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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of color temperatures that are often viewed as pleasing to an observer</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kruithof_curve_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kruithof_curve_2.svg/400px-Kruithof_curve_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kruithof_curve_2.svg/600px-Kruithof_curve_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kruithof_curve_2.svg/800px-Kruithof_curve_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>The Kruithof curve, with an example light source; <a href="/wiki/CIE_Standard_Illuminant_D65" class="mw-redirect" title="CIE Standard Illuminant D65">D65</a> (Northern <a href="/wiki/Daylight" title="Daylight">daylight</a>), inside the pleasing region.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Kruithof curve</b> describes a region of <a href="/wiki/Illuminance" title="Illuminance">illuminance</a> levels and <a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">color temperatures</a> that are often viewed as comfortable or pleasing to an observer. The curve was constructed from <a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">psychophysical</a> data collected by Dutch physicist <a href="/wiki/Arie_Andries_Kruithof" title="Arie Andries Kruithof">Arie Andries Kruithof</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the original experimental data is not present on the curve itself. Lighting conditions within the bounded region were <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirically</a> assessed as being pleasing or natural, whereas conditions outside the region were considered uncomfortable, displeasing or unnatural.<sup id="cite_ref-Kruithof1941_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kruithof1941-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kruithof curve is a sufficient model for describing <a href="/wiki/Light#Light_source" title="Light">sources</a> that are considered <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">natural</a> or closely resemble <a href="/wiki/Planck%27s_law" title="Planck's law">Planckian</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_body" title="Black body">black bodies</a>, but its value in describing human preference has been consistently questioned by further studies on interior lighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_&_Ginthner_1990_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_&_Ginthner_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_&_Cuttle_1990_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_&_Cuttle_1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, natural daylight has a color temperature of 6500 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> and an illuminance of about 10<sup>4</sup> to 10<sup>5</sup> <a href="/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">lux</a>. This color temperature–illuminance pair results in natural <a href="/wiki/Color_Rendering_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Color Rendering Index">color rendition</a>, but if viewed at a low illuminance, would appear bluish. At typical indoor office illuminance levels of about 400 lux, pleasing color temperatures are lower (between 3000 and 6000 K), and at typical home illuminance levels of about 75 lux, pleasing color temperatures are even lower (between 2400 and 2700 K). These color temperature-illuminance pairs are often achieved with <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent sources</a>, respectively. The pleasing region of the curve contains color temperatures and illuminance levels comparable to naturally lit environments. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kruithof_curve&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the emergence of fluorescent lighting in 1941, Kruithof conducted psychophysical experiments to provide a technical guide to design artificial <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using <a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">gas-discharge fluorescent lamps</a>, Kruithof was able to manipulate the color of emitted light and ask observers to report as to whether or not the source was pleasing to them. The sketch of his curve as presented consists of three major regions: the middle region, which corresponds to light sources considered pleasing; the lower region, which corresponds to colors that are considered cold and dim; and the upper region, which corresponds to colors that are warm and unnaturally colorful. These regions, while approximate, are still used to determine appropriate lighting configurations for homes or offices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perception_and_adaptation">Perception and adaptation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kruithof_curve&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Perception and adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_geranium_photopic_mesopic_scotopic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Red_geranium_photopic_mesopic_scotopic.jpg/220px-Red_geranium_photopic_mesopic_scotopic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="439" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Red_geranium_photopic_mesopic_scotopic.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Simulated appearance of a red geranium and foliage in normal bright-light (<a href="/wiki/Photopic_vision" title="Photopic vision">photopic</a>) vision, dusk (<a href="/wiki/Mesopic_vision" title="Mesopic vision">mesopic</a>) vision, and night (<a href="/wiki/Scotopic_vision" title="Scotopic vision">scotopic</a>) vision. The blueish flower centers are still <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceived</a> as bright in the image of the flower viewed at dusk and at night.