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<span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>The Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-eyed pea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="لوبياء العين السوداء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوبياء العين السوداء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%AB%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7" title="ލޫބިޔާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލޫބިޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CF%86%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Μαυρομάτικο φασόλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαυρομάτικο φασόλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alubia_carilla" title="Alubia carilla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alubia carilla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornille" title="Cornille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cornille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%80%EC%9D%80%EB%88%88%EC%BD%A9" title="검은눈콩 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="검은눈콩" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लोभिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लोभिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacang_tunggak" title="Kacang tunggak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kacang tunggak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacang_mripat_ireng" title="Kacang mripat ireng – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kacang mripat ireng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86" title="ಅಲಸಂಡೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲಸಂಡೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuengi" title="Mbuengi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mbuengi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Папуда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папуда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80" title="चवळी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चवळी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacang_tunggak" title="Kacang tunggak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kacang tunggak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartaugeb%C3%B8nne" title="Svartaugebønne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svartaugebønne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لوبیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوبیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93" title="කවුපී – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කවුපී" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-eyed_pea" title="Black-eyed pea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Black-eyed pea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%ADu_d%E1%BA%A3i_tr%E1%BA%AFng_r%E1%BB%91n_n%C3%A2u" title="Đậu dải trắng rốn nâu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đậu dải trắng rốn nâu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%9C%BC%E8%B1%86" title="黑眼豆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑眼豆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3246973#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subspecies of cowpea plant</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Black eyed peas" redirects here. For the hip-hop/pop group of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Black_Eyed_Peas" title="Black Eyed Peas">Black Eyed Peas</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Black-eyed_pea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Black-eyed pea (disambiguation)">Black-eyed pea (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biota"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above cultivar" style="background:palegreen;">Black-eyed peas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Black-eyed_peas_close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Black-eyed_peas_close_up.jpg/220px-Black-eyed_peas_close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Black-eyed_peas_close_up.jpg/330px-Black-eyed_peas_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Black-eyed_peas_close_up.jpg/440px-Black-eyed_peas_close_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5592" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Fresh black-eyed peas</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></th><td class="infobox-data binominal" style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Vigna_unguiculata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigna unguiculata">Vigna unguiculata</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gerhard_Walpers" title="Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers">Walp.</a></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Cultivar group</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;">Unguiculata</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;">Black-eyed peas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data" style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-tropical_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tropical-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Cultivar group members</th><td class="infobox-data" style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;">lobia</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>black-eyed pea</b> or <b>black-eyed bean</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume</a> grown around the world for its medium-sized, edible <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">bean</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cowpea" title="Cowpea">cowpea</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> plant <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestication of plants">domesticated</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and is sometimes simply called a cowpea. </p><p>The common commercial variety is called the <b>California Blackeye</b>; it is pale-colored with a prominent black spot. The <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a> has countless varieties, many of them <a href="/wiki/Heirloom_plant" title="Heirloom plant">heirloom</a>, that vary in size from the small lady peas to very large ones. The color of the eye may be