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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color_afterimage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_afterimage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Color afterimage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_afterimage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Associated diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cone cell</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خلية مخروطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلية مخروطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbac%C4%B1qlar" title="Kolbacıqlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kolbacıqlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cepi%C4%87asta_%C4%87elija" title="Čepićasta ćelija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čepićasta ćelija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_(c%C3%A8l%C2%B7lula)" title="Con (cèl·lula) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Con (cèl·lula)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADpek_(oko)" title="Čípek (oko) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čípek (oko)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_(synet)" title="Tap (synet) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tap (synet)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapfen_(Auge)" title="Zapfen (Auge) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zapfen (Auge)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolvikesed" title="Kolvikesed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kolvikesed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cono_(c%C3%A9lula)" title="Cono (célula) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cono (célula)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konuseto" title="Konuseto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konuseto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kono_(zelula)" title="Kono (zelula) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kono (zelula)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="سلول مخروطی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلول مخروطی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ne_(photor%C3%A9cepteur)" title="Cône (photorécepteur) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cône (photorécepteur)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cono_(c%C3%A9lula)" title="Cono (célula) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cono (célula)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%B6%94%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="원추세포 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원추세포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="शंकु कोशिका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शंकु कोशिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reseptor_warna" title="Reseptor warna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reseptor warna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keila_(lj%C3%B3snemi)" title="Keila (ljósnemi) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Keila (ljósnemi)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cono_(biologia)" title="Cono (biologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cono (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9A" title="מדוך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדוך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaneya_qo%C3%A7ek%C3%AE" title="Xaneya qoçekî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xaneya qoçekî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Тордомо челдин колбочкалары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тордомо челдин колбочкалары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABgeliai" title="Kūgeliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kūgeliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="കോൺ കോശങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോൺ കോശങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reseptor_warna" title="Reseptor warna – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Reseptor warna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kegeltje" title="Kegeltje – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kegeltje" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%90%E4%BD%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="錐体細胞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="錐体細胞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapper" title="Tapper – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tapper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czopki_(anatomia)" title="Czopki (anatomia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czopki (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_(c%C3%A9lula)" title="Cone (célula) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cone (célula)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Колбочки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колбочки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cone cell" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cone cell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cap%C3%ADk_(oko)" title="Čapík (oko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čapík (oko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%88%DA%86%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="خانەی قووچەکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خانەی قووچەکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupasta_%C4%87elija" title="Kupasta ćelija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kupasta ćelija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupasta_%C4%87elija" title="Kupasta ćelija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kupasta ćelija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tappisolu" title="Tappisolu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tappisolu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapp_(biologi)" title="Tapp (biologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tapp (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81" title="கூம்பு உயிரணு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கூம்பு உயிரணு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2" title="เซลล์รูปกรวย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซลล์รูปกรวย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koni_h%C3%BCcreleri" title="Koni hücreleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Koni hücreleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Колбочка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колбочка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E9%8C%90%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="視錐細胞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="視錐細胞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E9%94%A5%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="视锥细胞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="视锥细胞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q147298#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Photoreceptor cells responsible for color vision made to function in bright light</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Cone cells</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cone-fundamentals-with-srgb-spectrum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cone-fundamentals-with-srgb-spectrum.svg/250px-Cone-fundamentals-with-srgb-spectrum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cone-fundamentals-with-srgb-spectrum.svg/375px-Cone-fundamentals-with-srgb-spectrum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cone-fundamentals-with-srgb-spectrum.svg/500px-Cone-fundamentals-with-srgb-spectrum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="380" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Normalized <a href="/wiki/Responsivity" title="Responsivity">responsivity</a> spectra of human cone cells, S, M, and L types</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">Retina</a> of vertebrates</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Function</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color vision</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D017949">D017949</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/sao1103104164">sao1103104164</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Histologica" title="Terminologia Histologica">TH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/PDF/TH%20Chapter%20H3.11.pdf">H3.11.08.3.01046 </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma67748">67748</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147298" class="extiw" title="d:Q147298">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cone cells</b> or <b>cones</b> are <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoreceptor cells">photoreceptor cells</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retinas</a> of vertebrates' <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eyes</a>. They respond differently to <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> of different <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">wavelengths</a>, and the combination of their responses is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">color vision</a>. Cones function best in relatively bright light, called the <a href="/wiki/Photopic_vision" title="Photopic vision">photopic</a> region, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod cells</a>, which work better in dim light, or the <a href="/wiki/Scotopic_vision" title="Scotopic vision">scotopic</a> region. Cone cells are densely packed in the <a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">fovea centralis</a>, a 0.3 mm diameter rod-free area with very thin, densely packed cones which quickly reduce in number towards the periphery of the retina. Conversely, they are absent from the <a href="/wiki/Optic_disc" title="Optic disc">optic disc</a>, contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Blind_spot_(vision)" title="Blind spot (vision)">blind spot</a>. There are about six to seven million cones in a human eye (vs ~92 million rods), with the highest concentration being towards the <a href="/wiki/Macula" title="Macula">macula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cones are less sensitive to light than the <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod cells</a> in the retina (which support vision at low light levels), but allow the <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">perception</a> of color. They are also able to perceive finer detail and more rapid changes in images because their response times to <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)#Vision" title="Stimulus (physiology)">stimuli</a> are faster than those of rods.<sup id="cite_ref-Kandel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cones are normally one of three types: S-cones, M-cones and L-cones. Each type expresses a different <a href="/wiki/Opsin#Vertebrate_visual_opsins" title="Opsin">opsin</a>: <a href="/wiki/OPN1SW" title="OPN1SW">OPN1SW</a>, <a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">OPN1MW</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">OPN1LW</a>, respectively. These cones are sensitive to visible wavelengths of light that correspond to short-wavelength, medium-wavelength and longer-wavelength light respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because humans usually have three kinds of cones with different <a href="/wiki/Photopsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Photopsin">photopsins</a>, which have different response curves and thus respond to variation in color in different ways, humans have <a href="/wiki/Trichromatic_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichromatic vision">trichromatic vision</a>. Being <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">color blind</a> can change this, and there have been some verified reports of people with four types of cones, giving them <a href="/wiki/Tetrachromat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrachromat">tetrachromatic</a> vision.<sup id="cite_ref-Jameson_2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jameson_2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roth_2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth_2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three pigments responsible for detecting light have been shown to vary in their exact chemical composition due to <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">genetic mutation</a>; different individuals will have cones with different color sensitivity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cone_cell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cone_cell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Humans normally have three types of cones, usually designated <b>L</b>, <b>M</b> and <b>S</b> for long, medium and short wavelengths respectively. The first responds the most to light of the longer red <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a>, peaking at about 560 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a>. The majority of the human cones are of the long type. The second most common type responds the most to light of