CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Lighting - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e7585f0e-18f9-46cb-a698-45ac9027cf48","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Lighting","wgTitle":"Lighting","wgCurRevisionId":1257235103,"wgRevisionId":1257235103,"wgArticleId":188386,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2024","Articles needing additional references from February 2012","All articles needing additional references","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012","Articles needing additional references from September 2024", "Articles prone to spam from August 2022","Commons category link from Wikidata","Lighting","Architectural elements","Garden features"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Lighting","wgRelevantArticleId":188386,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q210064","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Acropolis_Of_Athens_Greece_04.jpg/1200px-Acropolis_Of_Athens_Greece_04.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="801"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Acropolis_Of_Athens_Greece_04.jpg/800px-Acropolis_Of_Athens_Greece_04.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="534"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Acropolis_Of_Athens_Greece_04.jpg/640px-Acropolis_Of_Athens_Greece_04.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Lighting - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Lighting rootpage-Lighting skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lighting" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lighting" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lighting" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lighting" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fixtures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixtures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fixtures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fixtures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fixtures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fixtures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Forms of lighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indoor_lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indoor_lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Indoor lighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indoor_lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outdoor_lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outdoor_lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Outdoor lighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outdoor_lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicle_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicle_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vehicle use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicle_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Design and architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_and_architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design and architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architectural_lighting_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_lighting_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Architectural lighting design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_lighting_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_stage_and_set" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_stage_and_set"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>On stage and set</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_stage_and_set-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Measurement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Measurement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Color properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Light exposure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Energy consumption</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Energy_consumption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Energy consumption subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Energy_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lighting_control_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighting_control_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Lighting control systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lighting_control_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daylighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daylighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Daylighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daylighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solid-state_lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid-state_lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Solid-state lighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid-state_lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compact_fluorescent_lamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compact_fluorescent_lamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Compact fluorescent lamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compact_fluorescent_lamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LED_lamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LED_lamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>LED lamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LED_lamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Light pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_on_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>Effects on animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Professional organizations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Professional_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Professional organizations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Professional_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>National</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inventors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inventors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Inventors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inventors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lighting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beligting" title="Beligting – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beligting" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9" title="إضاءة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إضاءة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE" title="আলোকসজ্জা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলোকসজ্জা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%B2-b%C3%AAng" title="Chiò-bêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiò-bêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ілюмінацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ілюмінацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Осветление – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Осветление" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C2%B7luminaci%C3%B3" title="Il·luminació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Il·luminació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belysning" title="Belysning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Belysning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleuchtung" title="Beleuchtung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beleuchtung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgustus_(tehnika)" title="Valgustus (tehnika) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valgustus (tehnika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Φωτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluminaci%C3%B3n_f%C3%ADsica" title="Iluminación física – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iluminación física" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumigo" title="Lumigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lumigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argiztapen" title="Argiztapen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Argiztapen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="نورپردازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نورپردازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89clairage" title="Éclairage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éclairage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumamento" title="Alumamento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alumamento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%AA%85" title="조명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रदीप्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रदीप्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penerangan" title="Penerangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penerangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminazione" title="Illuminazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Illuminazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="תאורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ದೀಪವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೀಪವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रकाशयोजना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रकाशयोजना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencahayaan" title="Pencahayaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pencahayaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belichting" title="Belichting – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Belichting" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E6%98%8E" title="照明 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="照明" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belysning" title="Belysning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Belysning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoritish" title="Yoritish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yoritish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluminacja_(o%C5%9Bwietlenie)" title="Iluminacja (oświetlenie) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iluminacja (oświetlenie)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilumina%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Iluminação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iluminação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иллюминация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иллюминация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndri%C3%A7imi" title="Ndriçimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndriçimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lighting" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umetna_svetloba" title="Umetna svetloba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Umetna svetloba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Расвета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Расвета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasveta" title="Rasveta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rasveta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaistus" title="Valaistus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valaistus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belysning" title="Belysning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Belysning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="ஒளியமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளியமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1nlatma" title="Aydınlatma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aydınlatma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ілюмінація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ілюмінація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFu_s%C3%A1ng" title="Chiếu sáng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiếu sáng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E6%98%8E" title="照明 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="照明" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E6%98%8E" title="照明 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="照明" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q210064#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Lighting" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lighting"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lighting"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Lighting" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Lighting" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&oldid=1257235103" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Lighting&id=1257235103&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLighting"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLighting"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Lighting&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lighting" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q210064" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Deliberate use of light to achieve practical or aesthetic effects</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Artificial light" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Light_(song)" title="Artificial Light (song)">Artificial Light (song)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acropolis_Of_Athens_Greece_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Acropolis_Of_Athens_Greece_04.jpg/220px-Acropolis_Of_Athens_Greece_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Acropolis_Of_Athens_Greece_04.jpg/330px-Acropolis_Of_Athens_Greece_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Acropolis_Of_Athens_Greece_04.jpg/440px-Acropolis_Of_Athens_Greece_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1668" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a> illuminated at night</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherry_blossoms_with_Isuzu-Chaya_and_Akafuku_store_at_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cherry_blossoms_with_Isuzu-Chaya_and_Akafuku_store_at_Night.jpg/220px-Cherry_blossoms_with_Isuzu-Chaya_and_Akafuku_store_at_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cherry_blossoms_with_Isuzu-Chaya_and_Akafuku_store_at_Night.jpg/330px-Cherry_blossoms_with_Isuzu-Chaya_and_Akafuku_store_at_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cherry_blossoms_with_Isuzu-Chaya_and_Akafuku_store_at_Night.jpg/440px-Cherry_blossoms_with_Isuzu-Chaya_and_Akafuku_store_at_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Illuminated cherry blossoms, light from the shop windows, and Japanese lantern at night in <a href="/wiki/Ise,_Mie" title="Ise, Mie">Ise, Mie</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lighting</b> or <b>illumination</b> is the deliberate use of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> to achieve practical or aesthetic effects. Lighting includes the use of both artificial <a href="/wiki/Light_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Light source">light sources</a> like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing <a href="/wiki/Daylight" title="Daylight">daylight</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daylighting_(architecture)" title="Daylighting (architecture)">Daylighting</a> (using windows, skylights, or <a href="/wiki/Architectural_light_shelf" title="Architectural light shelf">light shelves</a>) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. </p><p>Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using <a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">light fixtures</a>, and is a key part of <a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">interior design</a>. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of <a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscape projects</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_lighting_technology" title="Timeline of lighting technology">Timeline of lighting technology</a>.</div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">discovery of fire</a>, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were <a href="/wiki/Campfire" title="Campfire">campfires</a> or <a href="/wiki/Torch" title="Torch">torches</a>. As early as 400,000 years ago, fire was kindled in the caves of <a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">Prehistoric</a> people used primitive <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">oil lamps</a> to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with <a href="/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)" title="Grease (lubricant)">grease</a>, and had a <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a> <a href="/wiki/Candle_wick" title="Candle wick">wick</a>. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a> caves in modern-day <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. <a href="/wiki/Firefly" title="Firefly">Fireflies</a> have been used as lighting sources.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">Candles</a> and glass and pottery lamps were also invented.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chandelier" title="Chandelier">Chandeliers</a> were an early form of "<a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">light fixture</a>". </p><p>A major reduction in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">whale oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-planet_money_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planet_money-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of whale oil declined after <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Gesner" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Gesner">Abraham Gesner</a>, a Canadian geologist, first refined <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> in the 1840s, allowing brighter light to be produced at substantially lower cost.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1850s, the price of whale oil dramatically increased (more than doubling from 1848 to 1856) due to shortages of available whales, hastening whale oil's decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1860, there were 33 kerosene plants in the United States, and Americans spent more on gas and kerosene than on whale oil.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolin_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final death knell for whale oil was in 1859, when <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> was discovered and the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum industry</a> arose.