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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nitrogen_fixation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrogen_fixation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nitrogen fixation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrogen_fixation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pests and diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Human consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutritional_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Nutritional value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Forage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_Year_of_Pulses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Year_of_Pulses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>International Year of Pulses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Year_of_Pulses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Legume</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peulgewas" title="Peulgewas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Peulgewas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%84" title="بقل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بقل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumbre" title="Legumbre – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Legumbre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llegume" title="Llegume – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llegume" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacang-kacangan" title="Kacang-kacangan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kacang-kacangan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngeh-k%C3%B3" title="Ngeh-kó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ngeh-kó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бобови култури – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бобови култури" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahuna" title="Mahuna – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mahuna" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llegum" title="Llegum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llegum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пăрçалла культура – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пăрçалла культура" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C5%A1t%C4%9Bniny" title="Luštěniny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Luštěniny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6lgfrugt" title="Bælgfrugt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bælgfrugt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BClsenfrucht" title="Hülsenfrucht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hülsenfrucht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81u%C5%A1%C4%87inowy_p%C5%82od" title="Łušćinowy płod – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Łušćinowy płod" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunvili" title="Kaunvili – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaunvili" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%83%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Όσπρια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όσπρια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scurn%C3%A8cia" title="Scurnècia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Scurnècia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumbre" title="Legumbre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Legumbre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C5%9Do" title="Guŝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Guŝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekale" title="Lekale – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lekale" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حبوبات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حبوبات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gume_sec" title="Légume sec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Légume sec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ag%C3%BAm" title="Léagúm – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Léagúm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume" title="Legume – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Legume" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%A0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B3" title="કઠોળ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કઠોળ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%91%EA%B3%BC" title="협과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="협과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legum" title="Legum – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Legum" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հատիկաընդեղեն բույսեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հատիկաընդեղեն բույսեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE)" title="फली (लैग्यूम) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फली (लैग्यूम)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81u%C5%A1%C4%87inowy_p%C5%82%C3%B3d" title="Łušćinowy płód – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Łušćinowy płód" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacang-kacangan" title="Kacang-kacangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kacang-kacangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumine" title="Legumine – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Legumine" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumi" title="Legumi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legumi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii_kunde" title="Jamii kunde – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jamii kunde" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumen" title="Legumen – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Legumen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81k%C5%A1augi" title="Pākšaugi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pākšaugi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voamaina" title="Voamaina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Voamaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="പയർവർഗ്ഗങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പയർവർഗ്ഗങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekacang" title="Kekacang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kekacang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Буурцаг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Буурцаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%B2%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA" title="ပဲတောင့်ရှည် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပဲတောင့်ရှည်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peul_(vrucht)" title="Peul (vrucht) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peul (vrucht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%83" title="बूबः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बूबः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%86%E6%9E%9C" title="豆果 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="豆果" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgfrukt" title="Belgfrukt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Belgfrukt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgfrukt" title="Belgfrukt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Belgfrukt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkakli_don_ekinlari" title="Dukkakli don ekinlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dukkakli don ekinlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DD%AA" title="داݪ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="داݪ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="دال (حبوبات) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دال (حبوبات)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny_str%C4%85czkowe" title="Rośliny strączkowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rośliny strączkowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume_(bot%C3%A2nica)" title="Legume (botânica) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Legume (botânica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaqallu" title="Chaqallu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chaqallu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бобовые культуры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бобовые культуры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="राजशिम्बी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="राजशिम्बी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaiana" title="Vaiana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vaiana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume" title="Legume – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Legume" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="دال – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دال" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukovina" title="Strukovina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Strukovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Махунарке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Махунарке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahuna" title="Mahuna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mahuna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palkokasvit" title="Palkokasvit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Palkokasvit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baljv%C3%A4xter" title="Baljväxter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baljväxter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="இருபுற வெடிக்கனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இருபுற வெடிக்கனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7" title="ถั่ว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ถั่ว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakliyat" title="Bakliyat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bakliyat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бобові культури – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бобові культури" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC)" title="دال (اناج) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دال (اناج)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2y_h%E1%BB%8D_%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu" title="Cây họ đậu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cây họ đậu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume" title="Legume – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Legume" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%9A%E6%9E%9C" title="荚果 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="荚果" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B3" title="荳 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="荳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brond%C4%97nis_augals" title="Brondėnis augals – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Brondėnis augals" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%9A%E6%9E%9C" title="荚果 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="荚果" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q145909#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Various_legumes.jpg/200px-Various_legumes.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Various_legumes.jpg/300px-Various_legumes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Various_legumes.jpg/400px-Various_legumes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption>A selection of dried pulses and fresh legumes</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Legumes</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>) are plants in the family <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a> (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seeds of such plants. When used as a dry grain for human consumption, the seeds are also called <b>pulses</b>. Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consumption, but also as livestock forage and <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>, and as soil-enhancing <a href="/wiki/Green_manure" title="Green manure">green manure</a>. Well-known legumes include <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickpeas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickpeas">chickpeas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentils" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentils">lentils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lupins" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupins">lupins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesquite" title="Mesquite">mesquite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carob" title="Carob">carob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clover</a>. Legumes produce a botanically unique type of fruit – a <a href="/wiki/Fruit#Simple_fruits" title="Fruit">simple dry fruit</a> that develops from a simple <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpel</a> and usually <a href="/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">dehisces</a> (opens along a seam) on two sides. </p><p>Most legumes have <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen-fixing</a> bacteria in structures called <a href="/wiki/Root_nodule" title="Root nodule">root nodules</a>. Some of the fixed nitrogen becomes available to later crops, so legumes play a key role in <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bean#Terminology" title="Bean">Bean § Terminology</a></div> <p>The term <i>pulse</i>, as used by the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO), is reserved for legume crops harvested solely for the dry seed.