yellow to green medium-wavelength, peaking at 530 nm. M cones make up about a third of cones in the human eye. The third type responds the most to blue short-wavelength light, peaking at 420 nm, and make up only around 2% of the cones in the human retina. The three types have peak wavelengths in the range of 564–580 nm, 534–545 nm, and 420–440 nm, respectively, depending on the individual. Such a difference is caused by the different <a href="/wiki/Opsin#Vertebrate_visual_opsins" title="Opsin">opsins</a> they carry, <a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">OPN1LW</a>, <a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">OPN1MW</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OPN1SW" title="OPN1SW">OPN1SW</a>, respectively, the forms of which affect the absorption of <a href="/wiki/Retinaldehyde" class="mw-redirect" title="Retinaldehyde">retinaldehyde</a>. The <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE 1931 color space</a> is an often-used model of spectral sensitivities of the three cells of an average human.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyszecki_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyszecki-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it has been discovered that there exists a mixed type of <a href="/wiki/Retina_bipolar_cell" title="Retina bipolar cell">bipolar cells</a> that bind to both rod and cone cells, bipolar cells still predominantly receive their input from cone cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20362067_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20362067-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other animals might have a different number of cone types (see <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color vision</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shape_and_arrangement">Shape and arrangement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cone_cell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shape and arrangement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cone_cell_eng.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cone_cell_eng.svg/220px-Cone_cell_eng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cone_cell_eng.svg/330px-Cone_cell_eng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cone_cell_eng.svg/440px-Cone_cell_eng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Cone cell structure</figcaption></figure> <p>Cone cells are somewhat shorter than rods, but wider and tapered, and are much less numerous than rods in most parts of the retina, but greatly outnumber rods in the <a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">fovea</a>. Structurally, cone cells have a <a href="/wiki/Cone" title="Cone">cone</a>-like shape at one end where a pigment filters incoming light, giving them their different response curves. They are typically 40–50 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> long, and their diameter varies from 0.5 to 4.0 μm, being smallest and most tightly packed at the center of the eye at the fovea. The S cone spacing is slightly larger than the others.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Photobleaching" title="Photobleaching">Photobleaching</a> can be used to determine cone arrangement. This is done by exposing dark-adapted retina to a certain wavelength of light that paralyzes the particular type of cone sensitive to that wavelength for up to thirty minutes from being able to dark-adapt, making it appear white in contrast to the grey dark-adapted cones when a picture of the retina is taken. The results illustrate that <b>S</b> cones are randomly placed and appear much less frequently than the <b>M</b> and <b>L</b> cones. The ratio of <b>M</b> and <b>L</b> cones varies greatly among different people with regular vision (e.g. values of 75.8% <b>L</b> with 20.0% <b>M</b> versus 50.6% <b>L</b> with 44.2% <b>M</b> in two male subjects).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like rods, each cone cell has a synaptic terminal, inner and outer segments, as well as an interior nucleus and various <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a>. The synaptic terminal forms a <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapse</a> with a neuron <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipolar cell">bipolar cell</a>. The inner and outer segments are connected by a <a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">cilium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kandel_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inner segment contains <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a> and the cell's nucleus, while the outer segment contains the light-absorbing materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Kandel_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The outer segments of cones have invaginations of their <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a> that create stacks of membranous disks. <a href="/wiki/Photopigments" class="mw-redirect" title="Photopigments">Photopigments</a> exist as <a href="/wiki/Transmembrane_protein" title="Transmembrane protein">transmembrane proteins</a> within these disks, which provide more surface area for light to affect the pigments. In cones, these disks are attached to the outer membrane, whereas they are pinched off and exist separately in rods. Neither rods nor cones divide, but their membranous disks wear out and are worn off at the end of the outer segment, to be consumed and recycled by <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytic</a> cells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cone_cell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BirdCone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BirdCone.png/220px-BirdCone.