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolin_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finland,_Porvoo,_Old_Town_by_night,_Teemu_Eskola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Finland%2C_Porvoo%2C_Old_Town_by_night%2C_Teemu_Eskola.jpg/220px-Finland%2C_Porvoo%2C_Old_Town_by_night%2C_Teemu_Eskola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Finland%2C_Porvoo%2C_Old_Town_by_night%2C_Teemu_Eskola.jpg/330px-Finland%2C_Porvoo%2C_Old_Town_by_night%2C_Teemu_Eskola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Finland%2C_Porvoo%2C_Old_Town_by_night%2C_Teemu_Eskola.jpg/440px-Finland%2C_Porvoo%2C_Old_Town_by_night%2C_Teemu_Eskola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4542" data-file-height="3028" /></a><figcaption>Dim night lighting for the old warehouses along the river in the old town of <a href="/wiki/Porvoo" title="Porvoo">Porvoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a> was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The <a href="/wiki/Gas_mantle" title="Gas mantle">gas mantle</a> boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns. The next major drop in price came about in the 1880s with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electric lighting</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc lights</a> for large space and <a href="/wiki/Street_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Street lighting">street lighting</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulb</a>-based utilities for indoor and outdoor lighting.<sup id="cite_ref-planet_money_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planet_money-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirtley2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirtley2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Segmented_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Segmented sleep">Segmented sleep</a> patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more <a href="/wiki/Street_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Street lights">street lights</a> reduced urban crime.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fixtures">Fixtures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fixtures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Light fixture</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lighting_fixture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighting fixture">Lighting fixtures</a> come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid <a href="/wiki/Visual_glare" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual glare">visual glare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes. </p><p>An important property of light fixtures is the <a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">luminous efficacy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wall-plug_efficiency" title="Wall-plug efficiency">wall-plug efficiency</a>, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(unit)" title="Lumen (unit)">lumen</a> per <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a>. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more <a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">transparent</a> the lighting fixtures are, the higher efficacy. <a href="/wiki/Shadow" title="Shadow">Shading</a> the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the <a href="/wiki/Visual_comfort_probability" title="Visual comfort probability">visual comfort probability</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a> for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a> of a theoretical <a href="/wiki/Black_body" title="Black body">black body</a> emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics (<a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">spectral power distribution</a>) of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 kelvins; daylight is around 6400 kelvins. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_lighting" title="List of types of lighting">List of types of lighting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SameEyes4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SameEyes4.jpg/220px-SameEyes4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SameEyes4.jpg/330px-SameEyes4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SameEyes4.jpg/440px-SameEyes4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>A demonstration of the effects of different kinds of lighting<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what kinds? (June 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Task_lighting" title="Task lighting">Task lighting</a> is mainly functional and is usually the most concentrated, for purposes such as <a href="/wiki/Reading_(activity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reading (activity)">reading</a> or <a href="/wiki/Inspection" title="Inspection">inspection</a> of materials. For example, reading poor-quality reproductions may require task lighting levels up to 1500 <a href="/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">lux</a> (140 <a href="/wiki/Footcandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Footcandle">footcandles</a>), and some inspection tasks or <a href="/wiki/Surgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical">surgical</a> procedures require even higher levels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accent_lighting" title="Accent lighting">Accent lighting</a> is mainly decorative, intended to highlight <a href="/wiki/Picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture">pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, or other elements of <a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">interior design</a> or <a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscaping</a>.</li> <li>General lighting (sometimes referred to as ambient light) fills in between the two and is intended for general illumination of an area. Indoors, this would be a basic <a href="/wiki/Lamp_(electrical_component)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamp (electrical component)">lamp</a> on a table or floor, or a fixture on the <a href="/wiki/Ceiling" title="Ceiling">ceiling</a>. Outdoors, general lighting for a <a href="/wiki/Parking_lot" title="Parking lot">parking lot</a> may be as low as 10-20 lux (1-2 footcandles) since <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">pedestrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorist">motorists</a> already used to the dark will need little light for crossing the area.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Downlight">Downlighting</a> is most common, with fixtures on or recessed in the ceiling casting light downward. This tends to be the most used method, used in both offices and homes. Although it is easy to design, it has dramatic problems with glare and excess energy consumption due to large number of fittings.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of <a href="/wiki/LED_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="LED lighting">LED lighting</a> has greatly improved this by approx. 90% when compared to a halogen downlight or spotlight. LED lamps or bulbs are now available to retro fit in place of high energy consumption lamps.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uplight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uplight (page does not exist)">Uplighting</a> is less common, often used to bounce indirect light off the ceiling and back down. It is commonly used in lighting applications that require minimal glare and uniform general illuminance levels. Uplighting (indirect) uses a diffuse surface to reflect light in a space and can minimize disabling glare on computer displays and other dark glossy surfaces. It gives a more uniform presentation of the light output in operation. However indirect lighting is completely reliant upon the reflectance value of the surface. While indirect lighting can create a diffused and shadow free light effect it can be regarded as an uneconomical lighting principle.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim_W_1023_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim_W_1023-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M._Velds_2002_pp._95_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Velds_2002_pp._95-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Front lighting is also quite common, but tends to make the subject look flat as its casts almost no visible shadows. Lighting from the side is the less common, as it tends to produce <a href="/wiki/Glare_(vision)" title="Glare (vision)">glare</a> near <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eye</a> level.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backlighting_(lighting_design)" title="Backlighting (lighting design)">Backlighting</a> either around or through an object is mainly for accent. Backlighting is used to illuminate a background or backdrop. This adds depth to an image or scene. Others use it to achieve a more dramatic effect.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forms_of_lighting">Forms of lighting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Forms of lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indoor_lighting">Indoor lighting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indoor lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BWLight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BWLight.jpg/220px-BWLight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BWLight.jpg/330px-BWLight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BWLight.jpg/440px-BWLight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Wall-mounted light with shadows</figcaption></figure> <p>Forms of lighting include <a href="/wiki/Alcove_(architecture)" title="Alcove (architecture)">alcove</a> lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent lighting">fluorescent lighting</a> (first available at the <a href="/wiki/1939_World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="1939 World's Fair">1939 World's Fair</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Rope_light" title="Rope light">rope light</a>, occasionally with <a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">neon lighting</a>, and recently with <a href="/wiki/LED_Strip_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="LED Strip Light">LED strip lighting</a>. It is a form of backlighting. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Soffit" title="Soffit">Soffit</a> or close to wall lighting can be general or a decorative wall-wash, sometimes used to bring out texture (like <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>) on a wall, though this may also show its <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/defect" class="extiw" title="wikt:defect">defects</a> as well. The effect depends heavily on the exact type of lighting source used. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Recessed_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessed lighting">Recessed lighting</a> (often called "pot lights" in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, "can lights" or 'high hats" in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-<a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">angle</a> <a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument#Floodlights" title="Stage lighting instrument">floodlights</a>, both of which are bulbs having their own <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">reflectors</a>. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, <a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">HID (high intensity discharge)</a> or <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Track_lighting" title="Track lighting">Track lighting</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Lightolier" title="Lightolier">Lightolier</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a <a href="/wiki/Wall" title="Wall">wall</a>. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a> feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is <a href="/wiki/Cable_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable lighting">cable lighting</a>, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> <a href="/wiki/Wire_rope" title="Wire rope">cables</a> under <a href="/wiki/Tension_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tension (mechanics)">tension</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Sconce_(light_fixture)" title="Sconce (light fixture)">sconce</a> is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A <a href="/wiki/Torch%C3%A8re" title="Torchère">torchère</a> is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce. Further interior light fixtures include chandeliers, pendant lights, ceiling fans with lights, close-to-ceiling or flush lights, and various types of lamps<sup id="cite_ref-interiorlights_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interiorlights-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and <a href="/wiki/Office" title="Office">offices</a>. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. <a href="/wiki/Magnification" title="Magnification">Magnifier</a> lamps are also task lighting. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fountain_Europe_Square_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fountain_Europe_Square_Moscow.jpg/220px-Fountain_Europe_Square_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fountain_Europe_Square_Moscow.jpg/330px-Fountain_Europe_Square_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fountain_Europe_Square_Moscow.jpg/440px-Fountain_Europe_Square_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Animated fountain in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Square_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Square of Europe">Square of Europe</a>, lit at night</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_ceiling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illuminated ceiling (page does not exist)">illuminated ceiling</a> was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses <a href="/wiki/Diffuser_(optics)" title="Diffuser (optics)">diffuser</a> panels hung like a <a href="/wiki/Suspended_ceiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspended ceiling">suspended ceiling</a> below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclub</a> it could be considered general lighting. </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theater</a>, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low-voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outdoor_lighting">Outdoor lighting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Outdoor lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highway_401_Night_Lapse_Busy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Highway_401_Night_Lapse_Busy.jpg/220px-Highway_401_Night_Lapse_Busy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Highway_401_Night_Lapse_Busy.jpg/330px-Highway_401_Night_Lapse_Busy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Highway_401_Night_Lapse_Busy.jpg/440px-Highway_401_Night_Lapse_Busy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/High-mast_lighting" title="High-mast lighting">High mast lighting</a> along <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_401" title="Ontario Highway 401">Highway 401</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">Street Lights</a> are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floodlights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Floodlights.jpg/220px-Floodlights.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Floodlights.jpg/330px-Floodlights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Floodlights.jpg/440px-Floodlights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2316" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Floodlights_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Floodlights (sport)">Floodlights</a> are used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or work zones during nighttime.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Floodlights_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Floodlights (sport)">Floodlights</a> can be used to illuminate work zones<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or outdoor playing fields during nighttime hours.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Street_light#Beacon_lights" title="Street light">Beacon lights</a> are positioned at the intersection of two roads to aid in navigation. </p><p>Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Security_lighting" title="Security lighting">security lighting</a> can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights and be activated with <a href="/wiki/Passive_infrared_sensor" title="Passive infrared sensor">PIR</a> switches that detect moving heat sources in darkness. </p><p>Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SDC_Lit_at_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/SDC_Lit_at_Night.jpg/220px-SDC_Lit_at_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/SDC_Lit_at_Night.jpg/330px-SDC_Lit_at_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/SDC_Lit_at_Night.jpg/440px-SDC_Lit_at_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The decks and <a href="/wiki/Gangway_(nautical)" title="Gangway (nautical)">gangway</a> of tugboat <i><a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain_(tugboat)" title="Samuel de Champlain (tugboat)">Samuel de Champlain</a></i> illuminated at night while docked at a shipyard for the purposes of safety and security</figcaption></figure> <p>Underwater accent lighting is also used for koi ponds, fountains, swimming pools and the like. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">Neon signs</a> are most often used to attract attention rather than to illuminate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vehicle_use">Vehicle use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vehicle use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Automotive lighting</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicles">Vehicles</a> typically include <a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">headlamps</a> and tail lights. Headlamps are <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a> or <a href="/wiki/Selective_yellow" title="Selective yellow">selective yellow</a> lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tail and brake lights are <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a> and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use <a href="/wiki/Electroluminescence" title="Electroluminescence">electroluminescent</a> technology to <a href="/wiki/Backlight" title="Backlight">backlight</a> their cars' <a href="/wiki/Speedometer" title="Speedometer">speedometers</a> and other gauges or to draw attention to <a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">logos</a> or other decorative elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lamps">Lamps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lamp_(electrical_component)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamp (electrical component)">Lamp (electrical component)</a></div> <p>Commonly called 'light bulbs', <a href="/wiki/Lamp_(electrical_component)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamp (electrical component)">lamps</a> are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a>, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulb</a> has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W <a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">compact fluorescent lamp</a>. Each of these technologies has a different <a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">efficacy</a> in converting electrical energy to <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a>. Visible light output is typically measured in <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(unit)" title="Lumen (unit)">lumens</a>. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp. </p><p><br /> Lamp types include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_ballast" title="Electrical ballast">Ballast</a>: A ballast is an auxiliary piece of equipment designed to start and properly control the flow of <a href="/wiki/Electric_power#Mathematics_of_electric_power" title="Electric power">power</a> to discharge light sources such as <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metal-halide_lamp" title="Metal-halide lamp">high intensity discharge</a> (HID) lamps. Some lamps require the ballast to have thermal protection.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent</a> light: A tube coated with <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</a> containing low pressure <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> vapor that produces white light.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen_lamp" title="Halogen lamp">Halogen</a>: Incandescent lamps containing halogen gases such as iodine or bromine, increasing the efficacy of the lamp versus a plain incandescent lamp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon</a>: A low pressure gas contained within a glass tube; the color emitted depends on the gas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diodes</a>: Light-emitting diodes (LED) are solid state devices that emit light by dint of the movement of electrons in a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> material.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">Compact fluorescent lamps</a>: CFLs are designed to replace incandescent lamps in existing and new installations.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_architecture">Design and architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Design and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_lighting_design">Architectural lighting design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Architectural lighting design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architectural_lighting_design" title="Architectural lighting design">Architectural lighting design</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Interior_of_the_Pantheon,_Rome_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Interior_of_the_Pantheon%2C_Rome_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Interior_of_the_Pantheon%2C_Rome_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Interior_of_the_Pantheon%2C_Rome_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Interior_of_the_Pantheon%2C_Rome_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Interior_of_the_Pantheon%2C_Rome_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Interior_of_the_Pantheon%2C_Rome_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5401" data-file-height="7045" /></a><figcaption>Lighting without windows: The <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a> in the 18th century, painted by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini" title="Giovanni Paolo Panini">Giovanni Paolo Panini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency, and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in a space by using <a href="/wiki/Daylight_factor" title="Daylight factor">daylight factor</a> calculations. For simple installations, hand calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or complex designs now routinely use computer software such as <a href="/wiki/Radiance_(software)" title="Radiance (software)">Radiance</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for mathematical modeling, which can allow an architect to quickly and accurately evaluate the benefit of a proposed design. </p><p>In some instances, the materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect. For example, dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. Other reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design.<sup id="cite_ref-M._Velds_2002_pp._95_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Velds_2002_pp._95-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_stage_and_set">On stage and set</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: On stage and set"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Stage lighting</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lighting" title="Special:EditPage/Lighting">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_in_red_pullover_and_blue_jeans_-coloured_lights-2Nov2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Female_in_red_pullover_and_blue_jeans_-coloured_lights-2Nov2003.jpg/220px-Female_in_red_pullover_and_blue_jeans_-coloured_lights-2Nov2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Female_in_red_pullover_and_blue_jeans_-coloured_lights-2Nov2003.jpg/330px-Female_in_red_pullover_and_blue_jeans_-coloured_lights-2Nov2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Female_in_red_pullover_and_blue_jeans_-coloured_lights-2Nov2003.jpg/440px-Female_in_red_pullover_and_blue_jeans_-coloured_lights-2Nov2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Lighting and shadows</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan-rogue-hybrid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ivan-rogue-hybrid.jpg/220px-Ivan-rogue-hybrid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ivan-rogue-hybrid.jpg/330px-Ivan-rogue-hybrid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ivan-rogue-hybrid.jpg/440px-Ivan-rogue-hybrid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Moving heads in a photo studio set</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ScaryVampire.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/ScaryVampire.JPG/220px-ScaryVampire.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/ScaryVampire.JPG/330px-ScaryVampire.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/ScaryVampire.JPG/440px-ScaryVampire.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Illuminating a subject from beneath can create a heightened dramatic effect.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in a live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The setup of stage lighting is tailored for each scene of each production. Dimmers, colored filters, reflectors, lenses, motorized or manually aimed lamps, and different kinds of flood and spot lights are among the tools used by a stage <a href="/wiki/Lighting_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighting designer">lighting designer</a> to produce the desired effects. A set of lighting cues are prepared so that the lighting operator can control the lights in step with the performance; complex theatre lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments. </p><p>Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and modern light sources emit less heat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(optics)" title="Photometry (optics)">Photometry (optics)</a></div> <p>Measurement of light or <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(optics)" title="Photometry (optics)">photometry</a> is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the <a href="/wiki/Luminosity_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminosity function">luminosity function</a> into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> unit of measurement is the <a href="/wiki/Candela" title="Candela">candela</a> (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given <a href="/wiki/Solid_angle" title="Solid angle">solid angle</a>. The SI unit for luminance is <a href="/wiki/Candela" title="Candela">candela</a> per <a href="/wiki/Square_metre" title="Square metre">square metre</a> (cd/m<sup>2</sup>). The <a href="/wiki/CGS" class="mw-redirect" title="CGS">CGS</a> unit of luminance is the <a href="/wiki/Stilb_(luminance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stilb (luminance)">stilb</a>, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m<sup>2</sup>. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the <a href="/wiki/Luminous_flux" title="Luminous flux">luminous flux</a> is measured in <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(unit)" title="Lumen (unit)">lumen</a> (lm). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> unit of <a href="/wiki/Illuminance" title="Illuminance">illuminance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luminous_emittance" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminous emittance">luminous emittance</a>, being the luminous power per area, is measured in <a href="/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">Lux</a>. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(optics)" title="Photometry (optics)">photometry</a> as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Radiometry" title="Radiometry">radiometric</a> unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> weighted according to the <a href="/wiki/Luminosity_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminosity function">luminosity function</a>, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, "lux" is used in both singular and plural.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Visual comfort often entails the measurement of subjective evaluations.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The <a href="/wiki/Unified_Glare_Rating#Unified_glare_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Glare Rating">Unified Glare Rating</a> (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim_W_1023_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim_W_1023-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_properties">Color properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Color properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepp%C3%A4vaaran_Torni_illuminated_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lepp%C3%A4vaaran_Torni_illuminated_1.jpg/170px-Lepp%C3%A4vaaran_Torni_illuminated_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lepp%C3%A4vaaran_Torni_illuminated_1.jpg/255px-Lepp%C3%A4vaaran_Torni_illuminated_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lepp%C3%A4vaaran_Torni_illuminated_1.jpg/340px-Lepp%C3%A4vaaran_Torni_illuminated_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Lepp%C3%A4vaara_tower" title="Leppävaara tower">Leppävaaran Torni</a></i> building in <a href="/wiki/Lepp%C3%A4vaara" title="Leppävaara">Leppävaara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a>, Finland, illuminated with colorful lights in 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, <a href="/wiki/Correlated_color_temperature" title="Correlated color temperature">correlated color temperature</a> (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and <a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">color rendering index</a> (CRI), an indication of the light source's ability to make objects appear natural. </p><p>However, these two metrics, developed in the last century, are facing increased challenges and criticisms as new types of light sources, particularly light-emitting diodes (LEDs), become more prevalent in the market. </p><p>For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_exposure">Light exposure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Light exposure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters. </p><p>In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock. </p><p>The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its <a href="/wiki/Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">operating temperature</a>. The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_consumption">Energy consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Energy consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several strategies are available to minimize energy requirements for lighting a building: </p> <ul><li>Specification of illumination requirements for each given use area</li> <li>Analysis of lighting quality to ensure that adverse components of lighting (for example, glare or incorrect <a href="/wiki/Color_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Color spectrum">color spectrum</a>) are not biasing the design</li> <li>Integration of space planning and interior architecture (including choice of interior surfaces and room geometries) to lighting design</li> <li>Design of time of day use that does not expend unnecessary energy</li> <li>Selection of <a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">fixtures</a> and lamps that reflect best available technology for <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy conservation</a></li> <li>Training of building occupants to use lighting equipment in most efficient manner</li> <li>Maintenance of lighting systems to minimize energy wastage</li> <li>Use of natural light <ul><li>Some big box stores were being built from 2006 on with numerous plastic bubble skylights, in many cases completely obviating the need for interior artificial lighting for many hours of the day.</li> <li>In countries where indoor lighting of simple dwellings is a significant cost, "<a href="/wiki/Moser_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Moser lamp">Moser lamps</a>", plastic water-filled transparent drink bottles fitted through the roof, provide the equivalent of a 40- to 60-watt incandescent bulb each during daylight.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">Load shedding</a> can help reduce the power requested by individuals to the main power supply. Load shedding can be done on an individual level, at a building level, or even at a regional level.</li></ul> <p>Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a <a href="/wiki/Word_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Word processing">word processing</a> work station. Generally speaking, the <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400 <a href="/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">lux</a> might be chosen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then much more energy will be consumed than is needed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lighting_control_systems">Lighting control systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lighting control systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lighting_control_system" title="Lighting control system">Lighting control system</a></div> <p>Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Daylight_harvesting" title="Daylight harvesting">daylight harvesting</a>). Some systems also support <a href="/wiki/Demand_response" title="Demand response">demand response</a> and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of <a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">utility</a> incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger <a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">building automation systems</a>. </p><p>Many newer control systems are using <a href="/wiki/Wireless_mesh_network" title="Wireless mesh network">wireless mesh</a> open standards (such as <a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to <a href="/wiki/Daylighting_(architecture)" title="Daylighting (architecture)">daylighting</a> technology, <a href="/wiki/Daylight_harvesting" title="Daylight harvesting">daylight harvesting</a> systems have been developed to further reduce energy consumption. These technologies are helpful, but they do have their downfalls. Many times, rapid and frequent switching of the lights on and off can occur, particularly during unstable weather conditions or when daylight levels are changing around the switching illuminance. Not only does this disturb occupants, it can also reduce lamp life. A variation of this technology is the 'differential switching or dead-band' photoelectric control which has multiple illuminances it switches from so as not to disturb occupants as much.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daylighting">Daylighting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Daylighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Daylighting_(architecture)" title="Daylighting (architecture)">Daylighting (architecture)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gare_de_l%27Est_Paris_2007_033.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gare_de_l%27Est_Paris_2007_033.jpg/220px-Gare_de_l%27Est_Paris_2007_033.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gare_de_l%27Est_Paris_2007_033.jpg/330px-Gare_de_l%27Est_Paris_2007_033.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gare_de_l%27Est_Paris_2007_033.jpg/440px-Gare_de_l%27Est_Paris_2007_033.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Daylight used at the train station <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_l%27Est" title="Gare de l'Est">Gare de l'Est</a> Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScienceWashington_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceWashington-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike electric lighting, the distribution of daylight varies considerably throughout the entire year inside a building.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid-state_lighting">Solid-state lighting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Solid-state lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_lighting" title="Solid-state lighting">Solid-state lighting</a></div> <p>In recent years <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_lighting" title="Solid-state lighting">solid state lighting</a>. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of <a href="/wiki/Nonimaging_optics" title="Nonimaging optics">nonimaging optics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IntroNio2e_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntroNio2e-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Over-illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-illumination">Over-illumination</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Light_effects_on_circadian_rhythm" title="Light effects on circadian rhythm">Light effects on circadian rhythm</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological light pollution</a></div> <p>It is valuable to provide the correct light intensity and color spectrum for each task or environment. Otherwise, energy not only could be wasted but <a href="/wiki/Over-illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-illumination">over-illumination</a> can lead to adverse health and psychological effects. </p><p>Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is important not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a> frequency, stress, and increased <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules. <a href="/wiki/Light_in_school_buildings" title="Light in school buildings">Designing school facilities</a> to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day <a href="/wiki/Lighting_for_the_elderly" title="Lighting for the elderly">for the elderly</a> may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth's natural light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle. <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm#Human_health" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian disruption</a> may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">seasonal affective disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Delayed sleep phase syndrome">delayed sleep phase syndrome</a>, and other ailments.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing much natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses' notes, and took fewer potent analgesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall. This study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health.<sup id="cite_ref-ScienceWashington_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceWashington-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Scarborough" title="University of Toronto Scarborough">University of Toronto Scarborough</a> and Aparna Labroo of <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how attractive someone was, their feelings about specific words, and the taste of two juices–all under different lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, "we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed." They also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly suppressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright light.<sup id="cite_ref-Mientka-decisions_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mientka-decisions-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ellis-decisions_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-decisions-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wood-decision_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-decision-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compact_fluorescent_lamps">Compact fluorescent lamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Compact fluorescent lamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">Compact fluorescent lamps</a> (CFLs) use less power than an <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent lamp">incandescent lamp</a> to supply the same amount of light, however they contain <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> which is a disposal hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electricity consumption, many organizations encouraged the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilities and local governments subsidized CFLs or provided them free to customers as a means of reducing electricity demand. For a given light output, CFLs use between one fifth and one quarter the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp. Unlike incandescent lamps CFLs need a little time to warm up and reach full <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">brightness</a>. Not all CFLs are suitable for dimming. CFL's have largely been replaced with LED technologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LED_lamps">LED lamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: LED lamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LED lamps provide significant energy savings over incandescent and fluorescent lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 hours. The downside when they were first popularized was the initial cost. By 2018, production costs dropped, performance increased, and energy consumption was reduced. While the initially cost of LEDs is still higher than incandescent lamps, the savings are so dramatic that there are very few instances that LEDs are not the most economical choice. </p><p>Scattered light from outdoor illumination may have effects on the environment and human health.<sup id="cite_ref-SciAmNewMap_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciAmNewMap-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, one study conducted by the American Medical Association<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> warned on the use of high blue content white LEDs in street lighting, due to their higher impact on human health and environment, compared to low blue content light sources (e.g. High Pressure Sodium, phosphor-coated or PC amber LEDs, and low CCT LEDs). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_pollution">Light pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Light pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a> is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted. Well-designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety. For example, glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows, temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The negative ecological effects of artificial light have been increasingly well documented.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The World Health Organization in 2007<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> issued a report that noted the effects of bright light on flora and fauna, sea turtle hatchlings, frogs during mating season and the migratory patterns of birds. The American Medical Association in 2012<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> issued a warning that extended exposure to light at night increases the risk of some cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-SciAmNewMap_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciAmNewMap-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two studies in Israel from 2008 have yielded some additional findings about a possible correlation between artificial light at night and certain cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_on_animals">Effects on animals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Effects on animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lighting" title="Special:EditPage/Lighting">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological light pollution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moth_near_lamp_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Moth_near_lamp_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Moth_near_lamp_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Moth_near_lamp_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Moth_near_lamp_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Moth_near_lamp_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Moth_near_lamp_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Moths circling an electric lightbulb</figcaption></figure> <p>Artificial light at night refers to any light source other than a natural light source. Sources of artificial light include LEDS and fluorescents. This particular light source has effect on the reproduction, immune function, metabolism, thermoregulation and body temperature of organisms that need light for their daily activity. </p><p>Firstly, most organisms metabolism largely depends on light. In some instances the presence of intense light starts up or increases enzyme activity inside the body of an animal. For diurnal organisms, high rate of metabolism takes place during the day and reduces or comes to a stop during the night thus, artificial light at night has a negative impact of the metabolism of diurnal organisms. Moreover, the body temperature of diurnal animals fall during the night but the presence of artificial light at night, then causes an increase in body temperature which affects the melatonin levels of the animal. </p><p>Furthermore, for organisms such as birds, their sex organs are activated in relation to light intensity in certain periods during the summer at day time to aid reproduction. These sex organs are deactivated during the night but the presence of artificial light during the night sometimes disrupts their reproduction process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_organizations">Professional organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Professional organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE) is an international authority and standard defining organization on <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> and lighting. Publishing widely used standard metrics such as various CIE <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color spaces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">color rendering index</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Illuminating_Engineering_Society" title="Illuminating Engineering Society">Illuminating Engineering Society</a> (IES), in conjunction with organizations like <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a> and <a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a>, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Lighting_Designers" title="International Association of Lighting Designers">International Association of Lighting Designers</a> (IALD) is an organization which focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of independent professional lighting designers. Those fully independent designers who meet the requirements for professional membership in the association typically append the abbreviation IALD to their name. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_Designers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional Lighting Designers Association">Professional Lighting Designers Association</a> (PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter and organise different events throughout the world. </p><p>The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become "Lighting Certified" and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc. </p><p>The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (<a href="/wiki/PLASA" class="mw-redirect" title="PLASA">PLASA</a>) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (<a href="/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive</a>) regulations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National">National</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: National"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_de_Concepteurs_Eclairage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association de Concepteurs Eclairage (page does not exist)">Association de Concepteurs Eclairage</a> (ACE) in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li>American Lighting Association (ALA) in the United States</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associazione_Professionisti_dell%27Illuminazione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Associazione Professionisti dell'Illuminazione (page does not exist)">Associazione Professionisti dell'Illuminazione</a> (APIL) in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenic_Illumination_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellenic Illumination Committee (page does not exist)">Hellenic Illumination Committee</a> (HIC) in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li>Indian Society of Lighting Engineers (ISLE)</li> <li>Institution of Lighting Engineers (ILE) in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schweizerische_Licht_Gesellschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schweizerische Licht Gesellschaft (page does not exist)">Schweizerische Licht Gesellschaft</a> (SLG) in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li>Society of Light and Lighting (SLL), part of the <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers</a> in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Scenic_Artists" title="United Scenic Artists">United Scenic Artists</a> Local 829 (USA829), membership for lighting designers as a category, with scenic designers, projection designers, costume designers, and sound designers, in the United States</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglepoise_lamp" title="Anglepoise lamp">Anglepoise lamp</a>, successful and innovative desk lamp design</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Automotive lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banning_of_incandescent_light_bulbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Banning of incandescent light bulbs">Banning of incandescent light bulbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_zapper" title="Bug zapper">Bug zapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlepower" title="Candlepower">Candlepower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_lighting" title="Computer graphics lighting">Computer graphics lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_light_attractor" title="Fishing light attractor">Fishing light attractor</a>, underwater lights to attract fish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Light fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_in_school_buildings" title="Light in school buildings">Light in school buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_control_system" title="Lighting control system">Lighting control systems</a>, for a buildings or residences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_for_the_elderly" title="Lighting for the elderly">Lighting for the elderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighting_design_applications" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lighting design applications">List of Lighting Design Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">Luminous efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon lighting</a> (for signage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-illumination">Over-illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_lighting" title="Sustainable lighting">Sustainable lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-point_lighting" title="Three-point lighting">Three-point lighting</a>, technique used in both still photography and in film</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inventors">Inventors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Inventors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan">Joseph Swan</a>, carbonized-thread filament incandescent lamp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nikolayevich_Lodygin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nikolayevich Lodygin">Alexander Nikolayevich Lodygin</a>, carbon-rod filament incandescent lamp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, long-lasting incandescent lamp with high-resistance filament</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_Wigham" title="John Richardson Wigham">John Richardson Wigham</a>, lighthouse engineer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists">Lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">List of light sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_lighting_technology" title="Timeline of lighting technology">Timeline of lighting technology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/notesj/178.1.13-b">"Oil-Lamps and Candles"</a>. <i>Notes and Queries</i>. 1940-01-06. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnotesj%2F178.1.13-b">10.1093/notesj/178.1.13-b</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6941">1471-6941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.atitle=Oil-Lamps+and+Candles&rft.date=1940-01-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnotesj%2F178.1.13-b&rft.issn=1471-6941&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Fnotesj%2F178.1.13-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1999" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Ben (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130125190606/http://www.mts.net/~william5/history/hol.htm">"A History of Light and Lighting"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mts.net/~william5/history/hol.htm">the original</a> on 25 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Light+and+Lighting&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mts.net%2F~william5%2Fhistory%2Fhol.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-planet_money-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-planet_money_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-planet_money_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2014/04/25/306862378/episode-534-the-history-of-light">"The History of Light"</a>. <i>Planet Money</i>. Episode 534. NPR. April 25, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planet+Money&rft.series=Episode+534&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2014-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Fmoney%2F2014%2F04%2F25%2F306862378%2Fepisode-534-the-history-of-light&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dolin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dolin_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dolin_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dolin_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dolin_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Jay_Dolin2007" class="citation book cs1">Eric Jay Dolin (2007). <i>Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America</i>. W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 339–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leviathan%3A+The+History+of+Whaling+in+America&rft.pages=339-40&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Eric+Jay+Dolin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edisontechcenter.org/ArcLamps.html">The First Form of Electric Light History of the Carbon Arc Lamp (1800 - 1980s)'.Edison Tech Center, edisontechcenter.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirtley2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kirtley2011_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_L._Kirtley2011" class="citation book cs1">James L. Kirtley (5 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YY9TGX11En8C&pg=PT11"><i>Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 11–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-95744-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-95744-7"><bdi>978-1-119-95744-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+Power+Principles%3A+Sources%2C+Conversion%2C+Distribution+and+Use&rft.pages=11-&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-07-05&rft.isbn=978-1-119-95744-7&rft.au=James+L.