<sup id="cite_ref-pulsecanada_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulsecanada-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This excludes <a href="/wiki/Green_bean" title="Green bean">green beans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">green peas</a>, which are considered <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a> crops. Also excluded are seeds that are mainly grown for oil extraction (<a href="/wiki/Oilseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Oilseed">oilseeds</a> like <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and seeds which are used exclusively for sowing <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clovers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in common usage, these distinctions are not always clearly made, and many of the varieties used for dried pulses are also used for green vegetables, with their beans in pods while young.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Fabaceae, such as <a href="/wiki/Cytisus_scoparius" title="Cytisus scoparius">Scotch broom</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Genisteae" title="Genisteae">Genisteae</a>, are leguminous but are usually not called legumes by farmers, who tend to restrict that term to food crops.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FAO recognizes 11 primary pulses, excluding green vegetable legumes (e.g. green peas) and legumes used mainly for oil extraction (e.g., soybeans and groundnuts) or used only as seed (e.g., clover and alfalfa).<sup id="cite_ref-FAODEF_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAODEF-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Dry beans (FAOSTAT code 0176, <i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus" title="Phaseolus">Phaseolus</a></i> spp. including several species now in <i><a href="/wiki/Vigna" title="Vigna">Vigna</a></i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_bean" title="Kidney bean">Kidney bean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navy_bean" title="Navy bean">navy bean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinto_bean" title="Pinto bean">pinto bean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_turtle_bean" title="Black turtle bean">black turtle bean</a>, haricot bean (<i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgaris" title="Phaseolus vulgaris">Phaseolus vulgaris</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_bean" title="Lima bean">Lima bean</a>, butter bean (<i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_lunatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaseolus lunatus">Phaseolus lunatus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adzuki_bean" title="Adzuki bean">Adzuki bean</a>, azuki bean (<i><a href="/wiki/Vigna_angularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigna angularis">Vigna angularis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mung_bean" title="Mung bean">Mung bean</a>, golden gram, green gram (<i><a href="/wiki/Vigna_radiata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigna radiata">Vigna radiata</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urad_(bean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urad (bean)">Black gram</a>, urad (<i><a href="/wiki/Vigna_mungo" title="Vigna mungo">Vigna mungo</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_runner_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarlet runner bean">Scarlet runner bean</a> (<i>Phaseolus coccineus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricebean" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricebean">Ricebean</a> (<i>Vigna umbellata</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moth_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Moth bean">Moth bean</a> (<i>Vigna aconitifolia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepary_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepary bean">Tepary bean</a> (<i>Phaseolus acutifolius</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Dry <a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">broad beans</a> (code 0181, <i>Vicia faba</i>) <ul><li>Horse bean (<i>Vicia faba equina</i>)</li> <li>Broad bean (<i>Vicia faba</i>)</li> <li>Field bean (<i>Vicia faba</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Dry peas (code 0187, <i>Pisum</i> spp.) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">Garden pea</a> (<i>Pisum sativum</i> var. <i>sativum</i>)</li> <li>Protein pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> var. <i>arvense</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">Chickpea</a>, garbanzo, Bengal gram (code 0191, <i>Cicer arietinum</i>)</li> <li>Dry <a href="/wiki/Cowpea" title="Cowpea">cowpea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-eyed_pea" title="Black-eyed pea">black-eyed pea</a>, blackeye bean (code 0195, <i>Vigna unguiculata</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_pea" title="Pigeon pea">Pigeon pea</a>, Arhar/Toor, cajan pea, Congo bean, gandules (code 0197, <i>Cajanus cajan</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a> (code 0201, <i>Lens culinaris</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_groundnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambara groundnut">Bambara groundnut</a>, earth pea (code 0203, <i>Vigna subterranea</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetch" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetch">Vetch</a>, common vetch (code 0205, <i>Vicia sativa</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupin">Lupins</a> (code 0210, <i>Lupinus</i> spp.)</li> <li>Pulses NES (code 0211), Minor pulses, including: <ul><li>Lablab, hyacinth bean (<i><a href="/wiki/Lablab_purpureus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lablab purpureus">Lablab purpureus</a></i>)</li> <li>Jack bean (<i><a href="/wiki/Canavalia_ensiformis" title="Canavalia ensiformis">Canavalia ensiformis</a></i>), sword bean (<i><a href="/wiki/Canavalia_gladiata" title="Canavalia gladiata">Canavalia gladiata</a></i>)</li> <li>Winged bean (<i><a href="/wiki/Psophocarpus_tetragonolobus" class="mw-redirect" title="Psophocarpus tetragonolobus">Psophocarpus tetragonolobus</a></i>)</li> <li>Velvet bean, cowitch (<i><a href="/wiki/Mucuna_pruriens" title="Mucuna pruriens">Mucuna pruriens</a> var. utilis</i>)</li> <li>Yam bean (<i><a href="/wiki/Pachyrhizus_erosus" title="Pachyrhizus erosus">Pachyrhizus erosus</a></i>)</li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Legumes are widely distributed as the third-largest <a href="/wiki/Land_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Land plant">land plant</a> family in terms of number of species, behind only the <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>, with about 751 <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> and some 19,000 known species,<sup id="cite_ref-Christenhusz-Byng2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christenhusz-Byng2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_2001_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> constituting about seven percent of flowering plant species.<sup id="cite_ref-Judd2002_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magallónsperm_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magallónsperm-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nitrogen_fixation">Nitrogen fixation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nitrogen fixation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">Nitrogen fixation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_manure" title="Green manure">Green manure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer_tree" title="Fertilizer tree">Fertilizer tree</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soil_fertility_-_nitrogen_fixation_by_root_nodules_on_Wistaria_roots,_with_hazelnut_to_show_size.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Soil_fertility_-_nitrogen_fixation_by_root_nodules_on_Wistaria_roots%2C_with_hazelnut_to_show_size.JPG/189px-Soil_fertility_-_nitrogen_fixation_by_root_nodules_on_Wistaria_roots%2C_with_hazelnut_to_show_size.JPG" decoding="async" width="189" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Soil_fertility_-_nitrogen_fixation_by_root_nodules_on_Wistaria_roots%2C_with_hazelnut_to_show_size.JPG/284px-Soil_fertility_-_nitrogen_fixation_by_root_nodules_on_Wistaria_roots%2C_with_hazelnut_to_show_size.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Soil_fertility_-_nitrogen_fixation_by_root_nodules_on_Wistaria_roots%2C_with_hazelnut_to_show_size.JPG/378px-Soil_fertility_-_nitrogen_fixation_by_root_nodules_on_Wistaria_roots%2C_with_hazelnut_to_show_size.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Root nodules on a <i><a href="/wiki/Wisteria" title="Wisteria">Wisteria</a></i> plant (a <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">hazelnut</a> pictured for comparison) </figcaption></figure> <p>Many legumes contain <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> bacteria called <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizobia" title="Rhizobia">Rhizobia</a></i> within <a href="/wiki/Root_nodule" title="Root nodule">root nodules</a> of their <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">root systems</a> (plants belonging to the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Styphnolobium" title="Styphnolobium">Styphnolobium</a></i> are one exception to this rule). These bacteria have the special ability of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">fixing nitrogen</a> from atmospheric, molecular nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) into <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (NH<sub>3</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chemical reaction is: </p> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 8 H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> + 8 e<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup> → 2 NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>Ammonia is converted to another form, <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>+</span><span>4</span></span></span>), usable by (some) plants by the following reaction: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> → NH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>+</span><span>4</span></span></span></dd></dl> <p>This arrangement means that the root nodules are sources of nitrogen for legumes, making them relatively rich in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_proteins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plant proteins (page does not exist)">plant proteins</a>. All proteins contain nitrogenous <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>. Nitrogen is therefore a necessary <a href="/wiki/Ingredient" title="Ingredient">ingredient</a> in the production of proteins. Hence, legumes are among the best sources of plant protein.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When a legume plant dies in the field, for example following the <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest</a>, all of its remaining nitrogen, incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> inside the remaining plant parts, is released back into the soil. In the soil, the amino acids are converted to nitrate (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>3</span></span></span>), making the nitrogen available to other plants, thereby serving as fertilizer for future crops.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg/390px-Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Legumes play a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a>, making nitrates available to other plants in the soil.</figcaption></figure> <p>In many traditional and <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farming</a> practices, <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polyculture</a> involving legumes is common. By alternating between legumes and non-legumes, or by growing both together for part of the growing season, the field can receive a sufficient amount of nitrogenous compounds to produce a good result without adding nitrogenous fertilizer. Legumes are often used as <a href="/wiki/Green_manure" title="Green manure">green manure</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sri Lanka developed the <a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polyculture</a> practice known as coconut-soybean <a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">intercropping</a>. Grain legumes are grown in coconut (<i>Cocos nuficera</i>) groves in two ways: intercropping or as a cash crop. These are grown mainly for their protein, vegetable oil and ability to uphold soil fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, continuous cropping after 3–4 years decrease grain yields significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pests and diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common pest of grain legumes that is noticed in the tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, Australia and Oceania are minuscule flies that belong to the family <i><a href="/wiki/Agromyzidae" title="Agromyzidae">Agromyzidae</a></i>, dubbed "bean flies". They are considered to be the most destructive. The host range of these flies is very wide amongst cultivated legumes. Infestation of plants starts from germination through to harvest, and they can destroy an entire crop in early stage.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Black_bean_aphid" title="Black bean aphid">Black bean aphids</a> are a serious pest to broad beans and other beans. Common hosts for this pest are fathen, thistle and dock. <a href="/wiki/Pea_weevil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pea weevil">Pea weevil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bean_weevil" title="Bean weevil">bean weevil</a> damage leaf margins leaving characteristics semi-circular notches. <a href="/wiki/Stem_nematode" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem nematode">Stem nematodes</a> are very widespread but will be found more frequently in areas where host plants are grown.