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BirdCone.png/330px-BirdCone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BirdCone.png/440px-BirdCone.png 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bird_vision" title="Bird vision">Bird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptilian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotreme</a> cone cells</figcaption></figure> <p>The difference in the signals received from the three cone types allows the brain to perceive a continuous range of colors, through the <a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">opponent process</a> of color vision. (<a href="/wiki/Rod_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Rod cells">Rod cells</a> have a peak sensitivity at 498 nm, roughly halfway between the peak sensitivities of the S and M cones.) </p><p>All of the receptors contain the protein <a href="/wiki/Photopsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Photopsin">photopsin</a>, with variations in its conformation causing differences in the optimum wavelengths absorbed. </p><p>The color yellow, for example, is perceived when the L cones are stimulated slightly more than the M cones, and the color red is perceived when the L cones are stimulated significantly more than the M cones. Similarly, blue and violet hues are perceived when the S receptor is stimulated more. S Cones are most sensitive to light at wavelengths around 420 nm. However, the <a href="/wiki/Lens_(vision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (vision)">lens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a> of the human eye are increasingly absorptive to shorter wavelengths, and this sets the short wavelength limit of human-visible light to approximately 380 nm, which is therefore called '<a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>' light. People with <a href="/wiki/Aphakia" title="Aphakia">aphakia</a>, a condition where the eye lacks a lens, sometimes report the ability to see into the ultraviolet range.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At moderate to bright light levels where the cones function, the eye is more sensitive to yellowish-green light than other colors because this stimulates the two most common (M and L) of the three kinds of cones almost equally. At lower light levels, where only the rod cells function, the sensitivity is greatest at a blueish-green wavelength. </p><p>Cones also tend to possess a significantly elevated visual acuity because each cone cell has a lone connection to the optic nerve, therefore, the cones have an easier time telling that two stimuli are isolated. Separate connectivity is established in the <a href="/wiki/Inner_plexiform_layer" title="Inner plexiform layer">inner plexiform layer</a> so that each connection is parallel.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20362067_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20362067-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The response of cone cells to light is also directionally nonuniform, peaking at a direction that receives light from the center of the pupil; this effect is known as the <a href="/wiki/Stiles%E2%80%93Crawford_effect" title="Stiles–Crawford effect">Stiles–Crawford effect</a>. </p><p>It is possible that S cones may play a role in the regulation of the <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian system</a> and the secretion of <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a> but this role is not clear yet. The exact contribution of S cone activation to circadian regulation is unclear but any potential role would be secondary to the better established role of <a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">melanopsin</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cell" title="Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell">Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_afterimage">Color afterimage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cone_cell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Color afterimage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sensitivity to a prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time, leading to <a href="/wiki/Neural_adaptation" title="Neural adaptation">neural adaptation</a>. An interesting effect occurs when staring at a particular color for a minute or so. Such action leads to an exhaustion of the cone cells that respond to that color – resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">afterimage</a>. This vivid color aftereffect can last for a minute or more.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_diseases">Associated diseases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cone_cell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Associated diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a> (Rod monochromacy) - a form of <a href="/wiki/Monochromacy" title="Monochromacy">monochromacy</a> with no functional cones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_cone_monochromacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue cone monochromacy">Blue cone monochromacy</a> - a rare form of monochromacy with only functional S-cones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_red%E2%80%93green_color_blindness" title="Congenital red–green color blindness">Congenital red–green color blindness</a> - partial color blindness include <a href="/wiki/Protanopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Protanopia">protanopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deuteranopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteranopia">deuteranopia</a>, etc.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocone_trichromacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oligocone trichromacy (page does not exist)">Oligocone trichromacy</a> - poor visual acuity and impairment of cone function according to ERG, but without significant color vision loss.<sup id="cite_ref-MICHAEL1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MICHAEL1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradyopsia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bradyopsia (page does not exist)">Bradyopsia</a> - <a href="/wiki/Photopic_vision" title="Photopic vision">photopic vision</a> cannot respond quickly to stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-MICHAEL1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MICHAEL1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bornholm_eye_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bornholm eye disease (page does not exist)">Bornholm eye disease</a> - X-linked recessive <a href="/wiki/Myopia" title="Myopia">myopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astigmatism" title="Astigmatism">astigmatism</a>, impaired <a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">visual acuity</a> and red-green <a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">dichromacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MICHAEL1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MICHAEL1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_dystrophy" title="Cone dystrophy">Cone dystrophy</a> - a degenerative loss of cone cells</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoblastoma" title="Retinoblastoma">Retinoblastoma</a> - a type of cancer originating from cone precursor cells</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cone_cell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disc_shedding" title="Disc shedding">Disc shedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_cone_(biology)" title="Double cone (biology)">Double cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RG_color_space" class="mw-redirect" title="RG color space">RG color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">Melanopsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color vision</a></li></ul> </div><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of distinct cell types in the adult human body">List of distinct cell types in the adult human body</a> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cone_cell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/rodcone.html">"The Rods and Cones of the Human Eye"</a>. <i>HyperPhysics Concepts - Georgia State University</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HyperPhysics+Concepts+-+Georgia+State+University&rft.atitle=The+Rods+and+Cones+of+the+Human+Eye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu%2Fhbase%2Fvision%2Frodcone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACone+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kandel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kandel_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kandel_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kandel_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandelSchwartz,_J.HJessell,_T._M.2000" class="citation book cs1">Kandel, E.R.; Schwartz, J.H; Jessell, T. M. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780838577011"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a></span> (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780838577011/page/507">507–513</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838577011" title="Special:BookSources/9780838577011"><bdi>9780838577011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Neural+Science&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=507-513&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780838577011&rft.aulast=Kandel&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+J.H&rft.au=Jessell%2C+T.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780838577011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACone+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, "Psychology", New York: Worth Publishers,2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jameson_2001-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jameson_2001_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJameson,_K._A.Highnote,_S._M.Wasserman,_L._M.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Jameson, K. A.; Highnote, S. M. & Wasserman, L. M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03196159.pdf">"Richer color experience in observers with multiple photopigment opsin genes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Psychonomic Bulletin and Review</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 244–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3758%2FBF03196159">10.3758/BF03196159</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11495112">11495112</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2389566">2389566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychonomic+Bulletin+and+Review&rft.atitle=Richer+color+experience+in+observers+with+multiple+photopigment+opsin+genes&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=244-261&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2389566%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11495112&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3758%2FBF03196159&rft.au=Jameson%2C+K.+A.&rft.au=Highnote%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Wasserman%2C+L.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.3758%2FBF03196159.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACone+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706001354/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/article2336163.ece">"You won't believe your eyes: The mysteries of sight revealed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. 7 March 2007. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2009</span>. <q>Equipped with four receptors instead of three, Mrs M - an English social worker, and the first known human "tetrachromat" - sees rare subtleties of colour.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=You+won%27t+believe+your+eyes%3A+The+mysteries+of+sight+revealed&rft.date=2007-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.independent.co.uk%2Fworld%2Fscience_technology%2Farticle2336163.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACone+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roth_2006-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roth_2006_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Roth2006" class="citation news cs1">Mark Roth (September 13, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061108171635/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06256/721190-114.stm">"Some women may see 100,000,000 colors, thanks to their genes"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06256/721190-114.stm">the original</a> on November 8, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2009</span>. <q>A tetrachromat is a woman who can see four distinct ranges of color, instead of the three that most of us live with.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Some+women+may+see+100%2C000%2C000+colors%2C+thanks+to+their+genes&rft.date=2006-09-13&rft.au=Mark+Roth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F06256%2F721190-114.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACone+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyszecki-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wyszecki_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyszeckiStiles,_W.S.1981" class="citation book cs1">Wyszecki, Günther; Stiles, W.S. (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colorscienceconc00unse"><i>Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley Series in Pure and Applied Optics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-02106-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-02106-3"><bdi>978-0-471-02106-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+Science%3A+Concepts+and+Methods%2C+Quantitative+Data+and+Formulae&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley+Series+in+Pure+and+Applied+Optics&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-471-02106-3&rft.aulast=Wyszecki&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rft.au=Stiles%2C+W.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolorscienceconc00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACone+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._W._G._Hunt2004" class="citation book cs1">R. 