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kruithof's findings are directly related to human <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(eye)" title="Adaptation (eye)">adaptation</a> to changes in illumination. As illuminance decreases, human <a href="/wiki/Spectral_sensitivity" title="Spectral sensitivity">sensitivity</a> to blue light increases. This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_effect" title="Purkinje effect">Purkinje effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frisby1980_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frisby1980-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a> switches from photopic (<a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone</a>-dominated) vision to scotopic (<a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod</a>-dominated) vision when <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> levels decrease. Rods have a very high spectral sensitivity to blue energy, whereas cones have varying spectral sensitivities to reds, greens and blues. Since the dominating <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptor</a> in scotopic vision is most sensitive to blue, human sensitivity to blue light is therefore increased. Because of this, intense sources of higher (bluer) color temperatures are all generally considered to be displeasing at low luminance levels, and a narrow range of pleasing sources exist. Subsequently, the range of pleasing sources increases in photopic vision as luminance levels are increased. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kruithof_curve&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the curve has been used as a guide to design artificial lighting for indoor spaces, with the general suggestion to use sources with low correlated color temperatures (CCT) at low illuminances,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kruithof did not describe the method of evaluation, the independent variables, nor the test sample that were used to develop the curve. Without these data, nor other validation, the conclusions should not be considered credible. The relationship between illuminance and CCT was not supported by subsequent work.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_&_Cuttle_1990_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_&_Cuttle_1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davis_&_Ginthner_1990_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_&_Ginthner_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illuminance and CCT has been examined in many studies of interior lighting <sup id="cite_ref-Davis_&_Ginthner_1990_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_&_Ginthner_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_&_Cuttle_1990_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_&_Cuttle_1990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Islam_et_al_2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam_et_al_2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wei_et_al_2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wei_et_al_2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and these studies consistently demonstrate a different relationship to that suggested by Kruithof.<sup id="cite_ref-Fotios_2017_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fotios_2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than having upper and lower boundaries, these studies do not suggest CCT to have significant effect and for illuminance suggest only to avoid levels below 300 lux. Current studies have not explored the main critical part that is the low illumination regime or the low CCT range beneath 3000K in general, though some of the studies above reached down to 2850K. This lacunae in the data is particularly important as it relates to almost all "lifestyle" environments in which lighting designers operate - hotels, restaurants and residential settings. Further evaluation of these areas would serve well, given the implications for recent learning on <a href="/wiki/Light_effects_on_circadian_rhythm" title="Light effects on circadian rhythm"> the health implications of light on the circadian rhythm</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_studies">Further studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kruithof_curve&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kruithof curve, as presented, does not contain experimental data points and serves as an approximation for desirable lighting conditions. Therefore, its scientific accuracy has been reassessed. </p><p>Color rendering index is a <a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement">metric</a> for describing the <a href="/wiki/Visual_appearance" title="Visual appearance">appearance</a> of a source and whether or not it is considered pleasing. The color rendering index of a given source is a measure of that source's ability to faithfully reproduce colors of an object. Light sources, like <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candles</a> or incandescent light bulbs produce spectrums of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic</a> energy that closely resemble Planckian black bodies; they look much like natural sources. Many fluorescent lamps or <a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED light bulbs</a> have spectrums that do not match those of Planckian blackbodies and are considered unnatural. Therefore, the way that they render the perceived colors of an environment may be also considered unnatural. While these newer sources can still achieve correlated color temperatures and illuminance levels that are within the comfortable region of the Kruithof curve, variability in their color rendering indices may cause these sources to ultimately be displeasing. </p><p>Different activities or scenarios call for different color temperature–illuminance pairs: preferred light sources change depending on the scenario the source is illuminating.