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common legume diseases include <a href="/wiki/Anthracnose" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthracnose">anthracnose</a>, caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Colletotrichum_trifolii" title="Colletotrichum trifolii">Colletotrichum trifolii</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Common_leaf_spot" class="mw-redirect" title="Common leaf spot">common leaf spot</a> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_syringae" title="Pseudomonas syringae">Pseudomonas syringae</a> pv. syringae</i>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_wart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crown wart (page does not exist)">crown wart</a> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Physoderma_alfalfae" title="Physoderma alfalfae">Physoderma alfalfae</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">downy mildew</a> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Peronospora_trifoliorum" title="Peronospora trifoliorum">Peronospora trifoliorum</a></i>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusarium_root_rot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusarium root rot (page does not exist)">fusarium root rot</a> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a></i> spp.; rust caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Uromyces_striatus" title="Uromyces striatus">Uromyces striatus</a></i>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sclerotina_crown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sclerotina crown (page does not exist)">sclerotina crown</a> and stem rot caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Sclerotinia_trifoliorum" title="Sclerotinia trifoliorum">Sclerotinia trifoliorum</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Southern_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern blight">Southern blight</a> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Sclerotium_rolfsii" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerotium rolfsii">Sclerotium rolfsii</a></i>; pythium (browning) <a href="/wiki/Root_rot" title="Root rot">root rot</a> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Pythium" title="Pythium">Pythium</a></i> spp.; <a href="/wiki/Fusarium_wilt" title="Fusarium wilt">fusarium wilt</a> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum" title="Fusarium oxysporum">Fusarium oxysporum</a></i>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Root_knot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Root knot (page does not exist)">root knot</a> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Meloidogyne_hapla" class="mw-redirect" title="Meloidogyne hapla">Meloidogyne hapla</a></i>. These are all classified as biotic problems.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abiotic problems include nutrient deficiencies, (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, copper, magnesium, manganese, boron, zinc), pollutants (air, water, soil, pesticide injury, fertilizer burn), toxic concentration of minerals, and unfavorable growth conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storage">Storage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seed viability decreases with longer storage time. Studies done on <a href="/wiki/Vetch" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetch">vetch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broad_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad bean">broad beans</a>, and peas show that they last about 5 years in storage. Environmental factors that are important in influencing germination are relative humidity and temperature. Two rules apply to moisture content between 5 and 14 percent: the life of the seed will last longer if the storage temperature is reduced by 5 degree Celsius. Secondly, the storage moisture content will decrease if temperature is reduced by 1 degree Celsius.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulse_in_Nanglo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pulse_in_Nanglo.jpg/220px-Pulse_in_Nanglo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pulse_in_Nanglo.jpg/330px-Pulse_in_Nanglo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pulse_in_Nanglo.jpg/440px-Pulse_in_Nanglo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2078" data-file-height="2078" /></a><figcaption>Pulses in a <a href="/wiki/Nanglo" title="Nanglo">Nanglo</a> tray</figcaption></figure> <p>Cultivated legumes encompass a diverse range of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> classifications, spanning <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a>, flowering, pharmaceutical/industrial, fallow/green manure, and timber categories. A notable characteristic of many commercially cultivated legume species is their versatility, often assuming multiple roles concurrently. The extent of these roles is contingent upon the stage of maturity at which they are harvested.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_consumption">Human consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Human consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peanut_9417.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Peanut_9417.jpg/220px-Peanut_9417.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Peanut_9417.jpg/330px-Peanut_9417.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Peanut_9417.jpg/440px-Peanut_9417.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Freshly dug <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a> (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>), <a href="/wiki/Indehiscent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indehiscent">indehiscent</a> legume fruits</figcaption></figure> <p>Grain legumes are cultivated for their seeds,<sup id="cite_ref-crops_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crops-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for humans and animals to eat, or for oils for industrial uses. Grain legumes include <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupin">lupins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legumes are a key ingredient in vegan meat and dairy <a href="/wiki/Meat_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat analogue">substitutes</a>. They are growing in use as a plant-based protein source in the world marketplace.<sup id="cite_ref-sc-australian_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc-australian-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Products containing legumes grew by 39% in Europe between 2013 and 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-eu-growth_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu-growth-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions" title="List of common misconceptions">common misconception</a> that adding salt before cooking prevents them from cooking through. Legumes may not soften because they are old, or because of <a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">hard water</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a> ingredients in the pot; salting before cooking results in better <a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">seasoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nutritional_value">Nutritional value</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nutritional value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Legumes are a significant source of <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fibre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary minerals">dietary minerals</a>; for example, a 100 gram serving of cooked <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a> contains 18 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a> (DV) for protein, 30 percent DV for dietary fiber, 43 percent DV for <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folate</a> and 52 percent DV for <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nd_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nd-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legumes are an excellent source of <a href="/wiki/Resistant_starch" title="Resistant starch">resistant starch</a>; this is broken down by <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">bacteria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Short-chain_fatty_acid" title="Short-chain fatty acid">short-chain fatty acids</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Butyrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Butyrate">butyrate</a>) used by intestinal cells for <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forage">Forage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Forage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TrifoliumRepensFlowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/TrifoliumRepensFlowers.jpg/220px-TrifoliumRepensFlowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/TrifoliumRepensFlowers.jpg/330px-TrifoliumRepensFlowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/TrifoliumRepensFlowers.jpg/440px-TrifoliumRepensFlowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>White <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clover</a>, a forage crop</figcaption></figure> <p>Forage legumes are of two broad types. Some, like <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clover</a>, vetch (<i><a href="/wiki/Vicia" title="Vicia">Vicia</a></i>), stylo (<i><a href="/wiki/Stylosanthes" title="Stylosanthes">Stylosanthes</a></i>), or <i><a href="/wiki/Arachis" title="Arachis">Arachis</a></i>, are sown in <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a> and grazed by livestock. Others, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Leucaena" title="Leucaena">Leucaena</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Albizia" title="Albizia">Albizia</a></i>, are woody shrubs or trees that are either broken down by livestock or regularly cut by humans to provide fodder. Legume-based feeds improve animal performance over a diet of perennial grasses. Factors include larger consumption, faster digestion, and higher <a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Feed conversion rate">feed conversion rate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The type of crop grown for animal rearing depends on the farming system. In cattle rearing, legume trees such as <i><a href="/wiki/Gliricidia_sepium" title="Gliricidia sepium">Gliricidia sepium</a></i> can be planted along edges of fields to provide shade for cattle, the leaves and bark are often eaten by cattle. Green manure can be grown between harvesting the main crop and the planting of the next crop.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flower_garden_in_Ushuaia_(5542996965).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flower_garden_in_Ushuaia_%285542996965%29.jpg/220px-Flower_garden_in_Ushuaia_%285542996965%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flower_garden_in_Ushuaia_%285542996965%29.jpg/330px-Flower_garden_in_Ushuaia_%285542996965%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flower_garden_in_Ushuaia_%285542996965%29.jpg/440px-Flower_garden_in_Ushuaia_%285542996965%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupin">Lupin</a> flower garden</figcaption></figure> <p>Legume species grown for their flowers include <a href="/wiki/Lupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupin">lupins</a>, which are farmed commercially for their blooms as well as being popular in gardens worldwide. Industrially farmed legumes include <i><a href="/wiki/Indigofera" title="Indigofera">Indigofera</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a></i> species, which are cultivated for <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">natural gum</a> production, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Fallow" title="Fallow">Fallow</a> or <a href="/wiki/Green_manure" title="Green manure">green manure</a> legume species are cultivated to be tilled back into the soil in order to exploit the high levels of captured atmospheric nitrogen found in the roots of most legumes. Numerous legumes farmed for this purpose include <i><a href="/wiki/Leucaena" title="Leucaena">Leucaena</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cyamopsis" title="Cyamopsis">Cyamopsis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sesbania" title="Sesbania">Sesbania</a></i> species. Various legume species are farmed for timber production worldwide, including numerous <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a></i> species and <i><a href="/wiki/Castanospermum_australe" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanospermum australe">Castanospermum australe</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some legume trees, like the <a href="/wiki/Honey_locust" title="Honey locust">honey locust</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gleditsia" title="Gleditsia">Gleditsia</a></i>) can be used in <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, including the <a href="/wiki/Robinia_pseudoacacia" title="Robinia pseudoacacia">black locust</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Robinia_pseudoacacia" title="Robinia pseudoacacia">Robinia pseudoacacia</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_coffeetree" title="Kentucky coffeetree">Kentucky coffeetree</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_coffeetree" title="Kentucky coffeetree">Gymnocladus dioicus</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Laburnum" title="Laburnum">Laburnum</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the woody climbing vine <i><a href="/wiki/Wisteria" title="Wisteria">Wisteria</a></i>, have <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisonous</a> elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern humans">early modern humans</a> used wild pulses when cooking meals 70,000 to 40,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traces of pulse production have been found around the <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi River</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punjab_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (region)">Punjab</a>), the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>, from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3300 BC. Meanwhile, evidence of lentil cultivation has also been found in Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> <a href="/wiki/Recipe" title="Recipe">recipes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Albala2007_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albala2007-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry pea seeds have been discovered in a Swiss village that are believed to date back to the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>. Archaeological evidence suggests that these peas must have been grown in the eastern Mediterranean and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> regions at least 5,000 years ago and in Britain as early as the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soybean was domesticated around 5,000 years ago in China from a descendant of the wild vine <i>Glycine soja.