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Chichester UK: Wiley–IS&T Series in Imaging Science and Technology. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reproductionofco0000hunt/page/11">11–12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02425-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02425-6"><bdi>978-0-470-02425-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reproduction+of+Colour&rft.place=Chichester+UK&rft.pages=11-12&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wiley%E2%80%93IS%26T+Series+in+Imaging+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-470-02425-6&rft.au=R.+W.+G.+Hunt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freproductionofco0000hunt%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACone+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20362067-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20362067_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20362067_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrettoiNovelli,_EMazzoni,_FBarone,_I2010" class="citation journal cs1">Strettoi, E; Novelli, E; Mazzoni, F; Barone, I; Damiani, D (Jul 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2878852">"Complexity of retinal cone bipolar cells"</a>. <i>Progress in Retinal and Eye Research</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 272–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.preteyeres.2010.03.005">10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.03.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2878852">2878852</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20362067">20362067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Retinal+and+Eye+Research&rft.atitle=Complexity+of+retinal+cone+bipolar+cells.&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=272-83&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2878852%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20362067&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.preteyeres.2010.03.005&rft.aulast=Strettoi&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Novelli%2C+E&rft.au=Mazzoni%2C+F&rft.au=Barone%2C+I&rft.au=Damiani%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2878852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACone+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_A._Wandel1995" class="citation book cs1">Brian A. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+arrangement+of+the+three+cone+classes+in+the+living+human+eye&rft.volume=397&rft.issue=6719&rft.pages=520-522&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F17383&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4432043%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10028967&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Natur.397..520R&rft.au=Roorda+A.&rft.au=Williams+D.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACone+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/medicalscience/story/0,9837,724257,00.html"><i>Let the light shine in: You don't have to come from another planet to see ultraviolet light</i></a> <i>The Guardian</i>, David Hambling (May 30, 2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoca2021" class="citation web cs1">Soca, R (Feb 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keldik.com/blogs/sleep-circadian-binnacle/s-cones-and-the-circadian-system">"S-cones and the circadian system"</a>. <i>Keldik</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214035406/https://keldik.com/blogs/sleep-circadian-binnacle/s-cones-and-the-circadian-system">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Keldik&rft.atitle=S-cones+and+the+circadian+system&rft.date=2021-02-13&rft.aulast=Soca&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkeldik.com%2Fblogs%2Fsleep-circadian-binnacle%2Fs-cones-and-the-circadian-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACone+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schacter, Daniel L. <i>Psychology: the second edition.</i> Chapter 4.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MICHAEL1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MICHAEL1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MICHAEL1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MICHAEL1_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAboshihaDubisCarrollHardcastle2016" class="citation journal cs1">Aboshiha, Jonathan; Dubis, Adam M; Carroll, Joseph; Hardcastle, Alison J; Michaelides, Michel (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4717370">"The cone dysfunction syndromes: Table 1"</a>. <i>British Journal of Ophthalmology</i>. <b>100</b> (1): 115–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjophthalmol-2014-306505">10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306505</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4717370">4717370</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25770143">25770143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Ophthalmology&rft.atitle=The+cone+dysfunction+syndromes%3A+Table+1&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=115-121&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4717370%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25770143&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjophthalmol-2014-306505&rft.aulast=Aboshiha&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Dubis%2C+Adam+M&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Hardcastle%2C+Alison+J&rft.au=Michaelides%2C+Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4717370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACone+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cone_cell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccdb.ucsd.edu/sand/main?stype=lite&keyword=cone&Submit=Go&event=display&start=1">Cell Centered Database – cone cell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050224231545/http://webvision.umh.es/webvision/photo1.html">Photoreceptors - Webvision</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neuinfo.org/mynif/search.php?q=Cone%20Cell&t=data&s=cover&b=0&r=20">NIF Search – Cone Cell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216130113/https://www.neuinfo.org/mynif/search.php?q=Cone%20Cell&t=data&s=cover&b=0&r=20">Archived</a> 2014-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_Information_Framework" title="Neuroscience Information Framework">Neuroscience Information Framework</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104021248/http://www.nanobotmodels.com/node/33">Model and image of cone