black, brown, red, pink, or green. All the peas are green when freshly shelled and brown or <a href="/wiki/Buff_(colour)" title="Buff (colour)">buff</a> when dried. A popular variation<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the black-eyed pea is the <b>purple hull pea</b> or <b>mud-in-your-eye pea</b>; it is usually green with a prominent purple or pink spot. The currently accepted <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical</a> name for the black-eyed pea is <i>Vigna unguiculata</i> subsp. <i>unguiculata</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although previously it was classified in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus" title="Phaseolus">Phaseolus</a></i>. <i>Vigna unguiculata</i> subsp. <i>dekindtiana</i> is the wild relative and <i>Vigna unguiculata</i> subsp. <i>sesquipedalis</i> is the related <a href="/wiki/Asparagus_bean" title="Asparagus bean">asparagus bean</a>. Other beans of somewhat similar appearance, such as the <i>frijol ojo de cabra</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goat%27s-eye_bean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goat's-eye bean (page does not exist)">goat's-eye bean</a>) of northern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, are sometimes incorrectly called black-eyed peas, and vice versa. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-eyed_pea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black-eyed_pea_pods_on_plant_in_Hong_Kong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Black-eyed_pea_pods_on_plant_in_Hong_Kong.jpg/170px-Black-eyed_pea_pods_on_plant_in_Hong_Kong.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Black-eyed_pea_pods_on_plant_in_Hong_Kong.jpg/255px-Black-eyed_pea_pods_on_plant_in_Hong_Kong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Black-eyed_pea_pods_on_plant_in_Hong_Kong.jpg/340px-Black-eyed_pea_pods_on_plant_in_Hong_Kong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Ripe, opened black-eyed pea in pod and developing pods</figcaption></figure> <p>The Black-eyed pea originates from West <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and has been cultivated in China and India since prehistoric times.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was grown<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> since the 17th century by African slaves<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were brought to America along with the indigenous plants from their homelands.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crop would also eventually <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prove popular in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. The planting of crops of black-eyed peas was promoted by <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a> because, as a <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume</a>, it adds <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> and has high <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_value" title="Nutritional value">nutritional value</a>. Throughout the South, the black-eyed pea is still a widely used ingredient today<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">soul food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">cuisines of the Southern United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The black-eye pea is cultivated throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-tropical_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tropical-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-eyed_pea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black-eyed_peas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Black-eyed_peas.JPG/220px-Black-eyed_peas.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Black-eyed_peas.JPG/330px-Black-eyed_peas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Black-eyed_peas.JPG/440px-Black-eyed_peas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4332" data-file-height="3230" /></a><figcaption>Black-eyed peas, in and out of the shell</figcaption></figure> <p>In non-tropical climates, this heat-loving crop should be sown after all danger of frost has passed and the soil is warm. Seeds sown too early will rot before <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germination</a>. Black-eyed peas are extremely <a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerant</a>, so excessive watering should be avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crop is relatively free of <a href="/wiki/Pest_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pest (animal)">pests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">disease</a>. <a href="/wiki/Root-knot_nematode" title="Root-knot nematode">Root-knot nematodes</a> can be a problem, especially if crops are not <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">rotated</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen-fixing</a> legume, <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilization</a> can exclude nitrogen three weeks after germination. </p><p>The blossom produces <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> plentifully, and large areas can be a source of <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>. Because the bloom attracts a variety of <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a>, care must be taken in the application of <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a> to avoid <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_misuse" title="Pesticide misuse">label violations</a>. </p><p>After planting the pea, it should start to grow after 2–5 days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lucky_New_Year_food">Lucky New Year food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-eyed_pea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lucky New Year food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peteandpeas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Peteandpeas.jpg/220px-Peteandpeas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Peteandpeas.jpg/330px-Peteandpeas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Peteandpeas.jpg/440px-Peteandpeas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>: black-eyed peas, <a href="/wiki/Ham_hock" title="Ham hock">ham hock</a>, and pepper sauce</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, eating black-eyed peas or <a href="/wiki/Hoppin%27_John" title="Hoppin' John">Hoppin' John</a> (a traditional <a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">soul food</a>) on <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> is thought to bring prosperity in the new year.