</i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest-known domesticated beans in the Americas were found in <a href="/wiki/Guitarrero_Cave" title="Guitarrero Cave">Guitarrero Cave</a>, an archaeological site in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, and dated to around the second millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Chazan_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chazan-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic analyses of the common bean <i>Phaseolus</i> show that it originated in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, and subsequently spread southward, along with <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and squash, traditional companion crops.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the domesticated soybean was introduced in 1770 by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> after he sent seeds to Philadelphia from France.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Year_of_Pulses">International Year of Pulses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: International Year of Pulses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Pulses" title="International Year of Pulses">International Year of Pulses</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulses_for_Sale_in_Market_-_Darjeeling_-_West_Bengal_-_India_(12431603075).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pulses_for_Sale_in_Market_-_Darjeeling_-_West_Bengal_-_India_%2812431603075%29.jpg/220px-Pulses_for_Sale_in_Market_-_Darjeeling_-_West_Bengal_-_India_%2812431603075%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pulses_for_Sale_in_Market_-_Darjeeling_-_West_Bengal_-_India_%2812431603075%29.jpg/330px-Pulses_for_Sale_in_Market_-_Darjeeling_-_West_Bengal_-_India_%2812431603075%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pulses_for_Sale_in_Market_-_Darjeeling_-_West_Bengal_-_India_%2812431603075%29.jpg/440px-Pulses_for_Sale_in_Market_-_Darjeeling_-_West_Bengal_-_India_%2812431603075%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Pulses for sale in a <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> market</figcaption></figure> <p>The International Year of Pulses 2016 was declared by the <a href="/wiki/Sixty-eighth_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="Sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly">Sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iyp_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iyp-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a> was nominated to facilitate the implementation of the year in collaboration with governments, relevant organizations, non-governmental organizations and other relevant stakeholders. Its aim was to heighten public awareness of the nutritional benefits of pulses as part of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable food systems">sustainable food</a> production aimed towards <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a>. The year created an opportunity to encourage connections throughout the food chain that would better use pulse-based proteins, further global production of pulses, better use <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotations</a> and address challenges in the global trade of pulses.<sup id="cite_ref-iyp_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iyp-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fao_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legume_lectin" title="Legume lectin">Legume lectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dried_foods" title="List of dried foods">List of dried foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legume_dishes" title="List of legume dishes">List of legume dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_allergy" title="Peanut allergy">Peanut allergy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pulsecanada-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pulsecanada_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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(September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2001.tb00826.x">"Absolute diversification rates in angiosperm clades"</a>. <i>Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution</i>. <b>55</b> (9): 1762–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2001.tb00826.x">10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00826.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11681732">11681732</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38691512">38691512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution%3B+International+Journal+of+Organic+Evolution&rft.atitle=Absolute+diversification+rates+in+angiosperm+clades&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1762-80&rft.date=2001-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38691512%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11681732&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2001.tb00826.x&rft.aulast=Magall%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+M.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.0014-3820.2001.tb00826.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeacon" class="citation web cs1">Deacon, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.bio.ed.ac.uk/jdeacon/microbes/nitrogen.htm">"The Nitrogen cycle and Nitrogen fixation"</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64853-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64853-0"><bdi>978-0-521-64853-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nitrogen+Fixation&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64853-0&rft.aulast=Postgate&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmil2000" class="citation book cs1">Smil, Vaclav (2000). <i>Cycles of Life</i>. 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Shanhua, Taiwan : Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. 1986. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-9058-022-4" title="Special:BookSources/92-9058-022-4"><bdi>92-9058-022-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/475699754">475699754</a>. 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Large stores were found beneath Zoser's pyramid</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lentils%3A+Fertile+Crescent&rft.btitle=Beans%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85785-078-2&rft.aulast=Albala&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhTBv607RId8C%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhry" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhry, Mat. <i>Green Gold: Value-added pulses</i>. Quantum Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-61364-696-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-61364-696-8"><bdi>1-61364-696-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+Gold%3A+Value-added+pulses&rft.pub=Quantum+Media&rft.isbn=1-61364-696-8&rft.aulast=Chaudhry&rft.aufirst=Mat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeongMoonParkKim2019" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Soon-Chun; Moon, Jung-Kyung; Park, Soo-Kwon; Kim, Myung-Shin; Lee, Kwanghee; Lee, Soo Rang; et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6449312">"Genetic diversity patterns and domestication origin of soybean"</a>. <i>Theoretical and Applied Genetics</i>. <b>132</b> (4): 1179–1193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00122-018-3271-7">10.1007/s00122-018-3271-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-5752">0040-5752</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6449312">6449312</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30588539">30588539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+and+Applied+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+diversity+patterns+and+domestication+origin+of+soybean&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1179-1193&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6449312%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0040-5752&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30588539&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00122-018-3271-7&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Soon-Chun&rft.au=Moon%2C+Jung-Kyung&rft.au=Park%2C+Soo-Kwon&rft.au=Kim%2C+Myung-Shin&rft.au=Lee%2C+Kwanghee&rft.au=Lee%2C+Soo+Rang&rft.au=Jeong%2C+Namhee&rft.au=Choi%2C+Man+Soo&rft.au=Kim%2C+Namshin&rft.au=Kang%2C+Sung-Taeg&rft.au=Park%2C+Euiho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6449312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chazan-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chazan_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChazan2008" class="citation book cs1">Chazan, Michael (2008). <i>World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways through Time</i>. Pearson Education, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-40621-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-40621-0"><bdi>978-0-205-40621-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Prehistory+and+Archaeology%3A+Pathways+through+Time&rft.pub=Pearson+Education%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-205-40621-0&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBitocchiNanniBellucciRossi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bitocchi, Elena; Nanni, Laura; Bellucci, Elisa; Rossi, Monica; Giardini, Alessandro; Zeuli, Pierluigi Spagnoletti; Logozzo, Giuseppina; Stougaard, Jens; McClean, Phillip; Attene, Giovanna; Papa, Roberto (3 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3325731">"Mesoamerican origin of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is revealed by sequence data"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>109</b> (14): E788–E796. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1108973109">10.1073/pnas.1108973109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3325731">3325731</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22393017">22393017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Mesoamerican+origin+of+the+common+bean+%28Phaseolus+vulgaris+L.%29+is+revealed+by+sequence+data&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=E788-E796&rft.date=2012-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3325731%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22393017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1108973109&rft.aulast=Bitocchi&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Nanni%2C+Laura&rft.au=Bellucci%2C+Elisa&rft.au=Rossi%2C+Monica&rft.au=Giardini%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Zeuli%2C+Pierluigi+Spagnoletti&rft.au=Logozzo%2C+Giuseppina&rft.au=Stougaard%2C+Jens&rft.au=McClean%2C+Phillip&rft.au=Attene%2C+Giovanna&rft.au=Papa%2C+Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3325731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazor2013" class="citation book cs1">Lazor, Jack (2013). <i>The Organic Grain Grower</i>. White River Junction,Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60358-365-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60358-365-7"><bdi>978-1-60358-365-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organic+Grain+Grower&rft.place=White+River+Junction%2CVermont&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-60358-365-7&rft.aulast=Lazor&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iyp-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iyp_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iyp_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2FRES%2F68%2F231&referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fobservances%2Fyears.shtml&Lang=E">"The International Year of Pulses"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128184349/https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2FRES%2F68%2F231&referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fobservances%2Fyears.shtml&Lang=E">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+International+Year+of+Pulses&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fga%2Fsearch%2Fview_doc.asp%3Fsymbol%3DA%252FRES%252F68%252F231%26referer%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.un.org%252Fen%252Fevents%252Fobservances%252Fyears.shtml%26Lang%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fao-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fao_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/pulses-2016/en/">"International Year of Pulses 2016 – IYP2016"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206083417/http://www.fao.org/pulses-2016/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Year+of+Pulses+2016+%E2%80%93+IYP2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fpulses-2016%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Goodfood/Pages/pulses.aspx">"Pulses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NHS_Choices" class="mw-redirect" title="NHS Choices">NHS Choices</a>. April 30, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126223158/http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Goodfood/Pages/pulses.