cell</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_globe_of_the_human_eye" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_globe_of_the_human_eye" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Globe_(human_eye)" title="Globe (human eye)">globe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_tunic_of_eyeball" title="Fibrous tunic of eyeball">Fibrous tunic</a> <br />(outer)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">Sclera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcleral_layer" title="Episcleral layer">Episcleral layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlemm%27s_canal" title="Schlemm's canal">Schlemm's canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabecular_meshwork" title="Trabecular meshwork">Trabecular meshwork</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">Cornea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_limbus" title="Corneal limbus">Limbus</a></li> <li><i>layers</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_epithelium" title="Corneal epithelium">Epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowman%27s_layer" title="Bowman's layer">Bowman's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroma_of_cornea" title="Stroma of cornea">Stroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dua%27s_layer" title="Dua's layer">Dua's layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descemet%27s_membrane" title="Descemet's membrane">Descemet's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_endothelium" title="Corneal endothelium">Endothelium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina"><img alt="1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/200px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/300px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/400px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="1208" usemap="#ImageMap_0a6142ee86469b4f" resource="/wiki/File:Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_0a6142ee86469b4f"><area href="/wiki/Posterior_segment_of_eyeball" shape="circle" coords="50,21,7" alt="1: posterior segment" title="1: posterior segment" /><area href="/wiki/Ora_serrata" shape="circle" coords="38,30,7" alt="2: ora serrata" title="2: ora serrata" /><area href="/wiki/Ciliary_muscle" shape="circle" coords="28,40,7" alt="3: ciliary muscle" title="3: ciliary muscle" /><area href="/wiki/Zonule_of_Zinn" shape="circle" coords="20,53,7" alt="4: ciliary zonules" title="4: ciliary zonules" /><area href="/wiki/Schlemm%27s_canal" shape="circle" coords="12,66,7" alt="5: Schlemm's canal" title="5: Schlemm's canal" /><area href="/wiki/Pupil" shape="circle" coords="9,80,7" alt="6: pupil" title="6: pupil" /><area href="/wiki/Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball" shape="circle" coords="7,96,7" alt="7: anterior chamber" title="7: anterior chamber" /><area href="/wiki/Cornea" shape="circle" coords="7,111,7" alt="8: cornea" title="8: cornea" /><area href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" shape="circle" coords="9,125,7" alt="9: iris" title="9: iris" /><area href="/wiki/Lens_cortex" shape="circle" coords="15,139,7" alt="10: lens cortex" title="10: lens cortex" /><area href="/wiki/Lens_nucleus" shape="circle" coords="22,152,7" alt="11: lens nucleus" title="11: lens nucleus" /><area href="/wiki/Ciliary_processes" shape="circle" coords="30,163,7" alt="12: ciliary process" title="12: ciliary process" /><area href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" shape="circle" coords="41,173,7" alt="13: conjunctiva" title="13: conjunctiva" /><area href="/wiki/Inferior_oblique_muscle" shape="circle" coords="133,189,7" alt="14: inferior oblique muscule" title="14: inferior oblique muscule" /><area href="/wiki/Inferior_rectus_muscle" shape="circle" coords="147,182,7" alt="15: inferior rectus muscule" title="15: inferior rectus muscule" /><area href="/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle" shape="circle" coords="160,174,7" alt="16: medial rectus muscle" title="16: medial rectus muscle" /><area href="/wiki/Retinal_arteries_and_veins" shape="circle" coords="171,163,7" alt="17: retinal arteries and veins" title="17: retinal arteries and veins" /><area href="/wiki/Optic_disc" shape="circle" coords="180,152,7" alt="18: optic disc" title="18: optic disc" /><area href="/wiki/Dura_mater" shape="circle" coords="187,139,7" alt="19: dura mater" title="19: dura mater" /><area href="/wiki/Central_retinal_artery" shape="circle" coords="191,125,7" alt="20: central retinal artery" title="20: central retinal artery" /><area href="/wiki/Central_retinal_vein" shape="circle" coords="188,66,7" alt="21: central retinal vein" title="21: central retinal vein" /><area href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" shape="circle" coords="182,53,7" alt="22: optic nerve" title="22: optic nerve" /><area href="/wiki/Vorticose_veins" shape="circle" coords="174,41,7" alt="23: vorticose vein" title="23: vorticose vein" /><area href="/wiki/Tenon%27s_capsule" shape="circle" coords="162,30,7" alt="24: bulbar sheath" title="24: bulbar sheath" /><area href="/wiki/Macula_of_retina" shape="circle" coords="151,22,7" alt="25: macula" title="25: macula" /><area href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" shape="circle" coords="136,13,7" alt="26: fovea" title="26: fovea" /><area href="/wiki/Sclera" shape="circle" coords="121,8,7" alt="27: sclera" title="27: sclera" /><area href="/wiki/Choroid" shape="circle" coords="107,7,7" alt="28: choroid" title="28: choroid" /><area href="/wiki/Superior_rectus_muscle" shape="circle" coords="93,7,7" alt="29: superior rectus muscle" title="29: superior rectus muscle" /><area href="/wiki/Retina" shape="circle" coords="79,8,7" alt="30: retina" title="30: retina" /></map><figcaption>1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uvea" title="Uvea">Uvea / vascular <br />tunic</a> (middle)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">Choroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capillary_lamina_of_choroid" title="Capillary lamina of choroid">Capillary lamina of choroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruch%27s_membrane" title="Bruch's membrane">Bruch's membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattler%27s_layer" title="Sattler's layer">Sattler's layer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">Ciliary body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_processes" title="Ciliary processes">Ciliary processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_muscle" title="Ciliary muscle">Ciliary muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_plicata" title="Pars plicata">Pars plicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_plana" title="Pars plana">Pars