p><b>Smoking room</b>: an enclosed support space where employees can smoke a cigarette. </p><p><b>Library</b>: a semi-open or enclosed support space for reading books, journals and magazines. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Games_room.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Games room"><img alt="Games room" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Games_room.png/120px-Games_room.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Games_room.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Games room</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waiting_area.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Waiting area"><img alt="Waiting area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Waiting_area.png/120px-Waiting_area.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Waiting_area.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Waiting area</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Circulation_space.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Circulation space"><img alt="Circulation space" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circulation_space.png/120px-Circulation_space.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Circulation_space.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Circulation space</div> </li> </ul> <p><b>Games room</b>: an enclosed support space where employees can play games, such as pool or darts. </p><p><b>Waiting area</b>: an open or semi-open support space where visitors can be received and wait for their appointment. </p><p><b>Circulation space</b>: support space which is required for circulation on office floors, linking all major functions. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Lactation_room" title="Lactation room">Lactation rooms</a></b> are also support spaces that are legally mandatory for companies in the United States, as of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Office_structure">Office structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Office structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TradeMe_offices.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TradeMe_offices.jpg/220px-TradeMe_offices.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TradeMe_offices.jpg/330px-TradeMe_offices.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TradeMe_offices.jpg/440px-TradeMe_offices.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Open plan <a href="/wiki/TradeMe" class="mw-redirect" title="TradeMe">TradeMe</a> offices, above <a href="/wiki/NZX" title="NZX">NZX</a>, Wellington, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many different ways of arranging the space in an office. Managerial styles and the culture of specific companies are important factors in how office space will ultimately be used. One example of diverging office layout philosophies concerns how many people will work within the same room. At one extreme, each individual worker might have their own room; at the other extreme, a large <a href="/wiki/Open_plan" title="Open plan">open plan</a> office might see tens or hundreds of people working in the same room. Open-plan offices put multiple workers together in the same space, and some studies<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> have shown that they can improve short-term productivity, i.e. within a single <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> <a href="/wiki/Project" title="Project">project</a>. At the same time, the loss of privacy and security can increase the incidence of theft and loss of company secrets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A type of compromise between open plan and individual rooms is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Cubicle_desk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubicle desk">cubicle desk</a>, possibly made most famous by the <i><a href="/wiki/Dilbert" title="Dilbert">Dilbert</a></i> cartoon series, which solves <a href="/wiki/Visual_privacy" title="Visual privacy">visual privacy</a> to some extent but often fails on acoustic separation and security. Most cubicles also require the occupant to sit with their back towards anyone who might be approaching. Workers in walled offices typically try to position their normal work seats and desks so that they can see someone entering, and if that goal is not feasible, some install tiny mirrors on things such as computer monitors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (May 2024)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to research, open-plan offices are associated with increased stress, a rise in electronic communication, a 70% decrease in face-to-face interactions, a 25% uptick in negative moods, and up to a 20% drop in productivity due to distractions. In contrast, post-pandemic trends are favoring private "cell-office plans", which address health precautions and have been reported to enhance productivity by up to 22%.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Office_buildings">Office buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Office buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salinas_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Salinas_Office.jpg/220px-Salinas_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Salinas_Office.jpg/330px-Salinas_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Salinas_Office.jpg/440px-Salinas_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>A small office building in <a href="/wiki/Salinas,_California" title="Salinas, California">Salinas, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alandia_Trade_Center,_2019_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Alandia_Trade_Center%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Alandia_Trade_Center%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Alandia_Trade_Center%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Alandia_Trade_Center%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Alandia_Trade_Center%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/440px-Alandia_Trade_Center%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5512" data-file-height="3101" /></a><figcaption>Alandia Trade Center, a <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> office building in <a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_park_cupertino_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Apple_park_cupertino_2019.jpg/250px-Apple_park_cupertino_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Apple_park_cupertino_2019.jpg/330px-Apple_park_cupertino_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Apple_park_cupertino_2019.jpg/500px-Apple_park_cupertino_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3070" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Neo-futuristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-futuristic">neo-futuristic</a> architecture at <a href="/wiki/Apple_Park" title="Apple Park">Apple Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cupertino,_California" title="Cupertino, California">Cupertino, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_to_One_World_Trade_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/View_to_One_World_Trade_Center.jpg/250px-View_to_One_World_Trade_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/View_to_One_World_Trade_Center.jpg/330px-View_to_One_World_Trade_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/View_to_One_World_Trade_Center.jpg/500px-View_to_One_World_Trade_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5760" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center" title="One World Trade Center">One World Trade Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> is a high-rise office building, the tallest of its kind in the U.S.