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulses&rft.pub=NHS+Choices&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2FLivewell%2FGoodfood%2FPages%2Fpulses.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Varshney, R.K.; Kudapa, H. (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FFPv40n12_FO">"Legume biology: the basis for crop improvement"</a>. <i>Functional Plant Biology</i>. <b>40</b> (12). CSIRO Publishing: v–iii. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FFPv40n12_FO">10.1071/FPv40n12_FO</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32481187">32481187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Functional+Plant+Biology&rft.atitle=Legume+biology%3A+the+basis+for+crop+improvement.&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=v-iii&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FFPv40n12_FO&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32481187&rft.aulast=Varshney&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rft.au=Kudapa%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1071%252FFPv40n12_FO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegume" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legume&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/legume" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/legume"><i>legume</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Legumes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Legumes">Legumes</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fruits" title="Template:Fruits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fruits" title="Template talk:Fruits"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fruits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fruits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_fruits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achene" title="Achene">Achene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesperidium" title="Hesperidium">Hesperidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)#Modified_berries" title="Berry (botany)">Pepo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryopsis" title="Caryopsis">Caryopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">Drupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle_(fruit)" title="Follicle (fruit)">Follicle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Legume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loment" title="Loment">Loment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pome" title="Pome">Pome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_(fruit)" title="Samara (fruit)">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizocarp" title="Schizocarp">Schizocarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silique" title="Silique">Silique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syconium" title="Syconium">Syconium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories of fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_fruit" title="Accessory fruit">Accessory fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit#Simple_fruit" title="Fruit">Simple fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_fruit" title="Compound fruit">Compound fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggregate_fruit" title="Aggregate fruit">Aggregate fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_fruit" title="Multiple fruit">Multiple fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">Dehiscent fruit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaspore_(botany)" title="Diaspore (botany)">Diaspore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_seed" title="Drift seed">Drift fruit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Veganism_and_vegetarianism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Template:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Template talk:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Veganism_and_vegetarianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perspectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_veganism" title="Black veganism">Black veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism#History" title="Veganism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition" title="Vegan nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_school_meal" title="Vegan school meal">Vegan school meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_vegetarianism" title="Economic vegetarianism">Economic vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_nutrition" title="Vegetarian nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country" title="Vegetarianism by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarians" title="List of vegetarians">Vegetarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">Vegans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_vegetarian_and_vegan_characters" title="List of fictional vegetarian and vegan characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegetarian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_organizations" title="List of vegetarian and vegan organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_restaurants" title="List of vegetarian and vegan restaurants">Restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_and_plant-based_media" title="List of vegan and plant-based media">Vegan media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_vegetarianism" title="Islamic vegetarianism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism#Vegetarianism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_diet" title="Taoist diet">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food<br />and drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_chicken_fillet_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan chicken fillet roll">Chicken fillet roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut burger">Coconut burger</a></li> <li>Dairy alternatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Coconut milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cream" title="Plant cream">Plant cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">Plant milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_yogurt" title="Soy yogurt">Soy yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_cheese" title="Vegan cheese">Cheese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">Grains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">legumes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_dessert#Gelatin_substitutes" title="Gelatin dessert">Gelatin substitutes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrageenan" title="Carrageenan">Carrageenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulaman" title="Gulaman">Gulaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konjac#Fruit_jelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Konjac">Konjac jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose#Food" title="Bacterial cellulose">Microbial cellulose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_jambon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan jambon">Jambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">List of meat substitutes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miso" title="Miso">Miso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochi" title="Mochi">Mochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_duck" title="Mock duck">Mock duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_yeast" title="Nutritional yeast">Nutritional yeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorn" title="Quorn">Quorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Seitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">Tempeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofurkey" title="Tofurkey">Tofurkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">Vegetables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_bacon" title="Vegetarian bacon">Vegetarian bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_hot_dog" title="Vegetarian hot dog">Hot dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_non-vegetarian_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian and non-vegetarian marks">Vegetarian mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_sausage" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_sausage_roll" title="Meat-free sausage roll">Sausage roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_beer" title="Vegetarianism and beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_wine" title="Vegetarianism and wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_burger" title="Veggie burger">Veggie burger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegetarian organizations">Groups</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegetarian festivals">events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegan_Society" title="American Vegan Society">American Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Vegan_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="China Vegan Society">China Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Empowerment_Project" title="Food Empowerment Project">Food Empowerment Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_Vegan" title="Go Vegan">Go Vegan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Vereniging_voor_Veganisme" title="Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme">Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Hen_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Hen House">Our Hen House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine" title="Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine">Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plamil_Foods" title="Plamil Foods">Plamil Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Awareness_Foundation" title="Vegan Awareness Foundation">Vegan Awareness Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan flag">Vegan flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Outreach" title="Vegan Outreach">Vegan Outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Prisoners_Support_Group" title="Vegan Prisoners Support Group">Vegan Prisoners Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Society" title="The Vegan Society">The Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganmania" title="Veganmania">Veganmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganuary" title="Veganuary">Veganuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganz" title="Veganz">Veganz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegan_Day" title="World Vegan Day">World Vegan Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegetarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcott_House" title="Alcott House">Alcott House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Christian_Church_(vegetarian)" title="Bible Christian Church (vegetarian)">Bible Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Vegetarian_Society" title="Boston Vegetarian Society">Boston Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Vegetarian_Association" title="Christian Vegetarian Association">Christian Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Vegetarian_Union" title="European Vegetarian Union">European Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Vegetarian_Society" title="French Vegetarian Society">French Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Food_for_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna Food for Life">Hare Krishna Food for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Veg" title="Jewish Veg">Jewish Veg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_days" title="Meat-free days">Meat-free days</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meatless_Monday" title="Meatless Monday">Meatless Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_Fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday Fast">Friday Fast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Vegetarian_Society" title="North American Vegetarian Society">North American Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Age" title="Order of the Golden Age">Order of the Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Deutschland" title="ProVeg Deutschland">ProVeg Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_International" title="ProVeg International">ProVeg International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Nederland" title="ProVeg Nederland">ProVeg Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Vegetarian_Society" title="Scottish Vegetarian Society">Scottish Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swissveg" title="Swissveg">Swissveg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Vegetarian_Association" title="Toronto Vegetarian Association">Toronto Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Federal_Union" title="Vegetarian Federal Union">Vegetarian Federal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society_(Singapore)" title="Vegetarian Society (Singapore)">Vegetarian Society (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Pride" title="Veggie Pride">Veggie Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_Health" title="Viva! Health">Viva! Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Esperantist_Vegetarian_Association" title="World Esperantist Vegetarian Association">World Esperantist Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegetarian_Day" title="World Vegetarian Day">World Vegetarian Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_companies" title="List of vegetarian and vegan companies">List of vegetarian and vegan companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books,<br />reports,<br /> journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a></i> (3rd century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_Abstinence_from_Animal_Food,_as_a_Moral_Duty" title="An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty">An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty</a></i> (1802)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Cookery" title="Vegetable Cookery">Vegetable Cookery</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Diet" title="A Vindication of Natural Diet">A Vindication of Natural Diet</a></i> (1813)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reasons_for_not_Eating_Animal_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasons for not Eating Animal Food">Reasons for not Eating Animal Food</a></i> (1814)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature%27s_Own_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature's Own Book">Nature's Own Book</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fruits_and_Farinacea" title="Fruits and Farinacea">Fruits and Farinacea</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pleasure_Boat" title="The Pleasure Boat">The Pleasure Boat</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_is_Vegetarianism%3F" title="What is Vegetarianism?">What is Vegetarianism?</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shelley%27s_Vegetarianism" title="Shelley's Vegetarianism">Shelley's Vegetarianism</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Scenes_in_Slaughter-Houses" title="Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses">Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Why I Am a Vegetarian">Why I Am a Vegetarian</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Figs_or_Pigs%3F" title="Figs or Pigs?">Figs or Pigs?</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Years_of_Food_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty Years of Food Reform">Fifty Years of Food Reform</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Reasons_Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian">Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meat_Fetish" title="The Meat Fetish">The Meat Fetish</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fleshless_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="A Fleshless Diet">A Fleshless Diet</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benefits_of_Vegetarianism" title="The Benefits of Vegetarianism">The Benefits of Vegetarianism</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Living_the_Good_Life" title="Living the Good Life">Living the Good Life</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Talents_(cookbook)" title="Ten Talents (cookbook)">Ten Talents</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_Small_Planet" title="Diet for a Small Planet">Diet for a Small Planet</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vegetarian_Epicure" title="The Vegetarian Epicure">The Vegetarian Epicure</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Collective Cookbooks</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farm_Vegetarian_Cookbook" title="The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook">The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laurel%27s_Kitchen" title="Laurel's Kitchen">Laurel's Kitchen</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Cookbook" title="Moosewood Cookbook">Moosewood Cookbook</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fit_for_Life" title="Fit for Life">Fit for Life</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America" title="Diet for a New America">Diet for a New America</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sexual_Politics_of_Meat" title="The Sexual Politics of Meat">The Sexual Politics of Meat</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Cooking_for_Everyone" title="Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone">Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Study" title="The China Study">The China Study</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinny_Bitch" title="Skinny Bitch">Skinny Bitch</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Livestock%27s_Long_Shadow" title="Livestock's Long Shadow">Livestock's Long Shadow</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bloodless_Revolution_(book)" title="The Bloodless Revolution (book)">The Bloodless Revolution</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eating_Animals" title="Eating Animals">Eating Animals</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Love_Dogs,_Eat_Pigs,_and_Wear_Cows" title="Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows">Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Studies_Project" title="The Vegan Studies Project">The Vegan Studies Project</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Animal_Farming" title="The End of Animal Farming">The End of Animal Farming</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Kingdom:_The_Abundant_World_of_Vegan_Recipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable Kingdom: The Abundant World of Vegan Recipes">Vegetable Kingdom</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meat_Atlas" title="Meat Atlas">Meat Atlas</a></i> (annual)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Films and shows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America_(film)" title="Diet for a New America (film)">Diet for a New America (film)</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Post_Punk_Kitchen" title="Post Punk Kitchen">Post Punk Kitchen</a></i> (2003–2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sacred_Duty" title="A Sacred Duty">A Sacred Duty</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fat,_Sick_and_Nearly_Dead" title="Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead">Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planeat" title="Planeat">Planeat</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Live_(2013_film)" title="Live and Let Live (2013 film)">Live and Let Live</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cowspiracy" title="Cowspiracy">Cowspiracy</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PlantPure_Nation" title="PlantPure Nation">PlantPure Nation</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_the_Health" title="What the Health">What the Health</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carnage_(2017_film)" title="Carnage (2017 film)">Carnage</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eating_You_Alive" title="Eating You Alive">Eating You Alive</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Changers" title="The Game Changers">The Game Changers</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maa_Ka_Doodh" title="Maa Ka Doodh">Maa Ka Doodh</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/You_Are_What_You_Eat:_A_Twin_Experiment" title="You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment">You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Naked_Food" title="Naked Food">Naked Food</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Times" title="Vegetarian Times">Vegetarian Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VegNews" title="VegNews">VegNews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Agenda">The Animals' Agenda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics, <br />activists, <br />authors, <br />physicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elisa_Aaltola" title="Elisa Aaltola">Elisa Aaltola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_M._Babich" title="Suzanne M. Babich">Suzanne M. Babich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_D._Barnard" title="Neal D. Barnard">Neal D. Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Benatar" title="David Benatar">David Benatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Bonsall" title="Will Bonsall">Will Bonsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Bulsiewicz" title="Will Bulsiewicz">Will Bulsiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Butaud" title="Georges Butaud">Georges Butaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodey_Castricano" title="Jodey Castricano">Jodey Castricano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Colin_Campbell" title="T. Colin Campbell">T. Colin Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cook_(vegan)" title="Robert Cook (vegan)">Robert Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Davis" title="Brenda Davis">Brenda Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Davis_(surgeon)" title="Garth Davis (surgeon)">Garth Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Deckers" title="Jan Deckers">Jan Deckers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Desmond" title="Alan Desmond">Alan Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freya_Dinshah" title="Freya Dinshah">Freya Dinshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Jay_Dinshah" title="H. Jay Dinshah">H. Jay Dinshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dornbusch" title="George Dornbusch">George Dornbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_Esselstyn" title="Caldwell Esselstyn">Caldwell Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Fuhrman" title="Joel Fuhrman">Joel Fuhrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristi_Funk" title="Kristi Funk">Kristi Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Greger" title="Michael Greger">Michael Greger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Breeze_Harper" title="A. Breeze Harper">A. Breeze Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Kahn" title="Joel Kahn">Joel Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Yale_Kamila" title="Avery Yale Kamila">Avery Yale Kamila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Klaper" title="Michael Klaper">Michael Klaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aph_Ko" title="Aph Ko">Aph Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_G._Lee" title="Maxwell G. Lee">Maxwell G. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri" title="Al-Ma'arri">Al-Ma'arri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Mangels" title="Reed Mangels">Reed Mangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McDougall" title="John A. McDougall">John A. McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._McWilliams" title="James E. McWilliams">James E. McWilliams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesanto_Melina" title="Vesanto Melina">Vesanto Melina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Newman" title="Gemma Newman">Gemma Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emelia_Quinn" title="Emelia Quinn">Emelia Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunaura_Taylor" title="Sunaura Taylor">Sunaura Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Twine_(sociologist)" title="Richard Twine (sociologist)">Richard Twine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_A._Williams" title="Kim A. Williams">Kim A. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Wright_(literary_scholar)" title="Laura Wright (literary scholar)">Laura Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Za%C3%AFkowska" title="Sophie Zaïkowska">Sophie Zaïkowska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegetarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_B._Acosta" title="Phyllis B. Acosta">Phyllis B. Acosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alcott" title="William Alcott">William Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_P._Allinson" title="Bertrand P. Allinson">Bertrand P. Allinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allinson" title="Thomas Allinson">Thomas Allinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Attwood" title="Charles R. Attwood">Charles R. Attwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Axon" class="mw-redirect" title="William Axon">William Axon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Baltzer" title="Eduard Baltzer">Eduard Baltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._S._Bathgate" title="H. S. Bathgate">H. S. Bathgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_A._Barrows" title="Horace A. Barrows">Horace A. Barrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Barstow" title="Geoffrey Barstow">Geoffrey Barstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Beard" title="Sidney H. Beard">Sidney H. Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bedborough" title="George Bedborough">George Bedborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bell_(physician)" title="Robert Bell (physician)">Robert Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Berg" title="Ragnar Berg">Ragnar Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rynn_Berry" title="Rynn Berry">Rynn Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Bircher-Benner" title="Maximilian Bircher-Benner">Maximilian Bircher-Benner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Black_(physician)" title="George Black (physician)">George Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bonnejoy" title="Ernest Bonnejoy">Ernest Bonnejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Duncan_Bulkley" title="Lucius Duncan Bulkley">Lucius Duncan Bulkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Buttner" title="J. L. Buttner">J. L. Buttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Carton" title="Paul Carton">Paul Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Caudwell" title="Job Caudwell">Job Caudwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_(Bible_Christian)" title="James Clark (Bible Christian)">James Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cheyne_(physician)" title="George Cheyne (physician)">George Cheyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Clubb" title="Henry S. Clubb">Henry S. Clubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cocchi" title="Antonio Cocchi">Antonio Cocchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Collier" title="Edwin Collier">Edwin Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenna_F._Cooper" title="Lenna F. Cooper">Lenna F. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_de_Clercq" title="Daniël de Clercq">Daniël de Clercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danjou" title="Georges Danjou">Georges Danjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Elmslie_Duncan" title="James Elmslie Duncan">James Elmslie Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Forster" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Forward" title="Charles W. Forward">Charles W. Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Allen_Fox" title="Michael Allen Fox">Michael Allen Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Foxcroft" title="Peter Foxcroft">Peter Foxcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Gaard" title="Greta Gaard">Greta Gaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasinh_Narayan_Godbole" title="Narasinh Narayan Godbole">Narasinh Narayan Godbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Grand" title="Jules Grand">Jules Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Hacker" title="Jeremiah Hacker">Jeremiah Hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haddon" title="John Haddon">John Haddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hadwen" title="Walter Hadwen">Walter Hadwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig_(physician)" title="Alexander Haig (physician)">Alexander Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hare" title="Edward Hare">Edward Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harvey_(Bible_Christian)" title="William Harvey (Bible Christian)">William Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Hecquet" title="Philippe Hecquet">Philippe Hecquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hines" title="Brian Hines">Brian Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_Holbrook" title="Martin Luther Holbrook">Martin Luther Holbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Jennings" title="Isaac Jennings">Isaac Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_Kellogg" title="John Harvey Kellogg">John Harvey Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kerr" title="Norman Kerr">Norman Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Kress" title="Daniel H. Kress">Daniel H. Kress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lambe_(physician)" title="William Lambe (physician)">William Lambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._R._C._Latson" title="W. R. C. Latson">W. R. C. Latson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Lee" title="Elmer Lee">Elmer Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Levin" title="Susan M. Levin">Susan M. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Marquette" title="Jacques de Marquette">Jacques de Marquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Garrett_Marsh" title="Alice Garrett Marsh">Alice Garrett Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_McCartney" title="Stella McCartney">Stella McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_McCollum" title="Elmer McCollum">Elmer McCollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Metcalfe" title="William Metcalfe">William Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Peck_Miller" title="Eli Peck Miller">Eli Peck Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Willis_Miller" title="Harry Willis Miller">Harry Willis Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_D._Mussey" title="Reuben D. Mussey">Reuben D. Mussey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Newman" title="Francis William Newman">Francis William Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._E._O%27Callaghan" title="R. E. O'Callaghan">R. E. O'Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Oldfield" title="Josiah Oldfield">Josiah Oldfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Ornish" title="Dean Ornish">Dean Ornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Ortt" title="Felix Ortt">Felix Ortt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_V._Pink" title="Cyril V. Pink">Cyril V. Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_Doyle_Register" title="Ulma Doyle Register">Ulma Doyle Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Romanes" title="Kenneth Romanes">Kenneth Romanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo_Russell" title="Rollo Russell">Rollo Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Lindstr%C3%B6m_Saxon" title="Johan Lindström Saxon">Johan Lindström Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scholefield_(Bible_Christian)" title="James Scholefield (Bible Christian)">James Scholefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Schwartz" title="Richard H. Schwartz">Richard H. Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Shearn" title="W. B. Shearn">W. B. Shearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Simpson_(Bible_Christian)" title="James Simpson (Bible Christian)">James Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lester_Smith" title="Ernest Lester Smith">Ernest Lester Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Stephens" title="William O. Stephens">William O. Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Stoddard" title="Alan Stoddard">Alan Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Thacher_Trall" title="Russell Thacher Trall">Russell Thacher Trall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Towgood" title="Frederick Towgood">Frederick Towgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Trist" title="Sidney Trist">Sidney Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Weilsh%C3%A4user" title="Emil Weilshäuser">Emil Weilshäuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severin_Wielobycki" title="Severin Wielobycki">Severin Wielobycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Williams_(humanitarian)" title="Howard Williams (humanitarian)">Howard Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wokes" title="Frank Wokes">Frank Wokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._A._Sibly" title="W. A. Sibly">W. A. Sibly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzachi_Zamir" title="Tzachi Zamir">Tzachi Zamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Keen_Zolber" title="Kathleen Keen Zolber">Kathleen Keen Zolber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chefs and<br />cookbook authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Anderson" title="Pamela Anderson">Pamela Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nava_Atlas" title="Nava Atlas">Nava Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayim_Bialik" title="Mayim Bialik">Mayim Bialik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleigh_Bodrug" title="Carleigh Bodrug">Carleigh Bodrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_Boots" title="Gypsy Boots">Gypsy Boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOSH!" title="BOSH!">BOSH!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Brotherton" title="Martha Brotherton">Martha Brotherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Espe_Brown" title="Edward Espe Brown">Edward Espe Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabitha_Brown_(actress)" title="Tabitha Brown (actress)">Tabitha Brown (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzy_Amis_Cameron" title="Suzy Amis Cameron">Suzy Amis Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Che" title="Hannah Che">Hannah Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinky_Cole" title="Pinky Cole">Pinky Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloe_Coscarelli" title="Chloe Coscarelli">Chloe Coscarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_Devi" title="Yamuna Devi">Yamuna Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Dragonwagon" title="Crescent Dragonwagon">Crescent Dragonwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Elliot" title="Rose Elliot">Rose Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_Esselstyn" title="Rip Esselstyn">Rip Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Fiore" title="Toni Fiore">Toni Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Lee_Flinders" title="Carol Lee Flinders">Carol Lee Flinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Gauthier" title="Alexis Gauthier">Alexis Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richa_Hingle" title="Richa Hingle">Richa Hingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhur_Jaffrey" title="Madhur Jaffrey">Madhur Jaffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollie_Katzen" title="Mollie Katzen">Mollie Katzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Moore_Lapp%C3%A9" title="Frances Moore Lappé">Frances Moore Lappé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Madison" title="Deborah Madison">Deborah Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_McCartney" title="Linda McCartney">Linda McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McCartney" title="Mary McCartney">Mary McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetty_Lui_McKinnon" title="Hetty Lui McKinnon">Hetty Lui McKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracye_McQuirter" title="Tracye McQuirter">Tracye McQuirter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Lee_Molinaro" title="Joanne Lee Molinaro">Joanne Lee Molinaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_Morgan" title="Charity Morgan">Charity Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Chandra_Moskowitz" title="Isa Chandra Moskowitz">Isa Chandra Moskowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawa_Muhaiyaddeen" title="Bawa Muhaiyaddeen">Bawa Muhaiyaddeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaz_Oakley" title="Gaz Oakley">Gaz Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleen_Patrick-Goudreau" title="Colleen Patrick-Goudreau">Colleen Patrick-Goudreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Pritchard" title="Mathew Pritchard">Mathew Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Satchidananda_Saraswati" title="Swami Satchidananda Saraswati">Satchidananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Sarno" title="Derek Sarno">Derek Sarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyoko_Schinner" title="Miyoko Schinner">Miyoko Schinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicia_Silverstone" title="Alicia Silverstone">Alicia Silverstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Sunderani" title="Hannah Sunderani">Hannah Sunderani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Terry" title="Bryant Terry">Bryant Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Thomas" title="Anna Thomas">Anna Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Thomas" title="Haile Thomas">Haile Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Toyota" title="Lauren Toyota">Lauren Toyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeeca_Uy" title="Jeeca Uy">Jeeca Uy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Veronesi" title="Umberto Veronesi">Umberto Veronesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisha_Vora" title="Nisha Vora">Nisha Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Wakeman_(author)" title="Alan Wakeman (author)">Alan Wakeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Yonan" title="Joe Yonan">Joe Yonan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restaurants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_%26_Esther%27s_Vegan_Jewish_Deli" title="Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli">Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnaholic" title="Cinnaholic">Cinnaholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossroads_Kitchen" title="Crossroads Kitchen">Crossroads Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Elephant_Vegetarian_Bistro" title="Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro">Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greens_Restaurant" title="Greens Restaurant">Greens Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltl_Restaurant" title="Hiltl Restaurant">Hiltl Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pine_(restaurant)" title="Little Pine (restaurant)">Little Pine (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purezza" title="Purezza">Purezza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutty_Vegan" title="Slutty Vegan">Slutty Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souley_Vegan" title="Souley Vegan">Souley Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_Lounge,_London" title="The Sound Lounge, London">The Sound Lounge, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Galaxy" title="Veggie Galaxy">Veggie Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Grill" title="Veggie Grill">Veggie Grill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former restaurants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cranks_(restaurant)" title="Cranks (restaurant)">Cranks (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Thought_(restaurant)" title="Food for Thought (restaurant)">Food for Thought (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSpiral_Lounge" title="InSpiral Lounge">InSpiral Lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentil_as_Anything" title="Lentil as Anything">Lentil as Anything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Caf%C3%A9" title="Minerva Café">Minerva Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Riverside_Cafe" title="New Riverside Cafe">New