+Kirtley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYY9TGX11En8C%26pg%3DPT11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitoMaahs2011" class="citation book cs1">Vito, Gennaro F.; Maahs, Jeffrey R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criminologytheor0000vito/page/70"><i>Criminology: Theory, Research, and Policy</i></a> (revised ed.). Jones & Bartlett. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criminologytheor0000vito/page/70">70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780763766658" title="Special:BookSources/9780763766658"><bdi>9780763766658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminology%3A+Theory%2C+Research%2C+and+Policy&rft.pages=70&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780763766658&rft.aulast=Vito&rft.aufirst=Gennaro+F.&rft.au=Maahs%2C+Jeffrey+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcriminologytheor0000vito%2Fpage%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelsonBoba2009" class="citation book cs1">Felson, Marcus; Boba, Rachel L. (2009). <i>Crime and Everyday Life</i>. SAGE. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483342658" title="Special:BookSources/9781483342658"><bdi>9781483342658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+and+Everyday+Life&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781483342658&rft.aulast=Felson&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft.au=Boba%2C+Rachel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Street lighting, energy conservation and crime</i>. United States Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Emergency Energy Committee, U.S. Dept. of Justice. 1974. <q>The public [has] a general feeling that street lights have a deterrent effect on street crimes. This effect is somewhat substantiated by research conducted by LEAA and by the fact that various communities which have installed improved street lighting in certain areas have reported reductions in the rate of street crime.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Street+lighting%2C+energy+conservation+and+crime&rft.pub=United+States+Law+Enforcement+Assistance+Administration%2C+Emergency+Energy+Committee%2C+U.S.+Dept.+of+Justice&rft.date=1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentFotiosAltomonte2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kent, Michael; Fotios, Steve; Altomonte, Sergio (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15502724.2018.1489282">"An Experimental Study on the Effect of Visual Tasks on Discomfort Due to Peripheral Glare"</a>. <i>LEUKOS</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 17–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15502724.2018.1489282">10.1080/15502724.2018.1489282</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LEUKOS&rft.atitle=An+Experimental+Study+on+the+Effect+of+Visual+Tasks+on+Discomfort+Due+to+Peripheral+Glare&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-28&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15502724.2018.1489282&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Fotios%2C+Steve&rft.au=Altomonte%2C+Sergio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F15502724.2018.1489282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiCheungWongLam2010" class="citation journal cs1">Li, D; Cheung, K; Wong, S; Lam, T (2010). "An analysis of energy-efficient light fittings and lighting controls". <i>Applied Energy</i>. <b>87</b> (2): 558–567. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApEn...87..558L">2010ApEn...87..558L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2009.07.002">10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.07.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Energy&rft.atitle=An+analysis+of+energy-efficient+light+fittings+and+lighting+controls&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=558-567&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2009.07.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010ApEn...87..558L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Cheung%2C+K&rft.au=Wong%2C+S&rft.au=Lam%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim_W_1023-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_W_1023_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_W_1023_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimHanKim2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, W; Han, H; Kim, J (2009). "The position index of a glare source at the borderline between comfort and discomfort (BCD) in the whole visual field". <i>Building & Environment</i>. <b>44</b> (5): 1017–1023. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009BuEnv..44.1017K">2009BuEnv..44.1017K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2008.07.007">10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.07.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Building+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=The+position+index+of+a+glare+source+at+the+borderline+between+comfort+and+discomfort+%28BCD%29+in+the+whole+visual+field&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1017-1023&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2008.07.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009BuEnv..44.1017K&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Han%2C+H&rft.au=Kim%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M._Velds_2002_pp._95-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M._Velds_2002_pp._95_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M._Velds_2002_pp._95_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelds2002" class="citation journal cs1">Velds, M. (2002). "User acceptance studies to evaluate discomfort glare in daylit room". <i>Solar Energy</i>. <b>73</b> (2): 95–103. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002SoEn...73...95V">2002SoEn...73...95V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0038-092x%2802%2900037-3">10.1016/s0038-092x(02)00037-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solar+Energy&rft.atitle=User+acceptance+studies+to+evaluate+discomfort+glare+in+daylit+room&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-103&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0038-092x%2802%2900037-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002SoEn...73...95V&rft.aulast=Velds&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2006" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyorktimesprac00bern/page/424"><i>The New York Times Practical Guide to Practically Everything: The Essential Companion for Everyday Life</i></a></span>. St. Martin's Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyorktimesprac00bern/page/424">424</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312353889" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312353889"><bdi>978-0312353889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times+Practical+Guide+to+Practically+Everything%3A+The+Essential+Companion+for+Everyday+Life&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0312353889&rft.au=Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewyorktimesprac00bern%2Fpage%2F424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-interiorlights-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-interiorlights_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2018" class="citation web cs1">West, Paul (June 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lampsusa.com/blogs/how-to-and-tips/20-powerful-ways-to-improve-your-living-room-lighting">"Living Room Lighting: 20 Powerful Ideas to Improve your Lighting"</a>. Lamps USA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203165213/https://www.lampsusa.com/blogs/how-to-and-tips/20-powerful-ways-to-improve-your-living-room-lighting">Archived</a> from the original on Feb 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+Room+Lighting%3A+20+Powerful+Ideas+to+Improve+your+Lighting&rft.pub=Lamps+USA&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lampsusa.com%2Fblogs%2Fhow-to-and-tips%2F20-powerful-ways-to-improve-your-living-room-lighting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204215609/http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/DELTA/pdf/DELTA-Post-topPhotovoltaic.pdf">"Post-Top Photovoltaic Pathway Luminaire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Field Test DELTA</i>. Iss. 4. Lighting Research Center. October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/DELTA/pdf/DELTA-Post-topPhotovoltaic.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Field+Test+DELTA&rft.atitle=Post-Top+Photovoltaic+Pathway+Luminaire&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrc.rpi.edu%2Fprograms%2FDELTA%2Fpdf%2FDELTA-Post-topPhotovoltaic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100509021527/http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/DELTA/pdf/FTDelta_LEDStreetLighting.pdf">"LED Street Lighting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Field Test DELTA Snapshot</i>. Iss. 4. Lighting Research Center. March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/DELTA/pdf/FTDelta_LEDStreetLighting.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Field+Test+DELTA+Snapshot&rft.atitle=LED+Street+Lighting&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrc.rpi.edu%2Fprograms%2FDELTA%2Fpdf%2FFTDelta_LEDStreetLighting.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611174542/http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightingAnswers/photovoltaic/abstract.asp">"Photovoltaic Lighting - Introduction"</a>. <i>NLPIP Lighting Answers</i>. <b>9</b> (3). Lighting Research Center. July 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightingAnswers/photovoltaic/abstract.asp">the original</a> on Jun 11, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NLPIP+Lighting+Answers&rft.atitle=Photovoltaic+Lighting+-+Introduction&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrc.rpi.edu%2Fprograms%2Fnlpip%2FlightingAnswers%2Fphotovoltaic%2Fabstract.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTransportationAdministration2003" class="citation book cs1">Transportation, Department of; Administration, Federal Highway (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-UpgOXdYEOYC&q=Floodlights+can+be+used+to+illuminate+large+areas+nighttime+hours&pg=PT504"><i>Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices: Inserts Only</i></a>. Claitor's Law Books and Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579809294" title="Special:BookSources/9781579809294"><bdi>9781579809294</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+on+Uniform+Traffic+Control+Devices%3A+Inserts+Only&rft.pub=Claitor%27s+Law+Books+and+Publishing&rft.date=2003-11&rft.isbn=9781579809294&rft.aulast=Transportation&rft.aufirst=Department+of&rft.au=Administration%2C+Federal+Highway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-UpgOXdYEOYC%26q%3DFloodlights%2Bcan%2Bbe%2Bused%2Bto%2Billuminate%2Blarge%2Bareas%2Bnighttime%2Bhours%26pg%3DPT504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yFklAQAAIAAJ&q=Flood+Lights+can+be+used+to+illuminate+playing+fields+nighttime+hours"><i>Draft Revised Environmental Impact Report for Scotts Valley High School--Glenwood Site</i></a>. Denise Duffy & Associates. 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Draft+Revised+Environmental+Impact+Report+for+Scotts+Valley+High+School--Glenwood+Site&rft.pub=Denise+Duffy+%26+Associates&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyFklAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DFlood%2BLights%2Bcan%2Bbe%2Bused%2Bto%2Billuminate%2Bplaying%2Bfields%2Bnighttime%2Bhours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelberFimoffLevinMancuso2013" class="citation book cs1">Felber, Bill; Fimoff, Mark; Levin, Len; Mancuso, Peter (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rdgAAgAAQBAJ&q=Flood+Lights+can+be+used+to+illuminate+playing+fields+nighttime+hours&pg=PA125"><i>Inventing Baseball: The 100 Greatest Games that Shaped the 19th Century</i></a>. SABR. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933599427" title="Special:BookSources/9781933599427"><bdi>9781933599427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Baseball%3A+The+100+Greatest+Games+that+Shaped+the+19th+Century&rft.pub=SABR&rft.date=2013-04&rft.isbn=9781933599427&rft.aulast=Felber&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Fimoff%2C+Mark&rft.au=Levin%2C+Len&rft.au=Mancuso%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrdgAAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DFlood%2BLights%2Bcan%2Bbe%2Bused%2Bto%2Billuminate%2Bplaying%2Bfields%2Bnighttime%2Bhours%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DELTA Snapshot: Outdoor Entry Lighting. Issue 11. Lighting Research Center. Found online at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/delta/pdf/OutdoorEntry.pdf">http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/delta/pdf/OutdoorEntry.pdf</a> [last accessed 13 April 2010]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Derlofske, J, JD Bullough, J Watkinson. 2005. Spectral Effects of LED Forward Lighting. TLA 2005-02. Lighting Research Center. Found online at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/TLA/pdf/TLA-2005-02.pdf">http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/TLA/pdf/TLA-2005-02.pdf</a> [last accessed 13 April 2010]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Fouquet, <i>Heat, power and light: revolutions in energy services</i>, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84542-660-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84542-660-6">1-84542-660-6</a>, page 411</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Leading luminaries". <i>Cabinet Maker</i>. <b>5419</b>: 21–22. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cabinet+Maker&rft.atitle=Leading+luminaries&rft.volume=5419&rft.pages=21-22&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khan N, Abas N. Comparative study of energy saving light sources. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews [serial online].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"How to power an ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHT". <i>Machine Design</i>. <b>80</b> (12): 51–53. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Machine+Design&rft.atitle=How+to+power+an+ENERGY-EFFICIENT+LIGHT&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=51-53&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liechtensteinmuseum.at/en/pages/artbase_main.asp?module=browse&action=m_work&lang=en&sid=31032196&oid=W-147200412195342017">Another view of the interior by Panini (1735), Liechtenstein Museum, Vienna</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928031043/http://www.liechtensteinmuseum.at/en/pages/artbase_main.asp?module=browse&action=m_work&lang=en&sid=31032196&oid=W-147200412195342017">Archived</a> 2011-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/radiance">"Radiance"</a>. <i>Energy.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Energy.gov&rft.atitle=Radiance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov%2Feere%2Fbuildings%2Farticles%2Fradiance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsraelBleeker2008" class="citation journal cs1">Israel, C; Bleeker, N (2008). "Sustainable Lighting Strategies". <i>Electrical Wholesaling</i>. <b>89</b> (9): 38–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electrical+Wholesaling&rft.atitle=Sustainable+Lighting+Strategies&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=38-41&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Bleeker%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/sec09.html">NIST Guide to SI Units - 9 Rules and Style Conventions for Spelling Unit Names</a>, National Institute of Standards and Technology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFotiosKent2021" class="citation journal cs1">Fotios, Steve; Kent, Michael (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15502724.2020.1803082?src=recsys">"Measuring Discomfort from Glare: Recommendations for Good Practice"</a>. <i>LEUKOS</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 338–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15502724.2020.1803082">10.1080/15502724.2020.1803082</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225293753">225293753</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LEUKOS&rft.atitle=Measuring+Discomfort+from+Glare%3A+Recommendations+for+Good+Practice&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=338-358&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15502724.2020.1803082&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225293753%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fotios&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Kent%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F15502724.2020.1803082%3Fsrc%3Drecsys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Kim and Y. Koga, "Effect of local background luminance on discomfort glare, <i>Building Environ</i> 2004; 38, pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ASSIST recommends: Guide to Light and Color in Retail Merchandising. 2010. Volume 8, Issue 1. Available online at: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718171338/http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp">"ASSIST recommends: Light Source Color for Retail Merchandising | ASSIST Program | Solid State Lighting | Programs | LRC"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp">the original</a> on 2011-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASSIST+recommends%3A+Light+Source+Color+for+Retail+Merchandising+%26%23124%3B+ASSIST+Program+%26%23124%3B+Solid+State+Lighting+%26%23124%3B+Programs+%26%23124%3B+LRC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrc.rpi.edu%2Fprograms%2Fsolidstate%2Fassist%2Frecommends%2Flightcolor.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ASSIST recommends: Recommendations for Specifying Color Properties of Light Sources for Retail Merchandising. 2010. Volume 8, Issue 2. Available online at: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718171338/http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp">"ASSIST recommends: Light Source Color for Retail Merchandising | ASSIST Program | Solid State Lighting | Programs | LRC"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp">the original</a> on 2011-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASSIST+recommends%3A+Light+Source+Color+for+Retail+Merchandising+%26%23124%3B+ASSIST+Program+%26%23124%3B+Solid+State+Lighting+%26%23124%3B+Programs+%26%23124%3B+LRC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrc.rpi.edu%2Fprograms%2Fsolidstate%2Fassist%2Frecommends%2Flightcolor.