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals did prefer color temperature–illuminance pairs within the comfortable region for <a href="/wiki/Eating" title="Eating">dining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socializing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Study_skills" title="Study skills">studying</a>, but also preferred color temperature–illuminance pairs that were in the lower uncomfortable region for night time activities and preparing for bed. This is linked to the Purkinje effect; individuals who desire some light at night time desire lower (redder) color temperatures even if luminance levels are very low. </p><p>Kruithof's findings may also vary as a function of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geographic</a> location. Desirable sources are based on an individual's previous experiences of perceiving color, and as different regions of the world may have their own lighting standards, each culture would likely have its own acceptable light sources. </p><p>The illuminance of a source is the dominating factor for deciding as to whether or not a source is pleasing or comfortable, as viewers participating in this experiment evaluated a range of correlated color temperatures and illuminance levels, yet their impressions remained generally unchanged as correlated color temperature changed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there is a relationship between correlated color temperature and apparent brightness of a source.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From these findings, it is evident that color rendering index, in place of correlated color temperature, may be a more appropriate metric for determining as to whether or not a certain source is considered pleasing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kruithof_curve&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F.lux" title="F.lux">f.lux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">Melanopsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kruithof_curve&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeintraub2000" class="citation journal cs1">Weintraub, Steven (September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/waac/wn/wn21/wn21-3/wn21-308.html">"The Color of White: Is there a "preferred" color temperature for the exhibition of works of art?"</a>. <i>Western Association for Art Conservation Newsletter</i>. <b>21</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Association+for+Art+Conservation+Newsletter&rft.atitle=The+Color+of+White%3A+Is+there+a+%22preferred%22+color+temperature+for+the+exhibition+of+works+of+art%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2000-09&rft.aulast=Weintraub&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalimpsest.stanford.edu%2Fwaac%2Fwn%2Fwn21%2Fwn21-3%2Fwn21-308.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKruithof+curve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruithof1934" class="citation web cs1">Kruithof, Arie Andries (December 12, 1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724171918/http://dap.library.uu.nl/cgi-bin/dap/dap?diss_id=7789">"Aanslag van het waterstofmolecuulspectrum door electronen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dap.library.uu.nl/cgi-bin/dap/dap?diss_id=7789">the original</a> on July 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aanslag+van+het+waterstofmolecuulspectrum+door+electronen&rft.date=1934-12-12&rft.aulast=Kruithof&rft.aufirst=Arie+Andries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdap.library.uu.nl%2Fcgi-bin%2Fdap%2Fdap%3Fdiss_id%3D7789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKruithof+curve" class="Z3988"></span> (PhD dissertation at <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a> under <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Ornstein" title="Leonard Ornstein">Leonard Ornstein</a>) <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kruithof1941-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kruithof1941_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruithof1941" class="citation journal cs1">Kruithof, Arie Andries (1941). "Tubular Luminescence Lamps for General Illumination". <i>Philips Technical Review</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 65–96. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7926">0031-7926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philips+Technical+Review&rft.atitle=Tubular+Luminescence+Lamps+for+General+Illumination&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=65-96&rft.date=1941&rft.issn=0031-7926&rft.aulast=Kruithof&rft.aufirst=Arie+Andries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKruithof+curve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis_&_Ginthner_1990-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_&_Ginthner_1990_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_&_Ginthner_1990_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_&_Ginthner_1990_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisGinthner1990" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Davis, RG; Ginthner, DN (1990). "Correlated color temperature, illuminance level and the Kruithof curve". <i>Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society</i>. Winter: 27–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00994480.1990.10747937">10.1080/00994480.1990.10747937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Illuminating+Engineering+Society&rft.atitle=Correlated+color+temperature%2C+illuminance+level+and+the+Kruithof+curve&rft.volume=Winter&rft.pages=27-38&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00994480.1990.10747937&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=RG&rft.au=Ginthner%2C+DN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKruithof+curve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_&_Cuttle_1990-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_&_Cuttle_1990_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_&_Cuttle_1990_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_&_Cuttle_1990_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyceCuttle1990" class="citation journal cs1">Boyce, P.R.; Cuttle, C. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096032719002200102">"Effect of correlated colour temperature on the perception of interiors and colour discrimination"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lighting_Research_%26_Technology" title="Lighting Research & Technology">Lighting Research & Technology</a></i>. <b>22</b> (1): 19–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096032719002200102">10.1177/096032719002200102</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lighting+Research+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Effect+of+correlated+colour+temperature+on+the+perception+of+interiors+and+colour+discrimination&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-36&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F096032719002200102&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=P.R.