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peas are typically cooked with a pork product for flavoring (such as <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatback" title="Fatback">fatback</a>, ham bones, or hog jowls) and diced onion, and served with a hot <a href="/wiki/Chili_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Chili sauce">chili sauce</a> or a pepper-flavored <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>. The traditional meal also includes <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collard_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Collard greens">collard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnip</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard</a> <a href="/wiki/Greens_(vegetable)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greens (vegetable)">greens</a>, and ham. The peas, since they swell when cooked, symbolize prosperity; the greens symbolize money; the pork, because pigs root forward when foraging, represents positive motion.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cornbread" title="Cornbread">Cornbread</a>, which represents gold, also often accompanies this meal.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several legends exist as to the origin of this custom. Two popular explanations for the South's association with peas and good luck date back to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The first is associated with <a href="/wiki/General_William_T._Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="General William T. Sherman">General William T. Sherman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">march of the Union Army to the sea</a>, during which they pillaged the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army">Confederates'</a> food supplies. Stories say peas and salted pork were said to have been left untouched, because of the belief that they were animal food unfit for human consumption. Southerners considered themselves lucky to be left with some supplies to help them survive the winter, and black-eyed peas evolved into a representation of good luck. One challenge to this legend is that General Sherman brought backup supplies with him including three days of animal feed<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would have been unlikely to have left even animal feed untouched. In addition, the dates of the first average frost for Atlanta and Savannah, respectively, are November 13 and November 28.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Sherman's march was from November 15 to December 21, 1864, it is improbable, although possible, that the Union Army would have come across standing fields of black-eyed peas as relayed in most versions of the legend. In another Southern tradition, black-eyed peas were a symbol of emancipation for African-Americans who had previously been enslaved, and who after the Civil War were officially freed on New Year's Day.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Southern American traditions point to Jews of Ashkenazi and Sephardic ancestry in Southern cities and plantations eating the peas.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culinary_uses_worldwide">Culinary uses worldwide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-eyed_pea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culinary uses worldwide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa_and_the_Middle_East">Africa and the Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-eyed_pea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Africa and the Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, black-eyed peas are called <i>lobia.</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When cooked with onions, garlic, meat and tomato juice, and served with Egyptian rice with some <a href="/wiki/Pastina" title="Pastina">pastina</a> called <i>shaerya</i> mixed in, they make the most famous rice dish in Egypt. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <i>lobya</i> or green black-eyed beans are cooked with onion, garlic, tomatoes, peeled and chopped, olive oil, salt and black pepper. </p><p>In Nigeria and Ghana within <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, a traditional dish called <i><a href="/wiki/Akara" title="Akara">akara</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Koose" title="Koose">koose</a></i> comprises mashed black-eyed peas with added salt, onions and/or peppers. The mixture is then fried. In Nigeria a pudding called '<a href="/wiki/Moin_moin" title="Moin moin">moin-moin</a>' is made from ground and mixed peas with seasoning as well as some plant proteins before it is steamed. This is served with various carbohydrate-rich foods such as pap, rice or garri.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_the_Pacific">Asia and the Pacific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-eyed_pea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Asia and the Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, black-eyed peas are called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kacang_tunggak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kacang tunggak (page does not exist)">kacang tunggak</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/kacang_tunggak" class="extiw" title="id:kacang tunggak">id</a>]</span></i> or <i>kacang tolo</i> in the local language. They are commonly used in curry dishes such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sambal_goreng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sambal goreng (page does not exist)">sambal goreng</a></i>, a hot and spicy red curry dish, <i>sayur brongkos</i>, or <i>sayur lodeh</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobia_Curry.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lobia_Curry.JPG/220px-Lobia_Curry.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lobia_Curry.JPG/330px-Lobia_Curry.