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReaBiermanFigueiroBullough2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rea, MS; Bierman, A; Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JD (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430544">"A new approach to understanding the impact of circadian disruption on human health"</a>. <i>J Circadian Rhythms</i>. <b>6</b>: 7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1740-3391-6-7">10.1186/1740-3391-6-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430544">2430544</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18510756">18510756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Circadian+Rhythms&rft.atitle=A+new+approach+to+understanding+the+impact+of+circadian+disruption+on+human+health&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2430544%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18510756&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1740-3391-6-7&rft.aulast=Rea&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.au=Bierman%2C+A&rft.au=Figueiro%2C+MG&rft.au=Bullough%2C+JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2430544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lighting Research Center Website: New approach sheds light on ways circadian disruption affects human health. Found online at: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609225907/http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/lightHealth/projects/CircadianHealth.asp?id=167">"Light and Health | Research Programs | LRC"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/lightHealth/projects/CircadianHealth.asp?id%3D167">the original</a> on 2010-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Light+and+Health+%26%23124%3B+Research+Programs+%26%23124%3B+LRC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrc.rpi.edu%2Fprograms%2FlightHealth%2Fprojects%2FCircadianHealth.asp%3Fid%253D167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span> [last accessed 13 April 2010]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23536914">The Guardian newspaper: Alfredo Moser: Bottle light inventor proud to be poor, 13 August 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Greenhouse_Office2005" class="citation book cs1">Australian Greenhouse Office (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070415151053/http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/lgmodules/wep/lights/training/training9.html">"Chapter 5: Assessing lighting savings"</a>. <i>Working Energy Resource and Training Kit: Lighting</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/lgmodules/wep/lights/index.html">the original</a> on 2007-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Assessing+lighting+savings&rft.btitle=Working+Energy+Resource+and+Training+Kit%3A+Lighting&rft.date=2005-05&rft.au=Australian+Greenhouse+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenhouse.gov.au%2Flgmodules%2Fwep%2Flights%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615074318/http://scopecalc.com/">"Low-Light Performance Calculator"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scopecalc.com/">the original</a> on 2013-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Low-Light+Performance+Calculator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scopecalc.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707054658/http://www.resourcesmart.vic.gov.au/documents/lux_meter.pdf">"Lux Meter"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ResourceSmart.Vic.gov.au</i>. Sustainability Victoria. April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resourcesmart.vic.gov.au/documents/lux_meter.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResourceSmart.Vic.gov.au&rft.atitle=Lux+Meter&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.resourcesmart.vic.gov.au%2Fdocuments%2Flux_meter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090508051301/http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10630">"Illumination. - 1926.56"</a>. <i>Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR)</i>. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, US Dept. of Labor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10630">the original</a> on 8 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regulations+%28Standards+-+29+CFR%29&rft.atitle=Illumination.+-+1926.56&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2Fpls%2Foshaweb%2Fowadisp.show_document%3Fp_table%3DSTANDARDS%26p_id%3D10630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">European law UNI EN 12464</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellido-Outeirino2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bellido-Outeirino, Francisco J. (February 2012). "Building lighting automation through the integration of DALI with wireless sensor networks". <i>IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics</i>. <b>58</b> (1): 47–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCE.2012.6170054">10.1109/TCE.2012.6170054</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:695261">695261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Consumer+Electronics&rft.atitle=Building+lighting+automation+through+the+integration+of+DALI+with+wireless+sensor+networks&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-52&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTCE.2012.6170054&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A695261%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bellido-Outeirino&rft.aufirst=Francisco+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daintree.net/downloads/whitepapers/smart-lighting.pdf">"Lighting control saves money and makes sense"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Daintree_Networks" title="Daintree Networks">Daintree Networks</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lighting+control+saves+money+and+makes+sense&rft.pub=Daintree+Networks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daintree.net%2Fdownloads%2Fwhitepapers%2Fsmart-lighting.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHung-LiangYung-Hsin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hung-Liang, C; Yung-Hsin, H (2010). "Design and Implementation of Dimmable Electronic Ballast for Fluorescent Lamps Based on Power-Dependent Lamp Model". <i>IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science</i>. <b>38</b> (7): 1644–1650. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ITPS...38.1644C">2010ITPS...38.1644C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftps.2010.2048928">10.1109/tps.2010.2048928</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6094389">6094389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Plasma+Science&rft.atitle=Design+and+Implementation+of+Dimmable+Electronic+Ballast+for+Fluorescent+Lamps+Based+on+Power-Dependent+Lamp+Model&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1644-1650&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6094389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Ftps.2010.2048928&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010ITPS...38.1644C&rft.aulast=Hung-Liang&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Yung-Hsin%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanselaer P, Lootens C, Ryckaert W, Deconinck G, Rombauts P. Power density targets for efficient lighting of interior task areas. <a href="/wiki/Lighting_Research_%26_Technology" title="Lighting Research & Technology">Lighting Research & Technology</a> [serial online]. June 2007;39(2):171-182. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryckaert W, Lootens C, Geldof J, Hanselaer P. Criteria for energy efficient lighting in buildings. Energy & Buildings [serial online]. March 2010;42(3):341-347. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScienceWashington-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScienceWashington_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScienceWashington_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich R S. View through a Windows May Influence Recovery from Surgery. Science (Washington D C) [serial online]. 1984;224(4647):420-421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentSchiavonJakubiec2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kent, Michael; Schiavon, Stefano; Jakubiec, Alstan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/04x6v86j">"A dimensionality reduction method to select the most representative daylight illuminance distributions"</a>. <i>Journal of Building Performance Simulation</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 122–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19401493.2019.1711456">10.1080/19401493.2019.1711456</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211093664">211093664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Building+Performance+Simulation&rft.atitle=A+dimensionality+reduction+method+to+select+the+most+representative+daylight+illuminance+distributions&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=122-135&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19401493.2019.1711456&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211093664%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Schiavon%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Jakubiec%2C+Alstan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F04x6v86j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IntroNio2e-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IntroNio2e_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaves2015" class="citation book cs1">Chaves, Julio (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e11ECgAAQBAJ"><i>Introduction to Nonimaging Optics, Second Edition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1482206739" title="Special:BookSources/978-1482206739"><bdi>978-1482206739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Nonimaging+Optics%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1482206739&rft.aulast=Chaves&rft.aufirst=Julio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De11ECgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiLouie2006" class="citation book cs1">DiLouie, Craig (2006). <i>Advanced Lighting Controls: Energy Savings, Productivity, Technology and Applications</i>. The Fairmont Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88173-510-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88173-510-9"><bdi>978-0-88173-510-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Lighting+Controls%3A+Energy+Savings%2C+Productivity%2C+Technology+and+Applications&rft.pub=The+Fairmont+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-88173-510-9&rft.aulast=DiLouie&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigueiroRea2010" class="citation journal cs1">Figueiro, MG; Rea, MS (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3349218">"Lack of short-wavelength light during the school day delays dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) in middle school students"</a>. <i>Neuro Endocrinology Letters</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 92–6. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3349218">3349218</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20150866">20150866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuro+Endocrinology+Letters&rft.atitle=Lack+of+short-wavelength+light+during+the+school+day+delays+dim+light+melatonin+onset+%28DLMO%29+in+middle+school+students&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=92-6&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3349218%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20150866&rft.aulast=Figueiro&rft.aufirst=MG&rft.au=Rea%2C+MS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3349218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigueiroReaBullough2006" class="citation journal cs1">Figueiro, MG; Rea, MS; Bullough, JD (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1557490">"Does architectural lighting contribute to breast cancer?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Journal of Carcinogenesis</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1477-3163-5-20">10.1186/1477-3163-5-20</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1557490">1557490</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16901343">16901343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Carcinogenesis&rft.atitle=Does+architectural+lighting+contribute+to+breast+cancer%3F%22.&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1557490%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16901343&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1477-3163-5-20&rft.aulast=Figueiro&rft.aufirst=MG&rft.au=Rea%2C+MS&rft.au=Bullough%2C+JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1557490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newsham G, Brand J, Donnelly C, Veitch J, Aries M, Charles K. Linking indoor environment conditions to job satisfaction: a field study. Building Research & Information [serial online]. March 2009;37(2):129-147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mientka-decisions-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mientka-decisions_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMientka2014" class="citation news cs1">Mientka, Matthew (25 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicaldaily.com/ambient-lighting-affects-decision-making-emotional-intensity-269967">"Ambient Lighting Affects Decision Making, Emotional Intensity"</a>. <i>Medical Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Daily&rft.atitle=Ambient+Lighting+Affects+Decision+Making%2C+Emotional+Intensity&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.aulast=Mientka&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicaldaily.com%2Fambient-lighting-affects-decision-making-emotional-intensity-269967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis-decisions-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ellis-decisions_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2014" class="citation news cs1">Ellis, Marie (25 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/273064.php">"Room lighting affects decision making, study suggests"</a>. <i>Medical News Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+News+Today&rft.atitle=Room+lighting+affects+decision+making%2C+study+suggests&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2F273064.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-decision-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood-decision_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2014" class="citation news cs1">Wood, Janice (25 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychcentral.com/news/2014/02/23/got-an-important-decision-to-make-dim-the-lights/66258.html">"Got an Important Decision to Make? Dim the Lights"</a>. <i>Psych Central News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psych+Central+News&rft.atitle=Got+an+Important+Decision+to+Make%3F+Dim+the+Lights&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsychcentral.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F02%2F23%2Fgot-an-important-decision-to-make-dim-the-lights%2F66258.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGumbel2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Gumbel, Peter (December 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081214002145/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1864316,00.html">"Lighting: Bright Idea"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1864316,00.html">the original</a> on 14 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Lighting%3A+Bright+Idea&rft.date=2008-12-04&rft.aulast=Gumbel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1864316%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SciAmNewMap-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SciAmNewMap_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SciAmNewMap_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillings2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Billings, Lee (June 10, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-map-shows-the-dark-side-of-artificial-light-at-night/">"New Map Shows the Dark Side of Artificial Light at Night"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=New+Map+Shows+the+Dark+Side+of+Artificial+Light+at+Night&rft.date=2016-06-10&rft.aulast=Billings&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fnew-map-shows-the-dark-side-of-artificial-light-at-night%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/news/news/2016/2016-06-14-community-guidance-street-lighting.page?">"AMA Adopts Community Guidance to Reduce the Harmful Human and Environmental Effects of High Intensity Street Lighting"</a>. <i>ama-assn.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ama-assn.org&rft.atitle=AMA+Adopts+Community+Guidance+to+Reduce+the+Harmful+Human+and+Environmental+Effects+of+High+Intensity+Street+Lighting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ama-assn.org%2Fama%2Fpub%2Fnews%2Fnews%2F2016%2F2016-06-14-community-guidance-street-lighting.page%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claudio L. Switch On the Night. Environmental Health Perspectives [serial online]. January 2009;117(1):A28-A31. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynn A. See the Light. Parks & Recreation [serial online]. October 2010;45(10):81-82. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongcoreRich2004" class="citation journal cs1">Longcore, Travis; Rich, Catherine (2004). "Ecological light pollution". <i>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 191–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F1540-9295%282004%29002%5B0191%3AELP%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0191:ELP]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-9309">1540-9309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Ecology+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Ecological+light+pollution&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=191-198&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F1540-9295%282004%29002%5B0191%3AELP%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.issn=1540-9309&rft.aulast=Longcore&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft.au=Rich%2C+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandersFragoKehoePatterson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sanders, Dirk; Frago, Enric; Kehoe, Rachel; Patterson, Christophe; Gaston, Kevin J. (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-01322-x">"A meta-analysis of biological impacts of artificial light at night"</a>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 74–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-020-01322-x">10.1038/s41559-020-01322-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F123068">10871/123068</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X">2397-334X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33139919">33139919</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226243935">226243935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=A+meta-analysis+of+biological+impacts+of+artificial+light+at+night&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74-81&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F123068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226243935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-020-01322-x&rft.issn=2397-334X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33139919&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft.au=Frago%2C+Enric&rft.au=Kehoe%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Gaston%2C+Kevin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-020-01322-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChepesiuk2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chepesiuk, Ron (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627884">"Missing the Dark: Health Effects of Light Pollution"</a>. <i>Environ. Health Perspect</i>. <b>117</b> (1): A20–A27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.117-a20">10.1289/ehp.117-a20</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627884">2627884</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19165374">19165374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environ.