plana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">Iris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stroma_of_iris" title="Stroma of iris">Stroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">Pupil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_dilator_muscle" title="Iris dilator muscle">Iris dilator muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_sphincter_muscle" title="Iris sphincter muscle">Iris sphincter muscle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">Retina</a> (inner)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_limiting_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner limiting membrane">Inner limiting membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_fiber_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve fiber layer">Nerve fiber layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganglion_cell_layer" title="Ganglion cell layer">Ganglion cell layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_plexiform_layer" title="Inner plexiform layer">Inner plexiform layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_nuclear_layer" title="Inner nuclear layer">Inner nuclear layer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_plexiform_layer" title="Outer plexiform layer">Outer plexiform layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_nuclear_layer" title="Outer nuclear layer">Outer nuclear layer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_limiting_membrane" title="External limiting membrane">External limiting membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layer_of_rods_and_cones" title="Layer of rods and cones">Layer of rods and cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_pigment_epithelium" title="Retinal pigment epithelium">Retinal pigment epithelium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">Photoreceptor cells</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cone cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">Rod cell</a>) → (<a href="/wiki/Retina_horizontal_cell" title="Retina horizontal cell">Horizontal cell</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Retina_bipolar_cell" title="Retina bipolar cell">Bipolar cell</a> → (<a href="/wiki/Amacrine_cell" title="Amacrine cell">Amacrine cell</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Retinal_ganglion_cell" title="Retinal ganglion cell">Retina ganglion cell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Midget_cell" title="Midget cell">Midget cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasol_cell" title="Parasol cell">Parasol cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bistratified_cell" title="Bistratified cell">Bistratified cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_retinal_ganglion_cells" title="Giant retinal ganglion cells">Giant retina ganglion cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells">Photosensitive ganglion cell</a>) → <i>Diencephalon</i>: <a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_cell" title="Parvocellular cell">P cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnocellular_cell" title="Magnocellular cell">M cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koniocellular_cell" title="Koniocellular cell">K cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muller_glia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muller glia">Muller glia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macula_of_retina" class="mw-redirect" title="Macula of retina">Macula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perifovea" title="Perifovea">Perifoveal area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parafovea" title="Parafovea">Parafoveal area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">Fovea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foveal_avascular_zone" title="Foveal avascular zone">Foveal avascular zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveola" title="Foveola">Foveola</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_disc" title="Optic disc">Optic disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_cup_(anatomical)" title="Optic cup (anatomical)">Optic cup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_serrata" title="Ora serrata">Ora serrata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomical regions <br />of the eye</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_segment_of_eyeball" title="Anterior segment of eyeball">Anterior segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_visual_structures" title="Accessory visual structures">Adnexa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">Conjunctiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacrimal system">Lacrimal system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">Orbit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_tunic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous tunic">Fibrous tunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball" title="Anterior chamber of eyeball">Anterior chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_humour" title="Aqueous humour">Aqueous humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_chamber_of_eyeball" title="Posterior chamber of eyeball">Posterior chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">Ciliary body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_of_lens" title="Capsule of lens">Capsule of lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonule_of_Zinn" title="Zonule of Zinn">Zonule of Zinn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_segment_of_eyeball" title="Posterior segment of eyeball">Posterior segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_chamber" title="Vitreous chamber">Vitreous chamber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_body" title="Vitreous body">Vitreous body</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">Retina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">Choroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_keratocyte" title="Corneal keratocyte">Keratocytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocular_immune_system" title="Ocular immune system">Ocular immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomography#Ophthalmology" title="Optical coherence tomography">Optical coherence tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_care_professional" title="Eye care professional">Eye care professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractive_error" title="Refractive error">Refractive error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">Accommodation</a></li> <li><i>Physiological Optics</i></li> <li><a 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