&rft.au=Cuttle%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F096032719002200102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKruithof+curve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViénotMarie-Lucie_DurandElodie_Mahler2009" class="citation journal cs1">Viénot, Françoise; Marie-Lucie Durand; Elodie Mahler (July 20, 2009). "Kruithof's rule revisited using LED illumination". <i>Journal of Modern Optics</i>. <b>56</b> (13): 1433–1446. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JMOp...56.1433V">2009JMOp...56.1433V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09500340903151278">10.1080/09500340903151278</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121921684">121921684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Optics&rft.atitle=Kruithof%27s+rule+revisited+using+LED+illumination&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1433-1446&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121921684%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09500340903151278&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JMOp...56.1433V&rft.aulast=Vi%C3%A9not&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft.au=Marie-Lucie+Durand&rft.au=Elodie+Mahler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKruithof+curve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frisby1980-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-frisby1980_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrisby,_John_P.1980" class="citation book cs1">Frisby, John P. (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seeingillusionbr0000fris"><i>Seeing: Illusion, Brain and Mind</i></a></span>. 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"Lighting for offices". <i>Human factors in lighting</i> (2 ed.). 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"Kruithof's rule revisited using LED illumination". <i>Journal of Modern Optics</i>. <b>56</b> (13): 1433–1466. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JMOp...56.1433V">2009JMOp...56.1433V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09500340903151278">10.1080/09500340903151278</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121921684">121921684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Optics&rft.atitle=Kruithof%27s+rule+revisited+using+LED+illumination&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1433-1466&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121921684%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09500340903151278&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JMOp...56.1433V&rft.aulast=Vienot&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Durand%2C+M&rft.au=Mahler%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKruithof+curve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islam_et_al_2015-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Islam_et_al_2015_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslamDangolHyvärinenBhusal2015" class="citation journal cs1">Islam, MS; Dangol, R; Hyvärinen, M; Bhusal, P; Ouolakka, M; Halonen, L (2015). "User acceptance studies for LED office lighting: Lamp spectrum, spatial brightness and illuminance". <i>Lighting Research and Technology</i>. <b>47</b>: 54–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1477153513514425">10.1177/1477153513514425</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109592929">109592929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lighting+Research+and+Technology&rft.atitle=User+acceptance+studies+for+LED+office+lighting%3A+Lamp+spectrum%2C+spatial+brightness+and+illuminance&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=54-79&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1477153513514425&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A109592929%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Islam&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.au=Dangol%2C+R&rft.au=Hyv%C3%A4rinen%2C+M&rft.au=Bhusal%2C+P&rft.au=Ouolakka%2C+M&rft.au=Halonen%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKruithof+curve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wei_et_al_2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wei_et_al_2014_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiHouserOrlandLang2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wei, Minchen; Houser, Kevin W.; Orland, Brian; Lang, Dean H.; Ram, Nilam; Sliwinskiwinski, Martin J.; Bose, Mallika (2014). "Field study of office worker responses to fluorescent lighting of different CCT and lumen output". <i>Journal of Environmental Psychology</i>. <b>39</b>: 62–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvp.2014.04.009">10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.04.009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Psychology&rft.atitle=Field+study+of+office+worker+responses+to+fluorescent+lighting+of+different+CCT+and+lumen+output&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=62-76&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jenvp.2014.04.009&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Minchen&rft.au=Houser%2C+Kevin+W.&rft.au=Orland%2C+Brian&rft.au=Lang%2C+Dean+H.&rft.au=Ram%2C+Nilam&rft.au=Sliwinskiwinski%2C+Martin+J.