+Health+Perspect.&rft.atitle=Missing+the+Dark%3A+Health+Effects+of+Light+Pollution&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=A20-A27&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2627884%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19165374&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.117-a20&rft.aulast=Chepesiuk&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2627884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlisle2012" class="citation web cs1">Carlisle, Camille M. (July 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/ama-addresses-light-pollution/">"AMA Addresses Light Pollution"</a>. <i>Sky & Telescope</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+%26+Telescope&rft.atitle=AMA+Addresses+Light+Pollution&rft.date=2012-07-16&rft.aulast=Carlisle&rft.aufirst=Camille+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyandtelescope.com%2Fastronomy-news%2Fama-addresses-light-pollution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloogHaimStevensBarchana2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kloog, Itai; Haim, Abraham; Stevens, Richard G.; Barchana, Micha; Portnov, Boris A. (2008). "Light at night co-distributes with incident breast but not lung cancer in the female population of Israel". <i>Chronobiology International: The Journal of Biological and Medical Rhythm Research</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 65–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07420520801921572">10.1080/07420520801921572</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18293150">18293150</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17334188">17334188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronobiology+International%3A+The+Journal+of+Biological+and+Medical+Rhythm+Research&rft.atitle=Light+at+night+co-distributes+with+incident+breast+but+not+lung+cancer+in+the+female+population+of+Israel&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-81&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17334188%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18293150&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07420520801921572&rft.aulast=Kloog&rft.aufirst=Itai&rft.au=Haim%2C+Abraham&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Richard+G.&rft.au=Barchana%2C+Micha&rft.au=Portnov%2C+Boris+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cibse.org/society-of-light-and-lighting-sll">"Society of Light and Lighting"</a>. <i>cibse.org</i>. Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cibse.org&rft.atitle=Society+of+Light+and+Lighting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cibse.org%2Fsociety-of-light-and-lighting-sll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey1991" class="citation book cs1">Lindsey, Jack L. (1991). <i>Applied Illumination Engineering</i>. Lilburn, Georgia: The Fairmont Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88173-060-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88173-060-9"><bdi>978-0-88173-060-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+Illumination+Engineering&rft.place=Lilburn%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=The+Fairmont+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88173-060-9&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Jack+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFetters1997" class="citation book cs1">Fetters, John L. (1997). <i>The Handbook of Lighting Surveys & Audits</i>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9972-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9972-5"><bdi>978-0-8493-9972-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Lighting+Surveys+%26+Audits&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-9972-5&rft.aulast=Fetters&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuoHouser2004" class="citation journal cs1">Guo, Xin; Houser, Kevin W. (2004). "A review of colour rendering indices and their application to commercial light sources". <i>Lighting Research and Technology</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 183–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F1365782804li112oa">10.1191/1365782804li112oa</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109227871">109227871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lighting+Research+and+Technology&rft.atitle=A+review+of+colour+rendering+indices+and+their+application+to+commercial+light+sources&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=183-199&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F1365782804li112oa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A109227871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Xin&rft.au=Houser%2C+Kevin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighting&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1922 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Illuminating_Engineering" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Illuminating Engineering">Illuminating Engineering</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lighting" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lighting">Lighting</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/lighting" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/lighting"><i>lighting</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ies.org/">Illuminating Engineering Society of North America</a> – official website</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lightingassociates.org/i/u/2127806/f/tech_sheets/advanced_lighting_guidelines_2001.pdf">"Advanced Lighting Guidelines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>lightingassociates.org</i>. New Buildings Institute, Inc. 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lightingassociates.org&rft.atitle=Advanced+Lighting+Guidelines&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lightingassociates.org%2Fi%2Fu%2F2127806%2Ff%2Ftech_sheets%2Fadvanced_lighting_guidelines_2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrc.rpi.edu/">Lighting Research Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lightingresearch.group.shef.ac.uk/index.html">Lighting Research at the University of Sheffield</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lrt.sagepub.com/">Lighting Research and Technology; an international peered reviewed journal</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cibse.org/society-of-light-and-lighting-sll">"Society of Light and Lighting"</a>. <i>cibse.org</i>. Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cibse.org&rft.atitle=Society+of+Light+and+Lighting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cibse.org%2Fsociety-of-light-and-lighting-sll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lighting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_light_sources" title="Template:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_light_sources" title="Template talk:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_light_sources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lighting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lighting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accent_lighting" title="Accent lighting">Accent lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">Color rendering index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">Electric light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glare_(vision)" title="Glare (vision)">Glare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Light fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution_in_Hawaii" title="Light pollution in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Light pollution in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightbulb_socket" title="Lightbulb socket">Lightbulb socket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-pin_lamp_base" title="Bi-pin lamp base">Bi-pin lamp base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_screw" title="Edison screw">Edison screw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">Luminous efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_lighting" title="Task lighting">Task lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods of<br /> generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Incandescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescence">Incandescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_light_bulb" title="Edison light bulb">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen_lamp" title="Halogen lamp">Halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nernst_lamp" title="Nernst lamp">Nernst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">Luminescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">Cathodoluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron-stimulated_luminescence" title="Electron-stimulated luminescence">Electron-stimulated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">Chemiluminescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemiluminescence" title="Electrochemiluminescence">Electrochemiluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescence" title="Electroluminescence">Electroluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-induced_polymer_electroluminescent_technology" title="Field-induced polymer electroluminescent technology">field-induced polymer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">Fluorescent lamp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">compact</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_lamp#Magnetic_induction_lamps" title="Induction lamp">Fluorescent induction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">Photoluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp#Laser" title="Headlamp">Laser headlamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioluminescence" title="Radioluminescence">Radioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_lighting" title="Solid-state lighting">Solid-state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lamp</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbide_lamp" title="Carbide lamp">Acetylene/Carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argand_lamp" title="Argand lamp">Argand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campfire" title="Campfire">Campfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">Candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcel_lamp" title="Carcel lamp">Carcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare" title="Flare">Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">Kerosene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petromax" title="Petromax">Petromax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanous" title="Fanous">Fanous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_lantern" title="Paper lantern">Paper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limelight" title="Limelight">Limelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchina" title="Luchina">Luchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushlight" title="Rushlight">Rushlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_lamp" title="Safety lamp">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilley_lamp" title="Tilley lamp">Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch" title="Torch">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Electric arc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp#Carbon_arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Carbon arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klieg_light" title="Klieg light">Klieg light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yablochkov_candle" title="Yablochkov candle">Yablochkov candle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">Gas discharge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_arc_lamp" title="Deuterium arc lamp">Deuterium arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_lamp" title="Plasma lamp">Plasma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_lamp" title="Sulfur lamp">Sulfur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp" title="Xenon arc lamp">Xenon arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashtube#Xenon" title="Flashtube">Xenon flash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">High-intensity<br />discharge <span style="font-size:85%;">(HID)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamp" title="Mercury-vapor lamp">Mercury-vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-halide_lamp" title="Metal-halide lamp">Metal-halide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_metal-halide_lamp" title="Ceramic metal-halide lamp">ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrargyrum_medium-arc_iodide_lamp" title="Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp">Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide <span style="font-size:85%;">(HMI)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrargyrum_quartz_iodide" title="Hydrargyrum quartz iodide">Hydrargyrum quartz iodide <span style="font-size:85%;">(HQI)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">Sodium vapor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Stationary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb#Common_shape_codes" title="Incandescent light bulb">Reflector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">Ellipsoidal reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifaceted_reflector" title="Multifaceted reflector">Multifaceted reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">Parabolic aluminized reflector <span style="font-size:85%;">(PAR)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_obstruction_lighting" title="Aviation obstruction lighting">Aviation obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced-arm_lamp" title="Balanced-arm lamp">Balanced-arm lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandelier" title="Chandelier">Chandelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_light" title="Emergency light">Emergency light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gooseneck_lamp" title="Gooseneck lamp">Gooseneck lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_street_lighting" title="Intelligent street lighting">Intelligent street lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_tube" title="Light tube">Light tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightlight" title="Nightlight">Nightlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant_light" title="Pendant light">Pendant light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessed_light" title="Recessed light">Recessed light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(light_fixture)" title="Sconce (light fixture)">Sconce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">Street light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States" title="History of street lighting in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch%C3%A8re" title="Torchère">Torchère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_lighting" title="Track lighting">Track lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troffer" title="Troffer">Troffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_lighting" title="Bicycle lighting">Bicycle lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashlight" title="Flashlight">Flashlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_powered_flashlight" title="Mechanically powered flashlight">Mechanically powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_light" title="Tactical light">Tactical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_stick" title="Glow stick">Glow stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp_(outdoor)" title="Headlamp (outdoor)">outdoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_pointer" title="Laser pointer">Laser pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_lamp" title="Solar lamp">Solar lamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Automotive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automotive_light_bulb_types" title="List of automotive light bulb types">Automotive light bulb types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daytime_running_lamp" title="Daytime running lamp">Daytime running lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_headlamp" title="Hidden headlamp">hidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high-intensity discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">sealed beam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Rear_position_lights_(tail_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Rear position lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Reversing_(backup)_lights" title="Automotive lighting">Reversing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_reflector" title="Safety reflector">Safety reflector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">retroreflector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Stop_lights_(brake_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Stop lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Turn_signals" title="Automotive lighting">Turn signals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trafficators" title="Trafficators">trafficators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Display</li><li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_lighting_technology" title="Holiday lighting technology">Decorative</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_lamp" title="Aroma lamp">Aroma lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacklight" title="Blacklight">Blacklight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_light" title="Bubble light">Bubble light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Christmas lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_tube" title="Crackle tube">Crackle tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_lighting" title="DJ lighting">DJ lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescent_wire" title="Electroluminescent wire">Electroluminescent wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_lamp" title="Lava lamp">Lava lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquee_(structure)" title="Marquee (structure)">Marquee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_globe" title="Plasma globe">Plasma globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobe_light" title="Strobe light">Strobe light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Theatrical</a></li><li>Cinematic</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument#Floodlights" title="Stage lighting instrument">Floodlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footlight" title="Footlight">Footlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">Gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoop_(theater)" title="Scoop (theater)">Scoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(theatre_lighting)" title="Spotlight (theatre lighting)">Spotlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">ellipsoidal reflector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument" title="Stage lighting instrument">Stage lighting instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Industrial</li><li>Scientific</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germicidal_lamp" title="Germicidal lamp">Germicidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grow_light" title="Grow light">Grow light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_lamp" title="Infrared lamp">Infrared lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroboscope" title="Stroboscope">Stroboscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_lamp" title="Tanning lamp">Tanning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_illumination" title="Battlefield illumination">Battlefield illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_art" title="Light art">Light art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_gemstones" title="Luminous gemstones">Luminous gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reflected_light_sources" title="List of reflected light sources">Reflected</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Room" title="Template:Room"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Room" title="Template talk:Room"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Room" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Room"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Room" title="Room">Rooms</a> and spaces of a <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">house</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_area" title="Common area">Shared rooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_room" title="Bonus room">Bonus room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_room" title="Common room">Common room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(room)" title="Den (room)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_room" title="Family room">Family room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret" title="Garret">Garret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_room" title="Great room">Great room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_kitchen" title="Dirty kitchen">dirty kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchenette" title="Kitchenette">kitchenette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_room" title="Living room">Living room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaeceum" title="Gynaeceum">Gynaeceum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andron_(architecture)" title="Andron (architecture)">Andron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_cave" title="Man cave">man cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_room" title="Recreation room">Recreation room</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billiard_room" title="Billiard room">billiard room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_(room)" title="Study (room)">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunroom" title="Sunroom">Sunroom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_(room)" title="Toilet (room)">toilet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedroom" title="Bedroom">Bedroom</a> / Guest room <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">closet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedsit" title="Bedsit">Bedsit / Miniflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudoir" title="Boudoir">Boudoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(room)" title="Cabinet (room)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_(room)" title="Nursery (room)">Nursery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">Atrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcony" title="Balcony">Balcony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breezeway" title="Breezeway">Breezeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_pit" title="Conversation pit">Conversation pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubby-hole" title="Cubby-hole">Cubby-hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(building)" title="Deck (building)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumbwaiter" title="Dumbwaiter">dumbwaiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entryway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entryway">Entryway</a>/<a href="/wiki/Genkan" title="Genkan">Genkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobby_(room)" title="Lobby (room)">Foyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall" title="Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallway" title="Hallway">Hallway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglenook" title="Inglenook">Inglenook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanai_(architecture)" title="Lanai (architecture)">Lanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loft" title="Loft">Loft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">Loggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(architecture)" title="Overhang (architecture)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patio" title="Patio">Patio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porch" title="Porch">Porch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screened_porch" title="Screened porch">screened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_porch" title="Sleeping porch">sleeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_ramp" title="Wheelchair ramp">Ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stairs" title="Stairs">Stairs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Staircase" title="Staircase">Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veranda" title="Veranda">Veranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">Vestibule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical room">Technical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">utility</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carport" title="Carport">Carport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloakroom" title="Cloakroom">Cloakroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">Closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawl_space" title="Crawl space">Crawl space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_room" title="Electrical room">Electrical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_room" title="Equipment room">Equipment room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace room">Furnace room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Boiler room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_(residential)" title="Garage (residential)">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janitorial_closet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitorial closet">Janitorial closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larder" title="Larder">Larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_room" title="Laundry room">Laundry room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">Utility room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">Storage room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_floor" title="Mechanical floor">floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantry" title="Pantry">Pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Safe_room" title="Safe room">Safe room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio" title="Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe" title="Wardrobe">Wardrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiring_closet" title="Wiring closet">Wiring closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workshop" title="Workshop">Workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_house" title="Great house">Great house</a> areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antechamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Antechamber">Antechamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballroom" title="Ballroom">Ballroom</a></li> <li>Kitchen-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_pantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Butler's pantry">butler's pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttery_(room)" title="Buttery (room)">buttery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saucery" title="Saucery">saucery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scullery" title="Scullery">scullery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spicery" title="Spicery">spicery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_room" title="Still room">still room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)" title="Conservatory (greenhouse)">Conservatory</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orangery" title="Orangery">Orangery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">Courtyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_room" title="Drawing room">Drawing room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chamber" title="Great chamber">Great chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">Great hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gallery" title="Long gallery">Long gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_room" title="Lumber room">Lumber room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlour" title="Parlour">Parlour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_hall" title="Servants' hall">Servants' hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_quarters" title="Servants' quarters">Servants' quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_room" title="Smoking room">Smoking room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_(room)" title="Solar (room)">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_room" title="State room">State room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">Swimming pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">Undercroft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_compartment" title="Hidden compartment">Hidden room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_plan" title="House plan">house plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_styles" title="List of house styles">styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-family_residential" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-family residential">Multi-family residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_suite" title="Secondary suite">Secondary suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(building)" title="Duplex (building)">Duplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">Terraced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">Detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">Semi-detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_apartment" title="Studio apartment">Studio apartment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architectural</a><br />elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balconet" title="Balconet">Balconet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">Baluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_course" title="Belt course">Belt course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiling" title="Ceiling">Ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">Chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">Colonnade</a> / <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">Portico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">Cornice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">Eaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door" title="Door">Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ell_(architecture)" title="Ell (architecture)">Ell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor" title="Floor">Floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">Gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate" title="Gate">Gate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal_(architecture)" title="Portal (architecture)">Portal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoin" title="Quoin">Quoins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">Roof lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylight" title="Skylight">Skylight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_(architecture)" title="Threshold (architecture)">Threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transom_(architecture)" title="Transom (architecture)">Transom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">Vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall" title="Wall">Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">Window</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backyard" title="Backyard">Backyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_improvement" title="Home improvement">Home improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_repair" title="Home repair">Home repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed" title="Shed">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_house" title="Tree house">Tree house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Rooms" title="Category:Rooms">Category: Rooms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Color_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Color science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_chemicals" title="Color of chemicals">Color of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">Color calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_task" title="Color task">Color task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">Color code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision_test" title="Color vision test">Color vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Impossible colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Color" title="Category:Color">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210064#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210064#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210064#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4112704-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85076925">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Éclairage"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944423d">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Éclairage"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944423d">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572238">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="osvětlení"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115624&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000068942&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529228505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/016232">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lighting&oldid=1257235103">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lighting&oldid=1257235103</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lighting" title="Category:Lighting">Lighting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architectural_elements" title="Category:Architectural elements">Architectural elements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Garden_features" title="Category:Garden features">Garden features</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2012" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2012">Articles needing additional references from February 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2024">Articles needing additional references from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_prone_to_spam_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles prone to spam from August 2022">Articles prone to spam from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 22:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lighting&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-w7plk","wgBackendResponseTime":151,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.072","walltime":"1.343","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6064,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":240215,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3816,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":264548,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1081.249 1 -total"," 41.26% 446.117 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.00% 216.281 21 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.97% 161.818 8 Template:Navbox"," 11.01% 119.076 1 Template:Artificial_light_sources"," 6.86% 74.152 17 Template:Cite_web"," 6.39% 69.124 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.92% 63.979 14 Template:Cite_book"," 4.59% 49.584 2 Template:Citation_needed"," 4.31% 46.603 1 Template:Commons_category-inline"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.613","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7126518,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-8sb4v","timestamp":"20241122140830","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Lighting","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lighting","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q210064","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q210064","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-02-25T21:29:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T22:41:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/69\/Acropolis_Of_Athens_Greece_04.jpg","headline":"deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect"}</script> </body> </html>