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lobia_Curry.JPG/440px-Lobia_Curry.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><i>Lobia</i> curry, a black-eyed peas dish from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The bean is commonly used across <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> dialects of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>, black-eyed peas are called <i>lobia</i> (लोबीया) / <i>rongi</i> (रोंगी) and are cooked like <i><a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">daal</a></i> , and served with boiled rice.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>- speaking areas of India and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, it is called lobia (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>- लोबीया, Bodi, बोडी). </p><p>In Punjabi-speaking areas of both India and Pakistan, they are called <i>rongi</i>/<i>lobia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>-ਰੌਁਗੀ/ਲੋਬੀਆ). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, they are called <i>suki choli</i>/<i>choli</i> (<a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>- સુકી ચોળી/ચોળી). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> speaking parts of India (<a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, they are known as <i>borboti kolai </i> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>-বরবটি কলাই). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, they are called <i>jhudanga</i>/<i>jhunga</i> (<a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>- ଝୁଡ଼ଙ୍ଗ/ଝୁଙ୍ଗ). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, they are called <i>lesera maah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>- লেচৰা মাহ). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and other Konkani speaking areas of India, lobia/black eyed beans are called <i>bogdo</i> /<i>chawli</i> (<a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>- बोग्डो/चवळी). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, they are called <i>chawli</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>- चवळी) and made into a curry called <i>chawli amti</i> or <i>chawli usal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, they are called <i>alsande kalu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>- ಅಲಸಂದೆ ಕಾಳು) and used in the preparation of <i>huli</i>, a popular type of <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the coastal areas of southern Karnataka like <a href="/wiki/South_Kanara_district" class="mw-redirect" title="South Kanara district">South Kanara</a> district, they are called as <i>lathanay bitt</i> in Tulu language (<a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a>- ಲತ್ತಣೆ ಬಿತ್ತ) and are cooked in spiced coconut paste to make a saucy curry or a dry coconut curry. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, they are called <i>karamani</i>/<i>thattapayaru</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>- காரமணி/தட்டப்பயிறு) and used in various recipes, including being boiled and made into a salad-like <i>sundal</i> (often during the <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navratri</a> festivals).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, they are known by the name <i>bobbarlu</i>/<i>alasandalu kura</i> (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>- బొబ్బర్లు/అలసందలు కూర), and are used for variety of recipes, most popularly for <a href="/wiki/Vada_(food)" title="Vada (food)">Vada</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, they are called <i>vellapayar</i> (<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>-വെളളപയർ) and is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Sadhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhya">Sadhya</a> dish, <a href="/wiki/Olan_(dish)" title="Olan (dish)">Olan</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietblackeyedpeas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Vietblackeyedpeas.jpg/170px-Vietblackeyedpeas.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Vietblackeyedpeas.jpg/255px-Vietblackeyedpeas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Vietblackeyedpeas.jpg/340px-Vietblackeyedpeas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Several cups of <i>chè đậu trắng</i>, a Vietnamese dessert made with black-eyed peas</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnam</a>, black-eyed peas are used in a sweet dessert called <i>chè đậu trắng</i> (black-eyed peas and <a href="/wiki/Glutinous_rice" title="Glutinous rice">sticky rice</a> with <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-eyed_pea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AF_(fresko_luvi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Φρέσκο λουβί (fresko luvi) (page does not exist)">φρέσκο λουβί (fresko luvi)</a>), <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Μαυρομάτικα (page does not exist)">μαυρομάτικα</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B6r%C3%BClce_salatas%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Börülce salatası (page does not exist)">börülce salatası</a>), blanched black-eyed peas are eaten as salad with a dressing of olive oil, salt, <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemon</a> juice, onions and garlic.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, black-eyed peas are served with boiled <a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">cod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Tuna#Food" title="Tuna">tuna</a>, and in salads. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Americas">The Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-eyed_pea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_America">North America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-eyed_pea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Hoppin%27_John" title="Hoppin' John">Hoppin' John</a>", made of black-eyed peas or field peas, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, is a traditional dish in parts of the Southern United States. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Texas_caviar" title="Texas caviar">Texas caviar</a>, another traditional dish in the American South, is made from black-eyed peas marinated in <a href="/wiki/Vinaigrette" title="Vinaigrette">vinaigrette</a>-style dressing and chopped garlic.