Riverside Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(restaurant)" title="Nix (restaurant)">Nix (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Cafeteria" title="Penny Cafeteria">Penny Cafeteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Peacock" title="Pink Peacock">Pink Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Reed" title="The Hollow Reed">The Hollow Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pitman_Vegetarian_Hotel" title="The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel">The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_symbolism" title="Vegetarian and vegan symbolism">Vegetarian and vegan symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juice_fasting" title="Juice fasting">Juice fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_dog_diet" title="Vegetarian and vegan dog diet">Vegetarian and vegan dog diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_action_plan" title="Plant-based action plan">Plant-based action plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low-carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Flexitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shurtleff" title="William Shurtleff">William Shurtleff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akiko_Aoyagi" title="Akiko Aoyagi">Akiko Aoyagi</a> (The Book of Tofu)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plant-based_diets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant-based_diets" title="Template:Plant-based diets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plant-based_diets" title="Template talk:Plant-based diets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plant-based_diets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plant-based diets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plant-based_diets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Flexitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low-carbon diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portfolio_diet" title="Portfolio diet">Portfolio diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Academics, dietitians, and physicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neal_D._Barnard" title="Neal D. Barnard">Neal D. Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Bulsiewicz" title="Will Bulsiewicz">Will Bulsiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Colin_Campbell" title="T. Colin Campbell">T. Colin Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Davis" title="Brenda Davis">Brenda Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Davis_(surgeon)" title="Garth Davis (surgeon)">Garth Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Desmond" title="Alan Desmond">Alan Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Diehl" title="Hans Diehl">Hans Diehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Eshel" title="Gidon Eshel">Gidon Eshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_Esselstyn" title="Caldwell Esselstyn">Caldwell Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_E._Fraser" title="Gary E. Fraser">Gary E. Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Fuhrman" title="Joel Fuhrman">Joel Fuhrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristi_Funk" title="Kristi Funk">Kristi Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_D._Gardner" title="Christopher D. Gardner">Christopher D. Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Greger" title="Michael Greger">Michael Greger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julieanna_Hever" title="Julieanna Hever">Julieanna Hever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Hill_(nutritionist)" title="Simon Hill (nutritionist)">Simon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shireen_Kassam" title="Shireen Kassam">Shireen Kassam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Jacobson" title="Michael F. Jacobson">Michael F. Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Jenkins" title="David J. Jenkins">David J. Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Kahn" title="Joel Kahn">Joel Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Katz" title="David L. Katz">David L. Katz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Klaper" title="Michael Klaper">Michael Klaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Levin" title="Susan M. Levin">Susan M. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valter_Longo" title="Valter Longo">Valter Longo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaniappan_Manickam" title="Palaniappan Manickam">Palaniappan Manickam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McDougall" title="John A. McDougall">John A. McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracye_McQuirter" title="Tracye McQuirter">Tracye McQuirter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Newman" title="Gemma Newman">Gemma Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Ornish" title="Dean Ornish">Dean Ornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Plant" title="Jane Plant">Jane Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Pritikin" title="Nathan Pritikin">Nathan Pritikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megan_Rossi" title="Megan Rossi">Megan Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Shintani" title="Terry Shintani">Terry Shintani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheil_Shukla" title="Sheil Shukla">Sheil Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Spector" title="Tim Spector">Tim Spector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Syn" title="Mia Syn">Mia Syn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Wareham" title="Ellsworth Wareham">Ellsworth Wareham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Advocates and cookbook authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Adams" title="Eric Adams">Eric Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Anderson" title="Pamela Anderson">Pamela Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nava_Atlas" title="Nava Atlas">Nava Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Bass" title="Clarence Bass">Clarence Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bittman" title="Mark Bittman">Mark Bittman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Jackson_Blatner" title="Dawn Jackson Blatner">Dawn Jackson Blatner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleigh_Bodrug" title="Carleigh Bodrug">Carleigh Bodrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bowman" title="Alfredo Bowman">Alfredo Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Brazier" title="Brendan Brazier">Brendan Brazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Buettner" title="Dan Buettner">Dan Buettner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzy_Amis_Cameron" title="Suzy Amis Cameron">Suzy Amis Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Che" title="Hannah Che">Hannah Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Cross_(filmmaker)" title="Joe Cross (filmmaker)">Joe Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosanna_Davison" title="Rosanna Davison">Rosanna Davison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr." title="Robert Downey Jr.">Robert Downey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Dymek" title="Marta Dymek">Marta Dymek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_Esselstyn" title="Rip Esselstyn">Rip Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Freston" title="Kathy Freston">Kathy Freston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kenney" title="Matthew Kenney">Matthew Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richa_Hingle" title="Richa Hingle">Richa Hingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Humm" title="Daniel Humm">Daniel Humm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_La_Manna" title="Max La Manna">Max La Manna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McCartney" title="Mary McCartney">Mary McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Mills" title="Ella Mills">Ella Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetty_Lui_McKinnon" title="Hetty Lui McKinnon">Hetty Lui McKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Lee_Molinaro" title="Joanne Lee Molinaro">Joanne Lee Molinaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_Morgan" title="Charity Morgan">Charity Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_H._Murdock" title="David H. Murdock">David H. Murdock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Okamoto" title="Toni Okamoto">Toni Okamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darin_Olien" title="Darin Olien">Darin Olien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Pilot" title="Steve Pilot">Steve Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Robbins" title="Ocean Robbins">Ocean Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Sarno" title="Derek Sarno">Derek Sarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Seinfeld" title="Jessica Seinfeld">Jessica Seinfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Stone" title="Gene Stone">Gene Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Sunderani" title="Hannah Sunderani">Hannah Sunderani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Szekely" title="Deborah Szekely">Deborah Szekely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeeca_Uy" title="Jeeca Uy">Jeeca Uy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisha_Vora" title="Nisha Vora">Nisha Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Yonan" title="Joe Yonan">Joe Yonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Young" title="Robert O. Young">Robert O. Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PlantPure_Nation" title="PlantPure Nation">PlantPure Nation</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_the_Health" title="What the Health">What the Health</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Changers" title="The Game Changers">The Game Changers</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books,<br />studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventist_Health_Studies" title="Adventist Health Studies">Adventist Health Studies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Study" title="The China Study">The China Study</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_Not_to_Die:_Discover_the_Foods_Scientifically_Proven_to_Prevent_and_Reverse_Disease" title="How Not to Die: Discover the Foods Scientifically Proven to Prevent and Reverse Disease">How Not to Die: Discover the Foods Scientifically Proven to Prevent and Reverse Disease</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Longevity_Diet" title="The Longevity Diet">The Longevity Diet</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-Based_Health_Professionals_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant-Based Health Professionals UK">Plant-Based Health Professionals UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine" title="Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine">Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritikin_Longevity_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritikin Longevity Center">Pritikin Longevity Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fermented_foods" title="List of fermented foods">Fermented foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_microbiota" title="Gut microbiota">Gut microbiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_microbiome" title="Human microbiome">Gut microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_action_plan" title="Plant-based action plan">Plant-based action plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nutrition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition" title="Vegan nutrition">Vegan nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_nutrition" title="Vegetarian nutrition">Vegetarian nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">Beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_fruits" title="List of culinary fruits">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Herbs and spices</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Legumes/Pulses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_nuts" title="List of culinary nuts">Nuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_edible_seeds" title="List of edible seeds">Seeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">Tempeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetables" title="List of vegetables">Vegetables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">Whole grains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cacao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">Plant milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_and_plant-based_media" title="List of vegan and plant-based media">List of vegan and plant-based media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Plant-based_diets" title="Category:Plant-based diets">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plant-based_diets" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Plant-based diets">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hülsenfrucht"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4020803-5">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Legumes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85075872">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="luštěniny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123788&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563041805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013940">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legume&oldid=1259271837">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legume&oldid=1259271837</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legumes" title="Category:Legumes">Legumes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fruit_morphology" 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