&rft.au=Bose%2C+Mallika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKruithof+curve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fotios_2017-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fotios_2017_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFotios2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fotios, Steve (January 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15502724.2016.1159137">"A Revised Kruithof Graph Based on Empirical Data"</a>. <i>LEUKOS</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 3–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15502724.2016.1159137">10.1080/15502724.2016.1159137</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1550-2724">1550-2724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LEUKOS&rft.atitle=A+Revised+Kruithof+Graph+Based+on+Empirical+Data&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-17&rft.date=2017-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15502724.2016.1159137&rft.issn=1550-2724&rft.aulast=Fotios&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F15502724.2016.1159137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKruithof+curve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOiHironobu_Takahashi2007" class="citation techreport cs1">Oi, Naoyuki; Hironobu Takahashi (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naoyuki-oi.la.coocan.jp/Research/CIE_2007_proceeding.pdf"><i>Preferred Combinations Between Illuminance and Color Temperature in Several Settings for Daily Living Activities</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report). Kyushu University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Preferred+Combinations+Between+Illuminance+and+Color+Temperature+in+Several+Settings+for+Daily+Living+Activities&rft.pub=Kyushu+University&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Oi&rft.aufirst=Naoyuki&rft.au=Hironobu+Takahashi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaoyuki-oi.la.coocan.jp%2FResearch%2FCIE_2007_proceeding.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKruithof+curve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodmannG._SollnerE._Voit1963" class="citation journal cs1">Bodmann, H.W.; G. Sollner; E. Voit (1963). "Evaluation of lighting level with various kinds of light". <i>Proceedings of the CIE</i>. <b>15</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+CIE&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+lighting+level+with+various+kinds+of+light&rft.volume=15&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Bodmann&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rft.au=G.+Sollner&rft.au=E.+Voit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKruithof+curve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan" class="citation thesis cs1">Han, S. <i>Effect of Illuminance, CCT and Decor on the Perception of Lighting</i> (M.S. thesis). <a href="/wiki/Troy,_New_York" title="Troy, New York">Troy, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Effect+of+Illuminance%2C+CCT+and+Decor+on+the+Perception+of+Lighting&rft.degree=M.S.&rft.inst=Rensselaer+Polytechnic+Institute&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKruithof+curve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kruithof_curve&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_G._DavisDolores_N._Ginthner1990" class="citation journal cs1">Robert G. Davis; Dolores N. Ginthner (1990). "Correlated color temperature, illuminance level, and the Kruithof curve". <i>Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 27–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00994480.1990.10747937">10.1080/00994480.1990.10747937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Illuminating+Engineering+Society&rft.atitle=Correlated+color+temperature%2C+illuminance+level%2C+and+the+Kruithof+curve&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-38&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00994480.1990.10747937&rft.au=Robert+G.+Davis&rft.au=Dolores+N.+Ginthner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKruithof+curve" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulo_Daniel_PintoJoão_Manuel_Maciel_LinharesSérgio_Miguel_Cardoso_Nascimento2008" class="citation journal cs1">Paulo Daniel Pinto; João Manuel Maciel Linhares; Sérgio Miguel Cardoso Nascimento (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arauto.uminho.pt/pessoas/smcn/pdf/PPinto%20josa2008%20early%20posting.pdf">"Correlated color temperature preferred by observers for illumination of artistic paintings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Optical_Society_of_America_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Optical Society of America A">Journal of the Optical Society of America A</a></i>. <b>25</b> (3): 623–630. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JOSAA..25..623P">2008JOSAA..25..623P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSAA.25.000623">10.1364/JOSAA.25.000623</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18311230">18311230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Optical+Society+of+America+A&rft.atitle=Correlated+color+temperature+preferred+by+observers+for+illumination+of+artistic+paintings&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=623-630&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18311230&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSAA.25.000623&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JOSAA..25..623P&rft.au=Paulo+Daniel+Pinto&rft.au=Jo%C3%A3o+Manuel+Maciel+Linhares&rft.au=S%C3%A9rgio+Miguel+Cardoso+Nascimento&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arauto.uminho.pt%2Fpessoas%2Fsmcn%2Fpdf%2FPPinto%2520josa2008%2520early%2520posting.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKruithof+curve" class="Z3988"></span> (A study in which the average luminance was 8 <a href="/wiki/Candela" title="Candela">cd</a>/m<sup>2</sup>, or the illumination 200–400 <a href="/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">lux</a>, with an average of about 330 lux.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kruithof_curve&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19971221105330/http://soluxtli.com/edu13.htm">Daylight: Is it in the eye of the beholder?</a> by Kevin P. McGuire.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Color science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_chemicals" title="Color of chemicals">Color of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">Color calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_task" title="Color task">Color task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">Color code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision_test" title="Color vision test">Color vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Impossible colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Color" title="Category:Color">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" 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