</figcaption></figure> <p>While offices can be set up in almost any location and in almost any building, some modern requirements for offices make this more difficult. These requirements can be legal (such as sufficient light levels) or technical (such as requirements for computer networking). Other needs, such as security and layout flexibility, have prompted the creation of special <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a> which are dedicated primarily for use as offices. An office building, also known as an office block or business center, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial building">commercial building</a> which contains spaces mainly designed to be used for offices. </p><p>The primary purpose of an office building is to provide a workplace and working environment primarily for administrative and managerial workers. These workers usually occupy set up areas within the office building, and usually are provided with desks, PCs and other equipments they may need within their areas. </p><p>An office building may be divided into sections for different companies, or it may be dedicated to one company. In either case, each company will typically have a reception area, one or several meeting rooms, singular or open-plan offices, and service rooms such as restrooms. </p><p>Many office buildings also have kitchen facilities and a staff room, where workers can have lunch or take a short break. Some office spaces are now also <a href="/wiki/Serviced_office" title="Serviced office">serviced office</a> spaces, allowing for those occupying a space or building to share facilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Office_and_retail_rental_rates">Office and retail rental rates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Office and retail rental rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rental rates for office and retail space are typically quoted in terms of cost per floor-area–time, usually cost per floor-area per year or month. For example, the rate for a particular property may be $29 per square-foot per year ($29/sq. ft/yr) or $290 per square-meter per year ($290/m<sup>2</sup>/yr). </p><p>In many countries, rent is typically paid monthly, even if usually discussed in terms of years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>A particular 2,000 sq. ft space is priced at $15/sq. ft/yr, ultimately costing (2,000 sq. ft) × ($15/sq. ft/yr) / (12 mo/yr) = $2500 per month</li> <li>A particular 200 m<sup>2</sup> space is priced at $150/m<sup>2</sup>/yr, ultimately costing (200 m<sup>2</sup>) × ($150/m<sup>2</sup>/yr) / (12 mo/yr) = $2500 per month</li></ul> <p>In a <i>gross lease</i>, the rate quoted is an all-inclusive rate. The renter pays a set amount of rent per time and the landlord is responsible for all other expenses, including payments for utilities, taxes, insurance, maintenance, and repairs. </p><p>The <i>triple net</i> lease is one in which the tenant is liable for a share of various expenses such as property taxes, insurance, maintenance, utilities, climate control, repairs, janitorial services and landscaping. </p><p>Office rents in the United States are still recovering from the high vacancy rates that occurred in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">2008 depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grading">Grading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Grading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) classifies office space into three categories: Class A, Class B, and Class C.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to BOMA, Class A office buildings have the "most prestigious buildings competing for premier office users with rents above average for the area." BOMA states that Class A facilities have "high-quality standard finishes, state of the art systems, exceptional accessibility and a definite market presence." BOMA describes Class B office buildings as those that compete "for a wide range of users with rents in the average range for the area." BOMA states that Class B buildings have "adequate systems" and finishes that "are fair to good for the area," but that the buildings do not compete at the same price rates as Class A buildings. According to BOMA, Class C buildings are aimed towards "tenants requiring functional space at rents below the average for the area."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of specifics allows considerable room for pushing the boundaries of these BOMA categories. Oftentimes, they are further modified by adding the plus or minus sign to create subclasses, such as Class A+ or Class B-.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Physical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_park" title="Business park">Business park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_office" title="Corner office">Corner office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_suite" title="Executive suite">Executive suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_space_planning" title="Office space planning">Office space planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_supplies" title="Office supplies">Office supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-illumination">Over-illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_building" title="Steel building">Steel buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">Warehouse</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/40px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/40px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/60px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/120px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Soft issues</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_attire" class="mw-redirect" title="Business attire">Business attire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_management" title="Office management">Office management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_politics" title="Workplace politics">Office politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoran2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Moran_(social_historian)" title="Joe Moran (social historian)">Moran, Joe</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A-bRJ94wLGIC">"3: A lifetime behind a desk"</a>. <i>Queuing for Beginners: The Story of Daily Life From Breakfast to Bedtime</i>. London: Profile Books (published 2010). p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847650658" title="Special:BookSources/9781847650658"><bdi>9781847650658</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-08</span></span>. <q>[...] the Modern Efficiency Desk, first made in 1915 by Steelcase Inc. for the New York offices of Equitable Assurance. This desk, consisting of a simple, rectangular table with small drawers, replaced the cabinet-like desks, with their high backs made up of little drawers and cubby holes, which dominated office life before the First World War. 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Denver: Aardex Corporation. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0975552407" title="Special:BookSources/978-0975552407"><bdi>978-0975552407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=User+Effective+Buildings&rft.place=Denver&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Aardex+Corporation&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0975552407&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton,_C.I2011" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, C.I (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8S4yyAkysYgC"><i>The Making of the Modern Admiralty:British Naval Policy-Making, 1805-1927</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139496544" title="Special:BookSources/9781139496544"><bdi>9781139496544</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617003219/https://books.google.com/books?id=8S4yyAkysYgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Modern+Admiralty%3ABritish+Naval+Policy-Making%2C+1805-1927&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781139496544&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+C.I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8S4yyAkysYgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23372401">"How the office was invented"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Southern+California+Master+of+Science+in+Applied+Psychology&rft.atitle=Psychology+of+the+Office+Space&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappliedpsychologydegree.usc.edu%2Fpsychology-of-the-office-space%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNoroFujimakiKishi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Noro, Kageyu; Fujimaki, Goroh; Kishi, Shinsuke (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10803548.2003.11076588">"Evidence-based ergonomics: a comparison of Japanese and American office layouts"</a>. <i>International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics</i>. <b>9</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">527–</span>538. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10803548.2003.11076588">10.1080/10803548.2003.11076588</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14675524">14675524</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32155122">32155122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Occupational+Safety+and+Ergonomics&rft.atitle=Evidence-based+ergonomics%3A+a+comparison+of+Japanese+and+American+office+layouts&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E527-%3C%2Fspan%3E538&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32155122%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14675524&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10803548.2003.11076588&rft.aulast=Noro&rft.aufirst=Kageyu&rft.au=Fujimaki%2C+Goroh&rft.au=Kishi%2C+Shinsuke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10803548.2003.11076588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2015" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Richard D. (2015). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenculturescoll00lewi_0/page/511"><i>When cultures collide: leading across cultures</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Bostion: Nicholas Brealey. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenculturescoll00lewi_0/page/511">511</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904838029" title="Special:BookSources/9781904838029"><bdi>9781904838029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+cultures+collide%3A+leading+across+cultures&rft.place=Bostion&rft.pages=511&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Nicholas+Brealey&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781904838029&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenculturescoll00lewi_0%2Fpage%2F511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/office-environment/about/index.html">"Office Environment | NIOSH | CDC"</a>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i>. 2022-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=Office+Environment+%7C+NIOSH+%7C+CDC&rft.date=2022-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Foffice-environment%2Fabout%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaden2022" class="citation news cs1">Haden, Jeff (Jan 14, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114143936/https://www.inc.com/jeff-haden/open-plan-offices-arent-just-dumbest-management-fad-of-all-time-research-shows-they-also-make-people-sick.html">"Open Plan Offices Aren't Just the 'Dumbest Management Fad of All Time.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>inc.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inc.com/jeff-haden/open-plan-offices-arent-just-dumbest-management-fad-of-all-time-research-shows-they-also-make-people-sick.html">the original</a> on January 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Sep 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=inc.com&rft.atitle=Open+Plan+Offices+Aren%27t+Just+the+%27Dumbest+Management+Fad+of+All+Time.%27&rft.date=2022-01-14&rft.aulast=Haden&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inc.com%2Fjeff-haden%2Fopen-plan-offices-arent-just-dumbest-management-fad-of-all-time-research-shows-they-also-make-people-sick.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarkis2021" class="citation news cs1">Sarkis, Stephanie (Jan 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118014956/https://www.forbes.com/sites/stephaniesarkis/2021/01/17/post-pandemic-fight-for-an-end-to-the-open-plan-office/">"Post-Pandemic: Fight For An End To The Open-Plan Office"</a>. <i>forbes.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/stephaniesarkis/2021/01/17/post-pandemic-fight-for-an-end-to-the-open-plan-office/">the original</a> on January 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Sep 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=forbes.com&rft.atitle=Post-Pandemic%3A+Fight+For+An+End+To+The+Open-Plan+Office&rft.date=2021-01-17&rft.aulast=Sarkis&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fstephaniesarkis%2F2021%2F01%2F17%2Fpost-pandemic-fight-for-an-end-to-the-open-plan-office%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSander2021" class="citation news cs1">Sander, Libby (Jul 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210706122728/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/open-plan-office-noise-stress-mental-health-mood-work-employment-employees-welfare/">"The surprising toll open-plan offices have on our mental health"</a>. <i>World Economic Forum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/open-plan-office-noise-stress-mental-health-mood-work-employment-employees-welfare">the original</a> on July 6, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Sep 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=The+surprising+toll+open-plan+offices+have+on+our+mental+health&rft.date=2021-07-06&rft.aulast=Sander&rft.aufirst=Libby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2021%2F07%2Fopen-plan-office-noise-stress-mental-health-mood-work-employment-employees-welfare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/realestate/pdf/This-Recovery%20-Explained.pdf">"This Recovery Explained"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Steven L. Newman Real Estate Institute. Spring 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517045600/http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/realestate/pdf/This-Recovery%20-Explained.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-05-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Recovery+Explained&rft.pub=The+Steven+L.+Newman+Real+Estate+Institute&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baruch.cuny.edu%2Frealestate%2Fpdf%2FThis-Recovery%2520-Explained.