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_America">South America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-eyed_pea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>'s northeastern state of <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>, especially in the city of <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, black-eyed peas (named "feijão fradinho" there) are used in a traditional <a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">street food</a> of West African cuisine origin called <i><a href="/wiki/Acaraj%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Acarajé">acarajé</a></i>. The beans are peeled and mashed, and the resulting paste is made into balls and deep-fried in <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil"><i>dendê</i></a>. <i>Acarajé</i> is typically served split in half and stuffed with <i><a href="/wiki/Vatap%C3%A1" title="Vatapá">vatapá</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Caruru_(food)" title="Caruru (food)"><i>caruru</i></a>, diced green and red tomatoes, fried <a href="/wiki/Dried_shrimp" title="Dried shrimp">sun-dried shrimp</a> and homemade hot sauce. </p><p>In the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, they are used to prepare a fritter called <i><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelo" title="Buñuelo">buñuelo</a></i>. The beans are immersed in water for a few hours to loosen their skins and soften them. The skins are then removed either by hand or with the help of a manual grinder. Once the skins are removed, the bean is ground or blended, and eggs are added, which produces a soft mix. The mix is fried in hot oil. It makes a nutritious breakfast meal. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, it is one of the most popular type of beans cooked with rice, the main one being <a href="/wiki/Red_kidney_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Red kidney beans">red kidney beans</a>, also referred to as red beans. It is also cooked as a snack or appetizer on its own. On New Year's Eve (referred to as Old Year's Night in Guyana and <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>), families cook a traditional dish called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook-up_rice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cook-up rice (page does not exist)">cook-up rice</a>. The dish comprises rice, black-eyed peas, and other peas and a variety of meats cooked in coconut milk and seasonings. According to tradition, cook-up rice should be the first thing consumed in the New Year for good luck. Cook-up rice is also made as an everyday dish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-eyed_pea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Mature black-eyed peas<br />cooked, no salt</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">484 kJ (116 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">20.76 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.3 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">6.5 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.53 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">7.73 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">17%</div> 0.202 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.055 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.495 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 0.411 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">52%</div> 208 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.28 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 1.7 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 24 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">14%</div> 2.51 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">13%</div> 53 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">21%</div> 0.475 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 156 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 278 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 1.29 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173759/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One 100 g serving of cooked black-eyed peas contains 484 kilojoules (116 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> and is an excellent source of <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folate</a> and a good source of <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legume is also a good source of <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> (6.5 g per 100 g serving) and contains a moderate amount of numerous other vitamins and minerals (table). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-eyed_pea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adzuki_bean" title="Adzuki bean">Adzuki bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">Chickpea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_Lee_pea" title="Dixie Lee pea">Dixie Lee pea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bean" title="Green bean">Green bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diseases_of_the_common_bean" title="List of diseases of the common bean">List of diseases of the common bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mung_bean" title="Mung bean">Mung bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_beans" title="Organic beans">Organic beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_(legume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse (legume)">Pulse (legume)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Island_red_pea" title="Sea Island red pea">Sea Island red pea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">Vicia faba</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-eyed_pea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081231/FOOD/312319991/-1/food">the original</a> on June 18, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nashua+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Celebrate+New+Year%27s+with+black-eyed+peas&rft.date=2008-12-31&rft.au=Ellner%2C+Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nashuatelegraph.