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy_Smith2006" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy Smith (30 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4185/is_20060630/ai_n16516895/">"Categorization of office space is flexible"</a>. <i>St. Louis Daily Record & St. Louis Countian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Daily+Record+%26+St.+Louis+Countian&rft.atitle=Categorization+of+office+space+is+flexible&rft.date=2006-06-30&rft.au=Kennedy+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qn4185%2Fis_20060630%2Fai_n16516895%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827220305/http://www.boma.org/research/Pages/building-class-definitions.aspx">"Building Class Definitions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boma.org/research/Pages/building-class-definitions.aspx">the original</a> on 27 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Building+Class+Definitions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boma.org%2Fresearch%2FPages%2Fbuilding-class-definitions.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbre.us/o/indianapolis/AssetLibrary/RiverNorth_Flyer.pdf">"CLASS A+ OFFICE SPACE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>cbre.us</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009000131/http://www.cbre.us/o/indianapolis/AssetLibrary/RiverNorth_Flyer.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbre.us&rft.atitle=CLASS+A%2B+OFFICE+SPACE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbre.us%2Fo%2Findianapolis%2FAssetLibrary%2FRiverNorth_Flyer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdams2002" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Scott (2002). <i>What do you call a sociopath in a cubicle? (answer, a coworker)</i>. Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel Pub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+do+you+call+a+sociopath+in+a+cubicle%3F+%28answer%2C+a+coworker%29&rft.place=Kansas+City%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Andrews+McMeel+Pub.&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuffyCaveWorthington1976" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Francis; Cave, Colin; Worthington, John, eds. (1976). <i>Planning Office Space</i>. London: The Architectural Press Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+Office+Space&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Architectural+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlein1982" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Judy Graf (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/officebookideasa00klei"><i>The Office Book</i></a></span>. New York: Facts on File Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871964991" title="Special:BookSources/9780871964991"><bdi>9780871964991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Office+Book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File+Inc.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780871964991&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Judy+Graf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fofficebookideasa00klei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_MeelMartensvan_Ree2010" class="citation book cs1">van Meel, Juriaan; Martens, Yuri; van Ree, Hermen Jan (2010). <i>Planning Office Spaces: a practical guide for manager and designers</i>. London: Laurence King Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+Office+Spaces%3A+a+practical+guide+for+manager+and+designers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=van+Meel&rft.aufirst=Juriaan&rft.au=Martens%2C+Yuri&rft.au=van+Ree%2C+Hermen+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaval2014" class="citation book cs1">Saval, Nikil (2014). <i>Cubed: A Secret History of the Workplace</i>. Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cubed%3A+A+Secret+History+of+the+Workplace&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Saval&rft.aufirst=Nikil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoderick2016" class="citation journal cs1">Roderick, Ian (2016). "Representing affective labour and gender performativity in knowledge work: a multimodal critical discourse analysis". <i><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_Language" title="Gender and Language">Gender and Language</a></i>. <b>10</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">340–</span>363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fgenl.v10i3.32040">10.1558/genl.v10i3.32040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+and+Language&rft.atitle=Representing+affective+labour+and+gender+performativity+in+knowledge+work%3A+a+multimodal+critical+discourse+analysis&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E340-%3C%2Fspan%3E363&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fgenl.v10i3.32040&rft.aulast=Roderick&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Offices" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Offices">Offices</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.officemuseum.com/">Early Office Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Office_types16" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Office_types" title="Template:Office types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Office_types" title="Template talk:Office types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Office_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Office types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Office_types16" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Office</a> types</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back_office" title="Back office">Back office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_office" title="Corner office">Corner office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_office" title="Front office">Front office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_office" title="Middle office">Middle office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_office" title="Mobile office">Mobile office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperless_office" title="Paperless office">Paperless office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serviced_office" title="Serviced office">Serviced office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_office/home_office" title="Small office/home office">Small office/home office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_office" title="Virtual office">Virtual office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aspects_of_workplaces131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_workplaces" title="Template:Aspects of workplaces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aspects_of_workplaces" title="Template talk:Aspects of workplaces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aspects_of_workplaces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aspects of workplaces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aspects_of_workplaces131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aspects of <a href="/wiki/Workplace" title="Workplace">workplaces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">Absenteeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_aggression" title="Workplace aggression">Aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pattern" title="Anti-pattern">Anti-pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_impact_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Workplace impact of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_climate" title="Organisation climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_surveillance_in_the_workplace" title="Computer surveillance in the workplace">Computer surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_conflict" title="Organizational conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_freak" title="Control freak">Control freak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterproductive_work_behavior" title="Counterproductive work behavior">Counterproductive behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coworking" title="Coworking">Coworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear#In_the_workplace" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_deviance" title="Workplace deviance">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(business)" title="Diversity (business)">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_overtime" title="Effects of overtime">Effects of overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">Emotional labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_assistance_program" title="Employee assistance program">Employee assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_engagement" title="Employee engagement">Employee engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_experience_design" title="Employee experience design">Employee experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_monitoring" title="Employee monitoring">Employee monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_morale" title="Employee morale">Employee morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_recognition" title="Employee recognition">Employee recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_silence" title="Employee silence">Employee silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_surveys" title="Employee surveys">Employee surveys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment#In_workplace_management" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaluation_(workplace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaluation (workplace)">Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminisation_of_the_workplace" title="Feminisation of the workplace">Feminisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generations_in_the_workforce" title="Generations in the workforce">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofing_off" title="Goofing off">Goofing off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossip#Workplace_gossip" title="Gossip">Gossip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_at_work" title="Happiness at work">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_promotion" title="Workplace health promotion">Health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_surveillance" title="Workplace health surveillance">Health surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_work_environment" title="Hostile work environment">Hostile work environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_humor" title="Office humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace intervention">Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_jargon" title="Corporate jargon">Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick_the_cat" title="Kick the cat">Kick the cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down" title="Kiss up kick down">Kiss up kick down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_listening" title="Workplace listening">Listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_in_the_workplace" title="Machiavellianism in the workplace">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause_in_the_workplace" title="Menopause in the workplace">Menopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromanagement" title="Micromanagement">Micromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_politics" title="Workplace politics">Office politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_law" title="Parkinson's law">Parkinson's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_appraisal" title="Performance appraisal">Performance appraisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_clash#In_the_workplace" title="Personality clash">Personality clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_phobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace phobia">Phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology_in_the_workplace" title="Positive psychology in the workplace">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_privacy" title="Workplace privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probation_(workplace)" title="Probation (workplace)">Probation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">Profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_of_working_life" title="Quality of working life">Quality of working life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_bee_syndrome" title="Queen bee syndrome">Queen bee syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_race" title="Rat race">Rat race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace relationships">Relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_revenge" title="Workplace revenge">Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_robotics_safety" title="Workplace robotics safety">Robotics safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_conflict" title="Role conflict">Role conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_spirituality" title="Workplace spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_strategy" title="Workplace strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnover (employment)">Turnover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_undermining" title="Social undermining">Undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_violence" title="Workplace violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_workplace" title="Virtual workplace">Virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_wellness" title="Workplace wellness">Wellness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93family_conflict" title="Work–family conflict">Work–family conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workload" title="Workload">Workload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workwear" title="Workwear">Workwear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job" class="mw-redirect" title="Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_sharing" title="Job sharing">Job sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">Remote work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/20px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/40px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_corporations" title="Template:Aspects of corporations">Aspects of corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_jobs" title="Template:Aspects of jobs">Aspects of jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_occupations" title="Template:Aspects of occupations">Aspects of occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_organizations" title="Template:Aspects of organizations">Aspects of organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Employment" title="Template:Employment">Employment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182060#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1152" 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