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D%2F20081231%2FFOOD%2F312319991%2F-1%2Ffood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack-eyed+pea" class="Z3988"></span> "On New Year's Day, it gets the full Southern treatment, which usually means Hoppin' John – a traditional soul food consisting of black-eyed peas cooked with ham hocks and spices, served over rice. In the South, eating black-eyed peas on New Year's is thought to bring prosperity"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2009" class="citation journal cs1">Greene, Teri (2009-01-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024134414/http://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/article/20090102/NEWS01/901020311">"A Tasty Tradition: New Year's meal means good luck, good eats"</a>. <i>Montgomery Advertiser</i>: 2, 3A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/article/20090102/NEWS01/901020311">the original</a> on October 24, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Provincials&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocumentslide.com%2Fdocuments%2Fthe-provincials-a-personal-history-of-jews-in-the-south-with-photographs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack-eyed+pea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoha2020" class="citation web cs1">Noha (2020-01-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sugarandgarlic.com/loubiya-egyptian-black-eyed-pea-stew/">"Loubiya (Egyptian Black Eyed Pea Stew)"</a>. <i>Sugar & Garlic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sugar+%26+Garlic&rft.atitle=Loubiya+%28Egyptian+Black+Eyed+Pea+Stew%29&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft.au=Noha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sugarandgarlic.com%2Floubiya-egyptian-black-eyed-pea-stew%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack-eyed+pea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston2005" class="citation book cs1">Houston, Lynn Marie (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZEeyKrytcwC"><i>Food Culture in the Caribbean</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32764-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32764-3"><bdi>978-0-313-32764-3</bdi></a>. <q>Fritters [...] are common [...]. Made from peas in the Dutch Caribbean, they are called cala, and in the French and English Caribbean they are called by their Yoruban name, akkra (or accras). They are most often made from mashed black-eyed peas, spiced with hot peppers, and then deep fried.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Culture+in+the+Caribbean&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32764-3&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Lynn+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZZEeyKrytcwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack-eyed+pea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606213716/http://store.indianfoodsco.com/recipe/black-eye-bean-chili-recipe-indian-recdalblackeyebeans">"Black Eye Bean Curry - Punjab Chawli, Rongi Masala - Recipes Shop, Buy Online"</a>. Store.indianfoodsco.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://store.indianfoodsco.com/recipe/black-eye-bean-chili-recipe-indian-recdalblackeyebeans">the original</a> on 2014-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Eye+Bean+Curry+-+Punjab+Chawli%2C+Rongi+Masala+-+Recipes+Shop%2C+Buy+Online&rft.pub=Store.indianfoodsco.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstore.indianfoodsco.com%2Frecipe%2Fblack-eye-bean-chili-recipe-indian-recdalblackeyebeans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack-eyed+pea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chakali.blogspot.com.au/2010/05/chavli-amti-black-eyed-beans-curry.html">"Black eyed beans curry"</a>. Chakali. 2014-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+eyed+beans+curry&rft.pub=Chakali&rft.date=2014-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchakali.blogspot.com.au%2F2010%2F05%2Fchavli-amti-black-eyed-beans-curry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack-eyed+pea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tasteofmysore.com/2008/09/alasande-kalu-huli-curried-black-eyed.html">"Alasande Kalu Huli /Curried Black eyed Peas And Soppina Palya/Stirfried Amaranth"</a>. Taste of Mysore. 2008-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alasande+Kalu+Huli+%2FCurried+Black+eyed+Peas+And+Soppina+Palya%2FStirfried+Amaranth&rft.pub=Taste+of+Mysore&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tasteofmysore.com%2F2008%2F09%2Falasande-kalu-huli-curried-black-eyed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack-eyed+pea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiankhana.net/2013/09/karamani-sundal-lobia-sundal-recipe.html">"Karamani Sundal/Lobia Sundal Recipe - Ganesha Chaturthi Naivedyam Recipes"</a>. Indian Khana. 2013-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karamani+Sundal%2FLobia+Sundal+Recipe+-+Ganesha+Chaturthi+Naivedyam+Recipes&rft.pub=Indian+Khana&rft.date=2013-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiankhana.net%2F2013%2F09%2Fkaramani-sundal-lobia-sundal-recipe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack-eyed+pea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141225205925/http://thursdayfordinner.com/2008/12/swiss-chard-and-black-eyed-beans/">"Swiss Chard and Black Eyed Beans"</a>. Thursdayfordinner.com. 2008-12-19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thursdayfordinner.com/2008/12/swiss-chard-and-black-eyed-beans">the original</a> on 2014-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swiss+Chard+and+Black+Eyed+Beans&rft.pub=Thursdayfordinner.com&rft.date=2008-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthursdayfordinner.com%2F2008%2F12%2Fswiss-chard-and-black-eyed-beans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack-eyed+pea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce_Sáenz_Harris" class="citation web cs1">Joyce Sáenz Harris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/fea/taste/texascollection/stories/DN-nf_texascaviar_0321liv.State.Edition1.447ccf1.html">"Try Some Texas Caviar"</a>. The Dallas Morning News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Try+Some+Texas+Caviar&rft.pub=The+Dallas+Morning+News&rft.au=Joyce+S%C3%A1enz+Harris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fsharedcontent%2Fdws%2Ffea%2Ftaste%2Ftexascollection%2Fstories%2FDN-nf_texascaviar_0321liv.State.Edition1.447ccf1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack-eyed+pea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDADailyValues-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDADailyValues_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"</a>. <i>FDA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=Daily+Value+on+the+Nutrition+and+Supplement+Facts+Labels&rft.date=2024&rft.au=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Fnutrition-facts-label%2Fdaily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack-eyed+pea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_MedicineHealth_and_Medicine_DivisionFood_and_Nutrition_BoardCommittee_to_Review_the_Dietary_Reference_Intakes_for_Sodium_and_Potassium2019" class="citation book cs1">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/"><i>Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</i></a>. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1"><bdi>978-0-309-48834-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154">30844154</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509063633/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+National+Academies+Collection%3A+Reports+funded+by+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30844154&rft.isbn=978-0-309-48834-1&rft.au=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.au=Health+and+Medicine+Division&rft.au=Food+and+Nutrition+Board&rft.au=Committee+to+Review+the+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK538102%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack-eyed+pea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218083216/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4678">"Show Foods"</a>. Ndb.nal.usda.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4678">the original</a> on December 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Show+Foods&rft.pub=Ndb.nal.usda.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fndb.nal.usda.gov%2Fndb%2Ffoods%2Fshow%2F4678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack-eyed+pea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-eyed_pea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=300675">"<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> subsp <i>unguiculata</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network&rft.atitle=Vigna+unguiculata+subsp+unguiculata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov%2Fgringlobal%2Ftaxonomydetail.aspx%3Fid%3D300675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack-eyed+pea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Vigna.html#unguiculata-unguiculata">Plantnames.unimelb.edu.au</a> Porcher Michel H. et al. 1995–2020, Sorting Vigna Names. Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (M.M.P.N.D) – A Work in Progress. School of Agriculture and Food Systems. Faculty of Land & Food Resources. The University of Melbourne. Australia. (2005).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/cowpea.html">Alternative Field Crops Manual: Cowpea</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?page_id=13&preview=true&searchTextMenue=Vigna+unguiculata&search=Wikitemplate"><i>Vigna unguiculata</i></a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de/">West African plants – A Photo Guide.</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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#a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Black-eyed pea</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/black-eyed_pea" class="extiw" title="wikt:black-eyed pea">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vigna_unguiculata_subsp._unguiculata" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Black-eyed_Pea" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Black-eyed Pea">Recipes</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/16px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/25px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/32px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vigna_unguiculata_subsp._unguiculata" class="extiw" title="species:Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata">Taxa</a></b> from Wikispecies</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246973" class="extiw" title="d:Q3246973">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Vigna unguiculata <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> unguiculata</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246973" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q3246973">Q3246973</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vigna_unguiculata_subsp._unguiculata" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata">Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/81684">81684</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5LRG2">5LRG2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=10835">10835</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242354394">242354394</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242354394">242354394</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/7225149">7225149</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/101661-3">101661-3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=524855">524855</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3920">3920</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=489475">489475</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=8644">8644</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/VIUNU">VIUNU</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A101661-3">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:101661-3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute" title="South African National Biodiversity Institute">SANBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=417-4012">417-4012</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/13072543">13072543</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000189643">wfo-0000189643</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black-eyed_pea&oldid=1238732080">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black-eyed_pea&oldid=1238732080</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_cuisine" title="Category:African cuisine">African cuisine</a></li><li><a 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